Xpress Math XTn User Guide

XPressMath 7 User Guide

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LEGAL NOTICES

II |

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LEGAL NOTICES

| III

IntroductionAbout XPressMath v

About this guide vi

1 Interface OverviewMathematical equations 1

The Equation Builder window 4

Menus 8

Edit procedures options 28

2 Understanding and Working withXPressMath ComponentsUnderstanding related concepts 40

Getting Started with XPressMath 40

Working with equation box 43

Accessing supersets 44

Accessing main data setups from supersets 44

Accessing pi characters 46

Working with character styles 51

Working with macros 54

3 Mathematics Composition ProceduresWorking with Division procedures 58

Working with Summation procedures 62

Working with Integral procedures 65

Working with Radical procedures 68

Working with Case Fraction procedures 70

Working with Matrix procedures 73

Working with Math Rule procedures 76

Working with Force Level procedures 78

Working with Stacking procedures 79

Working with Superior and Inferior procedures 82

Appendix: WWdoc

Glossary

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IV |

IntroductionXPressMath 7 XTensions® software is a powerful and sophisticated equation

typesetting and production program that adds the capability of producing the highest

quality engineering, science, and mathematical structures to QuarkXPress®.

While creating the mathematical structures, it also automates the tasks of creating

mathematical structures using ASCII language. XPressMath enables conversion of

mathematical structures and equations into other formats namely, ASCII, BMP,

and PICT.

ABOUT XPRESSMATH

XPressMath provides you comprehensive and powerful data setups. It provides you witha complete set of procedures for automating the creation of mathematical structures.Not only can you create mathematical structures, but you can apply colors, apply shades,and create optically padded backgrounds. The primary emphasis of XPressMath is onthe creation of the equations, their formatting and their alignment with surrounding text.

FEATURESThe XPressMath composition and production feature set includes:

• Intuitive interface to handle the procedures, procedures options, and editingof procedures options.

• Extensive, automated access to pi characters and alternate fonts.

• Global editing capabilities and batch transformations of documents.

• Conversion of equations to JPEG.

• ASCII import and export of mathematical structures.

• Capability of creating macros with merge codes for variable input, accessibleinteractively or with ASCII codes.

* * * XPressMath User Guide references numerous fonts, some of which may becustomized. It is recommended that before you start working with XPressMath,prepare fonts and pi-character mappings as per your requirement.

ABOUT XPRESSMATH

INTRODUCTION | V

ABOUT THIS GUIDE

This guide describes the features of XPressMath, and offers step-by-step proceduresfor specific tasks. The guide assumes that you are familiar with using QuarkXPress.You can quickly find the information you need to know and get on with your workusing the detailed Table of Contents at the beginning of the guide. This guidepresents instructions in steps, and includes tips and notes about the software.

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDEIf you are unfamiliar with a command, or want more information about howto use a tool, the information is here. The guide is divided into three chapters.

• The first chapter outlines the interface of the XPressMath. It gives you an ideaabout the XPressMath and its components.

• The second chapter details the basic components and the settings you needto know before you actually start creating mathematical structures.

• The third chapter details the creation of mathematical structures usingprocedures and ASCII language.

• The Appendix lists all the codes you need for creating mathematical structuresin ASCII language as well as the reserved characters for procedures and delimiters.

BASIC SKILLSIn writing this guide, we assume that you are familiar with your computer andknow how to:

• Launch an application

• Open, save, and close files

• Use menus, dialog boxes, and palettes

• Work within a networked computing environment

• Use the mouse, keyboard commands, and modifier keys

If you need help in any of these areas, please consult the documentationprovided with your computer or other resources.

WHAT YOU’LL SEEThis guide uses various conventions (styles) to help you find information quickly:

BOLD TYPE STYLEThe names of the menu commands, dialog boxes, and other controls are setin bold type. For example: “Choose Edit Pi Characters from the Supersetsmenu to display the Pi Character Selector dialog box.”

ABOUT THIS GUIDE

VI | INTRODUCTION

REFERENCES AND ARROWSA reference shows how to access a mentioned feature. For example: “ChooseEdit Pi Characters from the Supersets menu to display the Pi CharacterSelector dialog box.” In some cases, arrows represent the menu path to afeature. For example: “Choose Supersets > Edit Pi Characters to display thePi Character Selector dialog box.”

NOTES AND TIPS

* * * Notes provide helpful information about particular features.

* * * Tips provide extra information about particular features and general techniques.

FORMATTING OF EXAMPLES IN THIS MANUALThroughout this guide, examples are shown illustrating how various itemsare entered in XPressMath.

FORMATTING OF ASCII LANGUAGE EXAMPLESThe ASCII coding language involves frequent use of curly braces, brack-ets, and other symbols. These are always literal, and never represent key-board commands.

x=*frac*{a+b}{c+d}

CROSS PLATFORM USE OF ASCII LANGUAGEThe ASCII language can be entered from any source. When entering it on aWindows® computer, conversion to Mac OS® is mostly straight across. How-ever, some font characters are placed differently in the Windows ASCII tablethan the Mac OS ASCII table. Smart quotes, for example, do not have thesame ASCII number cross platform. You should be prepared to test somekeyboard characters before converting ASCII characters entered on Win-dows into Mac OS ASCII characters and vice versa.

ABOUT THIS GUIDE

INTRODUCTION | VII

Chapter 1: Interface OverviewXPressMath lets you create and modify engineering, science, and mathematical

structures in QuarkXPress. It provides comprehensive and powerful data setups, global

editing capabilities, access to pi characters and alternative fonts, and a complete set

of procedures that automate the creation of mathematical structures. The concepts

briefly mentioned here are essential to a proper understanding of the nature and

purpose of XPressMath.

MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS

Mathematical Equations (Utilities menu) is the point from which you can accessXPressMath — the mathematical features of QuarkXPress. Using the Mathemati-cal Equations command, you can create, align, and update equations. It also letsyou import and export mathematical equations in ASCII format.

Choose Utilities > Mathematical Equations to access the XPressMath features.

Utilities menu > Mathematical Equations submenu


CHAPTER 1: INTERFACE OVERVIEW | 1

CREATE EQUATION (COMMAND)Choose Mathematical Equations > Create Equation to display the EquationBuilder window. The Equation Builder window contains the editor to buildthe equations as well as the interface to access the fonts, supersets, alignmentoptions, and the procedures. It also displays the current style that you areusing to create the equations.

For more information about building equations, see “The Equation Builderwindow” later in this chapter.

ALIGN EQUATIONS (COMMAND)Choose Mathematical Equations > Align Equations to display the BoundingBox Locks dialog box. The Bounding Box Locks dialog box lets you align theequations by locking leading, depth, and width of the equations.

Bounding Box Locks dialog box

UPDATE EQUATIONS (COMMAND)Choose Mathematical Equations > Update Equations to display theBounding Box Locks dialog box which allows you to update the equationsby locking the leading, depth, and width of the equations.

ASCII IMPORT (COMMAND)ASCII import lets you import XPressMath ASCII and convert the codes intoequations. Choose Mathematical Equations > ASCII Import to display theASCII Import dialog box that allows you to import XPressMath ASCII fromselected text, the current story, or the current project. After the import processis complete, an alert displays the conversion status.

ASCII Import dialog box


2 | CHAPTER 1: INTERFACE OVERVIEW

ASCII EXPORT (COMMAND)ASCII export lets you export the equations in ASCII format. Choose Mathematical Equations > ASCII Export to display the ASCII Exportdialog box. ASCII Export dialog box allows you to export the selected equations, equations in the current story, or the equations in the entire project.

ASCII Export dialog box

TO JPEG CONVERTER (COMMAND)To convert XPressMath equations to a more standard format, choose To JPEGConverter (Utilities menu > Mathematical Equations submenu) to displaythe XPressMath dialog box that allows you to convert formulas to JPEG files.You can convert XPressMath mathematical equations that are in the currentproject, the current story, or the current selection.

SEQUENTIAL NUMBERING APPENDED TO FILE NAMESClicking the appropriate option for a range selection, displays the JPEG FileNumbering dialog box. The XTensions software creates a JPEG file for eachequation, which you can name and store in an appropriate location.

