Www.tececo.com 1 New Cements Based on the Addition of Reactive Magnesia to Portland Cement With or Without Added Pozzolan. All I ask is that the industry

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New Cements Based on the Addition of Reactive Magnesia to Portland Cement With or Without

Added Pozzolan.

New Cements Based on the Addition of Reactive Magnesia to Portland Cement With or Without

Added Pozzolan.

All I ask is that the industry think about what I am saying.

John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA.

Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Sustainability IssuesSustainability Issues

Globally some 2 billion tonnes of cement, lime and magnesia are produced annually consuming large amounts of energy* and releasing chemically bound CO2.

* Around 98% of the world’s energy is derived from fossil fuels that when burnt to produce energy release vast amounts of CO2

– Responsible between 5% and 10% of global emissions

The built environment is our footprint on earth.– Buildings and infrastructure account for around 60% of the

anthropogenic materials flows on earth. Closing loops, reducing emissions, lifetime and embodied energies and improving durability will reduce the impact on earth systems.

Bats = Best Available Technologies

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Talked about– Rheology

• Time for and method of placing and finishing

– Shrinkage• Cracking, crack control

– Durability and Performance• Sulphate and chloride resistance• Carbonation• Corrosion of steel and other reinforcing• Alkali aggregate reactions• Delayed ettringite formation

Rarely discussed– Sustainability

• Emissions and embodied energies

Should the discussion be more about how we could fix the material, overcoming rather than tolerating and mitigating these problems?

Materials Science IssuesMaterials Science Issues

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ConclusionConclusion

Portlandite is the main problem with Portland cement.– Better to fundamentally fix the material than continue with what

amount to “band aid” fixes.– The merits of removing and replacing Portlandite with another

less soluble, easily manufactured alkali should be considered.

Technology improvements increase market share and fuel economic growth– Carbon trading and the BATS system will favour adoption of better

technologies.

The TecEco technology is an opportunity to be taken not a threat to be ignored!

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Partially hydrated Portland cement paste [Soroos,1999 ].

The consequences of removing Portlandite (lime) with the pozzolanic reaction and filling the voids between hydrating cement grains with brucite, an insoluble alkaline mineral, need to be considered.The important thing in science is not so much to

obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them. -- Sir William Bragg

TecEco Cement - Simple Yet Ingenious?TecEco Cement - Simple Yet Ingenious?

Glue as well as Velcro?

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TecEco Cements – A Blending SystemTecEco Cements – A Blending System

TecEco cements are a system of blending reactive magnesia, Portland cement and usually a pozzolan

Imagination is more important than knowledge, knowledge is limited.

Albert Einstein

SUSTAINABILITY

DURABILITY STRENGTH TECECO MODIFIED PORTLAND CEMENTS AND ECO-CEMENTS

HYDRAULIC CEMENT e.g. PORTLAND

POZZOLAN

MAGNESIA

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TecEco Cement SummaryTecEco Cement SummaryTwo main formulation strategies so far:

– TecEco modified Portland cements.• Contain more Portland cement than reactive magnesia

– Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order as Portland cement forming brucite which densifies, maintains pH and protects due to it’s low solubility.

– Other benefits include improvements in rheology and possibly less shrinkage

– TecEco eco-cements• Contain more reactive magnesia than Portland cement

• Brucite in porous materials eventually carbonates – Forming stronger fibrous minerals.– Resulting in huge opportunities for abatement.

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Reactivity Overcomes Delayed Hydration.Reactivity Overcomes Delayed Hydration.Delayed hydration leads to dimensional

distress.– Magnesium was banned in Portland cements because when it goes

through the high temperature process of making Portland cement it becomes periclase. It is “dead burned, hydrates slowly and causes dimensional distress.

– Dead burned lime is much more expansive than dead burned magnesia[1], a problem largely forgotten about by cement chemists.

The reactivity of magnesia is a function of the state of disorder, specific surface area and glass forming impurities.– The state of disorder is dependent on the temperature of calcining and

probably the most important, followed by the level of impurities such as iron.

– Make a particle small enough and it will react with just about anything!

[1] Ramachandran V. S., Concrete Science, Heydon & Son Ltd. 1981, p 358-360.

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Replacing Portlandite with Brucite.Replacing Portlandite with Brucite. Portlandite is reactive, carbonates readily and

being soluble can act as an electrolyte. TecEco remove Portlandite in reactions with Pozzolans.

