X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs

X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs

Mark RiversCenter for Advanced Radiation Sources

University of Chicago

Front End Electronics 2014May 20, 2014

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Outline

5/20/2014M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs

• Differences in Detectors for High-Energy Physics and X-ray Sciences

• Diverse detector needs for x-ray applications• Detector constraints• APS Upgrade Plans• For several detector types:

• Where we’ve come from since the APS began operations in 1995

• Where we are now• Where we’d like to be in another 5-10 years

M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 3

Detectors for High-Energy Physics and X-ray Science

High Energy Physics– The detector is the experiment. – As important (and costly) as the accelerator– 1 - 4 detectors highly specialized detectors per accelerator– Size is relatively unconstrained– Cost is significant part of the total project cost– No commercial vendors– Very large team to develop

Photon Sciences– Very diverse needs, many types of detectors required– Each accelerator requires 100 – 1000 detectors– Each detector is a very small fraction of the total facility cost (<0.1%)– Size and weight are constrained– Commercial vendors are available in some, (but not all) cases– In-house developments are done by small teams (5-10 people)

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X-ray Detectors at the APS: Diversity


• 66 beamlines; 5,700 users• List of techniques from APS Beamline

Directory Web page pull-down menu• Imaging: 18 techniques• Spectroscopy 16 techniques• Scattering: 49 techniques

• Scientific diversity• Biology• Materials science• Earth science• Condensed matter physics• …

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X-ray Detectors at the APS: Detector Diversity


• Each technique does not require a different detector, but many do.• Scattering detectors, for example:

• Energy range:• <10 keV to > 100 keV, different sensor

• Count rates:• < 1000 cps/pixel to > 10 MHz/pixel

• Spatial resolution:• < 1 micron (coherent diffraction) to > 100 microns (large area

detectors)

Dectris Eiger: Si sensor, 75 um pixels, 3000 fps Perkin Elmer flat panel: CsI sensor, 200 um pixels, 15 fps


X-ray Detector Constraints: Practical limits

Cost:– Entire beamline: $2M - $5M– X-ray optics, enclosures 50% - 80%– Multiple detectors needed– Each detector can cost $200K to $1M.

Not much more than that. Size:

– Experimental station is typically 5x3x3 meters

– Detector size is constrained to ~1m x 1m x 1m

Weight:– Detectors often need to be moved in 1-

3 translations and/or 1-2 rotations– 20-200 kg maximum weight

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Detector (Pilatus PAD)

APS Multi Bend Achromat (MBA) UpgradeLong term (5-6 year) Plan Particle Beam Profiles

1 mm

APS Now

MBA

Dramatically enhance the performanceof the APS as a hard x-ray source

Lattice design evolution from double-bend achromats (DBA) to multi-bend achromats (MBA): lower emittance from increased

number of dipole magnets

Factor of > 40 improvement in emittance from cubic scaling

DBA

Multi-bend Achromat Magnet Lattice

7BA

D. Einfeld et al., Proc. PAC 95, Dallas TXEmittance ε is the product of the size and divergence of the electron beam. Thus, a lower emittance results in a higher brightness X-ray source.

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APS MBA Upgrade

Unique source properties:– High brightness of the upgraded

ring– Traditional strengths:

• High Energy • “Timing ring”

Unique scientific opportunities complemented by new storage ring:– Coherent techniques: XPCS, CDI,

Ptychography…– Tighter focus: Micro/nano probe



APS-MBA High-Level Performance Goals More than two orders of magnitude increase in brightness at

insertion device (ID) sources over a wide range of hard X-ray energies

Similar improvement in coherent flux All bending magnet (BM) beamlines supported, with greater

flux and harder X-rays using three-pole wiggler sources At least a factor of 2 increase in hard X-ray flux (BM and ID) 48 to 324 uniformly-spaced bunches supported Approaching diffraction limited source

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APS-MBA Implications for Detector Needs Brightness increases > 100 How to use the brightness gain:

– Decrease focal spot size or divergence on sample with same # of photons/s

– No need for detector changes Increase the number of photons in the same size spot and

divergence on sample– Detector must count ~100 times faster– Detector could have lower efficiency but better resolution, etc.

