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History of Science and Technology

Technology for green energy

European PupilsMagazine

Year 9 - No. 25

Issue 1 - April 2011

I.S.S.N. 1722 6961


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EPMOfficialWebsite: www.epmagazine.orgEPMOnLineMagazine: epmirrorsite.xoom.itEPM CDCollection: epmcd.ath.cxEPM LastPublishedIssue: epmlastissue.ath.cxEPM Calendar 2011: epmcalendar.ath.cxEPM 15thMeetingBlog: epmagazine.org/storage/145/weblog.aspx

History of Science and Technology Technology for Green Energy

European Pupils Magazine

InternationalEditorialBoard

Students

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Vittorio Iocolano, Laura PatanAlessandra Villar, Claudio Arena, Andrea ZhangAngelo Rapisarda, Viviana Dalmas

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Konstantinos Kardamiliotis, Dimitrios Mitsopoulos, Koralia Kontou, Elli Arapi,Loukas Mettas, G. Vagenas.Kosmas Touloumis, Marilena Zarfdjian, Nikos Georgolios

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Politehnica BucurestiEditorialBoard

PolitehnicaBrasovEditorialBoard

StudentsTeacher

Mihai-Adrian Sopronyi, Loredana-Elena Terzea, Badut AlexandruElena Lacatus

Students

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Horia Pop, Andreea Nicoleta Moldoveanu, Silvia Trandafir

Vasile Catalin Scripca, Serban Gabriel Gorcea, Alexandru IonElena Helerea

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Rick HilkensGiovanni Di GregorioVittorio Iocolano

[email protected] [email protected]@email.it

Layout by:Anamaria Grofu and Mattia Masciarelli, Catania, Italy

First Cover: Green Energy Lifelong Learning by E. Lacatus

School Coordinator School CoordinatorCatholic Univ. Brisbane127IvanDenkogluLiceul Teoretic I. BarbuColegiul Tehnic Mihai. Bravu

Natalie RossTzvetan KostovMarcela NiculaeCrina StefureacDan Sporea

TaskopruAnadolu LisesiSuttner-SchuleAhmet ErenAnadolu LisesiUniversit di SalernoPriestley CollegeGh.Asachi Technical

Senol KarabaltougluNorbert MllerOkan DemirNicla PalladinoShahida KhanamTamara Slatineanu

InternationalCooperators


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Est Modus in Rebus: Measure -Expression of Knowledge-

Loredana Elena Terzea 23

5Editorial

L. E. Terzea, M. Sopronyi, A. Badut

10When scientists are playing

Ana Ilinca Fota

18Inducible pluripotent stem cells

Ana Maria Ioan

17Sudoku


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40To be or not to be Renewable: Fuel cells

A. Ispas, A. Borcescu

35What waste really means?

A. N. Badut, D. I. Sfant, D. M. Calin




Modern Innovative green renewable sustainableAna Maria Lacatus 31


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E

Life is what happens to you whileyou're busy making other plans, JohnLennon. The students life in EngineeringScience is not so generous to allow you tothink of extra cultural domains. The funny

thing is that when you thought that you donteven have time for a snack, a devoted personto science and research appears and presentsyou a challenge that you cant resist. Why?Because it is something new, because it is aEuropean level magazine, and last but notleast because you love challenges. This wayyou end up making a 3 weekends longresearch and another 3 to piece it uptogether to shape up a preliminary version of

the article. Finally the words take shape inthe idea that you wanted to say at anparticular scientific level, and you have thebeautiful feeling that you finished it. Youb e g i n t oc o n s i d e ryourself anacademician,but then someelse makesure to notifyyou that youare far from it.

With little experience and a lot ofenthusiasm, you take your responsibilityseriously of managing the editorial. It is veryincredible how the minutes pass when youconcentrate to make a thing end up at itsbest. The effort, the time assigned for thisexperience gives birth to a new passion: thedesire for writing further. Slow, without

noticing, the thirst for work anddocumentation takes over.

Viata este ceea ce ti se intamplaatunci cand esti ocupat sa faci alte

planuri spunea John Lennon. Viata destudent in Stiinte Ingineresti nu-i atat degeneroasa cu timpul liber incat sa-ti permita sa

te gandesti si la alte domenii culturale. Poatede aceea este ciudat ca atunci cand nu ai timpnici macar pentru o gustare apare cineva - pecare il simti ca este cu adevarat dedicatcercetarii si stiintei- si iti lanseaza o provocarecareia nu i te poti impotrivi. De ce? Greu despus: poate pentru ca e ceva nou sau pentruca e vorba de o revista la nivel european si nuin ultimul rand pentru ca iti place sa acceptiprovocarile. In acest fel ajungi sa faci ceva ce

nici nu visai ca vei face cu numai cateva zilemai devreme: te documentezi trei weekend-urisi iti mai petreci inca trei pentru a puneinformatiile cap la cap, pentru a da formapreliminara unui articol. In sfarsit cuvintelecontureaza ceea ce ai vrut tu sa exprimi si aiimpresia ca ai terminat. Te consideri dejaacademician, viata devine frumoasa, daraceeasi persoana care ti-a oferit provocareaare grija sa te anunte ca mai e mult panadeparte.

Cu putina experienta si mult entuziasm itiiei in serios responsabilitatea de a te ocupa deeditorial. Este absolut incredibil cum trecminutele atunci cand te concentrezi ca unlucru sa iasa bine. Efortul depus, timpul alocatacestei experiente dau viata unei alte pasiuni:aceea de a scrie in continuare. Usor, usor, farasa iti dai seama, te cuprinde setea de lucru side documentare. Este o experienta care ne-afacut sa descoperim cu uimire ca sunt multe

persoane dornice de incursiuni culturale.Satisfactia lucrului dus la bun sfarsit intr-un

EditorialEditorial

Romanian Editorial Board

Politehnica University

of BucharestBucharest, Romania

[email protected]

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It is an experience that has shown usthat there are many other persons that arein need of new cultural experiences andeven editorial ones. The satisfaction thatyou have brought from start to finish anactivity in an domain entirely new with thecollaboration and sincere enthusiasm of theother European editorial collectives hasshown us how an unplanned activity, canbecome more important than the one

planned out, and increases in directproportion to involvement in the process. Ifyou are a student, and have free time thereare at least five other activities capable oftaking over at any time, the subjectivity ofthe hierarchy being on extremely sensitivematter. If a year ago someone told me thatI would spend gladly my free time workingon this project, I would have looked at him(IF I looked) with plenty of reserve and

maximum doubt.In all the time that has been spendworking for EPMagazine, it has beenforgotten of the technological equipmentand devices, of the algorithms andmethods, of the deadlines of the ongoingprojects.. We have learned the meaning ofcollaboration and how important is workteam.

We have discovered that in any domain,

if you want to be heard with interest, it isimportant to become a good professionaland learn to collaborate. There are thingsthat you learn from the others and you canforget easily, and there are things that youlearn on your own experience and neverforget.

An old Romanian saying: experienceis the mother of learning. We areconfident that we have learned andcontinue to learn many things, in differentfields, in the European familyEPMagazine

domeniu cu totul nou, colaborarea sientuziasmul sincer al celor cu experienta dincelelalte colective editoriale europene, ne-aufacut sa descoperim cum o activitateneplanificata poate deveni mai importantadecat una planificata si cum importanta crestedirect proportional cu implicarea personala. Castudent, daca ai timp liber mai sunt cel putinalte cinci activitati capabile sa-l ocupe in oricemoment, subiectivitatea ierarhizarii fiind o

problema extrem de sensibila. Daca in urmacu un an ne-ar fi spus cineva ca ne vompetrece bucurosi timpul liber lucrand pentruproiecte l-am fi privit (daca l-am fi privit) cumulta rezerva si maxima indoiala.

Atat timp cat s-a lucrat pentruEPMagazine s-a uitat de echipamente sidispozitive tehnologice, de algoritmi si modele

si de etapele scadente ale proiectelor inderulare. Am invatat intr-adevar ce inseamnacolaborarea si cat de important este lucrul inechipa.

Am descoperit ca in orice domeniu dacavrei sa te faci ascultat, chiar de catre cei deaceeasi varsta cu tine, este necesar sa deviiun bun profesionist si sa inveti sa colaborezi.

Un proverb romanesc zice: experientaeste mama invataturii. Suntem convinsi canoi am invatat si continuam sa invatam foartemulte lucruri, in diverse domenii, in cadrulfamiliei europene a EPMagazine

EEuropean Pupils Magazine

History ofScience and Technology

Technology forGreen Energy

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EditorialeLavita ci che ti accade mentre sei

occupato a fare altri progetti, J. Lennon.La somma tra le attivit legate all'ingegne-ria e quelle dello studente ci impedisce dipensare ad altre attivit. La cosa strana che mentre pensi di non avere nemmeno iltempo per uno spuntino arriva improvvisa-mente qualcuno appassionato di scienza e

di ricerca che ti pone una sfida irresistibile.Perch? Perch c' qualcosa di nuovo, per-ch c' una rivista Europea per studenti eda ultimo, e non meno importante, perchami le sfide. Perci finisci per trascorreretre fine settimana facendo una ricerca e al-tri tre mettendone insieme i risultati. Allafine ne esce un articolo scientifico e hai lasensazione di aver portato a termine un la-voro bellissimo e ti senti quasi un accademi-

co, ma poi qualcuno ti riporta con i piediper terra.Con poca esperienza e molto entusiasmo

ti assumi la responsabilit di scrivere l'edito-riale; i minuti passano veloci mentre ti con-centri per fare del tuo meglio e ci ti suscitauna nuova passione, quella di scrivere an-cora; a poco a poco ti lasci prendere dallavoglia di fare ancora ricerche e produrrenuovi articoli.

Questa esperienza scientifico-educativo-didattica ci ha dimostrato che esistono altrepersone con la voglia di esprimersi. Ci pro-cura soddisfazione costatare che un'attivitimprevedibile genera maggiore gioia diun'attivit ben pianificata; e tale gioia cre-sce in modo direttamente proporzionale alcoinvolgimento nel processo.

