EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR DECK OFFICERS

I1. Key organizations in shipping and the corresponding abbreviations. (IMO org.chart and

structure)ISF - International Shipping FederationILO-International Labours OrganizationITF-International Transport Workers Federation (Controls ПО)IACS- International Association of Classification SocietiesEMA- Estonian Maritime AdministrationUN –United NationsWTO-World Trade OrganBIMCO - The Baltic and International Maritime CouncilENMB – Estonian National Maritime BoardIALA – International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

IMOInternational Maritime Organization (IMO) is the specialised agency of the United Nations with responsibility for safety and security at sea and the prevention of marine pollution from ships. Established by means of a Convention adopted in 1948, IMO first met in 1959 and is the only United Nations agency with its headquarters in London. Over the years IMO has adopted some 40 Conventions and Protocols and numerous Codes and recommendations relating to safety, pollution prevention, security measures, liability and compensation issues and facilitation of international maritime traffic.IMO: Safe, secure and efficient shipping on clean oceans

SecretariatBudgetRegional Co-ordination

StructureThe Organization consists of an Assembly, a Council and five main Committees: the Maritime Safety Committee; the Marine Environment Protection Committee; the Legal Committee; the Technical Co-operation Committee and the Facilitation Committee and a number of Sub-Committees support the work of the main technical committees.

2. LSA Code; MES.It provides international requirements for the life-saving appliances required by chapter III of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, including personal life-saving appliances, such as lifebuoys, lifejackets, immersion suits, anti-exposure suits and thermal protective aids; visual aids, such as parachute flares, hand flares and buoyant smoke signals; survival craft, such as life rafts and lifeboats; rescue boats; launching and embarkation appliances and marine evacuation systems line throwing appliances; and general alarm and public address systems.

The Code was made mandatory by resolution MSC.47(66) under SOLAS regulation III/3.10, whereby regulation III/34 determines that all life-saving appliances and arrangements shall comply with its requirements. The Code entered into force on 1 July 1998A Marine Evacuation Systems (MES) is a lifesaving device found on many modern passenger ships consisting of an inflatable slide or chute where passenger can evacuate straight into waiting life rafts. MES's are common on high speed craft, where weight and evacuation times must be kept to a minimum, although many conventional ferries and cruise ships are now fitting MES's to complement or replace lifeboats. The main manufacturers of MES are Zodiac, Viking, RFD Beaufort and Liferaft Systems Australia.

3. COLREG situations1. What does the word „underway“ means?The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

2. Structure of the ColregPART A General Rules 1-3PART B Steering and sailing Rules 4-19

Section 1 Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility 4-10Section 2 Conduct of vessels in sight of one another 11-18Section 3 Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility 19

PART C Lights and shapes 20-31PART D Sound and light signals 32-37PART E Exemptions 38ANNEX I II III IV

II

1. Key conventions in shipping and some of the Codes that have been issued under them.Conventions:SOLAS 74 – International Convention for the Safety of Life at sea

LSA Code – Life Saving Appliances Code (Chapter III)ISM Code – International Safety Management Code (Chapter IX)ISPS Code – International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (Chapter XI)IMDG Code - International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code)

COLREG 72 – International Regulations for preventing Collisions at sea, 1972STCW 95– International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification andWachkeeping for seafarers.MARPOL 73/78 – International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

SAR - International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation- 88Load Lines - International Convention on Load Lines, 1966

International Code of SignalsInternational Safety NET Convention

2. Pilot on the Bridge; Pilot Card.When the pilot has embarked and arrived on the bridge, he becomes a part of the bridge team. The presence of a pilot does not relieve the Master or the OOW of their duties and obligations for the safety of the ship. The Master and the pilot should exchange information about pilot’s intensions and ship’s characteristic as soon as possible, after the pilot has arrived on bridge. PILOT:

Assists Master conning Keeps radio communication (also with tugs) Provides accurate information to ensure the safe navigation of the ship

In practice, the pilot will often con the ship on the Mater’s behalf.MASTER:

Conning Collision avoidance Retains the ultimate responsibility for the safety of his ship Supports the pilot and monitors his actions Seeks for clarification from the pilot when in doubt of pilot’s actions or intentions

OOW: Operates engine telegraph and bow thruster Makes bell book entries Repeats orders to helmsman and checks helmsman Plots vessel position frequently on chart Ensures that all right flags and lights are exhibited Operates radars and ARPA for collision avoidance Informs pilot about anything that can affect the safe navigation of the ship

3. COLREG situations1.What is the meaning of the term „vessel constrained by her draught“ (lights and shapes exhibited)?The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draught in relation to the available depth of water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following. A vessel constrained by her draught may exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.

2. What does a TSS consist of?Traffic lane, traffic separation line, separation zone, Inshore traffic zones, the terminations of traffic separation schemes

III1. SOLAS – history.

The first version having been adopted at a conference held in London in 1914. The Convention was to enter into force July 1914

- annual loss from British ships 700-800 people;- Titanic April 1912 more than 1500 died;- SOLAS Conference 13 countries;- international requirements for all merchant ships;- watertight, fire-resistants, fire prevention, fire fighting appliances and lifesaving appliances for passenger ships;- radiotelegraph equipment

• The second was adopted in 1929 and entered into force in 1933; • The third was adopted in 1948 and entered into force in 1952;

- establishing IMO (IMCO);- new matters as watertight subdivison in passenger ships, stability standards, services in emergencies, structural fire protection, carrige of grain and dangerous goods, developments in radio equipment;- safety equipment certificate for ships above 500;

• The fourth was adopted (under the auspices of IMO) in 1960 and entered into force in 1965; - chapter V, requirements for navigational equipment;

The present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980. - delegates from 71 countries;- two years for (or fixed time) adoption - 2/3 - 50% GT;- Exemption Certificate;- Port State&Flag State control;- important changes in chapter II-1,II-2;- Colreg was separated from SOLAS;

History from Wikipedia

The first version of the treaty was passed in 1914 in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic. It prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures, including continuous radio watches.

Newer versions were adopted in 1929, 1948, 1960, and 1974.The intention had been to keep the convention up to date by periodic amendments, but the procedure to

incorporate the amendments proved to be very slow: it could take several years for the amendments to be put into action since countries had to give notice of acceptance to IMO and there was a minimum threshold of countries and tonnage.

As a result, a complete new convention was adopted in 1974 which includes all the agreements and acceptant procedures. Even the Convention was updated and amended on numerous times, the Convention in force today is sometimes referred as SOLAS, 1974.

2. BuoyageThe main buoyage systems that are employed worldwide are the Lateran buoyage system and the Cardinal buoyage system. Buoys in the lateral system are used to indicate the port and starboard side of the fairways. The Lateral system is subdivided into two seperate systems- the IALA-A system and the IALA-B system (Inertnational Association of Aids of Navigation and Lighthouse Athoroties) IALA-A starboard side- green-coloured conical shape, port side- red coloured can-shape.Buoys in the Cardinal system are used to indicate how to pass a danger in a certan quadrant or area. The position of the buoy is indicated by North, South, East and West Cardinal buoys. Cardinal buoys are pilar and spar-shapedLateral marksPort-hand marks (red, square)Starboard-hand marks (green, triangle pointing up)Cardinal marksNorth marks (cones one upon the other pointing up, black-yellow)South marks (cones one upon the other pointing down, yellow-black)West marks (cones one upon the other pointing together, yellow-black-yellow)East marks (cones one upon the other pointing opposite direction, black-yellow-black)Isolated danger marksBlack-Red-Black, two black rounds on top of each otherSafe water marksRed with white stripe, one red round on top of the markSpecial marksYellow in colour, yellow cross on top of the mark

3. COLREG situations1. What is the meaning of the term „ vessel not under command (lights and shapes)?The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; (ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; (iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight

2. Explain the meaning of the term „safe speed“Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account: (a) By all vessels:

(i) the state of visibility; (ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels; (iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions; (iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights; (v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards; (vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar: (i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment; (ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use; (iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference; (iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range; (v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar; (vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

IV

1. What is STCW? Why was the original convention (STCW78) revised.STCW – Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (adopted by IMO 1978,

entered in force 1984).The 1978 STCW Convention was the first to establish basic requirements on training, certification

and watchkeeping for seafarers on an international level. Previously the standards of training, certification and watchkeeping of officers and ratings were established by individual governments, usually without reference to practices in other countries. As a result standards and procedures varied widely, even though shipping is the most international of all industries.