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Needs for X-ray Free Electron Lasers

Complete data in few fs Repetition rates increasing from 120 Hz (LCLS) to 27 kHz

(European XFEL) ~1012 photons in 10 fs

– About the same number that APS beamline delivers in 1 s Need for new technologies: integrating detectors with storage

& fast readout Some overlap with synchrotron detector needs for

applications such as time-resolved pink-beam diffraction– Photons being delivered much faster than photon-counting detectors (e.g.

Pilatus, Eiger) can handle

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Spectroscopy detectors

Measure energy of each x-ray photon as it arrives Figures of merit

– Energy resolution– Count rate– Energy range

Where we were in 1995– 13-element Canberra Ge detector– NIM readout electronics with 10 Mb/s Ethernet– 100 ms to read 13 spectra– 250 eV resolution– Problem of escape peaks (E – 9.89 keV)– Good high-energy performance

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Spectroscopic Detectors: Where we are State of the Art: Vortex ME4 with

XMAP shaping electronics– ~170mm2 total sensor area– Peak count rate: ~200

KHz/element– Resolution (MnKa): 125 eV– No cryogens

High energy option: Canberra Ge Big Challenge: Trade off between

shaping time (count rate) and energy resolution– Longer shaping time averages out

background, yielding better resolution

– Move to deeper sub-ms shaping time, resolution balloons to several-hundred eV



Spectroscopy detectors

Where we are– XIA xMAP Digital Signal Processing electronics– 4 elements * 1000 pixels/sec = 4000 spectra/sec– 16 MB/sec sustained– 1 Mega pixel map in 20 minutes– Next generation detector and electronics reduces this to 5

minutes

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GSECARS 13-ID-E X-ray MicroprobeXRF Imaging: high spatial resolution (500 nm) with high flux (>1011

ph/s)Arabidopsis seed Columbia-0

7 µm 200 msec

X26ANSLS

0.7 µm 13 msec 13-ID-E

APS

T. Punshon and A. Sivitz, Dartmouth

Fe (~70 ppm)Mn (~70 ppm)Zn (~100 ppm)

see Kim et al., Science, 2009 for background

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Spectroscopy Detectors: Near-term Improvements


127 eV FWHM with 250 ns peaking time

Cube pre-amp:• Italian company marketing readout ASIC for

SDDs• Lower capacitance than standard JFET

readout – better noise performance; good Si resolution with fast shaping times

• Available on next-gen SDDs (Ketek, Amptek, Vortex)

• Pictures and more info: http://www.xglab.it/

New shaping electronics:• FalconX from XIA and Xpress3 from

Quantum use advanced fitting techniques to lower shaping time

• MHz rates from standard (JFET) SDDs• Images and more info:

http://www.xia.com, http://www.quantumdetectors.com

Energy resolution vs. count rate for Xpress 3

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Spectroscopy Detectors: Medium-term Improvements

MAIA Detector– Pixelated Silicon Energy Dispersive

Detector by BNL and CSIRO– High total count rates via pixilation– Energy resolution: ~250 eV– Next version incorporates SDDs

Can be purchased through CSIRO


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CCD Detectors– Can have good energy resolution, lots of pixels,

fast frame rates….Could do MHz count rates in single photon counting mode

– PnCCD:• Made by PnDetector (Max Plank Institute) • 150 eV resolution; 400 Hz frame rate

– Novel applications – simultaneous XRF and imaging

I. Ordavo et al, NIM A 654 (2011) 250-257.

http://www.rdmag.com/award-winners/2011/08/x-ray-detector-delivers-more-pixels-faster-data

http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au/mediarelease/mr11-63.html


Spectroscopy detectors – Future Needs

Few eV resolution Higher count rate However, problem of ring repetition rate

– Xpress3 can do > 3MHz. – APS bunch rate in 24-bunch mode is about 6 MHz. – Significant pileup problems– Really need more detectors, each running at ~1MHz.

High energy detector with good resolution and speed Energy resolving pixel-array detector

– High-speed fluorescence tomography– High-speed diffraction using white beam

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Superconducting Detectors for the APS-U Simultaneous broadband response (e.g., ~200 eV to 12 keV) and energy resolution of

less than 3 eV.– Resolve essentially all elemental x-ray overlaps and provide a wealth of chemical detail in x-

ray spectra.– Scanning nanoprobes and spectroscopy (XAS/XES) beamlines.