Da studente il tempo libero sembra nonesistere perch ci tuffiamo sempre in nuoviprogetti.

In questo progetto abbiamo anche impa-rato l'importanza della collaborazione e del

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EHistory of

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lavoro di gruppo. Se vuoi essere ascoltato,devi diventare un buon professionista eimparare l'arte della collaborazione. Ci so-no cose che impari dagli altri e che dimen-tichi e cose che impari da solo e che non tiscordi mai. Un vecchio proverbio Romenodice: l'esperienza la madre dell'ap-

prendimento.

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BayazJohn Lennon bir rportajnda Hayat, siz

baka planlar yaparken banzagelenlerdir demitir. Mhendislik bilimlerirencisi olmak hayatnz ciddi anlamda kltrzerinde dnemeyecek kadar youn bir haledntrr. Siz bir eyler attrmak iin bilezaman olmadn dndnz anda bilim veteknolojiye dkn olduunu bildiiniz biri sizinreddedemeyeceiniz bir kltrel meydanaokumayla karnza karsa bunu bilmekgerekten tuhaftr. Neden? Sylemesi gtr.

Belki uzman denetimli bir Avrupa Dergisiolmak yeni bir ey olduundan yada bizimmeydan okumalar sevdiimizdendir. Bylecebiz fark ettik ki hayal dahi etmediimiz bir eyiyapyoruz: Makalenin n hazrln yapmak iin hafta sonu belgelendirme ve hafta sonuda verileri birletirmekle uramakiin hafta sonu belgelendirme ve sonu da kelimleler bata bizim sylemeyidndmz eyleri sylemeye balad.Sonra kendimize daha saygyla bakmayabaladk, hayat daha gzel grnmeye balad;ama bu rya devam etmeyecekti. Bize meydan

EEuropean Pupils Magazine



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E

9

- . , , .

, , , . , , - .

, , : , , . . ,

. , , , . : . , , , EPMagazine.

okuyan ayn kii komamz gereken yolugstererek bizi yeryzne dndrd: daha okyolumuz var... imdiden biraz tecrbe ve bolmiktarda coku ile bayazya yaklayorduk.Zor olmamalyd ve bir konuya odaklanmkenzamann ne kadar abuk getiini grmekinanlmazd. Tm aba ve harcanlan oncazaman yeni bir yazma tutkusu meydanagetirdi ve adm adm taslamz bizim duygusalve kltrel zenginliimize gz krparak

bayazya dnmeye balad. Bu takmalmas yntemi birbirimizin sanatsalyeteneklerini ve gizli hassasiyetlerimizikefetmemizi salad ve bize karmak birgrevi baarma ltn verdi.

Bizim nceki yayn kurulunun cokudesteini almak gibi bir avantajmz vard vebylece planlanmam faaliyetlerin planlanmfaaliyetlerden daha nemli olabileceinigrmek bizi artt ve nemin burada bir

ballk ilevi olduu vurgulanabilir.Bir renci olarak bo zamana ulamakfaal iyetlerinizi dikkatl i bir eki ldesnflandrmanz anlamna geliyor ve her trlznel kriter buna konu olabilir. Eer bir ylnce birisi kalkpta bize bir gn gelecek bozamanmz bir proje zerinde seve sevealarak geireceimizi syleseydi ona sonderece pheli gzlerle bakardk (tabi eerona bakarsak).

EP dergisi iin altmz sre iindeteknoloji ve cihazlarn dnyasn unuttuk,modellerden ve algoritmalardan, planl projebiti tarihlerinden uzaktk ama takm almasve i birliinin anlamn kefettik. Anladk kihangi alanda alrsak alalm kendiyatlarmza dahi sesimizi duyurmak iin dahasorumlu davranmamz ve deneyimlerimizitakmmzla paylamamz gerekiyor.

Eski bir Romanya ata sz der ki; pratikyapmak renmeyi besler. Kesinlikle EPDergisi ailesinde ok ey rendik verenmeye devam edeceiz.





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Even if it seems strange to imagineadults playing, at least honorable scientists,as long as playing refers to a range ofvoluntary, intrinsically motivated ac-tivities that are normally associatedwith pleasure and enjoyment and it hasbeen proved as being an imperative for all

h i g h e r -funct ion ingof animals,then adultsare allowedto play.

What hap-pens whenscientists are

playing thisis already as t a t i s t i c a lstory!

For exam-ple, Johan-nes Kepler(1571-1601),

already famous for his researches at thetimebeing the imperial astronomer of Ru-

dolph II (1552-1612) - wrote an essay Onthe Six-Cornered Snowflake.

Playing with words (in Latin the lan-guage of the essay - nix meaning snow-flake, but in German the native languageof the author- nixmeaning nothing). Evenif circumstantial and not scientific reasonsmade him at first to write the essay, thescientist overcomes the common issues andfinally he concluded that a snowflake might

be a perfect Christmas gift since it comesdown from heaven and looks like a star.

Chiar dac pare ciudat s-i imagineziaduli jucndu-se, cel puin oameni detiin, att timp ct joaca se refer la oserie de activiti voluntare, motivateintrinsec care sunt asociate n modnormal cu plcerea i bucuria s-adovedit tiinific c ea este necesar pentrudezvoltarea capacitilor funcionale atuturor animalelor... atunci le este permis iadulilor s se joace.

Ce se ntmpl cnd oamenii de tiinse joac?... Asta devine deja o problema destatistic!

De exemplu, deja faimos pentrucercetrile sale in domeniul geometriei i alastronomiei Johannes Kepler (1571-1601),astronom imperial la curtea mparatuluiRudolf II, scrie un eseu despre Fulgul denea in ase coluri jucndu-se ns cunelesul cuvintelor n lb. latin nixnseamn fulg de nea, ctvreme n lb.

german acelai nixnsemnnimic-.Chiar dac eseul a avut iniial motivaii

When scientists are playingCand oamenii de stiinta se joaca

Figure 1 Johannes Kepler

Figure 2

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Ana Ilinca FOTA

Bucharest,[email protected]

National College

Mihai Viteazul

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From this point on the essay talks about ge-ometrical figures, being the very first knownpublished work that describes and analysesthe structure of the ice crystals, even onlyrics.

For him the beautiful six-cornered snow-

flake was just another marvelous exampleof the natural harmony concept. However,fascinated by harmony and relating the con-cept of congruenceto diverse categories ofthe physics (three dimensional geometry,relationships among different species ofmagnitude, principles of consonance in mu-sic, organization of the Solar System) Kep-ler considered the Harmonices Mundi (TheHarmony of the World, 1619) his most im-

portant work.But water and especially its crystals con-tinued to puzzle and fascinate scientist overcenturies.

W e v e b e e ntaught from theearliest ages thatwater is the basicsubstance for life onEarth, and we neverdoubt it but step-by-step we discoveredeven more.

mai curnd sociale dect tiinifice n celedin urm cercettorul s-a lasat fascinat derealitatea observat ajungnd la concluziac n lipsa altor mijloace fulgul de nea poatefi cel mai potrivit dar de Crciun de vremece coboar din cer i arat ca o stea.

n continuare ns cheia eseului seschimb, observaiile devenind mai curndgeometrice dect literare, astfel nct sepoate spune c este prima lucrare tiut

care descrie structura cristalelor de ghea,chiar dac o face ntr-o manier literar.Pentru Kepler frumosul fulg de nea n asecoluriera un exemplu n plus ce venea ssusin conceptul armoniei universalei s-llege prin congruen de diverse alte formei relaii (geometria tridimensional, relaiiledintre ordinele de mrime, principiileconsonanei n muzic, organizareasistemului solar). Kepler (fig.1) a considerat

c opera lui de cpti a fost HarmonicesMundi.Dar apa i mai ales cristalele acesteia au

continuat s uimeasc i s fascinezecercettorii de-a lungul secolelor.

De la cele mai fragede vrste ni s-a spusc apa este esenial pentru existena vieiipe Pmnt i nu ne-am ndoit de asta, darncet-ncet am aflat tot mai multe lucruridespre ap. Ea acoper 70,9% din

suprafaa Pmntului dar reprezint iaproximativ 70% din compoziia corpuluiuman i ntre 2% i 98% din cea a altorvieuitoare i plante. Este prezent pestetot, susine viaa n forma pe care ocunoatem i proprietile ei par s ne fiecunoscute. Oricum, se pune ntrebarea ce oface att de unic i indispensabilexistenei vieii pe Pamnt?

Monoxidul de dihidrogen (H 2O),substana fr gust, inodor i incolorcunoscut sub numele comun de ap, spredeosebire de alte hidruri care sunt n stareFigure 4

Figure 3

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Water covers 70,9%from the Earths sur-face, as well it repre-sents about 70% ofthe human body com-position and between2% and 98% of theother living forms(plants and animals). Itis widely present, sup-

ports life as we know itand its properties seemto be largely knownHowever, what makesit unique and indispen-sable for Live on the

Earth? Dihydrogen monoxide (H2O), thetasteless, odorless and, up to an extent,colorless substance commonly named wa-ter, unlike other hydrides (which are on gas

phase at normal temperature, e.g. hydro-gen sulfide) remains liquid on normal condi-tions. Even more, its solid phase (ice) isfloating onto the liquid one being less densethan the liquid one (fig. 2). Actually, wateris the only known substance on Earth wherethe maximum density of mass does notarise when it becomes solidified but ataround 4 Celsius, in liquid phase; thereaf-ter, freezing it expands rapidly gaining al-

most 9% by volume due to the spatial ar-rangement and the electrochemical proper-ties of the molecules (fig. 3).

The very simple atomic structure of wa-ter causes its molecule to have electro-chemical unique properties; the hydrogenside of the molecule has a slight positivecharge while the other side has a negativeone.

