WWI Alliance Structure

Allies of World War I Population (millions) Military deaths Civilian deaths Total deaths Deaths as % of population Military wounded

Australia b 4.5 61,928 61,928 1.38% 152,171 Canada d 7.2 64,944 2,000 66,944 0.93% 149,732

Indian Empire g 315.1 74,187 74,187 0.02% 69,214 New Zealand l 1.1 18,050 18,050 1.64% 41,317

Dominion of Newfoundland m 0.2 1,204 1,204 0.6% 2,314

South Africa r 6.0 9,463 9,463 0.16% 12,029

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

s

45.4 885,138 109,000 994,138 2.19% 1,663,435

Sub-total for British Imperial Forces - 1,114,914 111,000 1,225,914 - 2,090,212

East Africaa See footnote Belgium c 7.4 58,637 62,000 120,637 1.63% 44,686France e 39.6 1,397,800 300,000 1,697,800 4.29% 4,266,000Greece f 4.8 26,000 150,000 176,000 3.67% 21,000

Italy h 35.6 651,000 589,000 1,240,000 3.48% 953,886

Empire of Japan i 53.6 415 415 0% 907

Luxembourg j 0.3 See footnoteMontenegro k 0.5 3,000 3,000 0.6% 10,000

Portugal n 6.0 7,222 82,000 89,222 1.49% 13,751Romania o 7.5 250,000 430,000 680,000 9.07% 120,000

Russian Empire p 175.1 1,811,000 1,500,000 3,311,000 1.89% 4,950,000

Kingdom of Serbia q 4.5 275,000 450,000 725,000 16.11% 133,148 United States t 92.0 116,708 757 117,465 0.13% 205,690

Total (Entente Powers) 806.0 5,711,696 3,674,757 9,386,453 1.19% 12,809,280

Central Powers Population (millions) Military deaths Civilian deaths Total deaths Deaths as % of population Military wounded

Austria-Hungary u 51.4 1,100,000 467,000 1,567,000 3.05% 3,620,000Bulgaria v 5.5 87,500 100,000 187,500 3.41% 152,390

German Empire w 64.9 2,050,897 426,000 2,476,897 3.82% 4,247,143

Ottoman Empire x 21.3 771,844 2,150,000 2,921,844 13.72% 400,000

Total (Central Powers) 143.1 4,010,241 3,143,000 7,153,241 5% 8,419,533Neutral nations

Denmark y 2.7 722 722 0.03% Norway z 2.4 1,892 1,892 0.08% Sweden z 5.6 - 877 877 0.02%

Grand total 960.0 9,721,937 6,821,248 16,543,185 1.75% 21,228,813

Of Note•Death by combat, not disease*

• Improved medicine• Improved weapons

Legacies of WWI

Political•Empires collapsing (German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian)•Dynasties imploding (Hohenzollerns, Habsburg, Romanovs, Ottomans)•Boundaries re-drawn•States created (Iraq, Yugoslavia)•Empires rising (Soviet Union)

Social•Health (dead and wounded, disease- Spanish Flu, famines- Russia)•Displacement of women•New national identities•Voting rights for women•Surge in trade unions•Dolchstoßlegende

Legacies of WWI

Cultural•Monuments and memorials•Works- In Flanders Fields•End of Victorian Era/La Belle Epoque•International push towards internationalism (vs. nationalism)•The Lost Gerneration (PTSD, shell shock)

Economic•Military-Industrial complex•Return/non-return of soldiers (wounded or healthy)•Taxes, levies, bureaucracy•State debt, international lending

Woodrow Wilson

Vittorio Emanuele OrlandoDavid Lloyd GeorgeGeorges Clemenceau

To End The Great War

Who Belligerents of WWI•Council of Four (IT, US, UK, FR) + (JP)•GER

What Official peace process to negotiate end of WWIFour main achievements/products•Covenant of League of Nations•Treaty of Versailles (Germany)•Treaty of Saint-Germain (Hungary)•Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria)

When January 12, 1919 – January 6, 1920

Where Paris, France

Why “the organization of a League of Nations and the drafting of its Covenant; the determination of responsibility for the war and guarantees against a renewal of it; reparations; international labour legislation; international ports, waterways, and railroads; financial questions; economic questions of a permanent sort; aviation; naval and military matters; and territorial questions.”

Paris 1919 is about…

•Peace

•Revenge

•Land

•Money

•Blame

Paris 1919 is about…Peace

Gentlemen of the Congress...

It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world.

-- Woodrow Wilson- Introduction to his “Fourteen Points for Peace”

1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at.2. Freedom of the seas.3. The removal of all economic barriers, and establishment of equality of trade.4. Guarantees that national armaments will be reduced.5. Adjustment of colonial claims, that in determining all such questions of sovereignty, the

interests of the people concerned must have equal weight with the claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

6. Russian territory should be evacuated, and Russia welcomed into the society of free nations.7. Belgium should be evacuated and restored.8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored.9. The frontiers of Italy should be readjusted along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary should have the freest opportunity to independent

development.11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated and restored, Serbia should have free

and secure access to the sea, and the relations of the several Balkan states to each other should be determined by friendly counsel, and political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be internationally guaranteed.

12. The Turkish portion of the Ottoman Empire should have a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are under Turkish rule should have an undoubted security of life and an opportunity of independent development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as passage to the ships and commerce of all nations.

13. An independent Polish state should be erected including the territories inhabited by Polish populations, which should have free access to the sea.

14. The League of Nations should be formed.

Paris 1919: Clip Four

Paris 1919 is about…Blame

Paris 1919: Clip Two, Clip Five

Paris 1919 is about…Land

Paris 1919 is about…Money

rep·a·ra·tion   /ˌrɛpəˈreɪʃən/ Spelled[rep-uh-rey-shuhn] IPA –noun 1. the making of amends for wrong or injury done: reparation for an injustice. 2. Usually, reparations. compensation in money, material, labor, etc., payable by a defeated country to another country or to an individual for loss suffered during or as a result of war. 3. restoration to good condition.

•Buildings•Infrastructure•Cost of war•Loss of life•Loss of earning power•Guilt?

Eventual Total:269 billion gold marks,

$393.6 Billion USD

Paris 1919: Clip One

Paris 1919 is about…Revenge

Paris 1919: Clip Eight

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