JPEG File Numbering dialog box

To set sequential numbering:

• In the Append file numbers starting with field, enter the number specifyingthe name of the first equation in the current sequence. The remaining equationsare named automatically by adding one to the previous equation’s name.

• In the Minimum # of digits (using leading zeros) field, enter the minimumlength of the file names.

• Click BMP files only to convert equations to BMP files.

• Click Formatted BMP tags only to convert the equations to BMP files andfile names enclosed in the predefined tags.



* * * On Mac OS, BMP is replaced by PICT in the XPressMath interface.

If you are working in a Web layout, and exporting the layout as HTML, thenequations are exported in JPEG format.

On Mac OS, if Convert to Graphic on Export is checked in the Modify dialog box, and you export the equations from the Web layout to HTML,the equations are exported in GIF format.

THE EQUATION BUILDER WINDOW

The Equation Builder window allows you to create equations interactively andedit existing equations. This is the main access point to the XPressMath typesettingand editing features.

ACCESSING EQUATION BUILDER WINDOWAccess the Equation Builder window for creating new equations by choosingUtilities > Mathematical Equations > Create Equation, or pressing z+* (onMac OS) or Ctrl+* (on Windows).

* * * You can access the Equation Builder window only when * is pressed onthe number pad.

For editing existing equations simply double-click the equation in theQuarkXPress layout. The Equation Builder window displays, where you canmake the required changes.

* * * In QuarkXPress, the Content tool and a text box must be selected to open theEquation Builder window.

MOVING AND SIZING THE EQUATION BUILDER WINDOWYou can click the title bar and drag the Equation Builder window to anew position in the usual way. Click in the box in the lower right cornerand drag to resize the editing window. The window cannot, however, bemade small enough to obscure the essential controls. The size and positionof this window are saved in the “XPressMath Preferences” file, so they will beavailable the next time the window is opened.

ENTERING MATH CHARACTERSOnce the editing window is open, you can begin entering characters. Defaultparameters and type characteristics that are appropriate for mathematicstypesetting are automatically accessed.



EXAMPLE Key Sequence: 2x=y (then click OK)

Output: 2x = y

Notice that, although only content was entered, the formatting was automatic.The alphabetic variables are italic and a space is inserted to the left and rightof the equal sign.

AUTOMATIC FORMATTING While this automatic formatting is usual for equation editors, XPressMathgives you complete control over the automated formatting. XPressMathprovides the ability to choose any character from any font automatically,with fully automated control over scaling, baseline deflection, space leftand right, and association of characters with procedures (such as a Sigmacharacter with a summation procedure).

STORE THE EQUATIONThe last action taken in the sequence of entering the math structure is, clickingOK to store the equation in QuarkXPress. This results in the creation of a userbox that contains the equation. It functions in the layout as an anchored box,a lot like an anchored text or picture box.

EDIT AN EQUATIONYou can edit an equation simply by double-clicking it. This displays theEquation Builder window, with the equation still fully constructed andready to be edited. Upon completion of edits, click OK to update the equationin QuarkXPress.

USING THE EDITORStraightforward editing of simple character strings in the Equation Builderwindow is done in the usual way, using the Delete key, and the Cut, Copy,and Paste commands from the Edit menu.

* * * XPressMath data can only be copied and pasted while the editing windowremains open. Parts of equations cannot be copied from one equation andsubsequently pasted into another when the editing window is reopened.

COMPOSITION PROCEDURESMathematical structures (such as buildups, matrices, radicals, case fractions,and summations or integrals with limits) are typeset in XPressMath usingprocedures, all of which work basically the same way. The structure is initi-ated by a menu selection or keyboard shortcut, and as each content element(such as the numerator or denominator of a division) is entered, the Return



(on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows) key is used to step to the next contentelement or eventually to step out of the structure.

COMPONENTS OF EQUATION BUILDER WINDOWChoose Utilities > Mathematical Equations > Create Equation to displaythe Equation Builder window.

Equation Builder window

MENUSEqua t ion Bu i lder window

Menus in the Equation Builder window are the central point for accessingmost of the XPressMath features. You can choose commands from the File,Edit, Style, View, Supersets, and Operations menus to access the functionality.

For more information about menus in the Equation Builder window, see“Menus” later in this chapter.

PI KEY (FIELD)Equa t ion Bu i lder window

Pi key precedence codes are ways of accessing sets of remapped keyboardcharacters with a keyboard. XPressMath enables four levels (level-1, 3, 5, 7) inaddition to normal characters mapping.

Default is None. This means that most characters are literal keyboard characters.You enter an “a” you get an “a”. If for example you press z+1 (on Mac OS) orCtrl+1 (on Windows) for level 1, you activate the keyboard to the mappingof that level. In the default superset, enter “a” in level one and you get aright arrow “>”.



*** When the pi set precedence is set on 1, 3, 5, or 7, the setting affects only thenext keyboard stroke. Subsequently, the pi key resets to None.

BASE POINT SIZE (FIELD)Equa t ion Bu i lder window

All elements of XPressMath equations are scaled relative to one constantvalue, namely the base-point size. Character sizes and leading, pi characterparameters such as size, spacing, baseline deflection, and overbar weights;and vertical movement for procedural elements such as those for buildupsand limits are all performed relative to the base point size. In this way, allor any part of a math set with XPressMath can be rescaled for any reason(such as a change in the overall specifications or for copying and pasting tofootnotes) simply by adjusting this single constant value. The currentbase-point size displays in this field.

SUPERSET (FIELD)Equa t ion Bu i lder window

Displays the name of the master data setup file — the superset, which is cur-rently loaded for your QuarkXPress project. Only one superset (typographicpreferences) can be active in a layout at any given time. Attempts to mixsupersets in the layouts will be overridden by subsequent updates to equations.

CURRENT ELEMENT (FIELD)Equa t ion Bu i lder window

When you use XPressMath, the part of the structure that you are setting(such as the numerator of a buildup) is noted here.

NESTED PROCEDURES (FIELD)Equa t ion Bu i lder window

When a mathematical structure (such as a buildup or a radical) is being typeset,the procedure(s) currently in effect are noted here by symbols. Starting fromleft to right, the first procedure is listed followed by the next.

EQUATION BASELINEEqua t ion Bu i lder window

The line across the center of the Equation Builder window displays the baseline of the equation. This sits on the same baseline the cursor is on inthe QuarkXPress layout when you open the Equation Builder window.

STYLE (FIELD)Equa t ion Bu i lder window

At the bottom of the Equation Builder window, the active style is listed. Itdisplays the name of the character style assigned to the next character to beentered. Note that font assignments within styles can be specified for bothalpha and non-alpha (such as numeric) characters.



MENUS

XPressMath menus in the Equation Builder window are the central point for accessingalmost all the features of XPressMath. This sections details all the menus and thefunctions they perform.

FILE MENUUsing the File menu you can specify the horizontal placement of Superiorand Inferior characters.

File menu

PLACE SUP/INF (COMMAND)Fi le menu

Choose File > Place Sup/Inf from the Equation Builder window to displaythe Superior/Inferior Horizontal Placement dialog box.

Superior/Inferior Horizontal Placement dialog box

PREVIEW (AREA)Super ior / In fer io r Hor izonta l P lacement d ia log box

The preview area displays an interactive view of what effect the values will have,when they are applied.

MENUS


BASELINE FONT (DROP-DOWN MENU)Super ior / In fer io r Hor izonta l P lacement d ia log box

The Baseline Font drop-down menu lets you choose a font for the baselinesample character.

BASELINE CHARACTER (FIELD) Super ior / In fer io r Hor izonta l P lacement d ia log box

The Baseline character field specifies the character from the baseline fontthat you are editing. You can select a character for this field either by enter-ing the character, or by clicking the character in the palette to the left.

S/I SAMPLE FONT (DROP-DOWN MENU)Super ior / In fer io r Hor izonta l P lacement d ia log box

The S/I sample font drop-down menu lets you specify the font for viewinga sample, a possible superior or inferior character.

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR (OPTION BUTTONS)Super ior / In fer io r Hor izonta l P lacement d ia log box

Click Superior or Inferior to choose the character for the corresponding functions.

S/I SAMPLE CHARACTER (FIELD)Super ior / In fer io r Hor izonta l P lacement d ia log box

The S/I sample character field is used to select sample characters for thesuperior and inferior functions.