The Convention prescribes minimum standards relating to training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers which countries are obliged to meet or exceed.Revised Convention is known as STCW95.

Adopted by IMO – 1978.Entered into force – 1984,Ratified by most governments ( Flags) — 1992,Revised Convention signed -1995,entered into force on 1ST Feb.1997.

Revised: Casualties/ Human factor, Lack of competence, Changes in crew supply, Varying education, and training systems. Good principles but not specific, Insufficient backing for the authorities implementation and control.White list – contains flag states where education and training is in compliance with STCW 95 requirements. EST – dec. 2000

2. Different types of ships and the improvements in ship design.A modern shipyard is designed for building ships as cheaply and quickly as possible. Many of the old processes have disappeared or been combined into one fully mechanized process, machines are now used instead of man. Nowadays ships can be built with very short time and the costs can be kept to a minimum.Ships are designed by naval architects; the largest shipping companies have their own naval architects.When ship-owners decide to order a new ship, they tell the naval architect the cargo they want to carry, the navigational areas where the ship is going to sail, the desired speed, limits of dimensions of the ship and the price they are prepared to pay. The ship also has to comply with the rules of classification society and international regulations.After the ship has been ordered, the plans will be completed in drawing-office and then the classification society such as Lloyds Register of Shipping must approve the plans.Then it’s time to start building the ship, it is organised so that each stage in the building is done in a continuous chain of shops.When the ship is ready, she will be launched and towed to the fitting out basin and completed. A completed ship goes for sea trials before she is handed over to her new owners. During these the ship and her equipment are roughly tested.Merchant ships can be classified according to what they carry. They are designed to carry cargo or passengers. Cargo ships can be divided into dry- and liquid cargo ships. And there are also special duty vessels like tugs, icebreakers, pilots etc.Merchant ship types Cargo ships: OBO

Dry cargo shipsContainer, Bulk, Ro-Ro, Reefer, General Cargo Ship, Timber Carrier, heavy-load vsl, coaster.

Liquid cargos shipsLNG, LPG, Crude Oil (VLCC, ULCC)

Passenger shipsFerries, Cruise, High speed crafts

3. COLREG situations1. What is the meaning of the term „vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre“ (lights and shapes)?The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.

(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline;(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;(v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as a severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.

(i)three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white; (ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond; (iii) when making way through the water, masthead lights, sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed in sub-paragraph

2. How are vessels to proceed in narrow channels or fairways?RULE 9 A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.

V1. Instructions for OOW.

The Officer of the watch is the Master’s representative, and his primary responsibility at all times is the safe navigation, he must comply with the 1972 International regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG-72). The Officer of the watch should keep his watch on the bridge which he should never leave until properly relived. He shall at all times ensure effective navigational watch and also efficient lookout. The relieving Officer should ensure that members of his watch are fully capable of carrying out their duties effectively in particular that they are adjusted to night vision. When restricted visibility is suspected, the officer should at first inform the captain about the situation. Than post lookouts, exhibit navigational lights, operate and use radar equipment if fitted and operational, sound fog signals.The captain must be always notified if: visibility is reducing, if the manoeuvres of other vessels are causing concern, if difficulty is experienced in maintaining course, if there is possibility of weather damage, in any other situation in which he is in any doubt.Proper records of the manoeuvres and activities of other vessels shall be kept during the watch. Also ship’s log book shall be kept update in regular intervals; course, speed, distance made by log, wind force and direction and current if any, variation and deviation.(Look also the paper Instructions for OOW!)

2. Organization on board; GP manning; crewing; application form.1. Management- master, chief mate, chief engineer, II engineer2. Operation- deck/engine watch officers3. Support- ratingsGeneral provisions• Manning procedure is prepared on the basis of the Company’s SMS pursuant to the requirements of

the ISMCode and STCW-95• From the point of view of safety of life at sea, all ships shall be sufficiently and efficiently manned.• Every ship shall be provided with an appropriate minimum safe manning document or equivalent

issued by the Administration as evidence of the minimum safe manning.• Requirements of employment of a member of the crew shall be established in a contract concluded

by the parties.• Proficiency criteria, suitability of an employee, evaluation

3. COLREG situations1. What is the meaning of the term „restricted visibility“?

The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.

2. How do you determine if the risk of collision exsists?Rule 7 Risk of collision (a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist. (b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects. (c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information. (d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:

(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change, (ii) such risks may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.

VI

1. Key points for compliance with STCW95.Ensuring compliance with the ConventionParties to the Convention are required to provide detailed information to IMO concerning administrative measures taken to ensure compliance with the Convention. This represented the first time that IMO had been called upon to act in relation to compliance and implementation - generally, implementation is down to the flag States, while port State control also acts to ensure compliance. Under Chapter I, regulation I/7 of the revised Convention, Parties are required to provide detailed information to IMO concerning administrative measures taken to ensure compliance with the Convention, education and training courses, certification procedures and other factors relevant to implementation.

1)Appropriate certificates: the national cert.of competence, an endorcement that the cert. meets STCW-95 standards; individual flag state endorsements2)Manning: in compliance with the safe manning document or equivalent,which the SOLAS requires 3)Record keeping: documentation relating to seafarers’experience, training,etc.is accessible4)Shipboard familiarisation: new personnel shall become aquainted with the ship, operating equipment and other arrangements5)Crew coordination: the crew’s ability to coordinate activities and communicate effectively6) Minimum rest periods: a minimum of 10 hrs rest in a 24 hour period( two periods, one of which must be at least six hrs in length.

The Convention prescribes minimum standards relating to training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers which countries are obliged to meet or exceed.

Qualification Requirements: What to be learnt and the expected performance How to demonstrate the performance ability Criteria for evolutionCertification Requirements: How to verify and document competence How to deal with validation and updating of competence

2. Advantages and disadvantages of containerization.Advantages

Cost and time Reduces handling Fever an needed Less damage Less time is needed

Loading faster Easily stowed Less paperwork

Disadvantages Expensive to establish Must buy containers Special port facilities Not all can be put in containers Different types of containers needed Hard to fill full

3. COLREG situations1. What is the meaning of the term „vessel engaged in fishing“ (lights and shapes)? The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule. (b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through the water of a dredge net or other apparatus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit: (i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other; a vessel of less than 20 metres in length may instead of this shape exhibit a basket; (ii) a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vessel of less than 50 metres in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so; (iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. (c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit: (i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with apexes together in a vertical line one above the other; a vessel of less than 20 metres in length may instead of this shape exhibit a basket; (ii) when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel, an all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear; (iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. (d) A vessel engaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels may exhibit the additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations. (e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this Rule, but only those prescribed for a vessel of her length.

