Www.nilu.noEMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre EMEPs contribution to a multi-purpose monitoring capasity for atmospheric composition in Europe

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EMEPs contribution to a multi-purpose monitoring capasity for atmospheric composition in Europe being

compatible with local and global initiatives

Conventions and Directives: user requirements

Atmospheric Chemistry Applications Workshop,ESTEC, The Netherlands, 20-21. January 2004

Kjetil Tørseth, NILU/EMEP-CCC


Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)

1972 - 1977, OECD - LRTAP, 1972 - 1980, SNSF

1979, Convention on LRTAP (entry into force 1983)

1984, Protocol on Financing of EMEP 1985, 1st. SO2-protocol (-30%, 1980-1993) 1988, 1st. NOx-protocol (0%, 1987-1994 (-

30%, 12 countries) 1994, 2nd. SO2-protocol (differensiated

reductions based on critical loads and IAM) 1998, Heavy metals protocol 1998, POPs protocol 1999, 1st. Multi protocol; SOx-NOx-VOC

(differencated reductions)

CLRTAP -> about 50 Parties EMEP -> about 40 Parties

Topics addressed by EMEP

Acidification and Eutrophication

Sulphur, Nitrogen, base cations

•Photochemical oxidants

Tropospheric ozone, precursors (NOx, VOC)

•Heavy metals

Pb, Cd, Hg, +++

•Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

PAH, PCB, HCB, Chlordane, DDT/DDE...

•Particulate matter

PM mass, chemical speciation, physical characterisation


UN ECE Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air PollutionUN ECE Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution


The EMEP vision;

To be the main science based and policy-driven instrument for international cooperation in atmospheric monitoring and modelling activities, emission inventories and projections, and integrated assessment to help solve transboundary air pollution problems in Europe


CCE CIAMMSC-WMSC-E

CCC

Countries

WGSRWGSR

Information fluxes within CLRTAP

Assessment of effects

Assessment of Air Quality trends, transport fluxes

Critical loadStock at risk

Critical load maps

Proposed strategies

Source-receptor relationships

Scenarios Costs, technologies

Transportfluxes

Emissions

WGE EMEP

Monitored data

ImplementationCommittee

ImplementationCommittee

Emission data


0

0.5

1

1.5

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2.5

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1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103

obs

mod

BIRKENES

SO4A

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10

20

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80

1 6

11

16

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26

31

36

41

46

51

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61

66

71

76

81

86

91

96

10

1

10

6

obs

mod

BIRKENES

Monthly values – SO4A ”Accumulated time series plot” – SO4A


Emitter-receiver calculations (Lead)

Depositions to Germany

Depositions from Germany

Transboundary transport, 2001

MSC-E


Intercontinental transport of Hg

Annual deposition of Hg in the Northern Hemisphere (without

European sources)

Relative contribution of external sources to mercury deposition in

Europe

MSC-E


Intercontinental transport of Hg

Deposition to Europe Deposition from Europe, t/y

MSC-E

0

10

20

30

40

Nor

thA

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ica

Asi

anR

ussi

a

Eas

tern

Asi

a

Cen

tral

Asi

a

Nor

ther

nA

fric

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Sout

hA

mer

ica

Europe120 t/y

Asia30 t/y

Equator8 t/y Oceans

23 t/yNorth Africa5 t/y

America10 t/y


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

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1.4

1.6

19

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Birkenes

Skreådalen

Kårvatn

Tustervatn

Jergul

Time series of SO4 i air

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1,2

1,0

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SO2

(Oct-Mar)

SO2, soot og NO2

(µg/m3)

Soot(Nov-Feb)

NO2

(Oct-Mar)

Lead(µg/m3)

Lead(Feb)

Air quality in NorwayTrends

1980 19901985


Critical loads for waters


EMEP monitoring strategy, 2004-2009

Considerations;

•Long term operation of atmosperic chemistry monitoring is essential•Process understanding, model development for cost efficient abatement and for documenting changes