* * * The setups relate the baseline character to the superior or inferior function, notto specific superior or inferior characters from specific fonts.

The values you specify are stored in a file, a single file for each font. The filesare named using the font name, and are stored in the “XPressMathFont Metrics” folder in the “Preferences” folder in the QuarkXPress application folder.

* * * If you want to use legacy font metrics created in PowerMath™, copy them intothe “XPressMath Font Metrics” folder.

The scrolling list at the top of the dialog box is a list of these stored metricsfiles. This list is not used to select a baseline font for editing. It is used toselect an existing metrics file in order to copy its values into the currentlyselected baseline font file (selected from the Baseline Font drop-down menu)for storage and subsequent editing.

MENUS


EDIT MENUThe Edit menu lets you cut, copy, and paste the selected text. It also lets youundo the last 10 actions performed.

Edit menu

UNDO (COMMAND)Edi t menu

The Undo command lets you undo the last 10 actions performed in theEquation Builder window.

CUT, COPY, AND PASTE (COMMANDS)Edi t menu

The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands lets you cut, copy, and paste theselected text.

STYLE MENUThe Style menu lets you define the style for your mathematical structures.Using the Style menu, you can set the base point size, math level offset, andthe format of the equation box.

Style menu

MENUS


ALT STYLE (SUBMENU)Sty le menu

Choose Style > Alternative Style to apply different styles to the equations.You can choose No Style, Alternate Style 2, Alternate Style 4, AlternateStyle 6, and Normal Style.

FONT (SUBMENU)Sty le menu

Choose Style > Font to choose the font to apply to the equations. The sub-menu is active only if you select No Style from the Alt Style submenu(Style menu).

TYPESTYLE (SUBMENU)Sty le menu

TypeStyle submenu is active only when No Style is selected from theStyle > Alt Style submenu. Using TypeStyle options, you can alter thestyle of the text in the equation. You can apply plain, bold, italic, underline,outline, and shadow styles.

COLOR (SUBMENU)Sty le menu

Choose Style > Color to apply the color to the current equation.

SCALE (COMMAND)Sty le menu

The Scale command is active only when No Style is selected in the Style >Alternative Style submenu. It lets you specify the scaling parameter in theScale dialog box. The default scaling value is 100% (the original size of thefonts in the equation).

CHAR X,Y MOVE (COMMAND)Sty le menu

Choose Style > Char X,Y Move to display the Char X,Y dialog box, whichallows you to specify horizontal and vertical spacing of characters from thebaseline position.

Char X,Y dialog box

MENUS


HORIZONTAL SPACE (FIELD)Char X ,Y d ia log box

Enter the amount of horizontal space, in points, in the Horizontal space field.You can increase or decrease the default space from a specific baseline position.

VERTICAL SPACE (FIELD)Char X ,Y d ia log box

Enter the amount of vertical space, in points, in Vertical space field. You canincrease or decrease the default space.

BASE POINT SIZE (COMMAND)Sty le menu

Choose Style > Base Point Size to display the Base Point Size dialog box.Enter the base point size in the Base point size field. The base point size valuemust be between 2 and 720. Anything entered outside the specified range ischanged to the nearest boundary value.

Base Point Size dialog box

The Base Point Size dialog box shows the overall scaling in effect for thisequation. If the preference for Base point size is set to auto, that numberreflects the font size of the paragraph where the Equation Builder windowdisplays. For example, if you are setting your display math at 10⁄12 (point sizecompared to leading), but examples are set at 9⁄11, XPressMath makes thatchange based on the QuarkXPress style sheet point size.

MATH LEVEL OFFSET (COMMAND)Sty le menu

Math Level Offset specifies the deflection value of top and bottom fields fromthe baseline. It can be specified as an overall default in the General Preferencesdialog box, or as a one-time override from the XPressMath Style menu. ChooseStyle > Math Level Offset to display the Math Level Offset dialog box.The default math level offset is 70%.

Math Level Offset dialog box

MENUS


EQUATION BOX (COMMAND)Sty le menu

Whenever XPressMath puts an equation into a QuarkXPress project, it placesit within a box, which functions like an anchored text box. Basically, theequation box is automatically resized to precisely contain the new or editedequation, with more sizing options available for you. Vertical spacing aboveand below the box are also adjusted automatically, if the current paragraphformat uses a specific leading value (ranter than auto leading).

* * * The contents of an XPressMath equation box are displayed and printed onlyby XPressMath. Therefore, XPressMath must be loaded whenever you areworking with a project that contains these special boxes.

Choose Style > Equation Box to display the Equation Box dialog box.

Equation Box dialog box

BOX TYPE (DROP-DOWN MENU)Equa t ion Box d ia log box

The Box Type drop-down menu lets you choose from the Auto Calculate,Manual, Manual Vertical, and Baseline Bottom options.

• Auto Calculate: Auto Calculate is the default box type and resizes theequation box automatically.

* * * The default for this option (set in Supersets > Edit Preferences) isAuto Calculate.

• Manual: To specify the size of the equation box, enter the actual dimensionsin the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom fields.

MENUS


• Manual Vertical: To specify the vertical size of the equation box, enter thetop and bottom parameters of the box only.

• Baseline Bottom: Brings the bottom of the box to the baseline (instead ofcoming down to contain descenders) because the equation is inline andthe box is interfering with the leading, or because the pagination strategydoes not allow for descenders at the bottom of a page.

LEFT, RIGHT, TOP, AND BOTTOM (FIELDS)Equa t ion Box d ia log box

These fields let you specify the size and position of the equation box. Enterthe appropriate positions to specify the size and location of the equation box.By default, the left side of the box is positioned in the QuarkXPress text boxat the current insertion point (the position of the cursor when EquationBuilder window is opened); and it is at this position that the main baseline ofthe equation within the user box is usually placed.

* * * To create a valid box, the right and top dimensions of the box should begreater than the left and bottom dimensions.

BOX COLOR (DROP-DOWN MENU)Equa t ion Box d ia log box

The Box color drop-down menu lets you choose the color for an equation box.This is the color that displays in the equation box in the layout.

BOX SHADE (FIELD)Equa t ion Box d ia log box

Enter a shade percentage for the color in the Box shade field.

OPTICAL PAD SPACE (FIELD)Equa t ion Box d ia log box

The Optical Pad Space field lets you specify the amount of white space aroundthe equation. Enter the space in the field to alter the default space.

SET BASELINE SHIFT TO ZERO (CHECK BOX)Equa t ion Box d ia log box

Checking this turns off baseline shift for equation boxes for the active equation.It is also available in the General Preferences dialog box as a permanent option.

EQUATION BOX LOCKS (COMMAND)Sty le menu

Choose Style > Equation Box Locks to display the Bounding Box Locks dialog box.

MENUS


Bounding Box Locks dialog box

LOCK LEADING (CHECK BOX)Bounding Box Locks d ia log box

Checking Lock Leading aligns the left edges of all the equations.

LOCK DEPTH (CHECK BOX)Bounding Box Locks d ia log box

Checking Lock Depth makes the depth of all the equations the same.

LOCK WIDTH (CHECK BOX)Bounding Box Locks d ia log box

Checking Lock Width makes the width of all the equations the same.

FLASH (COMMAND)Sty le menu

Choose Style > Flash to display equation characters filled with solid color.Flash is the default style.

NO FLASH (COMMAND)Sty le menu

Choose Style > No Flash to display hollow equation characters with outlining.

VIEW MENUThe View menu lets you define what you want to display in the EquationBuilder window. You can scale the equations according to your viewingpreferences. You can also specify whether to hide or display the alignmentpoints and the upsize controls.

View menu

MENUS


SCALE (COMMAND)View menu

Choosing View > Scale from the Equation Builder window displays theScale dialog box.

Scale dialog box

You can increase or decrease the view scale by entering a percent value —for example, 200% displays previews at twice the characters’ normal size.Specifying this value sets it for the current editing session only, and it returnsto the default scale factor the next time the Equation Builder window isdisplayed. This item is also available in the General Preferences dialog boxto permanently set the default scale factor.