2. Explain the responsibilities between vessel according to Rule 18Rule 18 - Responsibilities between vessels Except where Rules 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require: (a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of: (i) a vessel not under command; (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre; (iii) a vessel engaged in fishing; (iv) a sailing vessel. (b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of: (i) a vessel not under command; (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre; (iii) a vessel engaged in fishing. (c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way: (i) a vessel not under command; (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. (d) (i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draught, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28. (ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.

(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.

VII

1. Levels of responsibility(STCW95).Management Level – Master, Chief Officer, Chief Engineer , 2nd EngineerOperational Level – Navigating Officers, Engineering watch Officer, bosun, Radio watch OfficerSupport Level – ratings, motormen, cook, steward.

Masters responsibility: Power, the agent, commander of men and resources, decision maker about the events that may be unpredictable.

2. Passage planning.AppraisalPlanningExecutionMonitoring

Appraisal, what is this?What type of information does this involve?The tidesTidal streamsUnder-keel allowancesInformation from pilot books/sailing directionsChart dangers (rocks, shallow water oil-rigs etc.)Traffic schemesWeather information (shipping forecasts)Possible areas of restricted visibilityAny areas, which would involve an area of high traffic densityPlanning, what is this?Planning out the intended voyage, using all the information from AppraisalWhat have you to do to make a plan of your voyage?Plot the intended voyage making sure it is safe, and that the plan has been checked out by the master of the vessel, use way points, parallel indexing , courses, distance to steam on each leg, and by using all the information that you AppraisedExecution, what is this?The master should find out how long his intended voyage should take, making sure he has enough water and fuel for the voyageHe should take into account any weather conditions expected on the voyageAny areas of high traffic density that would make him deviate from his course (he should if possible make a plan to keep well clear of these areas)Monitoring, what is this?This is the act of checking your position often on a chart and that you remain in a safe distance from any danger areas (land)Parallel Indexing should be used when you are alongside any hazards to maintain a safe distance.

3. COLREG situations1. What is the meaning of the term „power-driven“ vessel?The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery

2. Explain the action by give-way and stand on vesselsRule 16 Action by give-way vessel Every vessel which is directed by these Rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear. Rule 17 Action by stand-on vessel (a) (i) Where by any of these Rules one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course and speed.

(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules. (b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision. (c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with sub-paragraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side. (d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.

VIII

1. Objective(eesmärk) of the ISM Code; definitions (ISMC).ISMC – International Safety Management Code. The objectives of the Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.Safety management objectives of the Company should:

1. provide for safe practices in ship operation and a safe working environment;2. establish safeguards against all identified risks;3. continuously improve safety management skills of personnel ashore and aboard ships, including preparing for emergencies related both to safety and environmental protection.

Definitions. "International Safety Management (ISM) Code" means the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention as adopted by the Assembly, as may be amended by the Organization. "Company" means the owner of the ship (also the bareboat charterer). "Administration" means the Government of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly. "Safety management system" means a structured and documented system enabling Company personnel to implement effectively the Company safety and environmental protection policy. "Document of Compliance" means a document issued to a Company which complies with the requirements of this Code. "Safety Management Certificate" means a document issued to a ship which signifies that the Company and its shipboard management operate in accordance with the approved safety management system. "Objective evidence" means quantitative or qualitative information, records or statements of fact pertaining to safety or to the existence and implementation of a safety management system element, which is based on observation, measurement or test and which can be verified. "Observation" means a statement of fact made during a safety management audit and substantiated by objective evidence. "Non-conformity" means an observed situation where objective evidence indicates the non-fulfilment of a specified requirement. "Major non-conformity" means an identifiable deviation that poses a serious threat to the safety of personnel or the ship or a serious risk to the environment that requires immediate corrective action and includes the lack of effective and systematic implementation of a requirement of this Code. “Convention" means the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended.

2. Estonian Maritime Academy and maritime education.The Estonian Maritime Academy is an institution of professional higher education. EMA was founded in 1992, before it was Center of Maritime Education. Academy is state owned, free mostly. Students and cadets ( have to wear uniforms). Head of EMA is rector Märt Tomson.

The Academy’s objective is to provide nationally and internationally recognised high-quality maritime education, to organise, develop and coordinate maritime studies and to organise maritime applied and scientific research and further training.

4 faculties- faculty of navigation, engineering faculty, maritime faculty, faculty of general and basic studies.Navigation faculty:BRANCH OF STUDY: Navigation officer (study time 4y. + 1y. of practical work at sea)Departments:

Department of Shiphandling and Maritime Safety; Navigation Department.

Dean captain Rein Raudsalu. Diploma is called certificate of competency. Deck watch officer. Works as OOWEngineering faculty Branches of Study:

ship engines; refrigerating equipment.

Departments: Department of Marine Engineering; Department of Electrical Engineering and Automatics; Department of Refrigeration Technology; Department of Applied Mechanics.

Maritime facultyDepartments:

Department of Hydrography; Department of Hydrometeorology; Department of Fishery and Chemistry; Department of Port and Shipping Management.

3. Colreg situations1. What does the word „seaplane“ include?The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.

2. What is the conduct of vessels in restricted visibility?Rule 19 Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility. (b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre. (c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part. (d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:

(i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken; (ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.

(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.

IX

1. Explain the following abbreviations: ISMC, SMS, SMC, DOC.ISMC – International Safety Management CodeSMS – Safety Management SystemSMC – Safety Management CertificateDOC – Document Of ComplianceISMC - International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (ISM Code) The Code establishes safety-management objectives and requires a safety management system to be established by "the Company". The procedures required by the Code should be documented and compiled in a Safety Management Manual, a copy of which should be kept on board. In 1998, the ISM Code became mandatory.SMS - Safety Management System means a structured and documented system enabling Company personnel to implement effectively the Company safety and environmental protection policy. The safety management system should ensure: compliance with mandatory rules and regulations and that applicable codes, guidelines and standards recommended by the Organization, Administrations, classification societies and maritime industry organizations are taken into account.SMC - Safety Management Certificate means a document issued to a ship which signifies that the Company and its shipboard management operate in accordance with the approved safety management system. The Safety Management Certificate is issued to every ship by the Administration or a recognized organization.

DOC - Document of Compliance means a document issued to a Company which complies with the requirements of ISM Code. Document of Compliance is issued by the Administration (flag State), by an organization recognized by the Administration, or by another Contracting Government to SOLAS at the request of the Administration.

2. Weather forecast; synoptic charts; meteorological information.With an understanding of how the air moves and how clouds and rain form, much prediction can be made by simply observing the sky overhead, observing wind direction and noting the temperature and humidity of the air. But to be able to predict and forecast weather it is necessary to understand the development of weather systems such as depressions and anticyclones by means of isobar plots. Weather forecast – weather forecast for seafearers offers a survey of weather conditions that may be expected in certain places, sea areas and in vicinities of costal stations within the next 24 hours. A weather worecast is broadcast in radio bulletins and should be monitored by the navigator and transferred to the Wheather Forecast Information Sheet. It must be available to all bridge-personnel and studied regularly and closely in order to determine short-range weather conditions and visibilitySynoptic Charts - a chart showing the distribution of meteorological conditions over a wide region at a given moment. The completed synoptic chart with symbols and isobars usually reveal a few standard weather patterns. The positions of fronts and regions of low and high pressure can also be plotted on the synoptic chart, which show the weather conditions of different areas at a particular time. With skill and experience the meteorologist can use the synoptic chart to forecast the weather up to 24 to 48 hours ahead. Synoptic charts are updated at least every six hours, plotting new weather symbols and isobars, in order that the weather forecast can remain as accurate as possible.Meteorological information – barometric pressure, position and movement of a depression or anti-cyclone, speed and direction of wind, weather conditions and visibility.

