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8/3/2019 WW1 and Interwar period (135_143)
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The Great
WarWorld
WarI
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The Outbreak of War 28 June 1914-
shot dead ofArchduke FranzFerdinand, heir
to the Austro-Hungarianthrone (while
travelling in anopen-topped car)
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
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Gavrilo Prinzip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of
Austria-Hungary and member of the
Young Bosnia killed him.
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Gavrilo Prinzip
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The political objective of the
assassination was to break Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces off sothey could be combined into a Greater
Serbia or a Yugoslavia.
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The assassins belonged to the movement
called Young Bosnia (or Black Hand).
Serbian military officers stood behind the
attack.
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Gavrilo Prinzip said during his trial that
"I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe inunification of all South Slavs in whatever
form of state and that it be free of Austria"
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But
Prinzip confessed thatthe guns were given by
agents of the Serb
Goverment. This theory is nowadays
support by all the
historians. Austria-Hungary
acusses Serbia of the
assasination.
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On 23 July 1914, an ultimatum was sentto Serbia with ten demands.
Some were extreme.
Serbia rejected the sixth demand
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25th July, supported by Russia, The Serbgoverment rejected Austrian Police to
investigate the murder in the Serb territory.
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AH 10 points ultimatum
S refuses it
R mobilises troops to help S
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G declares war on F. Schlieffen Plan
Belgium neutral
B orders G to draw away G refuses
Britain declares war on G
AH declares war on R
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Diplomatic
relations are nowblocked.
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28 of July1914.
Begining of the
War
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Triple Alliance
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria.
German Empire.
Otoman Empire.
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Casualties and Losses
Central Powers Military
Death:4.386.000Wounded: 8.388.000
Missing:3.629.000
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Allied (Triple Entente) France
Belgium
Great Britain
Italy
Russian Empire
USA
Servia
Japan
Rumania
Greece Portugal
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Casualties and Losses Military.Death:5.520.000
Wounded:12.831.000Missing:4.121.000
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Civil Casualties Germany 760.000
Austria-Hungary 300.000
Belgium 30.000 Great Britain 31.000
Bulgaria 275.000
France 40.000 Greece 132.000
Rumania 275.000
Russia 10.000.000
Serbia 650.000 Turkey 1.000.000
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Colonial french soldier and his
hygiene equipment
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German soldier and hishand grenade
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Winter Horseshoes
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French grenades and parachute-
bomb
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Periods of WW1
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Movements phase (1914)
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The Schlieffen Plan Prepared by Count von Schlieffen since 1905. Germans had to fight France and Russia
Two fronts at once
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It didnt work for 3 reasons Belgium refused to let
German army throughto attack France
G enter B by force
R was ready for warquicker than Gexpected
G sent valuabletroops to East
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Neither
armycould winin
Mons
Marne
Ypres
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Trench Warfare
1915-1917
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Stalemate (=deadlock) in the West This war was
different forthe generaland the
soldiers
Deadlock in
the trenches
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f
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New weapons had better for
defense than attack
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Trenchlinenowadays
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Verdun memorial
Th fi l b ttl diff t f t
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The final battles on different fronts
(1917-1918) At sea
In the air In the east of Europe
In the west of Europe
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At sea Navys blockades in
the North Sea and theBaltic were really
important in wearing
Germany down Blockades were more
important than all-out
battles
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Blockades
Royal Navypatrolled the NorthSea and the Baltic Tried to stop food
supplies Prevented German
ships from gettingout to open sea
Germans had the U-boats
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At first Germany was careful not to attack ships from
neutral countries or passenger ships
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So Britain started
shipping arms andammunition in
passenger ships
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Lusitania Was used to bring
over weapons in April1915
Germans torpedoed it
and 1000 civiliansdied
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Lusitanias piers in NY
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Arriving to NY
100 f th
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100 of the
1000 werefrom the USA
USA decidedto suport the
allies, andjoined the war
in 1917
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In the air UK used airships to help escort merchant
ships. G used them to attack British cities.
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Aeroplanes shot the airships easily.
By 1918 they could carry bombs andattack cities.
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In the east of Europe Allied plan: Hold G
army in the west,while R advanced
from the East
This would trap Gbetween enemies
Russian army was very brave but by 1917
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Russian army was very brave, but by 1917
they had lost 2 million men. Stalemate in the east too.
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BUT Russian advance was
a failure Not enough weapons
Soldiers waited death
partners or enemies Were not prepaired
for long campaign
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Poor organised
Inexperienced
Poor discipline
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In the west of Europe October revolution allowed G and AH to
transfer all their men to the west. USA joined the war cause U-Boats were
sinking their supply ships.
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German civilians were starving.
They rioted in the streets.
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Kaiser Wilhelm was
forced to abdicatebc an uprising.
G became a
Republic (armistice)
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The end of war
Treaty of Versailles
The peace treaty was signed atVersailles in January 1919
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Versailles in January 1919
From left to right, British PM David Lloyd George,italian PM Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, french PM
Georges Clemenceau, and finally President Woodrow
Wilson from United States.
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Signing in the hall
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Signing in the hall
Treaty of Versailles Signing, Hall
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of Mirrors
Mass demonstration in front of theReichstag against the Treaty of
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Reichstag against the Treaty of
Versailles
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F wanted a hard punishment to
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G Lloyd George: better not a bitter
punishment Versailles treaty embittered and
bankrupted G
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BRAT
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BRAT
Blame
Reparations Army
Territory
Blame
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Blame
Germany had to accept the BLAME for
starting the war
Reparations
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Reparations
Germany had to pay for reparations done
during the war-33 billion dollarsnowadays!!
Army
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Army
Forbidden submarines.
Navy of just 6 battleships. Army of just 100,000 men.
No troops in Rhineland. Strip of land 50 miles far away from
France.
Territories
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Territories
Lost inland.
Colonies given to France.
In 1918, Wilson laid down 14 points
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for a better world after WW1
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