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Things ” organized to use energy and raw materials from their environment, maintain their integrity and reproduce.
Life
Physiology
Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms
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Physiological processes arise through evolution
▸Natural selection -process by which traits that enhance a species survival are able to produce more surviving
members than others not having those characteristics
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• Integumentary system• Nervous system• Skeletal system• Endocrine system• Muscular system• Cardiovascular system• Lymphatic system• Urinary system• Respiratory system• Digestive system• Reproductive system
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Homeostasis•Homeostasis is a stable internal environment
•Every organism must maintain homeostasis for survival
•Homeostatic regulation is responsible for keeping internal environment within certain limits.
Two general points within homeostasis• Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation –
results when cell, organ or system adjusts its activity automatically.
• Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of nervous system or endocrine system
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• A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of :– A receptor – senses an environmental change or
stimuli.– A control center –processes information supplied by
receptor and generates a response (command)– An effector – an organ or cell that responds to the
command of control center.• A variation outside the desired range triggers an
automatic response to correct the situation– Negative feedback
Homeostatic regulation involves
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Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
•In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition. For instance:
• Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals.
• Chemicals will trigger blood clotting
• Clotting process increases release of chemicals
• More chemicals means accelerated clotting
• Accelerated clotting means more chemicals
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• Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs– Cavities protect vital organs– Cavities allow organs to change in
shape and size• Two body cavities
– Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
– Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Body Cavities
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• X-rays• Computerized tomography (CT) scans• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans• Ultrasound images• Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Clinical technology allows many different views of the
body
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Special Scanning Methods
CT-SCAN: computerized tomography scan