This makes water a powerful solventable to solve-minerals from soil and next itsvery high surface tension, responsible forcapillary action, helps feeding plants making

gazoas n condiii normale de temperatur(de exemplu, hidrogenul sulfurat), ncondiii normale se prezint n stare lichid.

Mai mult,faza solid( g h e a a )plutete ncea lichidfiind maipuin dens

d e c ta c e a s t a(fig.2). Estes i n g u r as u b s t a n c u n o s cu t pn nprezent ac r e idensitate de

m a s maxim esteatins nfaza lichid( l a

aproximativ 4 C) i nu n faz solid,pentru ca pe msur ce ngha s ctigeaproape 9% n volum datorit aranjriispaiale a moleculelor (fig. 3, 4)

Structura atomic simpl a apei face ca

moleculele acesteia s aib proprietielectrochimice unice; partea moleculei careconine hidrogenul are o sarcin slabpozitiv, in timp ce partea opus are osarcin slab negativ.

Aceasta particularitate electrochimicface ca apa s fie un solvent puternic,capabil s dizolve mineralele din sol i prinalte proprieti fizice caracteristice(tensiune superficial i capilaritate) shrneasc plantele i animalele fcndposibil viaa pe Pmnt. Apa mai are ialte proprieti uimitoare, cum ar fi ciclul

Figure 5

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Figure 6

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life possible on Earth.Water has many otheramazing properties, likeits complete natural-cycle taking only ninedays- the most perfectexample of what re-newable must mean inthe very essence of theconcept; its vapor

p h a s e m o v e m e n tthrough atmosphereand its liquid / solidphases transformationdetermine the climateon Earth. Consequently,water is a challengingsubstance that continues to puzzle scien-tists.

Few centuries later, an another scientist,

the well known Romanian academician andengineer, aviation pioneer and the inventor

of the modern jet aircraft Henri Coanda(1886-1972) was fascinated by harmony,symmetry and fluids flow. His aerodynamiceffect now known as the Coanda Effect(patented in France, 1934) would not bediscovered if the author wouldnt be an ad-

complet pe care-l descrie n natur peparcursul a doar nou zile, un exempuperfect a ceea ce nseamn cu adevratprocesul de regenerare; deplasrilevaporilor, transformrile de faz iprecipitaiile determin variaiile climaticepe Pamnt.

Prin urmare, apa este o substanmisterioas care continu s intrige oameniide tiin.

Dup Kepler, cteva veacuri mai trziu, unalt om de tiin academician, inginer, pionieral aviaiei i inventator al avionului cu reacie-romnul Henri Coand (1886-1972) este larndul su fascinat de armonie, simetrie i decurgerea fluidelor. Efectul aerodinamic

descoperit de el, cunoscut astzi subdenumirea de efect Coand (brevetat nFrana, 1934) n-ar fi fost descoperit atuncidac autorul n-ar fi fost un observator avizat i

un bun cunosctor al fenomenelor demecanica fluidelor (fig. 5, 6).Mai mult dect att, ntre

incidentul cu scurgerea decarburant din 1910 care acompromis modelul Coanda-1910 prezentat la cel de-aldoilea Salon Aeronautic de laParis i anul inregistrriibrevetului efectului aerodinamic

(1934) Coand descoperisedomen i u l f a s c i n an t a lproprietilor apei (dup cummeniona ntr-un interviu) idevenise fascinat (pentru totrestul vieii) de misterulcristalizrii acesteia (fig. 7a, b).

De fapt, efectul Coand aplicat naerodinamic, poate fi observat i n curgereaapei, formarea turbioanelor i a altor modeledin dinamica fluidelor (fig. 5a, 6a) care au foststudiate de autor mai nti n medii fluide maiuor de observat i msurat (apa) i apoi

Figure 8

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Figure 7


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vised observer and a good analyst on fluidmechanics phenomena (fig. 5, 6).

Moreover, between the 1910s fuel leaksincident that jeopardized his Coanda-1910airplane model at the second InternationalAeronautic Salon in Paris and the year ofthe Aerodynamic Effect patentee (1934)

Coanda discovered (as he mentioned in oneof his interviews) the amazing properties of

water, on its different phases, and he be-come fascinated (for the rest of his life) onits crystallization (fig.7a, b). Actually the aero-dynamic Coanda effect, as it can be observedon water flow, vortex and other powerful dy-namic models were studied by Coanda firstlyon more viscous fluid (water) and thenadapted to the gasses dynamics. Those mod-eling steps made seventy years ago makingeasier the computer modeling of nowadays

(fig. 5a, 6b). Even if he didnt published anywork based on his water and snow studies,he invented a machine to make artificialsnow, firstly for study reasons, but later onthis became the first source of artificial snowproduced for the ski slopes (France, 1930s).In 1963 Coanda presented a test model of ashrouded Coanda Effect internal nozzle hedesigned for underwater propulsion usingsteam as the primary fluid. However, hispublicly known scientific activity has beenfocused mainly on aerodynamic area, butone life-long passion remained the study of

transpuse dinamicii gazelor. Acei pai demodelare experimental fcui n urm cu maibine de aptezeci- optzeci de ani au fcutposibil astzi modelarea cu ajutorulcalculatorului (fig. 5b, 6b).

Chiar dac Henri Coand nu i-a publicatstudiile despre ap i cristalizarea ei, el a

inventat o mainpentru a obinezpad artificial,

niial ca suport alstudiilor pe care lentreprindea, darmai trziu aceasta adevenit prima sursde zpad artificialpentru ntrecerilede schi (Frana, n

anii 1930). n 1963 Coand prezint la NASAun model de duz cu efect Coand care era

proiectat pentru propulsia subacvatic iutiliza aburul ca fluid primar. Oricumactivitatea sa tiinific cunoscut a rmasfocalizat n domeniul aerodinamic, ctrestudiul cristalizrii apei - care l-a pasionat ovia ndrumndu-i pe tinerii de excepie pecare i-a intlnit la un seminar organizat laNASA (1964) ambiionndu-i s rezolvemisterele ascunse n ap i ghea.

ntre timp n Japonia, la mijlocul secolului

XX ntr-o perioad n care oamenii nu-imprteau ideile in timp real prin WWW cumse ntmp astzi, un alt om de tiin i-adedicat ntrega via studiului cristalelor deghea. Cunoscutul fizician i cercettor alfenomenelor legate de zpad i ghea,Nakaya Ukichiro (1900-1962) (fig. 8a), a lsatun sistem de clasificare a cristalelor de ghea(fig.8b) bazat pe observaiile pe care le-a fcutcu echipamentele cele mai performante dinacel moment dar i cu cele pe care le-aconstruit special pentru a obine zpadaartificial n laborator (fig. 8c). Foarte

Figure 9

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ice, encouraging promising young scientistson a think-tank at NASA (1964) to solve themysteries of water and ice.

Meanwhile, at the middle of the 20 thcen-tury when people didnt shared their ideasthrough World Wide Web in no time as wedo now, another scientist, in Japan, dedicat-ed his entire life to the study of ice crystals.The famous Japanese physicist and scientistof snow and ice Nakaya Ukichiro (1900-1962)

(fig. 8a) left a clearly settled classification ofsnow crystals (fig. 8b), using for his observa-tion the best existing characterization equip-ments of his time and designing an equip-ment for making artificial snow on lab condi-tions (fig. 8c). Interesting, hundreds yearsafter Keplers essay to Snowflake another sci-entist have to wrote snow crystals maybe called letters sent from heaven(Ukichiro Nakaya, Snow Crystals, 1939).

Worshiping his research on natural and artifi-cial (fig. 8b) snowflakes, a Museum of Snowand Ice a hexagonal building rememberingthe six cornered shape of snowflakes- hasbeen raised at Ishikawa, Japan. And thesnowflake story continued; based on Ukichi-ros published studies few years later a com-plete diagram showing the dependence: su-persaturation, temperature and snowflakeform was published (fig. 8d). Then suddenly,especially in the last two decades, the scien-tific research tools improved essentially andthe characterization and all previous observa-

interesant, sute de ani dup eseul lui Keplerun alt om de tiin avea s scrie cristalelede ghea pot fi numite scrisori trimisedin cer. Preuindu-i munca de cercetare nstudiul zpezii naturale i artificiale (fig. 8c)japonezii i-au dedicat lui Nakaya Ukichiro unmuzeu al zpezii i gheiila Ishikawa, o cldirede form hexagonal amintind de formafulgului de nea. Povestea fulgului de neacontinu; pe baza studiilor publicate de

Ukichiro i ali cercettori s-au ocupat deanaliza cristalizrii apei, astfel nct civa animai trziu avea s fie definit o diagramcomplet capabil s coreleze suprasaturarea,temperatura i forma fulgilor de nea (fig. 8d).

Apoi cercetrile i-au schimbat dinamicaodat cu perfecionarea echipamentelor deobservare i de caracterizare, dar mai alesodat cu apariia microscopiei electronice(fig.9). De aceast dat au fost create centre

de cercetare dedicate studiului cristalizrii latoate marile universiti din lume i cele maimulte dintre acestea desfoar programespeciale de studiu al gheii i zpezii,ncercnd s rezolve n mod special sensibilaproblem a modelrii i simulrii procesului decristalizare la definirea formei fulgilor dezpad.

Prin urmare, n prezent matematicieni dinntreaga lume definesc modele pentru a simulacreterea fulgilor de nea tiind c un fulgreprezint un singur cristal de ghea care arede obicei form de prism hexagonal (fig. 9),

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Figure 10



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tions could be reassessed by electronic mi-croscopy techniques (fig. 9). This time re-search centers of famous universities dedi-cate special programs to snow and snowflakecrystallization studies, and especially on solv-ing the challenging issues on modeling thecrystallization process. So, presently world-wide mathematicians are using models tosimulate snowflake growth knowing that asnowflake is a single crystal of ice usually

having a hexagonal prism form (fig. 9) buttemperature, humidity (supersaturation), im-purities, pressure variations, and other varia-bles can influence the snowflakes shape.