TecEco replace Portlandite with brucite which is much less reactive or soluble, does not act as an electrolyte or carbonate as readily.– Improving the rheology– Using up bleed water as it hydrates– Filling in the pores, increasing the density– Sealing off the atmosphere– Providing long term pH control

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The Results of Replacing Portlandite with Brucite.The Results of Replacing Portlandite with Brucite.

Greater Durability.– TecEco cement concretes are not attacked by salts and do not carbonate as

readily. A Lower More Stable pH for much Longer? – Less Corrosion

– As Portlandite is removed the pH becomes governed by the solubility of brucite and is much lower at around 10.5 -11 reducing problems such as AAR and etching, but still high enough to keep Fe FeO and Fe3O4 stable (See Pourbaix diagram).

Increased Density– Brucite also densifies the matrix by filling in pore spaces taking up mix and

bleed water as it hydrates reducing shrinkage. (brucite is 69 mass% water!) Improved Rheology

– Reactive magnesia being much finer acts as a lubricant for Portland cement:– improving the rheology, reducing the water/cement ratio, improving strength

and reducing shrinkage. Greater Sustainability

– Superior durability and reabsorbtion of chemically released CO2

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Brucite has always played a protective role during salt attack. Putting it in the matrix of concretes in the first place makes sense.

Brucite protects concrete from salts because of it’s low solubility (reactivity, mobility)– Ksp brucite = 1.8 X 10-11 – Ksp Portlandite = 5.5 X 10-6

Carbonation of brucite is slow Gor Brucite = -19.55 Gor Portlandite = -64.62

Carbonation of brucite is slightly expansive– And results in surface tightening reducing further carbonation - not

cracking! Magnesite and hydromagnesite add strength

Durability - Reduced Salt Attack and CarbonationDurability - Reduced Salt Attack and Carbonation

5 orders of magnitude

3 orders of magnitude

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A More Stable Long Term pHA More Stable Long Term pHEh-pH or Pourbaix Diagram The stability fields of iron in the presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide.Source: Krauskopf K. B., Introduction to Geochemistry, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1967, page 168, after Garrels & Christ (1965), page 224.

Fe2O3 is stable above around pH 8.9. Fe2O3 does not hydrate and protects steel.

TecEco Cement zone.

As Portlandite is removed the pH becomes governed by the solubility of brucite and is much lower at around 10.5 -11 reducing problems such as AAR and etching, but still high enough to keep Fe and Fe3O4 stable. The hydroxides of most heavy metals are also least soluble at around pH 10.5 - 11

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Reduced Steel CorrosionReduced Steel Corrosion

Brucite does not react readily resulting in reduced carbonation rates and reactions with salts.

Brucite is less soluble resulting in less ionic transport to complete a circuit for electrolysis.

Concrete with brucite is denser (keeping water and CO2 out.)

Carbonation of brucite seals the surface preventing further carbonation.

Anode

Cathode

Ionic transport

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Increased DensityIncreased Density Brucite extracts water,

expanding filling pores and surrounding hydrated cement grains. With initial lower water cement ratios this results in greater density.

Greater density results in greater strength, more durable concrete with a higher salt resistance and less corrosion of steel etc.

Picture Courtesy Applied Petrographic Services NSW Aust.

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TecEco Cements - Improved RheologyTecEco Cements - Improved Rheology Suitable reactive magnesia is much finer than most

other cements such as Portland cement and carries what we suspect is a high positive surface charge.

Finely ground reactive magnesia therefore acts as a plasticiser.– Improving rheology

– Less water need be used resulting in greater strength and reduced porosity.

– The proportion and cost of binders and plasticisers can be reduced.

Second layer low slump TecEco modified Portland cement concrete

Tech Tendons

First layer low slump TecEco modified Portland cement concrete

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TecEco Cements – Improved Rheology (2)TecEco Cements – Improved Rheology (2)

There are also surface charge affects and water reducing agents are not required. Reactive Magnesia is a plasticiser as well.

Reactive Magnesia grains Mean size 6 -10 micron

Portland cement grains Mean size 20 - 60 micron

The magnesia grains act as ball bearings to the Portland cement grains and also fill the voids densifying the whole

Smaller grains (eg microsilica) for even better rheology.

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Dimensionally Neutral TecEco Modified Portland Cement Concretes on Hydration?

Dimensionally Neutral TecEco Modified Portland Cement Concretes on Hydration?