3. COLREG situations1. What is the meaning of the term „sailing vessel (lights and shapes)?The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being usedA sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) sidelights; (ii) a sternlight.

(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 12 metres in length the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule may be combined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen. (c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule. (d) (i) A sailing vessel of less than 7 metres in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

(ii) A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailing vessels, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision. (e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex downwards.

2. Explain the meaning of the term „close-quarter situation“The phrase „close-quarter“ is not defined in the rules. It is not possible to specify a distance at which an encounter would be deemed close quarter. Like the determination of safe speed, the determination of what constitutes a close quarter situation turns on a number of risk factors. The outer boundary of close quarter is a safe passing distance. Close-quarter situation must depend on the size, characteristics and speed of the vessel concerned.

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1. Explain the following terms: working language, official language, common language and english language requirements(STCW95).Working language – (SOLAS) language that is understood by all persons involved

Official language – the language of the flag stateCommon language – (STCW) conversational languageEnglish language – (STCW)

Is sufficient to use charts and other nautical publications To apply and understand meteorological information To send and receive messages concerning safety and operation of the ship Is able to communicate and work with multilingual crew communications are clear and understandable

2. SMCP; general procedure, message markers, org.phrases.GENERAL Procedure When it is necessary to indicate that the SMCP are to be used, the following message may be sent"Please use Standard Marine Communication Phrases." "I will use Standard Marine Communication Phrases." Message Markers In shore-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication or radio communication in general, the following eight Message Markers may be used

Instruction Advice Warning Information Question Answer Request Intention

Standard organizational phrases "How do you read (me)?" "I read you ... bad/one = with signal strength one (i.e. barely perceptible) poor/two = with signal strength two (i.e. weak) fair/three = with signal strength three (i.e. fairly good) good/four= with signal strength four (i.e. good) excellent/five = with signal strength five (i.e. very good) When it is advisable to remain on a VHF Channel / frequency say: "Stand by on VHF Channel ... / frequency ... " When it is accepted to remain on the VHF channel / frequency indicated, say: "Standing by on VHF Channel ... / frequency ... "When it is advisable to change to another VHF Channel / frequency, say: "Advise (you) change to VHF Channel ... / frequency ... ." "Advise(you) try VHF Channel .. / frequency... ." When the changing of a VHF Channel / frequency is accepted, say: "Changing to VHF Channel ... / frequency .. ."

3. COLREG situations1. Under what circumstances shall vessels use (not use) an ITZ?Vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.

2. What is the conduct of vessels in „overtaking“ situation?A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.

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1. How are the IMO conventions enforced? Explain the following abbreviations: MOU, FSC, PSC.IMO conventions are enforced by Flag State and Port State Control. Formally in force 1 February 1997 Maritime education 1 August 1998

Full implementation 1 February 2002

MOU – Memorandum of UnderstandingThe Paris MOU on Port State Control is the official document in which the 27 participating Maritime Authorities agree to implement a harmonized system of Port State Control.

The MOU consists of a the main body in which the Authorities agree on— their commitments and the relevant international conventions— the inspection procedures and the investigation of operational procedures— the exchange of information— the structure of the organization and amendment procedures

Advantage of MoUs over more formal instruments is that, because obligations under international law may be avoided, they can be put into effect in most countries without requiring parliamentary approval.FSC – Flag State Control - The Administrating Countries as they are called, have their vessels

inspected from time to time at regular intervals and verify that the vessels conform with the Maritime Laws of that country and with the safety standards of that country. This type of an inspection is called FLAG STATE CONTROL.

PSC – Port State Control - is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of international regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules. Many of IMO's most important technical conventions contain provisions for ships to be inspected when they visit foreign ports to ensure that they meet IMO requirements.

2. Medical care, ABCDE; rescue of a person in the water.RESCUE of a person in the water(PIW)• Lift the person out of the water in horizontal position• Avoid any unnecessary movements. Handle with care.• Examine whether the injured responds when being spoken to, (moderately cold) or not

(severely chilled-Hypothermia <35deg. C).• Give artificial respiration(blow in) if the injured does not breathe. DO NOT give heart

compression.• Remove all wet clothes carefully• Isolate the injured in a hypothermic stretcher or blanket. Do not warm up!• An unconscious person should be placed in semi-prone (poolkaldu) positionTransport to hospital• A severely chilled person has a SLUGGISH (aeglane) and FEEBLE (nõrk) PULSE that may

be difficult to feel• The breathing can be very SUPERFICIAL (pindmine) and DIFFICULT TO JUDGE.• You must assume that the chilled person can be rescued

Care of the injured according to regulation ABCDEAnalysis on the spot• What has happened?• Injury panorama?• How many injured are there?• Meeting place? (position of the injured)• Resources?A airway:create free airways• Remove any blood, phlegm(lima), dentures (hambaproteesid),etc.• bend the patient’s head backwards (jaw raising movement)• keep the head in neutral position/neck collar(kaelatugi)B breathing:secure the breathing• Breathing rate (how many in a minute?)• breathing sound• colour of the skin• chest movements/muscular aid• begin artificial respiration if the patient does not breatheC circulation

• Pulse (take the pulse)• Colour of the skin• Cold sweat• External bleeding (väline verejooks) D disability:neurological status• Degree of consciousness according to AVPU:• A ALERT-ergas,teadvusel • V VERBAL-sõnaliselt kontaktne• P PAIN-valu • U UNRESPONSIVE-ei reageeri E expose,environmental control Examine the neck, chest, belly, pelvis(vaagen) and extremities(jäsemed) Protect the patient from the negative influence in the environment Secondary first aid

3. COLREG situations1. Traffic lane: How shall a vessel use, join or leave traffic laneA vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:

(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane; (ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone; (iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from the side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.

(c) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.

2. Annex IV: name some distress signals1. The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distress and need of assistance: (a) a gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute; (b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus; (c) rockets or shells, throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals; (d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group . . . - - - . . . (SOS) in the Morse Code; (e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word "Mayday"; (f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by N.C.; (g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball; (h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.) (i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light; (j) a smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke; (k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side; (l) the radiotelegraph alarm signal; (m) the radiotelephone alarm signal; (n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio beacons.

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1. Instructions for OOW.The Officer of the watch is the Master’s representative, and his primary responsibility at all times is the safe navigation, he must comply with the 1972 International regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG-72). The OOW should keep his watch on the bridge which he should never leave until properly relived. He shall at all times ensure effective navigational watch and also efficient lookout. The relieving Officer should ensure that members of his watch are fully capable of carrying out their duties effectively in particular that they are adjusted to night vision. When restricted visibility is suspected, the officer should at first inform the captain about the situation. Than post lookouts, exhibit navigational lights, operate and use radar equipment if fitted and operational, sound fog signals. The captain must be always notified if: visibility is reducing, if the manoeuvres of other vessels are causing concern, if difficulty is experienced in maintaining course, if there is possibility of weather damage, in any other situation in which he is in any doubt. Proper records of the manoeuvres and activities of other

vessels shall be kept during the watch. Also ship’s log book shall be kept update in regular intervals; course, speed, distance made by log, wind force and direction and current if any, variation and deviation.(Look also the paper Instructions for OOW!)