How? There are networked multidiscipli-nary scientists working at this. Some of themare making high accuracy pictures of the realsnowflakes in their environment using spe-cially designed equipments and software (fig.10a); others are developing computer pro-

grams aiming to mimic the growth principlesof real snowflakes.After more than 400 years of wonderings

and searches, mathematical models runningon powerful computers can mime how snowcrystals would grow (fig. 10 b-d); about theshapeit remains a mystery, yet largely un-predictable but on the frontage of crystalgrowing simulation in all biggest researchcenters. That makes us really doubtful when

scientists are playing

BibliographyGarvey, C. (1990). Play. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University PressPidwirny, M. (2006). "Physical Properties of

Water". Fundamentals of PhysicalGeography, 2nd Edition

w w w . p h y s i c a l g e o g r a p h y . n e t /fundamentals/8a.html

Nakaya, Ukichiro (1954). Snow Crystals:Natural and Artificial. Harvard UniversityPress. ISBN 978-0674811515.

dar pe care temperatura, umiditatea(suprasaturarea), concentraia de impuritidin aer, variaia de presiune i ali parametri(tiui sau nu) o pot modifica. Dup mai binede 400 de ani de observaii i cercetrimodelele matematice care ruleaz pecalculatoarele performante ale sec XXI potimita modul de cretere al cristalelor deghea, ct despre forma acestora...earmne nc un mister, fiind pn n prezent

greu de anticipat dar gsindu-se pe lista deprioriti a programelor de simulare a celormai mari centre de cercetare.

Aceast poveste a fulgului de nea ne faces fim circumspeci atunci cnd oamenii detiin se joac...

Iconographyh t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i /

Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

h t t p : / / g a . w a t e r . u s g s . g o v / e d u /waterproperties.htmlw w w . s u m a n a s i n c . c o m / w e b c o n t e n t /

animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html

www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/coanda.htmpeople.famouswhy.com/henri_coanda/www.romania- ins ider.com/wp-content/

uploads/2010/09/Henri-Coanda.jpgen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukichiro_Nakaya

www.estatevaults.com/bol/_Snowflake.jpgwww.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/designer3/large4.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/LJZ5ArmANJQ/T R P M 0 n 7 2 6 P I / A A A A A A A A B b s /A r 0 T N s b z r u o / s 1 6 0 0 /Morphologydiagram_R.jpg

ht tp: / /scopeweb.mi t .edu/wp-content/u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 1 / 0 3 / 8 0 0 p x -Snowflake_magnified_usda.jpg

www.vectr.net/absentia/images/snowflake.jpgwww.ams.org/mathimagery/dislayimage.php?

album=25&pos=5

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Sudoku is played over a 9x9 grid, divided to 3x3 sub grids called regions:The game begins with some of the grid cells already filled with numbers:The object of Sudoku is to fill the other empty cells with numbers between 1 and 9 (1 numberonly in each cell) according the following guideline that a number should appear only once oneach row, column and a region.

Have Fun!

Solution

Sudoku

F

17

Found for you by:Romanian Editorial Board


of BucharestBucharest, Romania

[email protected]

9 6

8 1 5 9

5 3 4 7

8

7

9

9 8

6 2 7

8

7

5

4

2 5 8 7

6 9


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During the last decades the scientific com-munity has made many efforts in order to de-velop new effective therapy techniques. Healthcare, transforming as early as possible scientificknowledge into solutions and augmenting life

expectancy have become nowadays a primaryobjective. At the moment investigating withstem cells is a solution, but this type of investi-gations is conditioned by the society in whichwe live. Investigation has made possible obtain-ing a series of cells that have the capacity ofgrowing and differentiating in laboratory condi-tions. The mentioned cells are no others thanstem cells that can be derived from embryos,from fetuses or from the adult organism. Stem

cells are defined as totipotent, pluripotent ormultipotent cells which have the capacity ofgenerating one or more types of differentiatedcells.

Moreover, a stem cell possesses the capacityof self-renovation. There are three main sourcesfor these cells:

Our own body, which possesses a numberof undifferentiated cells in some of its organs;

Gonadal cells coming from aborted fetuses;

Blastocyst phase embryos (between 5 - 14days after its conception)

As una clula madre o stem cell se definecomo una clula totipotente pluripotente o mul-tipotente (pueden originar las clulas de un r-gano concreto en el embrin y luego tambin enel adulto), capaz de generar uno o ms tipos declulas diferenciadas y que adems posee la ca-

pacidad de autorenovacin. Las clulas madresembrionarias se pueden obtener de 3 fuentes

Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells

Celulas Pluripotentes Inducidas

Figure 1

Figure 2

Ana Maria IOAN

Universidad Autonoma deMadrid Facultad de Medicina

Madrid,[email protected]

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19/48

The main use of this type of cells is inregenerative medicine. Nevertheless theprovenience of stems cells brings with itethical problems that make their use andapplication more difficult. However an alter-native to this problem has been encoun-tered by the Japanese scientist Shinya Ya-manaka in 2006. His discovery are the in-

ducible pluripotent stem cells (IPS), knownas IPS. These cells are a type of stem cellsthat acquire pluripotent qualities. They de-rive from differentiated cells, with no plu-ripotential characters, normally adult so-matic cells in which the expression of cer-tain genes is induced. In fact, the cells DNA

is reprogrammed in order to become a stemcell that can differentiate into any type ofcell. The antecedent of the IPS has beenfound in the technique of generating adultanimal clones and it is that of nuclear trans-fer. The first example of this technique isDolly, the sheep. The procedure consistedin obtaining the nucleus of a mammarygland cell of an adult white sheep andeventually introducing it into a previouslyenucleated oocyte of a black sheep. The ob-taining oocyte was transferred to the uterusof a third black sheep, which would be the

distintas:Nuestro propio cuerpo que en determinadosrganos dispone de algunas clulas que to-

dava no estn completamente diferenciadas;Las clulas precursoras de las gnadas de

fetos abortados;Los embriones cuando estn en fase de blas-

tocito (entre 5 y 14 das de su concepcin);El conocimiento de estas

clulas y de las tcnicas que

permiten manipularlas ha po-sibilitado el nacimiento de unanueva terapia, la medicina re-generativa. Esta tiene comoobjetivo curar enfermedadesdebidas al funcionamientoanmalo de determinadas c-lulas, tejidos u rganos fun-cionales inmunolgicamentecompatibles con el paciente.

Sin embargo, dichas clulasconllevan una serie de conflic-tos ticos los cuales dificultan

su aplicacin y desarrollo. Como alternativa aestas clulas madres embrionarias surgen lasIPS, descubiertas por el japons Shinya Yama-naka en el 2006. Las clulas madre inducidas,comnmente conocidas por la abreviatura de

Figure 4

Figure 3

uEuropean Pupils Magazine



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adoptive mother of the embryo. The resultwas that Dolly was a white sheep, a demon-stration that it was a clone of a white sheepand not the natural embryo of a black sheep(1). Obtaining an IPS consist of a processwhich involves reprogramming the nucleus ofthe cell instead of eliminating it.

Nuclear reprogramming consists of chang-ing the gene expression so that the cell con-verts to a completely different cell type. Forexample, by using this method, an epithelialcell can transform into a hepatocyte or a neu-ron. Pluripotency can be induced in thesecells. The Japanese investigator was the fa-

ther of this type of reprogramming using aseries of transcription factors, known as Oc-t3/4, Sox2, c-Mycand Klf4.

It was back in 2006 when for the first timea positive result was obtained in creating aninduced stem cell (using mouse cells)(2).

Cellular transformation is realized usingviral vectors: retrovirus (or lentivirus) thatcan carry the gene sequence of the four tran-scriptional factors. Because of the use of thistype of vectors the possibility of clinical appli-cations is limited due to the risk of mutationsand cancer. Despite this fact, Yamanaka him-

sus siglas en ingles IPS, son un tipo de clulamadre con caractersticas pluripotenciales quederivan artificialmente de una clula que inicial-mente no era pluripotencial, por lo general unaclula somtica adulta, y sobre la cual se inducela expresin de ciertos genes, es decir, es unaclula cuyo ADN ha sido reprogramado paracomportarse como una clula madre embriona-ria adquiriendo la capacidad de diferenciarse encualquier tipo de tejido.

El antecedente de las IPS se encuentra en lamanera de generar clones adultos de animalesmediante la transferencia nuclear. La primeravez que se obtuvo un clon a partir de un animaladulto fue el nacimiento de la oveja Dolly, el pri-mer mamfero clnico de la historia.

En el caso concreto de la oveja Dolly, loscientficos obtuvieron un ncleo de una clula dela glndula mamaria de una oveja adulta de ca-ra blanca, lo introdujeron dentro de un ovocito

previamente enucleado de una oveja de caranegra y lo transfirieron al tero de una terceraoveja tambin de cara negra, una madre adopti-va donde se desarrollo el embrin.

As, el hecho de que Dolly tenga la cara blan-ca sirve como garante de que esta es un clon dela oveja de cara blanca y no un hijo normal deninguna de las otras dos ovejas (1). La repro-gramacin nuclear es el cambio de la expresingentica que permite que un tipo de clula se

convierta en un tipo distinto. Gracias a esta tc-nica, es posible lograr que una clula de la pielse convierta en neurona o en una clula hepti-ca. Estas celulas se pueden inducir para ser plu-ripotentes.El investigador japons fue el padrede este tipo de reprogramacin mediante el usode una serie de factores definidos, denominadosOct3/4, Sox2, c-Mycy Klf4. Fue en 2006 cuandopor primera vez consigui obtener un resultadopositivo en la obtencin de una clula madreinducida (en este caso, de ratn) (2).

Con dichas clulas sera posible disear elsiguiente esquema teraputico: de un paciente

Figure 5




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self tried to solve the problem without usingviral vectors and he managed to do so in2008 (5).