Portland cement shrinks around .05%. Over the long term much more (>.1%).

When magnesia hydrates it expands: MgO (s) + H2O (l) ↔ Mg(OH)2 (s) 40.31 + 18.0 ↔ 58.3 molar mass 11.2 + liquid ↔ 24.3 molar volumes[1]

<=116.96 % expansion depending on whether the water is coming from mix water or bleed water from OPC.

• So far we have not observed shrinkage in TecEco modified Portland cement concretes (10% subst, OPC) also containing flyash.

• Could it be that the water lost by Portland cement as it shrinks is used by the reactive magnesia as it hydrates?

At some ratio, thought to be around 10% reactive magnesia and 90% OPC volume changes cancel each other out and setting and curing are close to neutral.

– More research is required for both modified Portland cements and eco-cements.[1] The molar volume (L.mol-1)is equal to the molar mass (g.mol-1) divided by the density (g.L-1).

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No Volume Changes with TecEco Modified Portland Cements on Carbonation?

No Volume Changes with TecEco Modified Portland Cements on Carbonation?

Consider what happens when Portlandite carbonates:Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3

74.08 + 44.01 ↔ 100 molar mass

33.22 + gas ↔ 28.10 molar volumes

– 18.22% shrinkage

– Surface shrinkage causing cracks to appear.

Compared to brucite forming magnesite as it carbonates:Mg(OH)2 + CO2 MgCO3

58.31 + 44.01 ↔ 84.32 molar mass

24.29 + gas ↔ 28.10 molar volumes

– 15.68% expansion

– Slight expansion and densification of the surface preventing further ingress of CO2 and carbonation.

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Potential for Neutral Cure Modified Portland Cement ConcretesPotential for Neutral Cure Modified Portland Cement Concretes

90 days 28

? ?

? ?

?

? ?

?

-.05%

+.05%

Portland Cement

Reactive Magnesia

Composite Curve

+- Fly Ash?

HYDRATION THEN CARBONATION OF REACTIVE MAGNESIA AND OPC

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TecEco Eco-Cements - Solving Waste ProblemsTecEco Eco-Cements - Solving Waste Problems The best thing to do with wastes is

if at all possible to use them. If theycannot directly be used then they haveto be immobilised.

TecEco cements are ideal for soil remediation and immobilising/utilising toxic and hazardous wastes such as fly and bottom ash, iron slags, red mud etc.:– Brucite results in an ideal long term equilibrium pH of

10.5 – 11 at which most heavy metal hydroxides are relatively insoluble.

– The OPC in TecEco cements takes up lead.– TecEco cements are:

• Not attacked by ground or sea water salts.• Thermodynamically more stable.• May be dimensionally more stable.

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Summary of Ramifications of Adding Reactive MagnesiaSummary of Ramifications of Adding Reactive Magnesia Durability: TecEco cements include highly insoluble minerals that last

indefinitely. They maintain pH at ideal levels, protecting steel reinforcing and reducing alkali aggregate reactions.

Easy to Use: With improved homogeneity and rheology. Fine magnesia acts as a lubricant for Portland cement and takes up bleed water as it hydrates.

Greater Strength? Less shrinkage?: A lower water cement ratio could mean greater strength and less shrinkage. Still to be examined but so far so good!

Waste Materials: TecEco cements and Eco-cements use a high proportion of recycled materials.

Insulating Properties / High Thermal Mass / Low Embodied Energy: Eco-cement products will be favoured for energy conserving buildings.

Recyclable: Eco-cement products can be reprocessed and reused, making them more attractive to many users.

A Fire Retardant: Brucite and magnesite are both fire retardants. TecEco cement products put fires out by releasing CO2 at relatively low temperatures

Low Capital Cost: No new plant and equipment is required. Lower Materials Cost: With economies of scale TecEco cements should

be cheaper. Suitable for Immobilisation of Wastes and Environmentally Friendly!