2. Medical care, triage.What is triage? The sorting and allocation of treatment to patients esp.battle and disaster victims according to a system of priorities designed to maximize the number of survivors. It’s a time tested method of providing the appropriate care for everyone. By using triage, we help everyone; its not designed to deny care but to prioritize it.Patients are sorted into three groups according to the nature of their emergency:• those who are in immediate danger of dying(first priority)• those who have urgent problems(second priority)• those who have minor problems (third priority)

3. COLREG situations1. What does the word „vessel“ include?. Comment on the term WIG?The word "vessel" includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.The term “Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft” means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, files in close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface-effect action.Wing-in-ground (WIG) craft is defined as a vessel capable of operating completely above the surface of the water on a dynamic air cushion created by aerodynamic lift due to the ground effect between the vessel and the water’s surface. WIG craft are capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 knots.

2. Look-outRULE 5 Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

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1. Security Levels (ISPS Code).An important part of the Code is the way risk is treated: because each ship and each port facility is different, the Contracting Government shall determine and set the appropriate security level:

Security Level 1: Normal; the level at which ships and port facilities normally operate. Security level 1 means the level for which minimum appropriate protective security measures shall be maintained at all times.(ISPS Code 2.1.9)Security Level 2: Heightened; the level applying for as long as there is a heightened risk of security incident.Security Level 3: Exceptional; the level applying for the period of time when there is a probable or imminent risk of a security incedent.

The security levels create a link between the ship and the port facility since it triggers the implementation of appropriate security measures for the ship and the port facility.

2. Ice condition; captain’s checklist.shuga - jääpuder slush - lobjakas, lörts pancake - taldrikjää fastice - kinnisjää icecover - jääkate compact ice - lausjää consolidated ice - kokkukülmunud close ice - väga tihe jää ice field - jääväli ice flow – jääpankbrash ice - jääsupp

ice belt - jäävöö ice edge - jääserv ice boundry - jääpiir hummock - rüsijää - ridged ice level ice - tasane jää deformed ice - deformeerunud jää raft ice - ladejää bare ice – lagejääthaw hole - sulamisauk rotten ice - rabejää snow drift - lumehang

ice bound - jäävangis beset - jääs kinni floating ice - ujuv jää

drift ice - triiv jää grey ice - halljää ice lead - jäälõhkuja rada

Captain’s chechlist1) Start listening daily ice reports, order ice chart2) VHF radio op, channel3) Train water from pipes on deck to avoid freezing4) Water out of ballast tanks above waterline5) Protect anchor windlass and mooring lines (hawse reels)6) Keep the pilot ladder in shelter7) Test the searchlight8) Move the anchor astern or place onto deck9) Check that the propeller and the rudder are deep enough10) Check that the main engine cooling water is available

An ice cover starts to form on water when the surface temperature reaches freezing point. Fresh water freezes at 0°C and in sea water the freezing point decreases with increasing salinity. Thus freezing point in ocean water is about – 1,8°C, but in the brackish water of the Baltic Sea it is about -0.4°C.In the Gulf of Finland ice thickness is greatest in the eastern parts of the gulf and is about 50 cm in an average winter. The biggest obstacles to winter navigation are ridges which are normally thicker than the level ice and are difficult to penetrate. Channels with thick side ridges and thick brash ice in the middle are formed when the ice cover in the fairway is repeatedly broken and refrozen. The side ridges make passing of other vessels very difficult. The keel heights of the ridges are normally a lot bigger than the sail heights. The side ridges may grow several metres thick and the brash ice layer in between may become up to one meter thick. Ridges also form when winds push ice together.

3. COLREG situations1. Which vessels shall not impede the passage of any vessels following a traffic lane?A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane. A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane

2. „Head on“ situationRule 14 Head-on situation (a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other. (b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel. (c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.

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1. SMCP (glossory1) as revised in 2001.The GLOSSARY also includes a limited number of technical terms which do not appear in the text of the SMCP but might be useful in case the content of a given standard Phrase requires modification. 1 General terms Abandon vessel To evacuate crew and passengers from a vessel following a distress Accommodation ladder Ladder attached to platform at vessel's side with flat steps and handrails enabling persons to embark / disembark from water or shore Adrift Floating, not controlled, without a clearly determinable direction Air draft The height from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel Assembly station Place on deck, in mess rooms, etc., assigned to crew and passengers where they have to meet according to the muster list when the corresponding alarm is released or announcement made Backing (of wind) Shift of wind direction in an anticlockwise manner, in time (opposite of veering) Beach (to) To run a vessel up on a beach to prevent its sinking in deep water

Berth 1: A sea room to be kept for safety around a vessel, rock, platform, etc.. 2: The place assigned to a vessel when anchored or lying alongside a pier, etc. Blast A sound signal made with the whistle of the vessel Blind sectors Areas which cannot be scanned by the radar of the vessel because they are shielded by parts of its superstructure, masts, etc, or shore obstructions. Boarding arrangements All equipment, such as pilot ladder, accommodation ladder, hoist, etc., necessary for a safe transfer of the pilot Boarding speed The speed of a vessel adjusted to that of a pilot boat at which the pilot can safely embark / disembark Bob-cat A mini-caterpillar with push-blade used for the careful distribution of loose goods in cargo holds of bulk carriers BriefingConcise explanatory information to crew and/or passengers Cable 1:Chain, wire or rope connecting a vessel to her anchor(s) 2: (measurement),185.2 metres, i.e. one tenth of a nautical mile Capsizing Turning of a vessel upside down while on water Cardinal buoy A seamark, i.e. a buoy, indicating the North, East, South or West, i.e. the cardinal/half cardinal points from a fixed point. such as a wreck, shallow water, banks, etc. Cardinal points The four main points of the compass, i.e. North, East, South and West; for the purpose of the SMCP the intercardinal points, i.e. Northeast, Southeast, etc., are also included Casualty: Case of death in an accident or shipping disaster Check (to) 1: To make sure that equipment etc. is in proper condition or that everything is correct and safe 2: To regulate motion of a cable, rope or wire when it is running out too fast Close-coupled towing A method of towing vessels through polar ice by means of icebreaking tugs with a special stern notch suited to receive and hold the bow of the vessel to be towed Close up (to) To decrease the distance to the vessel ahead by increasing one`s own speed Compatibility(of goods) states whether different goods can be stowed together in one hold Convoy A group of vessels which sail together, e.g. through a canal or ice Course The intended direction of movement of a vessel through the water Course made good That course which a vessel makes good over ground, after allowing for the effect of currents, tidal streams, and leeway caused by wind and sea COW Crude Oil Washing: A system of cleaning the cargo tanks by washing them with the cargo of crude oil during discharged CPA/TCPA Closest Point of Approach /Time to Closest Point of Approach limit as defined by the observer to give warning when a tracked target or targets will close to within these limits Crash-stop An emergency reversal operation of the main engine(s) to avoid a collision Damage control team A group of crew members trained for fighting flooding in the vessel Datum1. The most probable position of a search target at a given time 2. The plane of reference to which all data as to the depth on charts are referenced. Derelict Goods or any other commodity, specifically a vessel abandoned at sea Destination Port which a vessel is bound for Disabled A vessel damaged or impaired in such a manner as to be incapable of proceeding on its voyage Disembark (to) To go from a vessel Distress alert (GMDSS) A radio signal from a distressed vessel automatically directed to an MRCC giving position, identification, course and speed of the vessel as well as the nature of distress Distress/ Urgency traffic here: The verbal exchange of information on radio from ship to shore Urgency traffic and/or ship to ship/ air craft about a distress / urgency situation as defined in the relevant ITU Radio Regulations Draft The depth of water which a vessel draws Dragging (of anchor) Moving of an anchor over the sea bottom involuntarily because it is no longer preventing the movement of the vessel Dredging (of anchor) Moving of an anchor over the sea bottom to control the movement of the vessel Drifting Floating, caused by winds and current with a determinable direction Drop back (to) To increase the distance to the vessel ahead by reducing one's own speed DSC Digital Selective Calling (in the GMDSS system) Embark (to) To go aboard a vessel EPIRB Emergency Position Indicating Radio BeaconEscape route A clearly marked way in the vessel which has to be followed in case of an emergency Escort Attending a vessel, to be available in case of need, e.g. ice-breaker, tug, etc.. ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

