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Www.soran.edu.iq ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMISTRY. Assistance Lecturer Amjad Ahmed Jumaa Organic chemistry Concept of organic chemistry. Classes of hydrocarbons
www.soran.edu.iq ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMISTRY. Assistance Lecturer
Amjad Ahmed Jumaa Organic chemistry Concept of organic chemistry.
Classes of hydrocarbons. Follow problems. 1
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www.soran.edu.iq Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is the
chemistry of the compounds of carbon. Chemical compounds Inorganic
and Organic. 1-Inorganic compounds minerals, 2-Organic compounds
vegetable or animal sources. Indeed, until about 1850 many chemists
believed that organic compounds must have their origin in living
organisms, and consequently could never be synthesized from
inorganic material.
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4 The science of organic chemistry began to flower with the
demise of a nineteenth century theory called vitalism. According to
vitalism, organic compounds were only those that came from living
organisms, and only living things could synthesize organic
compounds through intervention of a vital force. Inorganic
compounds were considered those compounds that came from nonliving
sources.
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www.soran.edu.iq 5 Between 1858 and 1861, August Kekul,
Archibald Scott Couper, and Alexander M. Butlerov, working
independently, laid the basis for one of the most important
theories in chemistry: the structural theory. Two central premises
are fundamental: 1. The atoms in organic compounds can form a fixed
number of bonds using their outermost shell (valence) electrons.
Carbon is tetravalent ; that is, carbon atoms have four valence
electrons and can form four bonds. Oxygen is divalent, and hydrogen
and (usually) the halogens are monovalent :
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www.soran.edu.iq 6 2. A carbon atom can use one or more of its
valence electrons to form bonds to other carbon atoms:
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www.soran.edu.iq 7 In 1874, the structural formulas originated
by Kekul, Couper, and Butlerov were expanded into three dimensions
by the independent work of J. H. vant Hoff and J. A. Le Bel. vant
Hoff and Le Bel proposed that the four bonds of the carbon atom in
methane, for example, are arranged in such a way that they would
point toward the corners of a regular tetrahe-dron, the carbon atom
being placed at its center The necessity for knowing the
arrangement of the atoms in space, taken together with an
understanding of the order in which they are connected, is central
to an understanding of organic chemistry, and we shall have much
more to say about this later.
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Classes of hydrocarbons Organic compounds contain only two
elements, hydrogen and carbon, and hence are known as hydrocarbons.
Structure hydrocarbons main classes, aliphatic and aromatic.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and their cyclic
analogs (cycloalkanes, etc.). Classes of hydrocarbons Organic
compounds contain only two elements, hydrogen and carbon, and hence
are known as hydrocarbons. Structure hydrocarbons main classes,
aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons alkanes, alkenes,
alkynes, and their cyclic analogs (cycloalkanes, etc.).
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www.soran.edu.iq 10 The simplest member of the alkane family,
indeed, one of the simplest of all organic compounds is methane, CH
4.
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www.soran.edu.iq 11 follow problem: Determine which of the
following compounds are aliphatic and aromatic, and determine their
families: A) C 6 H 6 B) NO 2 C 6 H 5 C) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 D) CH 2
=CHCH 3 E) CHClCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 F)