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Basic Chemical ReactionsBasic Chemical Reactions

Notice the low solubility of brucite compared to Portlandite and that magnesite is stronger and adopts a more ideal habit than calcite & aragonite

Magnesia Brucite

MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2

Hardness: 2.5 - 3.0 4.0 3.5

Form: Massive-Sometimes Fibrous Often Fibrous Acicular - Needle-like crystals

Solubility (mol.L-1): .00015 .0013 .0011

Silicates and aluminosilicates

Magnesia Brucite Magnesite Hydromagnesite

MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 + CO2 MgCO3 + Mg(OH)2.4MgO.4CO2.4H2O

In Eco - Cements

In TecEco Modified Portland Cements

Hardness: 2.5-3.00 3.0

Form: Massive Massive or crystalline More acicular

Solubility (mol.L-1): .024 .00014

Portlandite Calcite

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3

Compare to Portlandite

Aragonite

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The Magnesium Thermodynamic CycleThe Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle

CO2

Magnesite*

Magnesia Brucite*

An alkaline environment in which silicates form

Cementitious phases

Dolomite*

Ca++

Thermal decomposition MgCO3 MgO + CO2 ΔH = 118.28 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = 65.92 kJ.mol-1

Carbonation Mg(OH)2 + CO2 MgCO3 + H2O ΔH = -37.04 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = -19.55 kJ.mol-1

Hydration MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 ΔH = -81.24 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = -35.74 kJ.mol-1

Reactive phase

TOTAL CALCINING ENERGY (Relative to MgCO3) Theoretical = 1480 kJ.Kg-1 With inefficiencies = 1948 kJ.Kg-1

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Manufacture of Portland CementManufacture of Portland Cement

CO2

Calcite and Aragonite

Quicklime Portlandite

Cementitious phases

Clay

OPC Tri calcium silicate hydrate ΔH = - 114 kJ.mol-1

+ Pozzolan

Tri calcium aluminate ΔH = - 362 kJ.mol-1 Calcium alumino ferrite

Di calcium silicate hydrate ΔH = - 43 kJ.mol-1

Rotary Kiln

Thermal decomposition CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ΔH = 178.77 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = 130.98 kJ.mol-1

Carbonation Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O ΔH = - 69.58 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = - 64.62 kJ.mol-1

Hydration CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 ΔH = -109.19 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = - 66.35 kJ.mol-1

Reactive phases

Portland Cement

SUMMARY

Limestone + Clay

Estimated* ΔH = 1807 kJ.kg-1 ΔG = 1287 kJ. kg-1

*Note the measure is relative to Kg as mixed molar amounts are used.

TOTAL CALCINING ENERGY. (Relative to CaCO3) Theoretical = 1807 kJ.Kg-1

With inefficiencies = 3306 kJ.Kg-1

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Addressing Issues in Concrete ScienceAddressing Issues in Concrete Science Addressing the research objectives of concrete science.

– Durability salt resistance and steel corrosion may become problemsof the past.

• Lower use of materials and energyover time saving money and the environment.

– Lower more stable long term alkalinity.• Reduced AAR and steel corrosion,.

– Better rheology.• Lower water cement ratio, less shrinkage, and easier placement.

– Other improved properties:• Greater density, adjustable placing and finishing times. Fire retarding

properties– Lower Costs

• Making reactive magnesia is a benign process with potential for using waste energy and capture of CO2.

• A wider range of aggregates including wastes will be availablereducing cartage costs and emissions.

• Water or CO2 from the air comprise a high mass % and volume % of the magnesium minerals in TecEco cements. Water and CO2 are free or attract carbon credits

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TecEco’s Immediate FocusTecEco’s Immediate Focus Form strategic alliances with major companies. Raise money for Research – Around 4 millions dollars worth in

the pipeline. Concentrate on defined markets for low technical risk

products that require minimal research and development and for which performance based standards apply.

– Carbonated products such as bricks, blocks, stabilised earth blocks, pavers, roof tiles pavement and mortars that utilise large quantities of waste and products where sustainability, rheology or fire retardation are an issue. (Mainly eco-cement technology using fly ash).

– The immobilisation of wastes including toxic hazardous and other wastes because of the superior performance of the technology and the rapid growth of markets. (Eco-cements and modified Portland cements).

– Products where extreme durability is required.– Products for which weight is an issue.

Continue our awareness campaign regarding TecEco cements, the new TecEco kiln design and the Tech Tendon method of prestressing, partial prestressing and reinforcing.

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TecEco Minding the FutureTecEco Minding the Future TecEco are aware of the enormous weight of

opinion necessary before standards can bechanged globally for TecEco modified cementconcretes for general use.– TecEco already have a number of institutions and universities

around the world doing research.

TecEco have received huge global publicity – not all of which is correct and have therefore publicly released the technology.– TecEco research documents are available from TecEco by request.