ETDEstimated Time of Departure Fire patrol A crew member of the watch going around the vessel at certain intervals so that an outbreak of fire may be promptly detected; mandatory in vessels carrying more than 36 passengers Flooding Major flow of seawater into the vessel Fire monitor Fixed foam/powder/water cannon shooting fire extinguishing agents on tank deck, manifold etc. Foul (of anchor) Anchor has its own cable twisted around it or has fouled an obstruction Foul (of propeller) A line, wire, net, etc., is wound round the propeller Full speed Highest possible speed of a vessel Fume Often harmful gas produced by fires, chemicals, fuel, etc. General emergency alarm A sound signal of seven short blasts and one prolonged blast given with the vessel´s sound system GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (D)GPS (Differential)Global (satellite) Positioning System Hampered vessel A vessel restricted by her ability to manoeuvre by the nature of her work or her deep draft Hatchrails Ropes supported by stanchions around an open hatch to prevent persons from falling into a hold Heading The horizontal direction the vessel's bows at a given moment measured in degrees clockwise from north Hoist here: A cable used by helicopters for lifting or lowering persons in a pick-up operation Icing Coating of ice on an object, e.g. the mast or superstructure of a vesselIMO-Class Group of dangerous or hazardous goods, harmful substances or marine pollutants in sea transport as classified in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) Inert (to) To reduce the oxygen in an oil tank by inert gas to avoid an explosive atmosphere Initial course Course directed by the OSC or other authorized person to be steered at the beginning of a search Inoperative Not functioning Jettison (to) (of cargo) Throwing overboard of goods in order to lighten the vessel or improve its stability in case of an emergency Launch (to) To lower, e.g. lifeboats to the waterLeakingEscape of liquids such as water, oil, etc., out of pipes, boilers, tanks, etc., or a minor inflow of seawater into the vessel due to damage to the hull Leeward The general direction to which the wind blows; opposite of windward Leeway The angular effect on the vessel's course caused by the prevailing wind Let go (to) To set free, let loose, or cast off (of anchors, lines, etc.) Lifeboat station Place assigned to crew and passengers where they must gather before being ordered into the lifeboats List here: Inclination of the vessel to port side or starboard side Located In navigational warnings: Position of object confirmed Make water (to)Seawater flowing into the vessel due to hull damage, or hatches awash and not properly closed MMSI Maritime Mobile Service Identity number Moor (to) To secure a vessel in a particular place by means of wires or ropes made fast to the shore, to anchors, or to anchored mooring buoys, or to ride with both anchors down MRCC Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre: Land-based authority responsible for promoting efficient organization of maritime search and rescue and for co-ordinating the conduct of search and rescue operations within a search and rescue region Muster (to) To assemble crew, passengers or both in a special place for purposes of checking Muster list List of crew, passengers and all on board and their functions in a distress or drill Not under command (abbr. NUC) A vessel which through exceptional circumstances is unable to manoeuvre as required by the COLREGs Obstruction An object such as a wreck, net, etc., which blocks a fairway, route, etc. Off air When the transmissions of a radio station etc., have broken down, been switched off or suspended Off station (of buoys) Not in charted position Oil clearance Oil skimming from the surface of the water Operational Ready for immediate use Ordnance exercise Naval firing practice

OSC On-Scene Co-ordinator: A person designed to co-ordinate search and rescue operations within a specified area Overflow Accidental escape of oil from a tank which is full because pumping was not stopped in time Polluter A vessel emitting harmful substances into the air or spilling oil into the sea Preventers Ropes or wires attached to derricks to prevent them from swinging during cargo handling operations Proceed (to) To sail or head for a certain position or to continue with the voyage PA-system Public address system: Loudspeakers in the vessel's cabins, mess rooms, etc., and on deck through which important information can be broadcast from a central point, mostly from the navigation bridge Recover (to) Here: To pick up shipwrecked persons Refloat (to) To pull a vessel off after grounding; to set afloat again Rendez-vous An appointment between vessels normally made on radio to meet in a certain area or position Reportedin navigational warnings: Position of object unconfirmed Restricted area A deck, space, area, etc., in vessels, where for safety reasons, entry is only permitted for authorized crew members Resume (to) here: To re-start a voyage, service or search Retreat signal Sound, visual or other signal to a team ordering it to return to its base Rig move The movement of an oil rig, drilling platform, etc., from one position to another Roll call The act of checking who of the passengers and crew members are present, e.g. at assembly stations, by reading aloud a list of their names Safe speed That speed of a vessel allowing the maximum possible time for effective action to be taken to avoid a collision and to be stopped within an appropriate distance Safety load The maximum permissible load of a deck, etc. Safe working pressure The maximum permissible pressure in cargo hoses SAR Search and Rescue Scene The area or location where the event, e.g. an accident has happened Search pattern A pattern according to which vessels and/or aircraft may conduct a co-ordinated search (the IMOSAR offers seven search patterns) Search speed The speed of searching vessels directed by the OSC Seemark An elevated object on land or sea serving as a guide ….. Segregation(of goods) Separation of goods which for different reasons must not be stowed together Shackle Standard length (15 fathoms) of an anchor cable Shifting cargo Transverse movement of cargo, especially bulk, caused by rolling or a heavy list Slings Ropes, nets, and any other means for handling general cargoes Speed of advance The speed at which a storm centre moves Spill (to) The accidental escape of oil, etc., from a vessel, container, etc., into the sea Spill control gear Special equipment for fighting accidental oil spills at early stages Spreader here:Step of a pilot ladder which prevents the ladder from twisting Stand by (to)To be in readiness or prepared to execute an order; to be readily available Stand clear (to) here: To keep a boat away from the vessel Standing orders Orders of the Master to the officer of the watch which s/he must comply with Stand on (to) To maintain course and speed Station The allotted place or the duties of each person on board StrippingDraining tanks of the remaining cargo, water, etc. Survivor A person who continues to live in spite of being in an extremely dangerous situation, e.g. a shipping disaster. Take off (to) A helicopter lifts off from a vessel's deck Target The echo generated e.g. by a vessel on a radar screen Tension winch A winch which applies tension to mooring lines to keep them tight TEU Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit (standard container dimension) TrackThe path followed, or to be followed, between one position and another Transit here: The passage of a vessel through a canal, fairway, etc. Transit speed Speed of a vessel required for the passage through a canal, fairway, etc. Transshipment (of cargo) here: The transfer of goods from one vessel to another outside harbours UnderwayA vessel which is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground Union purchase A common method of cargo handling by combining two derricks, one of which is fixed over the quay, the other over the hatchway Unlit When the light characteristics of a buoy or a lighthouse are inoperative