Clinical applications may consist in thenext therapeutic scheme: if a patient suffersa disease that affects one type of cells in par-ticular, healthy cells could be taken from himand reprogrammed in order to obtain IPS thatwould differentiate into the affected cellulartype and could replace the damaged cells re-

pairing them. One of the great advantagesthat this technique brings is that it maintainsthe immunitary identity of the cells. For ex-ample, the IPS can be of use in the case ofdiagnostic probes and prenatal treatment ofgenetic diseases. In diagnostic probes amni-otic fluid cells and cells from the chorionic vil-

lus areused. Ifthese cells

were repro-grammed toIPS theycould beused in ear-ly treatmentof the af-

fected fetus. In the second place IPS could bethe solution for treating type 1 diabetes,which nowadays affects an important per-

centage of the population. The therapy wouldconsist in replacing b - cells. For this the IPSobtained from the same patient would differ-entiate into insulin producing cells. The IPScould also be the solution for cardiac andneurologic diseases.

The discovery of IPS and their continu-ous development bring a series of ad-vantages and inconveniences. The principaldisadvantages are the prospective power oftransmitting viral diseases and generate tu-mors (because of the use of c-Mycwhich isa known oncogene), but there are also dis-

que padeciera una enfermedad congnita o de-generativa la cual afecta principalmente a algntipo celular, se podran obtener clulas sanasque podran ser utilizadas para obtener IPS; apartir de las IPS se derivara, mediante diferen-ciacin, el tipo celular daado o en degeneracinque se quisiera sustituir o reparar. La ventaja deeste procedimiento es que no requiere el uso deembriones y que conserva la identidad genticade las clulas por lo cual no debera haber pro-

blemas de un rechazo por parte del paciente.En estos ltimos aos se han realizado varias

investigaciones y experimentos para aprovecharel potencial teraputico de las clulas en cues-tin. A continuacin expondremos algunosejemplos relevantes sobre el tema.

Se puede resaltar la aplicacin de las IPS enel diagnstico y tratamiento prenatal de enfer-medades genticas. En las pruebas de diagnsti-co se utilizan clulas del lquido amnitico o c-

lulas de muestras de vellosidades corinicas siestas clulas se pueden reprogramar como IPSpodran utilizarse en el tratamiento temprano delfeto afectado durante el periodo prenatal. Otrade las soluciones que aportan las IPS es el trata-miento de la diabetes de tipo 1 (T1D), la cualafecta en la actualidad a un importante porcen-taje de la poblacin.La terapia utilizada para laT1D consta en reemplazar las clulas b. Las IPSaseguraran una tal fuente, dado que se podran

inducir a diferenciarse a clulas pancreticasproductiors de insulina.Las IPS tambin pordrian ser una solucion

para el tratamiento de afecciones cardiologicas yneurologicas.

El descubrimiento de las clulas IPS y sucontinuo desarrollo y crecimiento que est te-niendo en los ltimos aos, lleva consigo todauna serie de ventajas e inconvenientes, pero hayque tener esperanza y hay que proveer mtodospara animar la investigacin sobre este tema, quetiene una meta tan noble como salvar la vida.


Figure 6



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advantages of ethical nature, given thatthese cells could be used to generategerminal cells and therefore create hu-man beings. However, this last use wouldimply difficult techniques and it would betoo early to talk about ethical implica-tions.

The advantages of the IPS consist intheir high genetic homogeneity, which fa-vors their possible clinical use, given that

they do not induce an immunological re-sponse. Moreover they offer the possibilityof creating a personalized treatment foreach patient. The IPS also provide a lessexpensive method, taking into account thefact that their obtaining does not imply hu-man oocytes, hence the technique is easier.This fact brings us to the previous ethicalpoint, which this time would cause no po-lemic given that the IPS are obtained in the

laboratory, without the sacrifice of humanembryos.Even though not much is known about

the future of the IPS we have to take intoaccount that investigations started in 2006,which is a short period of time ago. Wehave to hope and we have to provide meth-ods in order to animate and inspire investi-gation on this subject, which has such anoble purpose as saving human life.

Iconographyhttp://protein.bio.msu.su/biokhimiya/

contents/v73/full/73131438.htmlwww.adn.es/tecnologia/20080109/IMA-

1370-YAMANAKA-SHINYAhttp:// technicalstud-

ies.youngester.com/2008/08/stem-cell-milestone.html

www.adamimages.com/Diabetes---type-1---Pancreas-Illustration/PI10719/F4

w w w . a l l y o u w a n t f r e e . c o m / i m a g e s /index.php?t=stem-cell-technology

Bibliography(1) Nombela C. Clulas Madre. Madrid: Editorial

Edad; 2007.(2) Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of plu-

ripotent stem cells from mouse embryonicand adult firoblast cultures by defined fac-tors. Cell. 2006; 126 (4): 663-76.

(3) Yamanaka S. A fresh look at IPS cells. Cell.2009; 137: 13-17.

(4) Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M,

Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S. Induc-tion of pluripotent stem cells from adult hu-man fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell.2007; 131 (5): 861-72.

(5) Okita K, Nakagawa M, Hyenjong H, IchisakaT, Yamanaka S. Generation of mouse in-duced pluripotent stem cells without viralvectors. Science. 2008; 322 (5903): 949-53.

(6) Ye L, Chang JC, Lin C, Sun X, Yu J, Wai KanY. Induced pluripotent stem cells offer new

approach to therapy in thallasemia and sickecell anemia and option in prenatal diagnosisin genetic diseases. 2009; PNAS. 24(106):9826-9830.

(7) Maehr R, Chen S, Snitow M et al. Generationof pluripotent stem cells from patients withtype 1 diabetes. 2009; 37(106):15768-15773.

(8) Martinez Fernandez A, Nelson JT, Ikeda Y,Terzic A. c-MYC independent nuclear repro-

gramming favors cardiogenic potential of in-duced pluripotent stem cells. J CardiovascTransl Res. 2010 February 1; 3(1): 1323.

(9) Osakada F, Takahashi M et al. In Vitro differ-entiation of retinal cells from human pluripo-tent stem cells by small-molecule induction.Journal of Cell Science 2009; 122: 3169-3179.

(10) Lpez Moratalla N. Cuad. Biot. XIX, 2008/2.




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The technological evolution, especiallyafter the Industrial Revolution (18-19thcentury), created the necessity ofmanufacturing interchangeable parts. Thisleaded producers to face one of the majorproblems of manufacturing, caused by thelack of unity on the measure systems.

Worldwide, where the germs ofcivilization emerged and evolved, alsoappeared the necessity of giving a measureto certain things, both on physical andphilosophical way.

Est modus inrebus (Latin)means that thereis a proper

m e a s u r e i neverything andt h e g o l d e nmean shoulda l w a y s b eobserved.

It is reallyfascinating thatthe capability of acommunity to

describe measure

Evoluia tehnologic, dar mai alesRevoluia Industrial (sec. XVIII-XIX) aucondus la necesitatea fabricrii reperelorinterschimbabile i au ridicat primeleprobleme majore din lipsa armonizriisistemelor de msur.

Peste tot n lume, acolo unde s-audezvoltat i au evoluat nuclee ale civilizieiumane, a aprut i necesitatea de a da omsur lucrurilor att n plan fizic ct sifilozofic- Est modus in rebus (Latin)nseamnnd este o msur n toate.

Este cu adevrat fascinant modul n carecapacitatea unei comuniti de a descrie,msura i caracteriza realitatea obiectiv ide a modela i abstractiza realitatea virtual

(filozofic, matematic, etc) i-au determinatnsi evoluia.

Comunitiile izolate ale antichitii i aleperioadei medievale au operat cu diversesisteme de msur care interacionausporadic, exclusiv pe cile comerciale.

Dei definite pe diverse coordonategeografice primele uniti de msurrelaionau elementele anatomiei umane cuobiectul de caracterizat: degetul, palma,

cotul sau pasul (figura 1).

u

23

DENUMIRE SUBUNITATI MOLDOVA MUNTENIA

Versta 835 stanjeni 1.67 kmFunie 4prajini 12 stanjeni 26.76 m 24.24 mPrajina 3 stanjeni 6.69 mStanjen 8 palme 2.23 m 1.97 mCot 66.4 cm 63.7 cmPalma 10 degete 27.875 cm 24.625 cmPalmac 12 linii Md 35 mm 20.5 mmDeget 10 linii Mt 28 mm 25 mmLinie 2.9 mm 2.5 mm

Figure 1Hand related metric

unitsUniti de lungime rapor-

tate la anatomia bratului

i a palmei

Est Modus In Rebus: Measure Expression of KnowledgeEst modus in rebus: Masurarea Expresie a cunoasterii

LoredanaElenaTERZEA,StefaniaMOROGAN,Oana-Maria MANTA


of BucharestBucharest,Romania

[email protected]


24/48

and characterize the objective reality, to designabstract issues or to seed notions of virtual reality(on philosophical and mathematical ways)induced the evolution of the society itself.

The solitary communities, from Antiquity andmedieval decades, used several systems ofmeasurement which were interacting justsporadically, exclusively on the trading ways.

Even if there were created on different

geographical areas, the first units ofmeasurement werewithout exception - relatedto the elements of human anatomy such as:finger, palm, elbow or footstep (fig. 1).

It is useful to mention that these units did nothave the same effective value and the tradersknew this aspect better than anyone else, butthey also knew the art of negotiation and, at thebest, the art of guns. For example, the units oflength were different from one territory toanother even inside the same culture (table 1),but they fluctuate also across continents (table2). Most of the geographical discoveries from the

Este de prisos s menionm c ele nuaveau strict aceeai valoare i cel mai binetiau acest lucru negustorii care strbteaucile comerciale ale vremii i erau finicunoscatori ai artei negocierii, dar i ai arteiarmelor.

Unitile de msur pentru lungime, deexemplu, erau diferite de la un inut la altuln interiorul aceleiai culturi (tabelul 1),

variau de la ar la ar (tabelul 2) i de lacontinent la continent. Marile descoperirigeografice ale secolelor XV-XVI au fost intr-un fel precursorii Revoluiei Industrialedinamiznd relaiile comerciale i antrenndastfel prin prghii economice modificareacondiiilor de producie i ale raporturilor cufora de munc.