Soon they will be able to be purchased from the web site.

– Other documents by other researchers will be made available in a similar manner as they become available.

Technology standing on its own is not inherently good. It still matters whether it is operating from the right value system and whether it is properly available to all people.

-- William Jefferson Clinton

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TecEco Cements - SustainabilityTecEco Cements - Sustainability In the take-make-waste linear system, which underpins the majority

of the world’s economies.– Utility is added until final point of sale and from then on utility generally declines

until wastage it complete.– If utility can be maintained by greater durability or reuse then the system must

produce less waste, slow down and consume less

New materials are required that are more durable and that do not exit the linear system forming return loops eliminating wastes, reducing output and thus our take from natural ecosystems.

– TecEco cements have been designed with these desirable characteristics

Energy costs money and is the largest cost factor in the production of mineral binders.

– Whether more or less energy is required for the manufacture of reactive magnesia compared to Portland cement or lime depends on the stage in the utility adding process.

– Volume of built material has greater utility and is more validly compared.

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TecEco Eco - Cements for Sustainable CitiesTecEco Eco - Cements for Sustainable Cities

RAW MATERIALS

RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

ECO-CEMENT PRODUCTS

MINING

RECYCLING CITIES

CO2

PERMANENT SEQUESTRATION (Man Made Carbonate Rock As A

Building Material)

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Energy – On a Mass BasisEnergy – On a Mass Basis

Relative to Raw Material Used to make Cement

From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100% Efficient (Mj.tonne-1)

From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.tonne-1)

Relative Product Used in Cement



Relative to Mineral Resulting in Cement



CaCO3 +

Clay 1545.73 2828.69

Portland Cement 1807 3306.81

Hydrated OPC 1264.90 2314.77

CaCO3 1786.09 2679.14 Ca(OH)2 2413.20 3619.80

MgCO3 1402.75 1753.44 MgO 2934.26 3667.82 Mg(OH)2 2028.47 2535.59

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Energy – On a Volume BasisEnergy – On a Volume Basis

Relative to Raw Material Used to make Cement

From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100% Efficient (Mj.metre-3)

From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.metre-3)

Relative Product Used in Cement



Relative to Mineral Resulting in Cement



CaCO3

+ Clay 4188.93 7665.75Portland Cement 5692.05 10416.45

Hydrated OPC 3389.93 6203.58

CaCO3 6286.62 8429.93 Ca(OH)2 5381.44 8072.16

MgCO3 4278.39 5347.99 MgO 9389.63 11734.04 Mg(OH)2 4838.32 6085.41

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Abatement of EmissionsAbatement of Emissions

The production of Portland cement clinker, lime and magnesia all consume energy

Around 98% of the world’s energy is derived from fossil fuels that when burnt to produce energy release vast amounts of CO2

The production of Portland cement, lime and reactive magnesia also results in the release of chemically bound CO2

See newsletter 28 for more detail at www.tececo.com

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But Maybe Less Energy!But Maybe Less Energy!

There are reasons however why given volume production less energy should be required.– The manufacture of magnesia is a benign process occurring

at relatively low temperatures and for which waste energy should be able to effectively be used.

– The manufacture of more durable building materials will mean that less energy is required per unit of time because structures require replacing less often.

– The manufacture of reactive magnesia is suited to new TecEco kiln technology in which 25% greater efficiencies should result due to the capture of waste heat from grinding.

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The Sustainability of TecEco CementsThe Sustainability of TecEco Cements TecEco cements generally

– A high proportion of brucite compared to Portlandite is water and of magnesite compared to calcite is CO2.

• Every mass unit of cement powder therefore produces a greater volume of built environment than Portland other calcium based cements. Less need therefore be used.

– Improved durability and other properties.• Brucite is less soluble, mobile or reactive than Portlandite and not attacked

by salts.• The Ph is lower but more stable resulting in less AAR, etching and other

problems but still high enough for longer, maintaining the passivity of steel for longer.

– Improved durability will result in a lower use of materials and energy over time saving money and the environment.

– A high proportion of pozzolanic or non reactive wastes can be included. TecEco eco-cements

– Carbon dioxide is also reabsorbed by brucite from the atmosphere.

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Abatement –TecEco Eco-CementsAbatement –TecEco Eco-Cements

Eco-cements in porous products absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Brucite carbonates forming hydromagnesite and magnesite, completing the thermodynamic cycle.