UTC Universal Time Co-ordinated (ex GMT) Variable (of winds) When a wind is permanently changing the direction from which it blows Veering (of winds)Shifting of wind direction in a manner, in time; opposite of backing Veer out (to)(of anchors) To let out a greater length of cable VHF Very High Frequency (30 - 300 MHz) Walk out (to) (of anchors) To reverse the action of a windlass so as to ease the cable Way point A position a vessel has to pass or at which she has to alter course according to her voyage plan Windward The general direction from which the wind blows; opposite of leeward Wreck A vessel which has been destroyed or sunk or abandoned at sea 2. VTS special terms Fairway Navigable part of a waterway Fairway speed Mandatory speed in a fairway ITZ Inshore Traffic Zone (of a TSS): A routing measure comprising a designated area between the landward boundary of a TSS and the adjacent coast Manoeuvring speed A vessel's reduced rate of speed in restricted waters such as fairways or harbours Receiving point A mark or place at which a vessel comes under obligatory entry, transit, or escort procedure Reference line A fictive line displayed on the radar screens in VTS Centres and/or electronic sea-charts separating the fairway for inbound and outbound vessels so that they can safely pass each other Reporting point A mark or position at which a vessel is required to report to the local VTS-Station to establish her position Separation zone / line A zone or line separating the traffic lanes in which vessels are proceeding in opposite or nearly opposite directions; or separating a traffic lane from the adjacent sea area; or separating traffic lanes designated for particular classes of vessels proceeding in the same direction Traffic clearance VTS authorization for a vessel to proceed under conditions specified Traffic lane An area within defined limits in which one-way traffic is established TSS Traffic Separation Scheme: A routing measure aimed at the separation of opposing streams of traffic by appropriate means and by the establishment of traffic lanes VTS Vessel Traffic Services: Services, designed to improve safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the environment VTS-area Area controlled by a VTS-Centre or VTS-Station

2. Icing and ice damage; ice convoy and towing.Icing is quite a common phenomenon near the ice edge during low temperatures and rough sea. Icing takes place when the air temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius but the sea is not covered by ice. Icing is caused by the lifting of spray into the relative wind by the ship bow. The spray is then super-cooled and carried over the ship superstructure to freeze on bulkheads, decks, and rigging.The water splashing on the deck freezes to the superstructure of the ship. The weight of the accumulated ice can raise the centre of the gravity of the ship and deteriorate the ship`s stability. Ship may even capsize, if ice is not removed.Detaching the ice cover is a hard job. Hammers, even sledge hammers and hardwood clubs can be used but wisely.ice damage* -Ice can cause different kinds of damage. They vary from main engine malfunction due to heavy ice contitions to paint finish degradation due to abrasion by ice pieces. In most cases the damage is small and limited to shell plating damage between a few frames at most.

When a vessel proceeds in a convoy, a careful watch shall be kept for signals coming from the icebreaker or another vessel in the convoy. During hours of darkness, icebreaker use a fixed blue all-around light at the top of the mast. If the icebreaker stops or slows speed unexpectedly, two rotating red warning lights, installed one upon the other, are lit. The master of the vessel assisted shall take all possible measures to stop his vessel quick as possible. A vessel in convoy shall inform icebreaker without delay if she stops or slows her speed substantially. If the vessels stops due to the ice condition, the searchlight must be switched off for as long as the vessel remains stationaryTowingNotch towing- vessel assisted by the icebreaker is attached to the towing notch. The vessels bow is brought into the towing notch of the icebreaker. The icebreaker hands over two steel-ropes which are fastened to the merchant vessel’s bitts.Towing at distance- vessel slightly distanced from the notch

Long cable- used in open leads and also in order to save the very expensive protections cushions inside the notch

3. COLREG situations1. Traffic separation line and separation zone; entering a separation zoneA vessel, other than a crossing vessel, shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:

(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger; (ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.

2. Crossing situationRule 15 Crossing situation When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

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1. VTS and GOFREP.A vessel traffic service (VTS) is a marine traffic monitoring system established by harbor or port authorities, similar to air traffic control for aircraft. Typical VTS systems use radar, closed-circuit television (CCTV), VHF radiotelephony and automatic identification system to keep track of vessel movements and provide navigational safety in a limited geographical area.A service implemented by a competent authority, VTS is designed to improve the safety and efficiency of navigation, safety of life at sea and the protection of the marine environment. VTS is governed by SOLAS Chapter V Regulation 12 together with the Guidelines for Vessel Traffic Services [IMO Resolution A.857(20)] adopted by the International Maritime Organization on 27 November 1997.The VTS traffic image is compiled and collected by means of advanced sensors such as radar, AIS, direction finding, CCTV and VHF or other co-operative systems and services. A modern VTS integrates all of the information in to a single operator working environment for ease of use and in order to allow for effective traffic organization and communication.GOFREP is a Mandatory Ship Reporting System under SOLAS Regulation V/11. Shore-based facilities at TALLINN TRAFFIC, HELSINKI TRAFFIC and St. PETERSBURG TRAFFIC are able to monitor shipping movements and provide advice and information about navigational hazards and weather conditions. Estonia, Finland and Russia believe that safe navigation in the Gulf of Finland is enhanced by the GOFREP system. The aims of GOFREP are:

to contribute to the safety of navigation through and across the GOFREP area;to increase the protection of the marine environment;to monitor compliance with the International regulations for preventing collisions at sea (COLREGS).

The GOFREP area covers the international waters in the Gulf of Finland east of the Western Reporting Line. In addition, Estonia and Finland have implemented mandatory ship reporting systems in their territorial waters outside their VTS areas. These reporting systems provide the same services and impose the same requirements on shipping as the system operating in the international waters. The mandatory ship reporting system in the international waters of the Gulf of Finland and the Estonian and Finnish national mandatory ship reporting systems are jointly referred to as GOFREP and their area of coverage as the GOFREP area.

2. Documents: Charter Party, Bill of Lading, Cargo Manifest.There are many docs used in shipping referring to both the vessel herself and the cargo, the passengers and crew, the vessel carries. Docs concerning ship are: certificate of registry and a tonnage, load line cert, class cert, survey cert… Docs concerning cargos Mates receipt, bills of lading, manifest of cargo, cargo list.Charter party is a doc confirming the contract between ship-owner and charterer.The BL is prepared on the basis of the Mates Receipt which should contain details about cargo, its weight, marks and numbers, the kind of packing and the description of the goods and their condition. The BL consist of two pages, page one contains all the clauses stating the terms of contract. Page two

contains the name of a shipper, name of consignee, the name of the vessel, port of loading and discharge, particulars concerning the cargo. There are also details concerning freight.Cargo Manifest -

3. COLREG situations1. Crossing a traffic lane and TSSA vessel shall so far as practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.

2. Action to avoid collisionRule 8 Action to avoid collision (a) Any action taken to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship. (b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided. (c) lf there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters situation provided that is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation. (d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear. (e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.

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1. Explain the following abbreviations: ISPS, SSO, CSO, SSP, RSO.ISPS – The International Ship and Port Facility Security (Code)SSO – Ship Security OfficerCSO – Comapny Security OfficerSSP – Ship Security PlanRSO - Recognized Security Organization

o Approve Ship Security Planso Perform Security audits of shipso Issue the International Ship Security Certificates (ISSC)

2. Documents: terminology; Notice of Readiness; Mate’s Receipt, Sea Protest.Notice of ReadinessWritten note by Master to charterer or agent, that vessel is ready for loading or discharging. Before

the NOR may be tendered, the vessel must have arrived at the place of loading or discharging, the vessel must be actually ready for loading or discharging at the specified time. Laydays neither begin to count after NOR was accepted.