Prin urmare, la sfritul sec. XVIII areloc o ireversibil rsturnare de situaie.Ceea ce funcionase n societile agricolerelativ nuclearizate, legate doar de punicomerciale i eventuale campanii militare,

UHistory of



Name Subunits Moldavia Munte-nia

Versta835 stan-jeni

1.67 km

Rope4 sticks12 iris

26.76 m 24.24 m

Stick 3 iris 6.69 m

Iris 8 palms 2.23 m 1.97 mElbow 66.4 cm 63.7 cm

Palm10 fingers 27.875

cm24.625cm

Palmac12 linesMd

35 mm 20.5 mm

Finger10 linesMt

28 mm 25 mm

Line2.9 mm 2.5 mm

Table 1: Old units inRomanian historic regions

Greek Name Equivalent MetricSystem

Dactylos The lengthof a finger

0.0193 m

Palaeste The wide ofthe hand

0.0771 m

Spithame The dis-tance be-tween twofingers

12 dactili0.2312 m

Pos Feet 16 dactili0.3083 m

Pehys Elbow 0.4624 m

Bema Step 0.771 m

Orgynia Iris 1.85 m

Table 2: Old units in Ancient Greece


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XV-XVI centuries were a sort of forerunner forthe Industrial Revolution,stimulating the tradingrelationships and the use of the economicalinstruments to succeed into modifying theconditions of production and the relationship withthe workforce.

So, at the end of the 18th century a severeapproach on the harmonization of themeasurement units imposed itself. What wasefficiently running in the agricultural societies,

closed communities having just incidentalconnections through the trade routes or by themilitary campaigns, became useless/invalid onceof a sudden. New commercial relationships andcultural interferences were taking place on a veryshort frame of time opening an era ofknowledge, which was going to modify foreverthe way of perceiving the Universe.

The measurement approach, started on themost accessible way from body related units,

evolving in just few centuries (once withtelescope and electronically microscopeinventions) and reaching the macro- and micro-size characterization of Universe. These notionshave been theorized long before by philosophers,even without effective tools of describing ormeasuring them, thus making possible theevolution of thinking and modeling through ahighest level of abstraction. Actually, in front ofthe increased orders from the textile industry and

aimed by the wish of making order in tradingrelations, the French were the first who tried toerase the dysfunctions caused by the lack of aunique system of measurement, implementingthe first one by the power of law in the entireFrance. So, on 26th of March 1791 TheConstituent National Assembly adopted theprinciples of creating a system of measuresand weights (system des poids et mesures)which was based on a unit length called meter(gr. Metron = measure) and beingequalwiththe 10th million part of Earth meridianquarter. This definition was proposed by a

devenise dintr-odat inoperant.Aveau loc schimburicomerciale dar ii n t e r f e r e n eculturale i sepornete astfel ntr-o manier nebnuito a d e v r a t a v e n t u r a

cunoaterii, careavea s modificensui modul dep e r c e p e r e a lUniversului.

Incepnd de lacea mai accesibil form a descrierii, de lam r i m i l e c o r p o r a l e ,urmeaz s se ajung n doar ctevasecole, odata cu inventarea telescopului i a

microscopului electronic, la caracterizareamacro si micro universului, noiuni pe carefilozofia le teoretizase fr a le puteadescrie i msura cu mii de ani naintefacnd astfel posibil aceast evoluie princapacitatea de abstracie. Concret, n faacomenzilor tot mai mari din industria textili din dorina de a pune ordine n relaiilecomerciale francezii sunt primii carencearc s nlture disfunciile lipsei unui

s i s tem un i c de msu ra re p r i nimplementarea unui asemenea sistem pentreg teritoriul Franei. Astfel la 26 martie1791 Adunarea Naional a Constituantei aadoptat principiul constituirii unui sistemde msuri i greuti (system des

poids et mesures) ce se baza pe o unitatede lungime: metru (gr. Metron =msur),egal cu a 10-a milioana partea sfertului meridianului pmntesc.Definiia aceasta a fost propus de ctre ocomisie numit de Academia de tiine dinParis. Sistemul de uniti nou creat n

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Figure 2International System

of UnitsSistemul internationalde uniti de msur




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committee called The Academy of Science fromParis. From this moment started a new stage inthe history of measurement units which wasgoing to lead to the International System of Units(fig. 2).

It is to be mentioned that SI become operableand it was implemented in many countries as anexpression of their industrial development(beginning with 60s), but also like an expressionof their political will. Presently most of the

countries adopted SI, but there are still some bigeconomical powers, like United States or GreatBritain, on the course of adapting to it. US areoperating with a limited number of elements from

the International System and Great Britain is inthe process of adopting SI for almost onecentury, aspect that is reflected also in thedynamics of units harmonization among theCommonwealths countries.

It becomes clear that through standardization

it was enhanced a way of characterizing andmeasuring phenomena, an engine for scienceand technology that get the control over thedynamics knowledge development, boosting allthe other domains of social and economical life.

Knowledge is powerWhat type of connection can be among the

period of Chinese Han Empire (202 BC-220 AD),the cursor, the oldest wooden compass found onthe archaeological remains of a Greek settlementnear the coast of Italy, and the caliper of PierreVernier? Reviewing the history of almost two

Frana a fost denumit Sistemul Metric siodata cu el a nceput o nou etap n istoriaunitilor de msur ce avea s duc laSistemul Internaional de Uniti (SI).

Este interesant de menionat ca sistemuldevine operabil i este implementat de totmai multe ri pe msur ce nivelul lor deindustrializare crete (ncepnd din 1960),dar i ca expresie a voinei politice. nprezent cele mai multe state au adoptat SI,

dar mari puteri economice precum StateleUnite ale Americii opereaz i n prezentdoar limitat cu elemente ale SI (SistemulInternaional); Marea Britanie este de

aproape un secol n curs de adoptare asistemului metric, ceea ce se reflect in dinamica armonizrii cu SI n fostele eicolonii. Un lucru a devenit cert ns: odataprut i perfecionat o modalitate decaracterizare i de msurare a unui

fenomen tiina i tehnologia preia controlulasupra dinamicii dezvoltrii cunoateriiimpulsionnd toate celelalte domenii alevieii sociale i economice.

Cunoaterea nseamn putereCe legatur poate fi ntre Imperiul Han

din China anilor (202 BC- 220 AD), cursor,cel mai vechi compas din lemn gsit printrevestigiile arheologice ale unei aezrigreceti din apropierea rmului Italiei,Pierre Vernier i ubler?

Trecnd n revist istoria unei perioade

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Compass Quadrant Vernier Vernier CaliperCompas Cvadrant ubler

Figure 3




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mil lenn ia i tappears that abronze tool usinga slider systemwas used by theChinese since theHan dynasty tocalculate thedays, months andyears.

Instrumentslike compasseshave been usedsince ancientp e r i o d f o rmeasuring thedistances onnavigation, thesebeing firstly madeby wood (fig. 3).

In 1631 theF r e n c hmathematician and inventor Pierre Vernier, whowas also passionate by navigation, published inBrussels a treatise on the construction, uses,and properties of a new mathematicalquadrant; the quadrant being the mathematicalterm for of a circle and also a navigation toolwidely used long before the period of the GreatGeographical Discoveries.

So, now becomes obvious how the calendar,compass, quadrant and mathematical tablesjoined into the instrument invented later on, in1851, by Joseph Brown, giving a more effectiveuse to Vernier caliper (fig. 3), an instrument ableto read thousandths of an inch - because theinvention didnt emerged in the area of SI but inthe Imperial System of Units.

If the road toward the compass took almosttwo millennia, that one toward the electronmicroscope was only...80 years away.

In 1929 the French physicist Louis de Brogliereceived the Nobel Prize for Physics for his

de aproape dou milenii se poate spune cinstrumente din bronz care aveau cursorerau folosite de chinezi nc din vremeadinastiei Han pentru calculul zilelor, lunilori anilor de pe parcursul anului. Pentrumsurarea distanelor i n navigaie s -aufolosit mult vreme, nc din antichitate,instrumente asemntoare compasului,confecionate mai nti din lemn (fig. 3).n 1631 matematicianul i inventatorul

francez Pierre Vernier, care a nvattiinele exacte de la tatl su, publica laBrussels un tratat despre construcia i

proprietile unui nou cvadrant (TheConstruction, Uses, and Properties ofa New Mathematical Quadrant),cvadrantul fiind termenul matematicpentru dintr-un cerc, dar i uninstrument de navigaie utilizat pe scarlarg cu mult naintea perioadei marilor

descoperiri geografice (fig. 3)Iat cumca lendaru l ,c o m p a s u l ,c vad r an tu li tabelelematematiceaveau s sereuneasc n1851 n

instrumentulinventat deamer i canu lJ o s e p hB r o w n ,ublerul cuv e r n i e r( f i g . 3 )( v e r n i e rcaliper), capabil s citeasc miimi dintr -uninch pentru c invenia nu s-a produs nspaiul SI ci n Sistemul Imperial de unitide msur.

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Figure 4Electron microscopeconstructed by Ernst

Ruska (1933)

Primul microscop electronic

Figure 5Siemens-electron-

microscopeMicroscop electronic modern

(Siemens)




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discovery on the wave nature of electron. Onlytwo years later (1931) the German engineersErnst Ruska and Max Knoll designed the firstelectron microscope able to increase the image ofthe objects for about 400 times (fig. 4).Currently,operating on the same principle the electronmicroscopes provide better resolution of about0.2nm for a 2x106 power magnification (fig. 5),while the best optical microscopes are limited bythe diffraction phenomenon at a resolution

around 200 nm for a magnification power of upto 2x103. The fact is that after the occurrence ofthe electron microscopy a new field of researchhas been revealed. Its potential has to challengeall areas of science, opening to knowledge auniverse with new properties and laws, able toredefine many of the present knowledge.

