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WWII “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed
by so many to so few” -Winston Churchill
1939 - 1945
The Russian Revolution
● WWI left Russia and Czar Nicholas II
weak and on the verge of collapse
● Due to the political and social
frustrations of the people with Nicholas
II, a Provisional Government was
established
o came under the influence of Rasputin
● Lenin promised “Peace, Bread and Land”
● Revolution broke out in 1917 and Vladimir Lenin
and the Bolsheviks (Communists) seized power
from the Provisional Government
The Russian Revolution
“Tell them my story,
Comrade Rowe!”
The Russian Civil War (1917-1921) ● Lenin’s most pressing problem after the revolution was to deal with a full-scale
civil war that broke out in 1917
● Opponents were called the “Whites” and Lenin’s followers
were the “Reds”
● Leon Trotsky leads the Red Army to a bloody victory
● 15 million died
● Romanov family is murdered as a symbol of not going back
● Lenin now has full control
Lenin’s Reforms
1. New Economic Policy (NEP)
2. Changed name to the Soviet Union (USSR)
3. Moscow replaces St. Petersburg as the new
capital
● After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin is chosen as the new leader of the
communist party over Trotsky
o Farmers can now farm for profit
o Lands are given to peasants
The Emergence of Joseph Stalin
● The Five Year Plans
“ We are 100 years behind the west, we must catch
up in 10 or we are doomed” - Stalin
○ Government control over businesses and lands
o Steel and Oil production quadrupled in 10 years!
o Confiscated land to form “collective farms”
○ Stalin wants to rapidly industrialize and increase
agricultural output to be able to compete with
capitalist nations
Soviet Union
● Obey the government without question
● The Comintern was an organization established in 1919 to
spread Communism around the world
“A single death is a tragedy, but a million deaths is a
statistic” - Joseph Stalin
● Industrialization came at a great cost to
the people
Fascism in Italy
● After WWI, Italy was in economic chaos and
political turmoil
● Mussolini and the Fascist Party rose to
power
● With the “Black shirts”, he terrorized
anyone who opposed his ideas (ex.
Communists or current officials)
○ Inspired by the Revolution of 1917 in
Russia, Italian peasants began to rise up
Fascism in Italy
● In 1922, Mussolini led a March on Rome
with his followers and seized power
● Mussolini ruled as “Il Duce”
● Aggressive foreign policy
○ Conquered Ethiopia in 1936
○ Ethiopia received no assistance from UN
○ “Today it is us, tomorrow it will be you”
- Ethiopian Prime Minister
“I’ll make the trains run on
time”
Fascism VS Communism
Fascist Beliefs Communist Beliefs
1. Ultra-Nationalism 1. Internationalist
2. Denounced
Communism and
Democracy
3. Emphasis on Militarism
Black Shirts =
Mussolini’s
followers
who went around
attacking
Communists 4. Totalitarian
Benito Mussolini
Karl Marx
2. Believe in equality
3. Emphasis on Militarism
4. Totalitarian
● WWI left Germany in turmoil and
economic disaster
Turmoil in Germany
● The War Guilt Clause made sure
Germany alone was responsible for the
war
● The Weimar Republic was established
at the end of WWI (1918)
● Weimar Republic and democracy were
blamed for:
Turmoil in Germany
1. Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
2. Economic problems
3. Political and social unrest
a) Hyperinflation (money
became worthless)
b) 40% unemployment rate
Adolf Hitler (1889 - 1945)
“The creation of a
monster”
“Tell them my story, Rowe!”
● In 1921, Hitler took the title “The Fuhrer”
and became the leader of the Nazi Party
(German Fascists)
● Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 - An attempted
coup that lands Hitler in jail; there he writes
Mein Kampf (My Struggles)
● In the election of 1932, the Nazis won the
majority of the Reichstag with 230 seats vs
12 seats in 1928.
The Rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany
The Rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany
● In 1933, Hitler becomes the Chancellor of Germany through legal means
● After receiving emergency powers,
Hitler turns Germany into a Totalitarian
State and becomes dictator
● Germany is now called the “Third Reich”
o Appointed by the Weimar Republic to prevent civil war amid the
growing popularity of the Nazis
Hitler’s Reforms
1. Hitler’s Goal➔ Lebensraum (more living space)
3. Helps economy recover with public works spending
2. Defied Treaty of Versailles and rebuilt army and navy
4. Germans were employed
● More Germans favored Hitler after he helped Germany prosper again
● Nazis had tried to exclude Jews from public life, but starting in 1935
they began enforcing biological segregation.
Mistreatment of Jews
● At the annual Nuremberg Rally, Hitler announced the Nuremberg Laws
1. Denied Jews of citizenship
2. Prohibit marriage or sexual relations between Jews and people of
“German or related blood”
3. People with three or more Jewish
grandparents are Jewish, despite their
current religious identity
Militarism in Japan
● Military leaders seize Japan during the the global
economic depression
● The outbreak of the war emboldened Japan to expand
to Asia
● Allied with Italy and Germany; signed a neutrality
agreement with the USSR
● As a new totalitarian fascist state, Japan launched a
full out invasion of China in 1937
o General Tojo and Admiral Yamamoto
WWII: The Bloodiest War in History
● More devastating and deadly than WWI
45 MILLION DIE!!!
● Total War = demands for the fullest exploitation of materials, increased
productions, and intensive bombing of civilians
The Road to War
● Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
o Training ground for the war as Germany and
Italy supported the Fascists and the Soviet
Union supported the Republicans
o The Fascists won with the open support of
Germany and Italy
o This allowed Germany to test their new
weapons and war tactics
● 1936 - Hitler marches his troops into the
Rhineland, a demilitarized zone according
to the Treaty of Versailles
● In 1938, Hitler annexed Austria
● Then he demanded the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
● Munich Conference was held to settle the crisis
● Policy of Appeasement - Making concessions in
hopes of avoiding war
● 1939 - Hitler occupies Prague and takes the
rest of Czechoslovakia
o Germany was given the Sudetenland and
Hitler promises no more “territorial demands”
in Europe
Road to War
● Next Hitler demands parts of Poland
● France and Great Britain announced their
support for Polish independence
● The Soviet Union signed a Nazi-Soviet Non
Aggression Pact (1939)
● 1939 - Germany invades Poland
● Two days later Britain and France declare war
on Germany, World War II had begun
Road to War
o The secret provisions divided Poland between
Germany and the Soviet Union
Early Victories
for the Axis Powers (1939-1942)
● Germany crushed Poland in 2 weeks: Germany
took half of Poland and the Soviet Union took the
other half
● By 1940, Stalin and the Soviet Union had taken
over Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland
● Then for 6 months after the invasion of Poland
Hitler did nothing (Phony War)
● In April 1940, Germany conquered Norway,
Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium and
Luxembourg
● Germany next struck France and conquered
them by June
● Germany’s style of war: Blitzkrieg = Lightning
War
Blitzkrieg Planes
Effects of Blitzkrieg
British Involvement
● Hitler made the crucial mistake of allowing 338,000 French and British
Soldiers to escape at Dunkirk
● Battle of Britain - a yearlong air battle for supremacy
over the skies of Great Britain
o 600 die per day from German bombing
● Planes lost: Germany = 2,300 ; Great Britain = 900
o Great Britain invented radar and used and
enigma machine (used to decipher German
signals)
Winston Churchill
The Prime Minister of Great
Britain during WWII who
succeeded Chamberlain in 1940
and refused a treaty with Hitler
(1874 - 1965)
“We will never, ever surrender!!”
Hitler Invades Soviet Union
● Hitler invades the Soviet Union, breaking their
non aggression pact, in June 1941
● The Soviets respond by following a Scorched
Earth Policy, where they burn everything in
their path of retreat
● The USSR suffered the most in the war with
22.5 million deaths
● “General Winter” stopped the Germans right
outside of Moscow and Leningrad
● In 1937, Japan invades China and
expands to South Asia by July 1941
● War in the Pacific
● The U.S. opposes actions and cuts off
supplies (especially oil) to Japan
● December 7, 1941: Japan launches
unsuspected air attack on Pearl Harbor
o 2,403 died; hundreds of ships and
planes destroyed
● The next day, the US declared war under the
leadership of Franklin D. Roosevelt
America Enters the War
● On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy
declare war on the US.
● The tide turns as another major world
power enters the war
Turning Points for the Allies
Pacific: Battle of Guadalcanal
● America goes on the offensive
after defeating Japan
Russia: Battle of Stalingrad
● Soviet Union goes on the
offensive after defeating Germany
North Africa: Battle of El Alamein
● Great Britain goes on the offensive after
defeating Germany
Victories for the Allies (Europe) D-Day (June 6, 1944) - The allied
invasion of France
V.E. - Day (May 7, 1945) - Allies accept
Germany’s unconditional surrender
● Largest amphibious attack in history
● In Italy, Mussolini and his wife were
overthrown and hung
● Hitler commits suicide (April 30, 1945)
● Dresden - German town where 125,000
died by fire bombs
● Marked the end of WWII in Europe
Victories for the Allies (Japan)
● V.J.-Day (August 14, 1945) - Japan’s
surrender
o America successfully produces an
atomic bomb in the secret Manhattan
Project
o Japan was defeated after America
dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
Hiroshima (August 6) = 80,000 died
Nagasaki (August 9) = 40,000 died
The Aftermath ● 45 million are dead, half are from
the Soviet Union
● Hiroshima and Nagasaki are
decimated from the world’s first
successful atomic bomb
The Holocaust ● Hitler’s “final solution” to
the Jewish problem
“Extermination”
● Jews were targeted by
being forced to wear the
Star of David at all times
● 6 Million Jews die from
the Holocaust
● 13 million total died in
concentration camps
like Auschwitz and
Belzec
Outcomes of WWII
1. Soviet Union Occupied Eastern Europe
2. Germany Is divided into East And West For 45 Years
3. World power transferred from Western Europe
to the U.S. and Soviet Union
4. Nationalism grows in the colonies
5. The world has entered the Nuclear Age