*** Changing the viewing scale factor has no effect on the actual print size ofan equation.

HIDE ALIGNMENT POINTS (COMMAND)View menu

Alignment points are the visual indicators that display the alignment of thecomponents of the equation. Choose View > Hide Alignment Points to hidethe alignment points. When you choose Hide Alignment Points, the com-mand toggles to Show Alignment Points. You can easily display or hide thealignment points by toggling between the two options.

HIDE UPSIZE (COMMAND)View menu

The Upsize feature displays a vertical bar that lets you measure the upsize ofthe characters you enter. Choose View > Hide Upsize to hide the verticalbar. The command toggles to Show Upsize.

SUPERSETS MENUThe data setups — character styles, procedures options, and mapping to picharacters — taken as a whole are managed as supersets, and you can createany number of these supersets and store them as files. A superset can be reusedin any number of projects and the superset that is active for a project can bereplaced by another superset at any time.

MENUS


Supersets menu

CREATE SUPERSET (COMMAND)Supersets menu

Choose Supersets > Create Superset to display the Create Superset dialog boxthat allows you to create a new pi superset.

Create Superset dialog box

NEW NAME (FIELD)Crea te Superset d ia log box

Enter the name of the new superset in the New Name field.

LOAD SUPERSET (COMMAND)Supersets menu

Choose Supersets > Load Superset to display the Load Superset dialog boxthat allows you to load a superset for a project. Only one superset can beactive for a project at a time. To load one, choose a superset and click Select.

Load Superset dialog box

MENUS


* * * XPressMath comes with a default superset file “Default” available in the“XPressMath SuperSets” folder of XPressMath CD-ROM. It provides default picharacter mappings for first time users.

Before launching XPressMath, copy the “XPressMath SuperSets” folder in theQuarkXPress “Preferences” folder. If a first time user does not copy this supersetfolder, an alert displays notifying that superset fonts are missing.

The default superset assumes that the Mathematical pi fonts (1–6), Arial, andSymbol fonts are available on your computer.

EDIT PI CHARACTERS (COMMAND)Supersets menu

Pi characters are accessed by mapping the keyboard characters to pi charactersetups that include font access, character scaling, space left and right, place-ment of overbars for radicals, and limit placement for summations, integrals,and upsized brackets and braces. Four pi precedence keys are used so that thenumber of these remapped setups available at any one time is four times the 256keyable input characters, for a total of 1024.

Choose Supersets > Edit Pi Characters to display the Pi Character Selectordialog box that allows you to select pi characters.

Pi Character Selector dialog box

MENUS


KEY (DROP-DOWN MENU)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

The Key drop-down menu lets you choose the set of pi characters to whichyou want to map the input character. You can choose the 1, 3, 5, 7 pi sets bypressing the z+1, z+3, z+5, z+7 (on Mac OS) or pressing Ctrl+1, Ctrl+3,Ctrl+5, and Ctrl+7 (on Windows).

INPUT CHARACTER (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the character that you want to map to the pi characters in the InputCharacter field.

OUTPUT CHARACTER (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the character to which you want to map your input character in theOutput Character field.

TAG (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the tag you want to assign to your mapping set. You can refer to themapping by choosing a tag from the Tags list. Partial matches to any items inthe list will cause the scrolling list to scroll to the item while you are entering.This helps in making tag selection fast and easy, and it eliminates any needto take your hands off the keyboard to reach for a mouse.

COPY TO (BUTTON)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

The Copy To button copies the active tag and its preferences to anotherkeyboard placement in the same level.

FONT (DROP-DOWN MENU)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

The Font drop-down menu lets you choose the font for mapping. You canchange the font only if you are in the editing mode.

FILTER (DROP-DOWN MENU)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

The Filter drop-down menu lets you choose the type of tags you want to displayin the Tags list.

*** The Filters drop-down menu does not display when you are in editable mode.

TAGS (LIST)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

All the tags that match the category selected in the Filter drop-down menudisplay in the Tags list.

MENUS


TOTAL REMAPS (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

The Total remaps field displays the total number of character remapped.Everytime a new character is remapped, it increases the count by one.

SET PALETTE PS (BUTTON)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

The Set Palette PS button is active only when the font palette is displayed.Enter the size of palette fonts in the field adjacent to it and click Set Palette PS.The size of fonts in the palette is modified according to the size you specify.

SHOW PALETTE (BUTTON)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Displays the palette showing the characters available to you to be remapped,or that are already remapped. The button changes to Hide Palette.

EDIT (BUTTON)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Activates all the fields and makes them editable. You can edit settings andsave them by clicking Save.

GET AS CHARACTER (CHECK BOX)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Before clicking Get, checking Get As Character lets you include the procedurecharacter without turning on the procedure. It is active only when you selecta procedure character from the palette.

GET (BUTTON)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Click Get to include the character in an equation. It does not map the characterto an input character.

PREVIEW (AREA)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Displays the preview of the output character. It gives you an impression of howthe character will look when you actually include it in an equation.

AUTO REMAP (CHECK BOX)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Check Auto Remap so that any time you enter the associated input characterit automatically remaps to that pi setup.

AUTO UPSIZE START (CHECK BOX)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Characters that can expand to encompass more than one level (fences, radicals,etc.) can be created to automatically remap to a larger size when multiple levelsneed to be enclosed. Check Auto Upsize Start to turn this feature on.

MENUS


AUTO UPSIZE END (CHECK BOX)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Some characters with the Auto Upsize Start feature enabled, need auto upsizeend. Check Auto Upsize End to turn this feature on.

PREVIEW (BUTTON)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Click Preview to display the preview of the character with all the settings applied.

REDRAW (BUTTON)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Click Redraw to refresh the character in the preview window.

BASELINE OFFSET (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the space that you want between the baseline and the character. Thedefault baseline offset is zero, specifying that the character is sitting on thebaseline. Positive values place the characters above the baseline and negativevalues place the characters below the baseline.

SPACE LEFT (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the space you want to the left of the character.

SPACE RIGHT (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the space you want to the right of the character.

HORIZONTAL SCALE (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the amount of horizontal scaling you want to apply to the character.The scaling is applied by the percentage of the amount you enter to the actualwidth of the character.

VERTICAL SCALE (FIELD)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

Enter the amount of vertical scaling you want to apply to the character. Thescaling is applied by the percentage of the amount you enter to the actualheight of the character.

CHARACTER TYPE (DROP-DOWN MENU)Pi Character Se lector d ia log box

The Character type drop-down menu lets you choose the type of character.You can choose from Pi, Integral, Summation, and Radical.

• Choosing Pi displays the Superior/Inferior Index and Levels fields. Enter theindex of the superior/inferior characters in the Superior/Inferior Index field.The default index value is zero. Enter the pi character set level (1, 3, 5, or 7) inthe Levels field.

MENUS


• Choosing Integral displays the Main Character Count, Levels, Lower LimitKern, and Limit Index fields. Enter the number in the Main CharacterCount field to specify the number of times you want to include the characterin your equation with a single command. Enter a number in the Levels fieldto specify the upper and lower limits of where the integral character will sit.The Lower Limit Kern field allows you to adjust the limit to the right. TheLimit Index field allows you to use a sup/sub setup as the default setting forthe limit characters.

• Choosing Summation displays the Main Character Count, Levels, and LimitIndex fields. Enter the number in the Main Character Count field to specifythe number of times you want to include the character in your equation witha single command. Enter a number in the Levels field to specify the upperand lower limits of where the summation character will sit. The Limit Indexfield allows you to use a superscript and subscript setup as the default settingfor the limit characters.

• Choosing Radical displays the Rule Weight, Rule Offset, and Rule Kern fields.Enter the thickness of the rule, distance between the baseline and the rule,and kerning amount in the Rule Weight, Rule Offset, and Rule Kernfields respectively.

EDIT PROCEDURES OPTIONS (SUBMENU)Supersets menu

The Edit Procedures Options submenu display all the commands that dis-plays all the procedures in an editable mode. This is the only mode in whichyou can edit the procedure options.

Supersets menu > Edit Procedure Options submenu

For more information about Edit Procedures Options, see “Edit ProceduresOptions” later in this chapter.

MENUS


EDIT PREFERENCES (COMMAND)Supersets menu

Preferences let you specify default settings and customize the way XPressMathworks. You can specify the various factors that make up the equation. Onceyou set the preferences, all the settings become the new defaults for theequations you make.