No Capture 11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate.

Emissions

.37 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .241 tonne to the tonne.

Portland Cements 15 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate

Emissions

.32 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .299 tonne to the tonne.

Greater Sustainability

.299 > .241 >.140 >.113 Bricks, blocks, pavers, mortars and pavement made using eco-cement, fly and bottom ash (with capture of CO2 during manufacture of reactive magnesia) have 2.65 times less emissions than if they were made with Portland cement.

Capture CO2 11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate.

Emissions

.25 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .140 tonne to the tonne.

Capture CO2.

Fly and Bottom Ash 11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate.

Emissions

.126 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .113 tonne to the tonne.

On the basis of the volume of building materials produced the figures are even better!

85 wt% Aggregates 15 wt% Cement

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Global AbatementGlobal AbatementWithout CO2 Capture during manufacture (billion tonnes)

With CO2 Capture during manufacture (billion tonnes)

Total Portland Cement Produced Globally 1.80 1.80

Global mass of Concrete (assuming a proportion of 15 mass% cement)

12.00 12.00

Global CO2 Emissions from Portland Cement 3.60 3.60

Mass of Eco-Cement assuming an 80% Substitution in global concrete use

9.60 9.60

Resulting Abatement of Portland Cement CO2

Emissions

2.88 2.88

CO2 Emissions released by Eco-Cement 2.59 1.34

Resulting Abatement of CO2 emissions by

Substituting Eco-Cement

0.29 1.53

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Abatement from SubstitutionAbatement from Substitution

Figures are in millions of Tonnes

Building Material to be substituted

Realistic % Subst-itution by TecEco technology

Size of World Market (million tonnes

Substituted Mass (million tonnes)

CO2 Factors (1)

Emission From Material Before Substitution

Emission/Sequestration from Substituted Eco-Cement (Tonne for Tonne Substitution Assumed)

Net Abatement

Emissions - No Capture

Emissions - CO2 Capture

Abatement - No Capture

Abatement CO2 Capture

Bricks 85% 250 212.5 0.28 59.5 57.2 29.7 2.3 29.8

Steel 25% 840 210 2.38 499.8 56.6 29.4 443.2 470.4

Aluminium 20% 20.5 4.1 18.0 73.8 1.1 0.6 72.7 73.2

TOTAL 426.6 20.7 633.1 114.9 59.7 518.2 573.4

Concretes already have low lifetime energies.

If embodied energies are improved could substitution mean greater market share?

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Manufacture of Eco-Cement ProductsManufacture of Eco-Cement Products

Caustic Magnesia Calcined using waste heat and/or sustainable energy

Flyash

Other ingredients Eco-Masonry Products e.g. Bricks & blocks

Hydration using flue cooling &/or scrubbing water & flue steam. Carbonation using warm CO2 rich gases

Coal Combustion

TecEco - Cements

Magnesite Coal

Bottom ash & other wastes as aggregates

Eco-Cement – One of Many Possible Manufacturing Scenarios

Portland Cement

CO2

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TecEco Kiln TechnologyTecEco Kiln Technology Remember:

The reactivity of most calcined materials including magnesia is a function of the state of disorder, specific surface area and glass forming impurities.

What if calcining and grinding occurred at the same time?– Heat would literally be squashed into the material to be

calcined, reducing the risk of overburning.– The clastic conditions should increase the state of disorder and

reduce the formation of glasses resulting in greater reactivity.

– CO2 could be captured at source.

– The heat lost through grinding could be used for calcining resulting in around 25% greater efficiency.

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TecEco Technology SummaryTecEco Technology Summary Simple, Smart and Sustainable?

– TecEco cement technology has resulted in potential solutions to a number of problems with Portland and other cements including durability and corrosion, the alkali aggregate reaction problem and the immobilisation of many problem wastes and will provides a range of more sustainable building materials.

The Right Technology at the Right Time?– TecEco cement technology addresses important triple bottom line

issues solving major global problems with positive economic and social outcomes.

Climate Change Pollution

Durability Corrosion

ASR Rheology

Shrinkage Placement , Finishing

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TecEco Movie TheatreTecEco Movie Theatre

Discovery Channel Movie on Eco-Cements

Shown courtesy Discovery Channel Canada

Documents

Www.tececo.com 1 New Cements Based on the Addition of Reactive Magnesia to Portland Cement With or Without Added Pozzolan. All I ask is that the industry