Something similar happened with theknowledge at the macroscopic level that madepossible the beginning of the Spatial Eraotherwise than as a science anticipation scenario.

Telescope is an instrument consisting of asequence of lenses and mirrors used to identify,observe and possibly taking photos of objectssituated at large distances.

Beginning with the first observation regardingthe magnifying effect of water glass lens, untilthe nowadays achievements on lens industrysome basic optical scheme were defining thecharacteristics of the first instruments designed to

Dac drumul de la compas la ubler a duratdou milenii, de la ubler la microscopulelectronic n-a mai fost dect un pas de...80 deani.

n 1929 fizicianului francez Louis de Broglieprimea premiul Nobel pentru fizic pentrudescoperirea naturii ondulatorii a electronilor,descoperire pe care n 1931 inginerul germanErnst Ruska i colegul su Max Knollfundamentau construcia primului microscop

electronic, capabil s mreasc obiectele de 400de ori (fig. 4). n prezent, funcionnd pe bazaaceluiai principiu, microscopul electronic ofero rezoluie mai bun de 0,2nm pentru o puterede mrire de 2x106 (fig. 5), n timp cemicroscoapele optice cele mai performante suntlimitate de difracie la rezoluii n jur de 200 nm

pentru puteri de mrire de pn la 2x103

. Certeste c dup apariia microscopului electronic s-a dezvluit cercettorilor un domeniu al cruipotenial era doar intuit, un microunivers cuproprieti i legi noi, capabil s redefineascmulte dintre domeniile tiinei i s creezeramuri tiinifice noi.

Ceva asemntor s-a produs i la nivelulcunoaterii macrouniversului.

Pornind de la efectul de lup observat laprimele lentile cu ap, pn la obinerealentilelor propriu-zise i la definirea schemeioptice caracteristice primelor instrumente

UEuropean Pupils Magazine




Figure 6Mili-and micro-sized applications of a

DNA biochipAplicaii mili-i micro-dimensionale

Figure 7Nanostructure application/ Image

Aplicaii nanostructurale/ Imaginea unuibiocip ADN

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increase the image of the planets and stars.Great names of Physics and Astronomy relatedtheir activity with the improvement of these tools:Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, ChristiaanHuygens, Isaac Newton, etc.

The large parabolic mirror design andmanufacture and the glass mirror silveringprocess, introduced by Lon Foucault (1857)-later on replaced with more durable materialssuch as aluminum (1932) - made possible the

astronomical space distance observationsbeginning with the middle of last century. Someobservations and measurements were made alsousing radio telescopes in a wide range ofwavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays.

Measurementa vector of knowledgeWith the invention of caliper and other

measurement means the dynamics of theinnovations in the area of measuring and

characterization rose so fast as only 80 yearslater (1939) it was experienced another major

invention the electron microscope. Then thethings grow by themselves as only two decadeslater (1959), another Nobel laureate in physics,Richard Feynman made the historical statement:There is plenty of room at the bottom whichwas meant to be an invitation to explore themicro-sized universe and effectively opened theNanotechnology era. Among the subdivisions of

capabile s mreasc i s apropie imagini(1608), mari nume ale fizicii i astronomiei i-aulegat activitatea de perfecionarea acesorinstrumente: Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler,Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Newton, etc.;telescopul fiind un instrument constituit dintr-osuccesiune de lentile i oglinzi utilizate pentruidentificarea, observarea i eventualfotografieerea obiectelor aflate la mare distan

Apariia i fabricarea oglinzilor parabolice de

mari dimensiuni de ctre John Hadley, precumi procedeul de argintare a sticlei oglinzii,introdus de Lon Foucault (1857) i apoinlocuirea procedeului cu acoperirea cumateriale mai durabile, cum este aluminiul(1932) au fcut posibile observaiileastronomice care au deschis era spaialncepnd de la jumtatea secolului trecut,observaiile i msurtorile fiind fcute prinintermediul radio telescoapelor i ntr-o gam

larg de lungimi de und, de la undele radiopn la razele gamma.

Msurarea - vector al cunoateriiInventarea ublerului i a altor mijloace de

msur i control de la sfritul sec. XIX iinceputul sec. XX au facut s se obin i s seacumuleze suficiente date pentru ca n numai 80de ani s apar o nou invenie major, aa cumtrebuie considerat microscopia electronic.

Dp numai dou decenii de la acest moment

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Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10MWCN- Carbon NanotubeDNA-like nanomaterial SEM-image of pollenNanotuburi de carbon Modelarea structurii nanomaterialului Polen -microscop electronic prin scanare




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meter the nanometer is 10-9part of a meter, theprefix nano came from the Greek language,meaning dwarf. So it is a dwarf that wouldchallenge the knowledge, creating new branchesof science and redefining many of the currentapplications (fig. 6 - 10). The evolution continues!If we are looking around everything seems to bechanging, even the definition of the etalon-meterthat becomes the 29th million part of thedistance traveled by light in vacuum during

a second. Now things seem more difficult tounderstand, but actually their meaning is to befound in the knowledge evolution. The basic ideais that the accuracy and how they cancharacterize (measure, analyze, interpret) in agiven time parameters of a system is themeasure degree in the social evolution,technological, scientific, of the spiritualcommunity.

Iconographywww.britannica.com/facts/5/73537/La-

Construction-l-usage-et-les-proprietes-dthepirateking.com/historical/quadrant.htmhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/

laureates/1929/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siemens-electron

- microscope.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telescope

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/3/3a/Sarfus.DNABiochip.jpgwww.neno-tech-views.com/?p=597www.tekno.dk/uploadimages/

articlespic_1219.jpgwww.neno-tech-views.com/The American Heritage Dictionary of the English

Language, www.answers.com/library/Dictionary#ixzz1FCxbLqj6

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/est+modus+in+rebus?show=0&t=1295439905

http://wow.cuc.md/?p=130http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemul_anglo-

saxon_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi

(1959), un alt laureat al premiului Nobel pentrufizic, Richard Feynman avea s fac afirmaiaTheres plenty of room at the bottom (Estesuficient loc ceea ce nsemna o invitaie pentruexplorarea universului microdimensional, darsemnala i deschiderea Erei Nanotehnologice.Dintre subdiviziunile metrului nanometrulreprezint a 10-9a parte dintr-un metru, prefixulnanoprovenind din limba greac i nseamnnd

pitic.

Este un pitic care rstoarn concepte,creaz noi ramuri ale tiinei i este capabil sredefineasc multe dintre aplicaiile curentecu care lucrm. Continum s evolum! Dacprivim in jurul nostru totul se schimb, chiar sidefinitia metrului care a devenit a 29-amilioana parte dintr-o secunda parcursade lumina in vid. Acum lucrurile par maigreu de inteles, dar de fapt intelesul lor segaseste in substratul cunostiintelor.

Ideea de baza este aceea ca modul siprecizia cu care se pot caracteriza (masura,analiza, interpreta) la un moment datparametrii unui sistem este masuragraduluide evolutie sociala, tehnologica, stiintifica,sprirituala a unei comunitati.

Bibliographywww.britannica.com/facts/5/73537/La-

Construction-l-usage-et-les-proprietes-d

www.thepirateking.com/historical/quadrant.htmhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siemens-electronmicroscope.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telescope

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Sarfus.DNABiochip.jpg

www.neno-tech-views.com/?p=597www.tekno.dk/uploadimages/

articlespic_1219.jpgwww.neno-tech-views.com/

UHistory of




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Ana-Maria LACATUS

Bristol, United [email protected]

In the last fewyears, the wordsustainable hasbeen used almostin the sameamount that a hu-man being uses

water day by day.All around theglobe, amongst all

industries and tackling all kinds of issues,sustainabilitybecame more than just a con-cept. It became a bridge, making connec-tions between all disciplines, bringing to-gether Politics, Economies and Technologywith Ecology, Environment and Ethics(fig. 1).

In his report, Our Common Future,Brundtland wrote, what now became themost common definition of sustainabledevelopment. As such he defined it: thedevelopment that meets the needs ofthe present without compromising theability of future generations to meet

their own needs.One might argue thatthe statement thatBrundtland made is

not a basis of theorywhatsoever, but how-ever it gives a solidground for peoplefrom different indus-tries to create their

own definition based on the specificity oftheir knowledge background.

What sustainable development cameto do was to develop a paradigm shift from

the conventional model of development. Tobe more specific, the conventional model

was promoting a sort of modernizationaround the globe. So we cant discuss aboutsustainability, without bringing into discus-sion his ancestor the modernization the-ory. According to Pepper this theory isbased on the assumption that as long asthe society becomes more specialized and

differentiated, it will become more modernand innovative. This means up dated tech-nology tools, urbanization, highly competi-tive markets and so on (fig. 2, 3).

The key issue of sustainable develop-ment is creating an environmental modelthat promotes not just the idea of protect-ing the nature, but most of all aims at de-veloping a self aware-ness of people in orderto make them more en-vironmental friendly(Baker S., 2006) Ekinsin his book EconomicGrowth and Environ-mental Sustainabil-ity, was underling themain pillars on whichsustainable develop-ment stands. As heacknowledged, these pillars are the social

one, concerned on the human interactions,values and norms, the economic one ad-dressing the scarcity of resources and howto make the best out of them and the eco-logicalone, which is a mixture of the for-mer ones, and their impact on the environ-ment and the resources it holds (fig.4,5).The importance of these pillars lies in thefact that they are not standing on. Howeverin The Universal Declaration of Cultura

Diversty (UNESCO, 2001), was stronglyargued that cultural diversity is as nec-

Modern - innovative - green - renewable - sustainable

University of the

West of England

Figure 2

Figure 1

Figure 3

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essary for human-kind as biodiversi-ty is for natureandthus a new pillar,namely culture wasadded to the threeexisting ones. Assuch we can arguethat sustainable de-velopment is not a

well defined theory,but it develops and matures over time,along with people changing their attitudesand believes and embracing more this con-cept. Sustainable development is not de-pendent on one place and one industry, butit runs around all of them interlinking them,making them work together driven by thesame scope: a better outcome, a betterworld, a more responsible and respectful

way of treating Mother Nature.How is the construction industry re-sponding to the subject matter?