Choose Supersets > Edit Preferences to display the General Preferencesdialog box. The General Preferences dialog box lets you specify almost allthe formatting in factors that make up an equation.

General Preferences dialog box

TEXT COLOR (DROP-DOWN MENU)Genera l Pre ferences d ia log box

Lets you choose the color to apply to the equation text.

MATH LEAD FACTOR (FIELD)Genera l Pre ferences d ia log box

Enter the space you want between the base character and the super characterto that base character. The space is always measured as a percentage of thebase point size.

BASE POINT SIZE (FIELD)Genera l Pre ferences d ia log box

The most basic of all type parameters in XPressMath is the base point size,because this is the one constant to which all relative values are scaled. Onlyone base point size can be in effect for any one equation. Following are theways in which this value can be specified.

MENUS


• Enter “Auto” to automatically set the base point size to the point size at thecurrent insertion point in QuarkXPress when the equation is created.

• Enter an actual value in the Base point size field. This results in the samebase point size for all subsequently created equations, no matter what thecurrent QuarkXPress point size is.

SCALE FACTOR (FIELD)Genera l Pre ferences d ia log box

Enter a number in the field to increase or decrease the preview size of theequation. The default scale factor is 200, that is, the equation that displaysis double the size of the individual components of the equation.

SET BASELINE SHIFT TO 0 (CHECK BOX)Genera l Pre ferences d ia log box

The baseline is the horizontal line to which equations are aligned. Check SetBaseline Shift to 0 to specify that equations should sit on the baseline ratherthan being shifted up or down.

AUTO LEADING AT ASCENDERGenera l Pre ferences d ia log box

The Auto Leading at ascender field should be set to a reasonable value for acharacter ascender in 10-point type, for example 8-points. In this case, extraspace is allocated for if any ascender that rises above 8 points from the baselineon the highest level of any structure in the equation. For example, a bracketthat rises 10 points from the baseline of the top row causes an extra 2 pointsof leading for the equation line.

AUTO SPACE AFTER AT DESCENDERGenera l Pre ferences d ia log box

The Auto Space After at descender field should be set to a reasonable valuefor a character descender in 10 point type, for example 4 points. In this case,extra space is allocated for if any descender that drops below 4 points from thebaseline on the lowest level of any structure in the equation. For example, abracket that drops 6 points from the baseline of the bottom row causes anextra 2 points leading for the line following the equation.

OPERATIONS (MENU)Equa t ion Bu i lder window

After specifying the various settings using supersets, the Operations menulets you create the equations. Using operations, you can call procedures, useprocedure options, and access special and pi characters. You can also use thevarious alignment tools provided.

MENUS


Operations menu

PROCEDURES (SUBMENU)Opera t ions menu

Using procedures, you can insert various procedures in equations. You candirectly call a procedure by choosing an option from the Procedures submenuin the Operations menu. You can also call the procedure using shortcut keys.For example, you can call the division procedure either by choosing Divisionfrom the Procedures submenu in the Operations menu or pressing z+D(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D (on Windows).

The following table displays the procedures in the Procedures submenu andthe keyboard shortcuts to access them.

MAC OS WINDOWS

PROCEDURES COMMANDS COMMANDS

Division z+D Ctrl+D

Summation z+E Ctrl+E

Integral z+F Ctrl+F

Radical z+R Ctrl+R

Case Fraction z+H Ctrl+H

Matrix z+M Ctrl+M

Math Rule z+Y Ctrl+Y

Force Level z+; Ctrl+;

Stack z+T Ctrl+T

PROCEDURES OPTIONS (SUBMENU)Opera t ions menu

The Procedures Options submenu lets you choose from a list of the stylessaved. Choose a command from the Procedures Options submenu in theOperations menu. The command that you choose displays the respectivedialog box that displays all the available styles. You can then select the stylethat you need.

Alternatively, you can display the procedures option dialog boxes by usingthe shortcut keys. The following table displays the list of shortcut keys toaccess the various procedures options dialog boxes.

MENUS


MAC OS WINDOWS

PROCEDURES OPTIONS COMMANDS COMMANDS

Division Option+Shift+D Ctrl+Shift+D

Summation z+Option+E Ctrl+Alt+E

Case Fraction z+Option+H Ctrl+Alt+H

Math Rule z+Option+Y Ctrl+Alt+Y

Matrix z+Option+M Ctrl+Alt+M

Superior/Inferior z+Option+= Ctrl+Alt+=

Nudging z+Option+N Ctrl+Alt+N

Macros z+Option+I Ctrl+Alt+I

Stacking z+Option+T Ctrl+Alt+T

Style Selector z+Option+S Ctrl+Alt+S

Pi Characters z+Option+J Ctrl+Alt+J

SPECIAL (SUBMENU)Opera t ions menu

The special procedures are listed under this menu. You can insert a spe-cial procedure by choosing an option from the Special submenu in theOperations menu. Alternatively, you can access the special procedures usingthe shortcut keys.

MAC OS WINDOWS

SPECIAL PROCEDURES COMMANDS COMMANDS

Stack Limits z+L Ctrl+L

Superior z+G Ctrl+G

Inferior z+U Ctrl+U

Baseline z+= Ctrl+=

Down Base z+] Ctrl+]

Upsize Start z+Option+[ Ctrl+Alt+[

Upsize End z+Option+] Ctrl+Alt+]

Upsize Clear z+Option+= Ctrl+Alt+=

Macro Merge z+I Ctrl+I

*** Down Base is the process of stepping out of nested procedures. Everytimeyou execute the Down Base command, it bring you one level out ofnesting procedures.

MENUS


PI ACCESS (SUBMENU)Opera t ions menu

The Pi Access submenu lets you access various pi characters. Pi characters areincluded to increase the number of characters XPressMath can support. Fourtypes of pi characters are included in XPressMath are Pi 1, Pi 3, Pi 5, and Pi 7.To access the pi characters, choose the type of pi character you require and thenenter the character. Choose a pi precedence from Operations > Pi Access.Alternatively, you can access the pi precedence using the shortcut keys. Following is a list of all the shortcut keys to access the pi characters.

MAC OS WINDOWS

PI ACCESS COMMAND COMMAND

Clear Pi Precedence z+0 Ctrl+0

Pi 1 Precedence z+1 Ctrl+1




ALIGNMENT (SUBMENU)Alignment lets you display the left and right alignment points. To make youralignment more accurate, you can also insert the extra space — alignment space.

LEFT ALIGNMENT POINTOpera t ions menu > Al ignment submenu

Choose Operations > Alignment > Left Alignment Point to insert a barthat works as a left alignment reference point.

CENTER ALIGNMENT POINT Opera t ions menu > Al ignment submenu

Choose Operations > Alignment > Center Alignment Point to insert a barthat works as a center alignment reference point.

RIGHT ALIGNMENT POINTOpera t ions menu > Al ignment submenu

Choose Operations > Alignment > Right Alignment Point to insert a barthat works as a right alignment reference point.

CLEAR ALIGNMENT POINTOpera t ions menu > Al ignment submenu

Choose Operations > Alignment > Clear Alignment Point to delete thealignment point that is next to the cursor. If there is no alignment point nextto the cursor, nothing is removed.

ALIGNMENT SPACEOpera t ions menu > Al ignment submenu

Inserts a bar and a space before the first character in the equation. The extraspace works as an alignment space.

MENUS


EDIT PROCEDURES OPTIONS

You can assign values to attributes such as sizing, vertical movement, or rule weightsfor the various XPressMath procedures. Data sets of such values are available tomost procedures — Procedures Options — so that you need only select indexes for thesesets or their assigned tags to select whichever customized setup for a given procedureis most appropriate for a specific purpose. These are also globally editable.

Following is a list of all the keyboard shortcuts you can use to access the edit procedures options dialog boxes. The menus commands are listed in the respective procedures sections.