Design Goals– 1000-pixels– Total area 100 mm2

– Mean Energy resolution ≤ 3 eV at 6 keV– Total Count rate: ≥ 100 kcps – Peak-to-background: ≥ 10,000:1 (uncollimated)

– Cryostat hold-time: 7 days– Sensor-window distance: 10-15 mm– Snout Length: 300-500 mm– Snout Diameter: ≤ 8” conflat (tappered to accommodate focusing optics)

Technology for APS-U Project: Microwave resonator coupled Transition Edge Sensors– Combines the multiplexing power of MKIDs (ANL/APS) with the low noise TESs (NIST/SLAC). – R&D activities to support this are underway


NIST

Microwave resonator coupled TES


Diffraction Detectors

Figures of merit– Pixel size– Readout time– Energy range

Where we were in 1995– Scintillator/photomultiplier for point-detector– Online image plate reader, 3 minute readout– CCD cameras with scintillator and fiber taper, 2Kx2K with 5

second readout

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Familiar technology: Pilatus– Traditional counting

electronics placed in 175 mm pixel

– Reliable, easy to use, low background…

– Count rate limitation: ~1MHz– Favorite at APS since debut in

2007


Hybrid pixel devices:

Pixelated sensor + application specific chip = intelligent pixels

Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

C. Broenimann, et al. J. Synchrotron Rad. (2006), 13, 120-130.

Area Detectors: Current Technology

http://necat.chem.cornell.edu/status/October2011.html

Experimental methods, data collection and reduction

Bragg peak Bragg peak

Anti-Bragg

• Given a fixed Q rock the sample so the rod cuts through Ewald sphere: provide an accurate measure of the integrated intensity

• Integrated intensity is corrected for geometrical factors to produce experimental structure factor (FE) for comparison with theory e.g. lsq model fitting

• Symmetry equivalents are averaged to reduce the systematic errors

ikrk

Single crystal mineral specimen

Q

LK

H

Measurement by rocking scans:


Scan of rod through resolution function defined by the detector slits

Dh

Int

Q DL

+Dh-Dh



Dh

Int

Q DL

+Dh-Dh




Dh

Int

Q DL

+Dh-Dh




background

Integrated Intensity

Dh

Int

+Dh-Dh

Q DL

Since rods are “slowly varying” the width of DL has a small effect on resolution. Data integration can be corrected for resolution



Experimental methods, data collection and reductionPixel array detectors with high dynamic range and fast readout means data collection speedup 10x or more:

CTR intersecting Ewald Sphere

TDS from nearby Bragg peak

CTR intersecting Ewald Sphere

Powder ring


Pixel size 172 x 172 µm^2Active area 83.8 x 33.5 x mm2Counting rate >2x10^6/pixel/sEnergy range 3 – 30 keV (abs. 100% - 10%)Readout time 2.7 msFraming rate 200 HzPower consumption 15 W, air-cooledDimensions 275 x 146 x 85 mmWeight 4 kg

https://www.dectris.com/index.php


PILATUS 100K detector

r-Cut Fe2O3 11L Rod

•Chemistry •Sample diffusion•Crystallization

Pulsed Laser Heating in Diamond Anvil Cell

0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.400.0

0.3

0.6

Inte

nsity

, a.u

.

Time, ms

up to 50 kHz

Pulsed laser heating, gating Pilatus

1 μs

Goncharov, Prakapenka et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113902 (2010)

0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.400.0

0.3

0.6

Inte

nsity

, a.u

.

Time, s

up to 50 kHz

Pulsed laser heating, gating detectors1 μs

Goncharov, Prakapenka et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113902 (2010)

Laser

X-ray

T, K

2degree

Detector window: 0.6 usScan step: 0.2 usCeO2, 105 pulses, 37 keV

0.2 µs

Delay,

µs

Synchrotronhybrid fill

500 ns, 88 mA

16 mA

9 10 11

50

(200

)

Inte

nsity

, a.u

2, degree

300 K 2600 K 3600 K(1

11) Ir, 40 GPa

2600 K300 K 3600 K

Pulsed laser heating Ir at 40 GPa

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Diffraction Detectors: Dectris Eiger


Slide from C. SchulzeBriese, Eiger Workshop, 2013. Available as download from dectris.com.

Smaller pixels, so more required to fill same area as typical Pilatus sensor. 1M Eiger is ~ 80 mm X 80 mm.