•Several requirements •Funding, Competence, Ovnership and user involvement, Transparency, Comparability,

•Foundation in Conventions or legislation is important to ensure long-term operation

•It is in the interest of the Parties that framework monitoring is cost-efficient and have a multi-purpose application

•Make of use existing infrastructure and avoid duplication•Integration of scales•Integration of topics

•How to make use of ”best science” and new technologies•But at the same time conserve consistency


Regional monitoring programmes on atmospheric chemical composition

•Various national programmes

•European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)

•CLRTAP Working Group on Effects (ICP-F, ICP-IM, ICP-V…)

•World Meteorological Organisation - Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO-

GAW)

•Marine Conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM)

•Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)

•EC AQFD (EiO, EIONET)

•UNEP Global POPs network

•EANET

•Research networks, EUROTRAC, FP4,FP5,FP6 campaigns, CALVAL etc.

•Formal links are established with most international organisations


The strategy addresses;

EMEPs strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in relation to its objectives, and the requirements of the CLRTAP

How can EMEP contribute to a monitoring capacity for other purposes

The need to establish more formal monitoring requirements for those participating in order to improve the compliance


Key elements in the new strategy

Requirements with respect tosite location, representativity, network densityparameters to be requestedtemporal resolutionmethods to be usednew opportunities

Describes the various topics, current status and monitoring requirements

Level 1 requirementsProposal for level 2Level 3 activities required

Financial constraints

Network densityReflect phenomenon of interestResolve geographical gradientsCorrespond with model resolution users request higher resolution”All” Parties should participateLower density at level 2 and level 3

Temporal resolutionCorrespond with model resolutionCorrespond with relevant processesAllow the study air mass originData qualityNew use; intercont., EO, data assimilation...

Parametersrequired to adequately understand...having an effectPrecursors, indirectly influencing,..Use other data where existing and relevantNew substances


Objectives of monitoring programme•establish pollutant concentrations and depositionfluxes on the regional scale, including intercontinental transport and boundary conditions for urban air quality; the trends with time; and sensitivity to European emission reductions,

•assess the success of international abatement strategies for atmospheric pollutants,

•improve the understanding of atmospheric chemical and physical processes and provide data for the validation of models

•provide data which in conjunction with models are the basis for the assessment of environmental problems related to air pollution including comparison with effect thresholds and exposure levels

•provide measurements required to assess the effects of atmospheric pollutants

•serve to explore the distribution of new substances and support the development of cost-effective abatement strategies

Level 1Parameters of general interest for all EMEP themes; major inorganic compounds in precipitation and in air, heavy metals in precipitations,ozone, PM10 mass concentration, meteorology, permanent monitoring at about 125 sites (80 sites for heavy metals)

Level 2 (supersites)Topic specific; acidification and eutrophication, photochemical oxidants, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, particulate matter, should in addition include level 1 parameters. Permanent monitoring at about 15-25 sites with proper regional distribution.

Level 3 sites (supersites)Topic specific; highly specialised measurements, may include campaign data, do not require all level 1/level 2 parameters to be measured. About 10-15 sites.

Associated sitesUse of data available from other bodies under the CLRTAP (e.g. WGE), monitoring in support of the EU air quality framework directive (and daughter directives)(O3, PM10). ozone soundings,300-500 sites.