PROCEDURES OPTIONS MAC OS WINDOWS

(EDIT) COMMANDS COMMANDS

Division z+Option+Shift+D Ctrl+Alt+Shift+D

Summation z+Option+Shift+E Ctrl+Alt+Shift+E

Case Fraction z+Option+Shift+H Ctrl+Alt+Shift+H

Math Rule z+Option+Shift+Y Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Y

Matrix z+Option+Shift+M Ctrl+Alt+Shift+M

Superior/Inferior z+Option+Shift+= Ctrl+Alt+Shift+=

Nudging z+Option+Shift+N Ctrl+Alt+Shift+N

Macros z+Option+Shift+I Ctrl+Alt+Shift+I

Stacking z+Option+Shift+T Ctrl+Alt+Shift+T

Style Selector z+Option+Shift+S Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S

DIVISION (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

Choose Supersets > Edit Procedures Options > Division to display theDivision Selector dialog box. The Division Selector dialog box lets you specifythe division rule weight, offset, overhang, and other spacing adjustments.

Division Selector dialog box



STYLES (LIST)The Styles list at left displays all the 20 styles in the list. The index valueof each style lies between 0 and 19.

EDIT (BUTTON)Makes all the parameters in the dialog box editable.

SELECT (BUTTON)Click Select to select the current style.

DIVISION RULE WEIGHT (FIELD)Enter the thickness of the division rule.

DIVISION RULE OFFSET (FIELD)Enter the distance between the division rule and the equation’s baseline.

DIVISION RULE OVERHANG (FIELD)Enter the width of the division rule.

RULE COLOR (DROP-DOWN MENU)Choose the color of the division rule.

OPTICAL SPACING TO DIVISION BAR (AREA)The Optical Spacing to Division Bar area lets you define the spacing betweenthe characters and the division rule.

MAX SPACE ABOVE RULE (FIELD)Enter the maximum space between the division rule and the character abovethe rule.

MIN SPACE ABOVE RULE (FIELD)Enter the minimum space between the division rule and the character abovethe rule.

MAX SPACE BELOW RULE (FIELD)Enter the maximum space between the division rule and the character belowthe rule.

MIN SPACE BELOW RULE (FIELD)Enter the minimum space between the division rule and the character belowthe rule.



SUMMATION (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

The summation procedure allows the fields above or below the baseline char-acter to be center aligned, left aligned, or right aligned. Choose Supersets >Edit Procedures Options > Summation to display the Summation Selectordialog box.

Summation Selector dialog box

CENTER (OPTION BUTTON)Click Center to center align the characters above or below thebaseline character.

LEFT (OPTION BUTTON)Click Left to left align the characters above or below the baseline character.

RIGHT (OPTION BUTTON)Click Right to right align the characters above or below the baseline character.

MAKE SYSTEM DEFAULT (BUTTON)Click Make system default to make your current choices the default choices.Everytime you use summation, the settings will be applied automatically.

SELECT (BUTTON)Click Select to apply the current setting to the current equation in the EquationBuilder window.

CASE FRACTION (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

Choose Supersets > Edit Procedures Options > Case Fraction to displaythe Case Fraction Selector dialog box. This lets you insert small, inlinenumeric fractions.



Case Fraction Selector dialog box

POINT SIZE (FIELD)The default case fraction size is 65% of the base point size and will fit withinmost paragraph leadings (9⁄11, 10⁄12) without oversetting the previous or followinglines. Enter a value in the field to alter the size. The value that you enter shouldnot be less than zero.

SET WIDTH (FIELD)The default case fraction width is 65% of the base point size so that it canmaintain the aspect ratio with the height of the case fraction. Enter a value inthe field to alter the width.

RULE WEIGHT (FIELD)Enter the thickness of the rule in this field. The default weight is 3% of thebase point size.

RULE OFFSET (FIELD)Enter the space that you need between the rule and the baseline. The defaultrule offset is 35% of base point size.

NUMERATOR OFFSET(FIELD)Enter the space that you need between the rule and the character abovethe rule.

DENOMINATOR OFFSET (FIELD)Enter the space that you need between the rule and the character belowthe rule.

RULE COLORChoose the color you want to assign to the rule. The default rule color is black.



OVER/UNDER RULEEnter the optical space over and under the rule. If a value other than zero isspecified, it is unconditionally maintained.

MATH RULE (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

The Math Rule command sets a rule beginning from the insertion point thatcontinues until the procedure comes to an end by the operator or at theend of the equation.

Choose Supersets > Edit Procedures Options > Math Rule to display theMath Rule Selector dialog box. The baseline deflection, rule weight, andcolor can all be set as preferences in 20 different setups.

Math Rule Selector dialog box

STYLES (LIST)Displays all the predefined styles, a total of 20 styles. The index values of thestyles lie between 0 and 19.

MATH RULE OFFSET (FIELD)Enter the space between the rule and the baseline. The default math ruleoffset is 70%.

MATH RULE END OFFSET (FIELD)Enter the space that you want at the end of the procedure, between the ruleand the baseline. The default math rule offset is 70%.



MATH RULE WEIGHT (FIELD)Enter the thickness of the rule in this field. The default rule color weight is 3.5%.

RULE COLOR (DROP-DOWN MENU)Choose a color for the rule.

MATRIX (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

Matrix is a procedure that consists of rows and columns. Choose Supersets >Edit Procedures Options > Matrix to display the Matrix Selector dialog box.The Matrix Selector dialog box lets you specify the input options, alignmentoptions, column width, and the size of the matrix.

Matrix Selector dialog box

INPUT (AREA)The Input area lets you specify a method for filling in the matrix.

• Click Across/Down to fill the matrix row first and then the columns.

• Click Down/Across to fill the matrix column first and then the rows.

ALIGN COLUMNS (AREA)The Align Columns area lets you align the columns:

• Click Center to center align the elements in the columns.

• Click Left to left align the elements in the columns.

• Click Right to right align the elements in the columns.

COMPUTE COLUMN WIDTHS (CHECK BOX)Check Compute column widths to calculate the column width automaticallyaccording to the element size.



GUTTER WIDTH (FIELD)Enter the width of the column that you want. The default column width is 120%of the calculated column width.

NUMBER OF ROWS (FIELD)Enter the number of rows that you want in your matrix. The default numberof rows is 3 and the maximum number of rows is 10.

NUMBER OF COLUMNS (FIELD)Enter the number of columns that you want in your matrix. The default numberof columns is 3 and the maximum number of columns is 10.

MAKE SYSTEM DEFAULT (BUTTON)Click Make system default to make the changes defaults.

SUPERIOR/INFERIOR (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

Choose Supersets > Edit Procedures Options > Superior/Inferior to displaythe Superior/Inferior Selector dialog box. It lets you specify the base point size,superior and inferior offset settings, and the pi space.

Superior/Inferior Selector dialog box

STYLES (LIST)Displays all the 20 styles. You can specify the different settings in each of thestyles. The index value of each style lies between 0 and 19.

POINT SIZE (FIELD)Specifies the base character size. The default character size is 65% of thebase point size.



SET WIDTH (FIELD)Specifies the base character width. The default character width is 65% of thebase point size.

* * * Both the point size and the width should be the same to maintain theaspect ratio.

SUPERIOR OFFSET (FIELD)Enter the space that you want between the baseline and the superior charac-ter. The default superior offset is 40.

INFERIOR OFFSET (FIELD)Enter the space that you want between the baseline and the inferior character.The default inferior offset is 20.

PI SPACE (FIELD)Enter the space that you need on the left and right of operators, such as =,when these operators display in superior or inferior strings, such as limits.The space is usually greatly reduced in these cases.

NUDGING (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

Nudging is the process of increasing or decreasing the space between twocharacters in the Equation Builder window. Choose Supersets > Edit ProceduresOptions > Nudging to display the Nudging Selector dialog box.

Nudging Selector dialog box

STYLES (LIST)You can store up to 20 different nudging styles in the predefined styles.



NUDGE POINTS (FIELD)Enter the number of points that you want to move with a single command.The nudge point value must be between –500 and +500. Anything enteredoutside the specified range is changed to the nearest boundary value.

MACROS (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

Macros let you automate tasks. With macros, you can specify multiple stepsyou may need to perform frequently and in the same sequence. ChooseSupersets > Edit Procedures Options > Macros to display the MacroSelector dialog box. It lets you create, edit, and select macros.

Macro Selector dialog box

CHARACTER COUNT (FIELD)Displays the total number of characters in the selected macro.

EDIT (BUTTON)Click Edit to edit the selected macro. It makes the macro content field editable,so you can edit the existing macro.