Mate’s ReceiptAfter the cargo has been received by the vessel, the first mate will make up a receipt wherein all the particulars and amounts of the cargoes that were loaded are slated, including any shortages or damage cargo items. This “Mate’s Receipt” are transferred to the shipper.The Mates Receipt is a document which is given by the shipper in exchange for the BL. If the cargo is damaged or part of it is missing, there will be suitable remarks in M.C.

Sea Protest.A note of protest is a written declaration by the master of circumstances beyond his control which might have given rise to suspecting damage to the ship and the cargo and /or its loss. It is advisable for the master to note a sea protest if any of the situations listed below occurs:

1. in all cases of general average;2. Weather conditions which may result damages to the cargo;3. When due to weather it was impossible to ventilate perishable cargoes;4. Shipped in such condition that it is likely to deteriorate during voyage, bol has to show the facts;5. Serious breach of c/p by charterer or his agent;6. When the consignee s fail to take delivery of cargo and pay freight according to Charter Party or

the BL terms.7. Whenever the vessel is damaged or reason to fear the damage may be sustained.

Sea protest must be made before a notary public, consular office or other authority, within 24 h of the arrival at the port. Statement under oath will be taken by master and have to be supported by appropriate logbook entries.

3. COLREG situations1. What does the word „underway“ means?The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

2. Structure of the ColregPART A General Rules 1-3PART B Steering and sailing Rules 4-19

Section 1 Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility 4-10Section 2 Conduct of vessels in sight of one another 11-18Section 3 Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility 19

PART C Lights and shapes 20-31PART D Sound and light signals 32-37PART E Exemptions 38ANNEX I II III IV

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1. Maritime communication: verbal, non-verbal communication.Verbal: clear and concise messages, pitch and tone which send out a message of authority, of confidence, of competence and trust.

• Don’t use the word sinking• don’t use the word panic• don’t use the word emergency, only emergency services• don’t show nervousness or panic in your voice• don’t rush out the sentences

• Collect your thoughts before making an announcement• introduce yourself positively followed by the topic• speak clearly and slowly• give indication of the future stages of development

Non-verbal:Body language consists of many things and they all present a picture to another person

• posture• proximity-distance-height• eyes: “The window of our soul”• facial gestures• body gestures

These are generally things over which we have no control• sweating• blushing• hyperventilation

- use body language to assist in instructions to reinforce your verbal messages

2. Ports, port facilities, administration, charges.Port facilitiesThe most important facilities offered by ports are Pier facilities: there are piers where the ships can berth alongside for loading or discharging and also where the cargo can be marshalledTransit facilities: these provide short term storage in transit sheds for goods before and after transport by sea.Port equipment: this covers the many different kinds of warf cranes, fork lifts and mobile carsService facilities: this refers to all requirements necessary for a ship for the coming voyage.

Supplies and provisions – a ship will take on board fresh water supplies and provision Repair service – this referes to the repairs and maintenance of the ship and her equipment when these are too complicated to carried at sea

Bunkers – The refuelling of ships usually are used small tankers specially for this purposePort administrationsA modern port employs thousands of people in different jobs. There are people who are directly connected with the ships and their cargo, the pilots, the customs officers, the tug boat crews, ant the stevedores and dockers.There are also people who look after the security and safety of the port, for example port police, medical officer and health inspectors. A minimum port administration consists:General manager under him chief accountant, cargo superintendent, harbour master and port engineer. Under cargo superintendent are labour, security, distribution, warehousing and intermodal transport. The port income comes from charges made on the vessels, passengers, and cargos passing trough the port and making use of its facilities. Charges for Pilotage, Lighthousing, Tug assistance, Berthing, Stevedoring.

3. COLREG situations1.What is the meaning of the term „vessel constrained by her draught“ (lights and shapes exhibited)?The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draught in relation to the available depth of water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following. A vessel constrained by her draught may exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.

2. What does a TSS consist of?Traffic lane, traffic separation line, separation zone, Inshore traffic zones, the terminations of traffic separation schemes

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1. Instructions for OOW.The Officer of the watch is the Master’s representative, and his primary responsibility at all times is the safe navigation, he must comply with the 1972 International regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG-72). The Officer of the watch should keep his watch on the bridge which he should never leave until properly relived. He shall at all times ensure effective navigational watch and also efficient lookout. The relieving Officer should ensure that members of his watch are fully capable of carrying out their duties effectively in particular that they are adjusted to night vision. When restricted visibility is suspected, the officer should at first inform the captain about the situation. Than post lookouts, exhibit navigational lights, operate and use radar equipment if fitted and operational, sound fog signals. The captain must be always notified if: visibility is reducing, if the manoeuvres of other vessels are causing concern, if difficulty is experienced in maintaining course, if there is possibility of weather damage, in any other situation in which he is in any doubt. Proper records of the manoeuvres and activities of other vessels shall be kept during the watch. Also ship’s log book shall be kept update in regular intervals; course, speed, distance made by log, wind force and direction and current if any, variation and deviation.(Look also the paper Instructions for OOW!)

2. Largest ports and port regulations.EuropoortThe biggest port of the world is Europoort in Rotterdam with the adjoining industrial area in the Netherlands. Being situated at the mouth of the rivers Rhine and Meuse with the hinterland consisting of the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and partly France, Europoort is one of the world's busiest ports and considered a major entry to Europe.The Europoort area is very heavily industrialised with petrochemical refineries and storage tanks. Bulk iron ore and coal handling; container and new motor vehicle terminals.International and national regulationsThe international regulations of the IMO apply in the Port of Rotterdam. These include SOLAS and amendments to it (e.g. the IMDG code and the IBC) and national regulations, including European Union recommendations. Furthermore, the ADNR (agreement concerning carriage of dangerous goods by barge) and the Inland Waterways Police Regulations (only Dutch) are also in force in the port. Local regulations

In addition to national regulations, the city of Rotterdam Port Management Bye-Laws – the ‘house rules’ of the port – are also in force.Port Of SingaporeThe Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Singapore's harbours and which handle Singapore's shipping. Currently the world's busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage, it also handles a quarter of the world's shipping containers as the world's busiest container port, half of the world's annual supply of crude oil, and is the world's busiest transshipment port. It was also the busiest port in terms of total cargo tonnage handled until 2005, when it was surpassed by Shanghai. Thousands of ships drop anchor in the harbour, connecting the port to over 600 other ports in 123 countries and spread over six continents.

Port Of ShanghaiThe Port of Shanghai, located in the vicinity of Shanghai, comprises a deep-sea port and a river port. In 2005, with a total of 443 million tons of cargo transported, it became the world's busiest port by cargo tonnage for the first time.The Port of Shanghai faces the East China Sea to the east, and Hangzhou Bay to the south. It includes the heads of the Yangtze River, Huangpu River (which enters the Yangtze River), and Qiantang River.

3. COLREG situations1. What is the meaning of the term „ vessel not under command (lights and shapes)?The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; (ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; (iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight

2. Explain the meaning of the term „safe speed“Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account: (a) By all vessels: (i) the state of visibility; (ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels; (iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions; (iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights; (v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards; (vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water. (b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar: (i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment; (ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use; (iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference; (iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range; (v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar; (vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.