Mandatory requirement programme

Voluntary programme


Status

EMEP has widened its scope without associated funding being

provided

Many Parties have expressed their strong support in introducing

formal requirements

Most countries perform monitoring in excess of EMEP requirements

Development of (joint) supersites is in good progress

Concern by some parties that their EMEP budgets are limited and

strategic discussion nationally on how to put priority between

requirements from different frameworks/Conventions seem difficult


Large part of the EMEP domaign has insufficient site/parameter density • (South, East, aerosol data, gas-particle resolved chemistry, flux data)

Currently we see a large increase in monitoring efforts made across Europe, but the EMEP programme generally receives reduced resources nationally

1569

1067

1958 2033

369

114318 316

12328 93 76

0

500

1000

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O3 PM10 SO2 NO2

AIRBASE (total#)

AIRBASEBACKGROUNDRURALEMEP

EMEP ozone sites EMEP VOC sites


Programme Parameters Measurement period/Frequency

Level-1 sites (all parameters are required to be monitored) Inorganic compounds in precipitation

SO4--, NO3

-, NH4+, H+ (pH), Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl- (cond)

24h/daily

Inorganic compounds in air

SO2, SO4--, NO3

-, HNO3, NH4+, NH3, (sNO3, sNH4), Na+, K+,

Ca++, Mg++, NO2 24h/daily

Gas particle ratio NH3, HNO3 (in combination with filter pack sampling) monthly/monthly Heavy metals in precipitation

Cd, Pb (1st priority), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority) weekly

PM 10 mass concentration PM 10 24h/daily Ozone O3 continuous/hourly

Meteorology Precipitation amount (RR), temperature (T), wind direction (dd), wind speed (ff), relative humidity (rh), atmospheric pressure (pr)

continuous/hourly

Level-2 sites (in addition to level-1 parameters); Acidification and eutrophication Gas particle ratio NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3 (artefact-free methods) 24h/daily Ammonia in emission areas (high spatial resolution)

NH3 (low-cost methods) monthly/monthly

Photochemical oxidants NOx NO, NO2 continuous/hourly Light hydrocarbons C2-C7 grab samp. or c/h Carbonyls Aldehydes and ketones 8h/2 days/week Heavy metals Mercury in precipitation Hg monthly Mercury in air Hg (TGM), 24h/weekly Heavy metals in air Cd, Pb (1st priority.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority) weekly/weekly Persistent organic pollutants POPs in precipitation PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE weekly/weekly POPs in air PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE 48h/weekly Particulate matter PM mass PM101, PM 2.5 24h/daily Gas particle ratio NH3/NH4, HNO3/NO3 24h/daily Speciation vs. size (PM2.5 and PM10)

SO4--, NO3

-, NH4, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg+ (Cl-) weekly/weekly

Mineral dust Si weekly/weekly elemental carbon (EC) organic carbon (OC) EC, OC

weekly/weekly

PM2,5

Mandatory for all Parties

15-25 sites across Europe (regional collaboration)


Level-3 sites (do not require all level-1 and level-2 parameters) Dry deposition flux of sulphur and nitrogen species

SO2, NH3, HNO3 (SO4--, NH4

+, NO3-)

Dry deposition flux of O3 O3 Hydrocarbons C6-C12 Vertical profiles O3 soundings, PM lidar, NOy chemistry NO, NO2, PAN, organic nitrates Mercury speciation TGM, RGM and TPM Congener-specific POPs PCBs, PAHs, PCDDs and PCDFs Multi-compartment (air, soil, water) POPs and Hg

Size/number distribution dN/dlogDp Light scattering Aerosol optical depth OC speciation water soluble and water insoluble OC “Black carbon” BC

Voluntary (also non-EMEP)


RECEPTORS/TARGETSRECEPTORS/TARGETSSOURCESSOURCES

Energy

Agriculture& forestry

Traffic

Terrestrial ecosystems

SO2

NH3

CO2

NOx

VOC

CO

CH4

CFC, HFC, SF6….

N2O

ToxinsHM’s, POP’s

TRACE GASESTRACE GASES

Groundwater

Lakes

Terrestrialecosystems

Marine environment

Agriculture& forestry

Humans andanimals

Acidification

NitrogenEutrophication

Climate change

Regional O3

Free tropos.O3

Effects of elevated CO2

Toxicity

ISSUESISSUES

Industry

Documents

Www.nilu.noEMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre EMEPs contribution to a multi-purpose monitoring capasity for atmospheric composition in Europe