NEW (BUTTON)Click New to create a new macro; this clears the macro content field.

SELECT (FIELD)Lets you include the selected macro in an equation.

* * * You can create upto 100 macros using ASCII language.



STACKING (COMMAND)Supersets > Edi t Procedures Opt ions

Choose Supersets > Edit Procedures Options > Stacking to display theStacking Selector dialog box.

Stacking Selector dialog box

STACKING ALIGNMENT (AREA)Stacking Alignment area lets you align the characters.

• Click Center for center alignment.

• Click Left for left alignment.

• Click Right for right alignment.

STACKING FIELDS (AREA)Lets you specify the fields to stack.

• Check Baseline to include the field in stacking.

• Check Over to include the character above the baseline in the stacking order.

• Check Under to include the character below the baseline in the stackingorder.

SUPERIOR/INFERIOR INDEX (FIELD)Enter the depth of the stacking that you need.



STYLE SELECTOR (COMMAND)Supersets menu > Edi t Procedures Opt ions submenu

Styles can be created and assigned to equation text elements. These allow forscaling, font assignment, and face assignment with both alpha and non-alphasetups within each style. Once created, these styles can be accessed throughkeyboard shortcuts or by their assigned tags; they are globally editable.

Choose Supersets > Edit Procedures Options >Style Selector to displaythe Alternate Style Selector dialog box. The Alternate Style Selector dialogbox allows you to make changes to the selected style.

Alternate Style Selector dialog box

INDEX (FIELD)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

There are 10 available styles and each style is assigned to a unique indexnumber. The index value ranges from 0 to 9. Enter a index number in thefield and the corresponding style is selected.

TAG (FIELD)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Displays a name corresponding to each index entry. You can edit the nameaccording to your own preferences.

STYLES (LIST)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Lists all the styles. You can select a style by clicking an item in the list.

EDIT (BUTTON)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Makes the fields of the Alternate Style Selector dialog box editable.



SELECT (BUTTON)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Click Select to specify the selected style as the QuarkXPress layout style.

SPLIT ALPHA/NON-ALPHA (CHECK BOX)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Check Split Alpha/Non-alpha to specify the style in terms of alphabeticcharacters and numeric characters. Uncheck this to specify the same style forboth types of characters.

ALPHA (AREA)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

The Alpha area lets you specify the style for alphabetic characters.

FONT (DROP-DOWN MENU)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

The Font drop-down menu lets you choose the font for the selected style.

HORIZONTAL (FIELD)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Enter the horizontal scaling factor for the selected style.

VERTICAL (FIELD)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Enter the vertical scaling factor for the selected style.

PLAIN (CHECK BOX)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Check Plain to specify the font style as plain.

BOLD (CHECK BOX)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Check Bold to specify the font style as bold.

ITALIC (CHECK BOX)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

Check Italic to specify the font style as italic.

NON-ALPHA (AREA)Al terna te Sty le Se lector d ia log box

The Non-alpha area lets you specify the style of non-alphabetic characters suchas numbers. All the parameters of the style are the same as the parameters inthe Alpha area.



Chapter 2: Understanding andWorking with XPressMathComponents

Before you actually start creating the math structures, you need to know about setting

up XPressMath and its various components. After reading this chapter, you will be

able to start creating your own mathematical structures in QuarkXPress.

UNDERSTANDING RELATED CONCEPTS

In a workflow, to produce quality output, XPressMath works closely with AutoPage®

and MathMonarch™.

THE XPRESSMATH INTERFACE TO AUTOPAGEAutopage is a utility for batch pagination developed by Kytek. Autopage worksclosely with XPressMath to generate quality output. For more information aboutAutopage, see its documentation.

MATHMONARCHMathMonarch, a software developed by Westwords Inc., converts Microsoft®

Word or text equations into XPressMath ASCII format and vice versa. Formore information, see its documentation.

GETTING STARTED WITH XPRESSMATH

This section describes the concepts that help you work efficiently with XPressMath.It details, how you can edit or delete structures and what you need to take care ofwhile performing these actions. It also highlights the importance of the base pointsize and global editability.

EDITING/DELETING STRUCTURESEditing mathematical structures created by XPressMath procedures is a littledifferent than editing text. This is because the program inserts markers intothe text stream, which delineate parts of structures such as the numerator, rule,and denominator of a buildup fraction. These markers need to be protectedfrom normal deletion, so that the equation is never left in a meaningless stateof having some, but not a complete set of these markers present for any such

UNDERSTANDING RELATED CONCEPTS

40 | CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING AND WORKING WITH XPRESSMATH COMPONENTS

structure. For this reason, XPressMath only allows procedures to be selectedfor cut, copy, or paste in their entirety.

To select the entire mathematical structure:

• Click anywhere within a procedure and press Shift+Up arrow to select theentire procedure (markers and text contents) for editing.

• Click anywhere within the equation on the baseline and press Shift+Up arrow.The entire text on the baseline towards the left of the cursor position is selecteduntil the next procedure (including the procedure) on the baseline.

• When structures are nested (as with a division over a division), click insidea substructure, press Shift+Up arrow to select just that part or press Shift+Uparrow again to select the entire nested structure.

RESCALING BASE POINT SIZEAll elements of XPressMath equations are scaled relative to one constantvalue — the base point size. Character sizes and leading; pi character parame-ters such as size, spacing, baseline deflection and overbar weights; and verticalmovement for procedural elements such as those for buildups and limits are alldone relative to the base point size. In this way, all or any part of an equationin XPressMath can be rescaled for any reason (such as a change in the overallspecifications or for copying and pasting to footnotes) simply by adjusting thisone constant value.

GLOBAL EDITABILITYNo matter how many hundreds or thousands of times these characters andparameters are accessed in a mathematical publication, the entire project(or variously selectable parts of it) can be transformed in a single batchglobal edit.

LEVEL OFFSET LEADINGLevels are the basic units for vertical placement of the elements of buildupequations in XPressMath. In an equation containing a three-line buildup, forexample, the numerator of the buildup is placed on level +1, the denominatoris on level –1, and the main baseline of the equation is said to be on the zerolevel. Similarly, for a three-line summation, the upper limit is automaticallyset as a superior to level +1 while the lower limit is automatically set as aninferior to level –1. This vertical placement value is specified as a percentageof the base point size and the default is 70 percent (or 7points for 10 pointmath) per level.


CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING AND WORKING WITH XPRESSMATH COMPONENTS | 41

GLOBAL UPDATESAll, or any of variously definable subsets, of the XPressMath equations in aproject can be updated automatically to reflect the latest revisions to elementsof the supersets. This is a key feature of the program, and it provides animportant production efficiency.

EDITING THE BASELINE FONTXPressMath enables you to set up customized horizontal positioning ofsuperior and inferior characters next to any baseline character in any font.Once specified, this space remains in effect (until changed). Furthermore,data entered through this interface can be changed and then a global edit tothe project will register the changes everywhere.

In the Superior/Inferior Horizontal Placement dialog box (File > PlaceSup/Inf), click Edit Baseline Font to turn on and off the controls related tobaseline font editing. To edit the baseline font:

1 Choose the font you want to edit.

2 Click Edit Baseline Font to enable the Adjustment field. Your baseline fontcharacter displays in the preview window.

3 Choose an appropriate S/I sample font. The trial superior or inferior characterdisplays from this font.

4 As values are entered in the Adjustment field, the changes are reflected in thepreview window. For each currently selected baseline character, you can changethe adjustment percentage to a positive or negative value. The percentage is ofthe base point size.

A negative number draws the sup/inf closer to the character being edited. Thevalues for a capital “A” in the TimesTen Italic family will obviously be differentfrom values for a lowercase “d” in the same family. For many baseline charac-ters, the spacing for the superior function will be entirely different from thatfor the inferior function.

5 Once a font has been edited, click OK. The values are saved to the file in the“XPressMath Font Metrics” folder in the QuarkXPress application folder.

* * * The files in the “XPressMath Font Metrics” folder in the QuarkXPress application folder must reside on the computer on which edits or updates tothe equations are to be done.