Less counter depth, but faster image rates. 3kHz @ 12 bits, but 9 kHz @ 4 bits

Still has count-rate limitations - ~1012 g/s max on 1M detector

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Diffraction Detectors: Other commercial PADS

ADSC– Dual Mode PAD– Selectable pixel logic – single photon

counting or ramp counting (quantized integrating)

– Total of ~32 bits dynamic range– 150 mm pixel size; 1kHz frame rate

Pixirad: Commercial PAD with CdTe sensor– Relatively thin sensor efficient to ~100 KeV– 60 mm hexagonal pixel; 200 Hz image rate– More info: http://pixirad.pi.infn.it/– Marie Ruat: Will see many companies

marketing CdTe in next few years.


Images courtesy Ron Hamlin, ADSC

Images: http://pixirad.pi.infn.it/

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Exceptional Cases: Custom PADS for the APS

New initiative in hybrid pixel detectors for the APS

Initial plan: Two integrating detectors emphasizing high frame rates and wide dynamic range:– Fermi-Argonne Semiconductor Pixel Array X-ray

detector (FASPAX):• In-pixel analog storage allows burst frame rate

matched to timing mode fill pattern (13 MHz)– CDI detector:

• High dynamic range detector with small pixels (50-60 mm) optimized for coherence-based science (CDI)

• kHz frame rates


T. Weber, et al, Applied Crystallography, Vol 4 (2008), pgs. 669-674.


Imaging Detectors

Figures of Merit– Pixel size– Speed– Sensitivity

Where we were in 1995– Analog video cameras with frame grabbers– Cooled CCD cameras, mechanical shutter, 3 frames/s

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Absorption Tomography Setup13-BM-D station at APS

X-ray Source– Parallel monochromatic x-rays, 7-65 keV– APS bending magnet source, 20 keV critical energy– 1-50mm field of view in horizontal, up to 6 mm in vertical– 1-20 micron resultion, depends on field of view

Imaging System– YAG or LAG single crystal scintillator– 5X to 20X microscope objectives, or zoom/macro lens– 1360x1040 pixel CCD camera

Data collection– Rotate sample 180 degrees, acquire images every 0.25 degrees– Data collection time: 3-20 minutes– Reconstruction time: 1-2 minutes

X-rays

Rotation stage

SampleScintillatorMicroscope objectiveCCD

camera X-rays

Visible light

Degassing and bubble growth at 1 atm

X-ray radiography of sample inside furnace, 30x time compression, heating to 600˚C

Tomography after cooling – can heat a little, image, heat some more, …

Point Grey Model GS3-U3-23S6M– 1920 x 1200 global shutter CMOS– No smear • Distortion-free– Dynamic range of 73 dB– Peak QE of 76%– Read noise of 7e-– Max frame rate of 162 fps (~400

MB/S, 4X faster than GigE)– USB 3.0 interface– $1,295– Comparable to PCO Edge and

Andor Zyla for 10X less money

Imaging Detectors: Current Low-End

Imaging Detectors: Current High-End

PCO DIMAX HS 2277 frames/sec @ 2000x2000 pixels 5469 frames/sec @1440x1050 pixels Complete microtomography dataset in 0.1

second 18GB/s peak, 600 MB/sec sustained ~$100,000

Applications– Time-resolved tomography: melting, deformation– Life-sciences: respiration– Mesoscale physics


Conclusions Improvements in x-ray sources and detectors have the

potential for transformative improvements in x-ray science in 5-10 years

Improvements needed in– Spatial resolution– Temporal resolution– Energy resolution, energy range

The detector data rates are pushing x-ray science into the realm of “big data”, where high-energy physics has been for a long time

Clear need for major computing infrastructure improvements However, in many cases we need “domain-specific” solutions

because of the diversity of science, where needs are often unique

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Conclusions Commercial detectors have provided many exciting new

capabilities in fields where there is a substantial market– Many of these are a spin-off of fields like medical and other non-

synchrotron applications There is a role for national labs in developing novel detectors.

Hard to know where to put limited resources. But some efforts have had major impacts:– Energy-dispersive Si detectors from LBL– CCD array detectors for protein crystallography from ANL– PSI pixel-array detectors, spun off to Dectris

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Acknowledgments Robert Bradford, APS Detector Group for many of the slides Peter Eng, GSECARS for surface diffraction Vitali Prakapenka, GSECARS, laser heating in diamond anvil

cell

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Documents

X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs