Valley Forge National Historical Park NAME:__________________DATE:__________

Geology Field Trip

Video Valley Forge Geology

Introduction Video Valley Forge Geology

When you are done watching the video you should be able to answer the two questions below. This video will also help to answer the field experience questions so feel free to review it often.

1. What are the three main types of rocks found in Valley Forge National Park? 3 pts

________________________,_________________________,______________________

2. Explain the difference between weathering and erosion. (3 pts 1 correctly constructed compound sentence with the required vocabulary weathering and erosion)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Helpful Links:

Review of Valley Forge Geology from Brynmawr College

1. Name the era not represented at Valley Forge National Park (1 pt Answer with 1 proper noun either - Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, or Precambrian)

2. Name of three geological eras shown in the rocks of Valley Forge National Park order from oldest to most current. (3 points use list in #1 above)

________________________,_________________________,______________________

3. Name the periods from oldest to most current period. You may use the mnemonic to help you remember: Can Orville See Diamond’s Magenta Pink Pearl, Tom and Jerry Can That’s Queer. (12 pts)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. Starting at “Paleozoic/Cambrian” section

How were the sandstone rocks turned into Chickie Quartzite (2 pts. 1 sentence that includes rock cycle type name so choose either igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary and answer the question by stating how..)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Geological Site 3 down the walk way after the covered bridge. The quartzite will only be white if weathered. It will be brownish if not weathered. http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page2.htm

5. Vinegar test the stone at this site, did it fizz?_________________________What

must be present to fizz?___________________________ 2 pts

Geological site 1. You can see the restroom in the picture. The wall is Cambrian Ledger Dolostone which is located behind the visitor’s center. http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page2.htm

6. Vinegar test the stone at this site, did it fizz?_________________________What

must be present to fizz?___________________________2 pts

7. Put an x on Pangaea to show where Valley Forge National Park is located. The X must cover the adjoined continents and in approximately where NJ/PA is right now so be exact. 1 point

http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page2.htm

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

LOCATE THE UNCONFORMITY ON THE MAP AT I 4 TO J 9

Now, locate sites 1, 2, and 3 by placing the letter and then the number on the blanks below for 8-10.

8. SITE 1 ___ ____ 2 pts

9. SITE 2 ____ ____ 2 pts

10. COVERED BRIDGE P10 NOW LOCATE SITE 3 ___ ___ 2 pts

11. DESCRIBE THE FEATURES OF AN UNCOMFORMITY 1 sentence 1 point required vocabulary uncomformity. Now describe two possible explanations this UNCOMFORMITY exists. 2 sentences 1 for each theory and 1 pt each for a total of 2 points

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Create a Power Point to describe the processes…40 points Rubrics/Powerpoint Rubric SUMMER PROJECT 8TH Valley Forge Geology Trail.doc

Deposited

Constructive Force

Destructive Force

Lithified

Sedimentary

Igneous

Metamorphic

Uplifted

Anticline

Syncline

Weathered

Eroded

Re-deposited

12. Why is it a poor choice to build on Karst topography? 1 sentence 1 point providing effective vocabulary to describe the why it is a poor choice

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Picture of Karst topography note the indentations. http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page3.htm

13. What type of weathering, often also called physical weathering, formed the talus slopes?__________________________1 word 1 pt

14. Specify the exact event that made the talus slopes?________________________ 1 pt 1 word

15. Take the word stratosphere apart, what does the prefix strata mean?____________________1 word 1 pt

16. At Washington’s Headquarters located on the map at J 10.5 above the Covered Bridge area, is the Stockton Formation which has a lot of cross bedding shown. How is cross bedding used to state that this area was once under water? 2 points must include a theory in a sentence that informs the reader of the relationship between cross bedding as seen at the site and water.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

17 Draw your own picture of cross bedding http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page4.htm 4 pts use rubric for assessment criteria

18. Demonstrate using the stream table how these ripple marks found on the sidewalk building blocks at Valley Creek Bridge were made and then draw your own ripple marks 4 pt Use rubric for assessment of drawing use fossweb for stream table in the Earth History section at stream table high flow vs low flow

Two other examples are present on FossWeb as well, you are welcome to view them to help you if needed.

http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page4.htm

19. How could you build a wall to prevent creep? 1 pt Use rubric for assessment

Below is Washington’s Headquarter’s wall that demonstrates an example of creep.

Describe how to prevent creep. http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page5.htm

2 points required vocabulary type of rock to avoid using, creep, a process that creates creep, and how the process will be avoided by your design.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

STOP LABS NEED TO BE DONE BEFORE PROCEEDING AND WE WILL DO THESE IN CLASS…HAVE FUN!!!!

STOP THE REST OF THIS WILL BE DONE IN CLASS AND LABS SHOULD BE DONE BEFORE PROCEEDING…

Labs…TO BE DONE IN CLASS

Create a sandstone, shale, and limestone basin. Between layers test design and experiment to test the porosity and permeability of the layer. Then design and experiment to demonstrate physical/mechanical weathering and erosion of your basin. Remember erosion also includes re-depositing what was eroded. It is a cycle so nothing is lost.

CSI the mystery sand by grain size and distinguish the type of sand stream, mountain, or dune sand.

Create a geological timeline

Geology Field Experience Valley Forge National Park

Trail of Geology Booklet

Go to to page 6 and 7 Simplified Geological Map of Valley Forge National Historical Park and surrounding area.

Locate sites 1 visitor's center restroom behind it is geology site 1 site 2 and 3 covered bridge geology site 3 on the map.

1. Page 2 PA Trail of Geology How old are the rocks now exposed as the crust layer

at Valley Forge National Park?_________________mya

2. General knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology In which continent is Valley

Forge located?____________________________________________________

3. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology How are geologists certain

it was seawater, not fresh water that covered the crust of Valley Forge National

Park? (Answer must one compound sentence that contains the words carbonate

and shelled animals.)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Draw 3 pictures to show the general formation of rock layering found at Valley

Forge National Park. 3

Use the rock key provided on page 2 Trail of Geology Show water in pictures 1Show layers and rising water in picture 2 Show Chickies, Antietam, and Ledger Formations in picture 3

Original layering (with water) Layering (water rising) Formations

Limy

Muddy sand sand sand

Ledger

Antietam

Chickies

4. Acquired Knowledge Considering your answer to number 1 as the age of the

oldest exposed rocks in the crustal layer, in what era did these oldest rocks of

Valley Forge National Park form?_________________________

5. Acquired Knowledge Considering your answer to number 1 again as the age of

the oldest exposed rocks in the crustal layer of Valley Forge National Park, in

what period did the rocks form if they formed in the first period of this ear?

_______________________

200 million years pass and the rock of Valley Forge National Park experience

mountain forming forces as well as dramatic changes in temperature and

pressure.

6. Go to Geological Site 1 which is the stone wall formation located to the sides and

behind the restrooms near the parking lot of the visitor’s center

7. Acquired Knowledge The Law of _____________________________states that

all layers of the earth originally laid down in relatively flat layers one on top of

the other.

8. Page 2 PA Trail of Geology The horizontal layers were disrupted when a volcanic

island chain______________with North American continent.

Draw

copy of picture 3 # 3 Forces on horizontal layers changed layers

Ledger

Antietam

Chickies

9. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology What type of rocks are

found in the park if they were made from compression of sediments?

________________________________

10. Acquired knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology These horizontal layers

formed on the one large continent called_______________________.

11. What is a sample of flora that existed during this period?____________________

12. What is a sample of fauna that existed during this period?___________________

13. What

14. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology The force caused the rocks

to be compressed and layers were ____________on top of each other along fault

lines.

15. Acquired Knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What modern continent

collided with North America?______________

16. Acquired Knowledge and Page 2 PA Trail of Geology The collision of these two

continents caused mountain range of middle PA to form?

___________________________________Mountains.

17. Acquired Knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the name of e

single continent that formed at the end of this era?

___________________________

18. Acquired Knowledge and Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What made the

Appalachian Mountains wear down?________________________

19. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology When Pangaea split apart, what ocean formed?

___________________________

20. S Page 3 PA Trail of Geology stretching of the earth’s crust made blocks of earth

fall down along fault lines forming ________________________________and

___________________

21. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What current day ocean, one you may have swam in

along the coast of NJ, would have covered the land you walked on at Valley

Forge National Park? __________________________

22. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the land formation called where earth’s crust

collected along faults as North American and Africa separated from Pangaea

around, 230 mya?________________Mountains

23. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the name of the basin where park is located?

_______________________basin

24. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology Why are the rocks of the Newark basin red?

________________________

25. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the chemical formula for the substance that

makes the rocks red?______________________

26. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What is the common name of the red substance on

the rocks?_______________

27. Page 3 PA Trail of Geology What process of the rock cycle may have happened

to the sedimentary rocks to make it possible for the rock basin layers to be 3 miles

thick?_______________

28. Acquired knowledge. What is the most common carbonate material and it is

found in limestone?____________________________.

29. Acquired knowledge One way carbonates are formed is directly from sea water,

what organisms can also make carbonates?

________________________________

30. Page 4 PA Trail of Geology What is/was mined in the Ledger Formation in 1976?

__________________What is a use of this limestone material?

________________________________

31. Page 4 PA Trail of Geology What is the name of the formation some of the first

dinosaurs on earth could have inhabited?__________________________Are

there actual fossils in the part of the dinosaurs?___________________________

32. Page 5 PA Trail of Geology What type of climate is found in Southeastern

Pennsylvania?_________________

33. Page 8 PA Trail of Geology and the video ESSAY: Answer using two sentences, your very best handwriting, proper punctuation, and perfect grammar. Underline the following words as you use them in your answer. Yes, to get full credit, all of the words must be used. The video may help you to answer this question if you are struggling.

WORDS: slope, elevation, soluble, erosion, slower, faster,

How did the slower erosion of the dolostone and the slightly faster erosion of the limestone give the Continental Army an advantage over the advancing troops from the south?__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

24 Page 8 PA Trail of Geology and website http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/vforge/page5.htm

ESSAY: Answer using three sentences, your very best handwriting, proper punctuation, and perfect grammar. Underline the following words as you use them in your answer. Yes, to get full credit, all of the words must be used.

WORDS: environment, particles, waves, currents, collect, heavy, light, Chickies Formation, Antietam Formation, and calmer.

Why is the Chickies Formation made of sand-sized quartz grains, but the Antietam Formation made of sand-sized quartz, clay, and silt?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

25 Acquired knowledge and Page 8 PA Trail of Geology What are two forms of

weathering?___________________and_______________

26 Page 8 PA Trail of Geology Which form of weathering causes fractures in rocks?

_________________________

28 Page 9 PA Trail of Geology What type of topography develops in areas where

bedrocks dissolve quickly?________________________________

29 Page 10 PA Trail of Geology What made layers which originally deposited flat

(horizontal) inclined at different angles?___________________

MATCHING

30._________Stromatolites

31. _________Unconformity

32. _________Anticline

A When two formation are separated and a layer is missing

.B Rock that has been pushed together so it bends upward..

C Wavy layers containing algae and sediments

Use page 13 of Trail of Geology to draw the anticline.

.