Theconstruction industry is just one ofthe many industries thatexperienced lots of chang-es together with associat-ed benefits when it comesto sustainability.

The spread of the sus-

tainability concept incen-tivized construction play-ers to come up with newsolutions that were readyto promote a better under-standing of the needs of the environmentand to develop at the same time innovativesolutions in the building industry. The em-phasis here is not only on the constructionmaterials that were improved to deliver amore ecohouse but also the exploitation ofthe gifts thatMotherNatureprovides, whichresulted in new energy-efficient solutions

that modernized the entire industry. Inte-grated solutions such as ground-heat andunder floor heating systems, huge sites ofwindmills or solar panels are all aimed atdesigning an ecological friendly way of liv-ing. And whilst living means building, thansolutions that use these types of energyand heat generators became a must. Eithergenerating energy using the solar panelsplaced on the roof of the building or wind-

mills near to it, or using solutions such asunder floor heating, systems for heatingand cooling thewalls with the useof under groundgenerated heat, theconstruction in it-self became morethan just a simpleproject (fig. 7), it

became an inte-grated project, witha strong emphasis on the sustainable devel-opment. The benefits that arose from this

way of designing were nottackling just the modernizationissues, but they offered thepremises to reduce the longterm costs of the buildingsmaintenance. One might argue

that the initial costs of buildingsuch a futuristic house arehigh, but thinking on the longrun, the benefits exceed theefforts, and given also the

continuous progress that is done in thematter, the costs are only going to drop inthe next few years.

Dealing with sustainability: the UKcase study

However even though, from what waspreviously mentioned, solutions do exist, itwas really hard to implement it in the brains

Figure 4

Figure 5



Figure 6

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of the develop-ers who werei n t e r e s t e dmore in shortterm results.They cant ar-gue howeverthat a single

little house in an area wont make the dif-ference. This is where the government had

a strong point in the promotion of sustaina-ble construction. Large government initia-tives were launched, incentives and penal-ties were introduced and thus developershad to consider the environmental issuesover their immediate benefits (Langstonand Ding, 2001).

The Sustainability Agenda, known as theAgenda 21, was a strong and massive initia-tive of the United Nations aimed at increas-

ing the awareness in the sectors, that aneed is necessary, to shift from the old way

of doing business and asking the sectors tointeract between themselves as they are allexchanging information in a sustainable de-velopment, and to integrate into their pro-cesses the environmental issues. Moreoverit recognized the major impact that thepublic sector can have over the implemen-tation of such things.

The UK was from the first who respond-ed to the Agenda 21 requirements and itdrafted its own sustainable development

strategy in 1994.This was followed in 2000by a gathering of construction documentsconcerning the key actions that have to beundertaken with regard to its policy in orderto incentivize the implementation of mores u s t a i n a b l eprocedures inthe industry.

Other initi-atives wereThe Strategyfor Sustaina-ble Con-structionwhich promoted a sort of assur-ance from the part of the industry that itwill reduce its carbon footprint as well asthe use of natural resources. This reportwas followed the next year by a progressreport in order to underline the progressthat has been made as well as to increase

the awareness on the barriers that were stillto overcome.What makes the

buildings sustainable?What makes the build-

ings sustainable? We do!What keeps them sustain-able? We do!

So, who needs to besustainable after all? The

answer is obvious: we do!!Having said that it isvery clear that the first change has to bedone on the way individuals think on sus-tainability. However, many times peopletend to see this issue more as a responsibil-ity rather than a way in which they will ben-efit on the long run (fig. 8). It is the sameapproach with the developers that are moreinterested in the short term results. This iswhy people have to be treated the same,and incentivisation is a good driven forcefor human beings.

Figure 7



Figure 8

Figure 9

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Universities especially promote this type oflearning when it comes to their accommoda-tions. Initiatives such as switch off competi-tions, or electricity saving blocks or courtscreate actual competitions amongst students,who learn from an early age that being environ-mentally responsiblemeans having benefits.

To conclude, the theory already exists, theefforts are being made, the industries respondprompt to sustainability issues, so it is just a

matter of time until we will all be aware of thebenefits as well as the consequences of not act-ing in a sustainable manner.

BibliographyBrudland, H.(1987) Our Common Future, Oxford

University Press, OxfordPepper, D. (1996) Modern Environmentalism: An

Introduction, Rutledge, LondonBaker, S. (2006) Sustainable Development,

Rutledge, LondonEkins, P. (2000) Economic Growth and Environ-mental Sustainability: The Prospects for GreenGrowth, Rutledge, London

UNESCO (2010)The Universal Declaration onCultural Diversity [online]. Available from:http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001271/127160m.pdf, Last Ac-cessed 16.01.2011

Adams, W.M. (2009) Green Development: Envi-

ronment and Sustainability in a developingWorld, Third Edition, Rutledge, LondonUnited Nations (2010), Agenda 21[online] Avail-

able from: www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/,Last Accessed 20.01.2011

HM Government (2008) The Strategy for Sus-tainable Construction [online] Available from:www.berr.gov.uk/files/file46535.pdf last Ac-cessed: 21.01.2011

HM Government (2009) strategy for SustainableConstruction- Progress Report [online] Availa-ble from: www.berr.gov.uk/files/file52843.pdfLast Accessed: 21.01.2011

DETR-Environment, Transport, Regions (2000)Building a better Quality of Life [online] Availa-ble from: www.berr.gov.uk/files/file13547.pdfLast Accessed: 21.01.2011

Langston and Ding (2001) Sustainable Practicesin the Built Environment, Second Edition, But-terworth Heinemann

Iconographyhttp://funnyartpictures.com/01funny-pictures-

art/fun-images/modern-architecture05.jpgwww.arrakeen.ch/dubai/220%20%20modern%

20architecture.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1wHfU1IM-UE/

SQoMRb90v6I/AAAAAAAAAe8/Okf3MmGb5q8/s400/New%2Bmodern%2Barchitecture%2Bbuilding2.jpg

thevividedge.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/5-green-building-materials-2.jpg

www.bottomlinerecycling.com/wp-content/

uploads/2010/10/green_home.jpggreenspacencr.org/img/iStock_000004249190Small_green_apt_model.gif

www.goinggreen-athome.com/image-files/green-building-materials-2.jpg

http://blog.turbotax.intuit.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Energy-Efficient-House2.jpg

www.greentuan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/energy-efficient-house-picture.jpg

http://hoklife.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/clean-technology-tower-concept-to-utilize-wind-and-solar-power_69.jpg

www.treehugger.com/mcdonough-wsj.jpghttp://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/04_04/

orchid3L2404_800x534.jpgwww.globalconstructionwatch.com/wp-content/

uploads/2008/04/zerohouse.jpgwww.colorcoat-online.com/blog/wp-content/

uploads/2010/09/Sustainable-housing.jpghttp://sustainabilityninja.com/wp-content/

uploads/2008/11/feature-images/sustainable-technology-gadgets.jpg



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Waste is the material result from a tech-nological process of obtaining materialproducts or services. In other words wasteis the uselessresult from the processing ofraw materials.

Firstly appeared as the municipal dump

in the city of Athens, around 400 BC, theprecursors of future health service becomethe first community services provided. Thattime employees were gathering the trashfrom streets and store it into containers.Later, during Middle Ages in England theParliament issued a law that made compul-sory to leave the garbage in special plac-es.The first law against throwing waste onthe streets is dated (1657) in New Amster-

dam (nowadays Manhattan).

A brief classification of waste would in-clude municipal waste (household and com-mercial), which represent about 14% of theentire amount of waste and industrialwaste, e.g. these summarized 33 milliontones generated in 1998 in EU.

During the construction processes, eitherfor buildings or for infrastructure targets(road construction and maintenance) mayresult different types of waste which repre-

Deeul este materia inutilizabila rezultatain urma unui proces tehnologic de obtinere deproduse materiale sau servicii.

Mai intai au aparut precursorii serviciilorpublice in Atena anilor 400 i.e.n. Ceva maitrziu, n timpul Evului Mediu n Anglia,

Parlamentul a emis o lege care a fcutobligatorie depozitarea gunoiului n locurispecial amenajate.

Prima lege mpotriva aruncarii deseurilorpe strzi a aparut (1657) n New Amsterdam(Manhattan-ul din zilele noastre).

O scurta clasificare a deseurilor ar includedeseul municipal (din gospodarie saucomercial) care reprezinta aproximativ 14%din cantitatea totala de gunoaie si deseurile

industriale, acestea insumand, spre exemplu,

33 milioane de tone generate in UE in anul1998. n timpul proceselor de construcie, fiepentru cldiri fie pentru obiective deinfrastructur (construcia i ntreinereadrumurilor) pot rezultata diferite tipuri dedeeuri, care reprezint 25% din totaluldeeurilor generate n UE. Acesta este stocatn depozitele de deeuri speciale i, mai trziu,prin prelucrarea prin incinerare, se obtine orat medie de reciclare de 80%.

What waste really means?

Ce inseamna de fapt deseu?


of BucharestBucharest,[email protected]

Alexandru-Nicolae BADUT, Daniela-Ionela SANT, Dumitru-Mihai CALIN

Figure 1 Evolution of trash collecting equipment

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sent 25% of all the waste generated in theEU. This is stored on special landfills andlater on processed by incineration, obtain-ing an average recycling rate of 80%. A sig-nificant source of waste is generated by thedisposal of used electronics and electricalequipments, as final processing products ofmining, and agriculture.

The selection of waste consists on the

storage of it on special containers for col-lecting and recycling. By recycling we un-derstand the collection, separation and pro-ce

Documents

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