If you choose not to use a font’s values for a project, remove the file from the“XPressMath Font Metrics” folder. Moving the “XPressMath Font Metrics”folder out of the QuarkXPress application folder disables this feature completely for edits, updates, or new equations.



WORKING WITH EQUATION BOX

An equation box is an anchored box that is automatically inserted into theQuarkXPress text box wherever the cursor was at the time the XPressMath Equation Builder window was opened, with the main equation baseline matchingthe current text baseline.

SIZING THE EQUATION BOXThe basic strategy employed by XPressMath is to size equation boxes toprecisely contain the equations. This means that the box is drawn to pre-cisely contain the highest ascender on the highest baseline level, the lowestdescender, and the leftmost and rightmost characters (including removal ofany negative sidebearings so that nothing gets clipped).

POSITIONING THE EQUATION BOX VERTICALLYThe basic strategy for vertically positioning equation boxes is to increase thecurrent line leading by the number of levels up for built-up structures, multi-plied by the level offset leading. Similarly, the current “space after” is increasedby the number of levels down, again multiplied by the level offset leading.

*** This happens only when the paragraph format for the equation line specifiesan actual leading amount, not auto leading.

In addition to these strategies, you are offered a number of important optionsin the Equation Box dialog box, which is accessed from the Style menu ofthe Equation Builder window.

WHEN EQUATION BOX CLIPPING MATTERSWhen using the other sizing options to reduce the box size, it is important torealize when it matters that the equation displays clipped on-screen. Whenthe layout is printed, XPressMath generates PostScript® code for the entireequation whether or not it displays as clipped on-screen. However, if theXPressMath to PICT converter is used to change XPressMath equations toPICT’s, the PICT equations print clipped exactly as they are on-screen.

WORKING WITH EQUATION BOX


ACCESSING SUPERSETS

This section describes where the superset files are stored on your computer and howthey are associated with a QuarkXPress project. The supersets are stored in a“XPressMath Supersets” folder.

INSTALLING XPRESSMATH SUPERSETThe XPressMath XTensions software default superset is located in the“XPressMath Supersets” folder. By default, the “XPressMath Supersets” folder islocated in the QuarkXPress “Preferences” folder in the “Library\Preferences\Quark\QuarkXPress” folder (on Mac OS) or in the “Documents and Settings\<UserName>\Application Data\Quark\QuarkXPress” folder (on Windows).

CONVERTING LEGACY DOCUMENTS TO XPRESSMATH XPressMath on Mac OS can load and support documents created with Power-Math 3.0 or 4.0. Simply open up the documents with XPressMath, it looks inthe “XPressMath Supersets” folder. Once it finds the superset. The XTensionssoftware converts it internally. If it does not find the superset, it thensearches in the “PowerMath Supersets 4.0” folder. If the superset is still notfound then XPressMath creates the superset from the document in the“XPressMath Supersets” folder. XPressMath then converts all of the equa-tions and internal data structures in the layout. When the conversion isfinished, save the QuarkXPress project.

*** Once documents have been updated to XPressMath, they are no longer backwards compatible. Make and save a copy of the original documentbefore converting it to a QuarkXPress project.

Opening legacy documents on Windows, renders the equation boxes as empty.

ACCESSING MAIN DATA SETUPS FROM SUPERSETS

The XPressMath supersets include sets of typographic styles, automatically mappedpi characters, and composition procedures that are oriented towards the constructionof complex mathematical structures. The elements of these sets are accessed simplyby choosing a numeric index to whichever set was to be selected or by choosing thetag name assigned to each numeric index value. In the case of pi characters, elementscan be accessed by choosing one of four precedence codes, followed by an input characterthat has been set up to map to a pi character data setup.

ACCESSING SUPERSETS


*** To use legacy supersets created in PowerMath version 3.0 or later, copy the“PowerMath Supersets 4.0” folder containing legacy supersets, into “Preferences”folder within the QuarkXPress application folder. Legacy supersets are supportedonly on Mac OS.

ACCESSING PROCEDURESThis section shows you how to access data setups in order to use mathematicalcomposition procedures, character styles (Alternate Styles), and mappings topi characters. The actual design of supersets, and the assignment of tags alongwith the actual parameters of the various data setups, are also discussed.

All procedures can be invoked using the existing system of keyboard shortcuts,which can be seen in the Procedures menus in the Equation Builder window.

A consistent relationship between the z (on Mac OS) or Ctrl (on Windows)for invoking the procedure and the z (on Mac OS) or Ctrl (on Windows)for calling a new option for that procedure is attempted. If division is z+D(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D (on Windows), then its options are accessed asOption+Shift+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Shift+D (on Windows).

Opening the Procedures Options dialog boxes using the Operations menu >Procedures Options submenu, does not allow changes to be made tothe options.

Operations menu > Procedures Options submenu

The Edit button is always inactive preventing you from making changes.In order to make changes, the dialog boxes need to be displayed from theSupersets menu > Edit Procedures Options submenu. The z (on Mac OS)or Ctrl (on Windows) relationship is still maintained, only the Shift key mustalso be pressed, as in z+Option+Shift+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+D(on Windows).



Supersets menu > Edit Procedures Options submenu

There are a number of reasons for separating editing:

• It is important to segregate the superset editing function. This should only bedone in an orderly fashion by authorized administrators.

• When changes are not required, it is considerably faster to call the proceduresoptions dialog boxes because they do not have to load system resources suchas font and color menus. Such parameters are merely displayed.

ACCESSING PI CHARACTERS

One of the most powerful features of XPressMath is the ability to map pi charactersto keyboard characters. Pi characters enable you to automatically access a character,along with a range of optional typographic parameters, and automatically returnto the set of parameters that were in effect before this access took place. Each suchaccess is associated with a keyboard character, of which there are 256, and with aprecedence code, of which there are 4, for a total of 1024 automatic accesses ofthis kind.

MAPPING A KEYBOARD CHARACTER TO A PI CHARACTERTo map a keyboard character to a pi character:

1 Choose Supersets > Edit Pi Characters from the Equation Builder windowto display the Pi Character Selector dialog box.




2 Select a tag from the Tags list. You can display the list of unused tags bychoosing Unused Tags from the Filter drop-down menu.

3 The Input Character field displays the keyboard character that is mapped tothe current pi character setup. Enter the keyboard character — you need tomap to the pi character — in the Input Character field.

4 Click Edit. This lets you map the keyboard character to a special pi character.

5 From the Font menu, choose a font for the setup you are editing.

6 The Key drop-down menu indicates in which pi level the active setup resides.The palette shows 256 mappings at a time. Choose the set of pi characters towhich you want to map your input character, from the Key drop-down menu.

7 Change the character — to which you want to map your input character —in the Output Character field. All changes are reflected in the preview area.

Alternatively, click Show Font; the keyboard input characters table for thecurrent font displays. Double-clicking a character in the table changes theoutput character for the setup you are editing.

When an output character is chosen, the character preferences can be edited.The Preview area display is proportional to the base point size. All characterspreviewed reflect a correct percentage of both baseline deflection and horizontal/vertical scaling.



8 Check Auto Remap to automatically map the pi character to the keyboardcharacter, that is, you need not press the pi character access modifierseverytime you need that character in an equation.

9 Check Auto Upsize Start to expand the character to encompass more thanone level.

10 Check Auto Upsize End to terminate the auto upsize start feature at the endof the procedure.

11 Enter a value in the Baseline Offset field. The percentage is of the basepoint size.

12 Enter a value in the Space Left field. The space is added to the left ofthe character.

13 Enter a value in the Space Right field. The space is added to the right ofthe character.

*** Math Space is 30% of full space.

14 Enter a value in the Horizontal Scale field.

15 Enter a value in the Vertical Scale field.

16 Click Copy To to copy the active tag and its preferences to another keyboardplacement in the same level.

17 Click Save to close the Pi Character Selector dialog box.

SETTING PARAMETERSThe basic typographic parameters are font, output character, baseline offset,space left and right, and horizontal and vertical scale. Additional parametersare available, depending upon the character type selection, which indicatesthe purpose for which a particular setup is intended. The Character Typedrop-down menu can be used to associate a mapping setup with any one ofthe following:

• Simply access a character, and indicate how to place superior and inferiorsnext to it (if it is an upsized character).

• Associate the character with a summation procedure and indicate how toplace limits.

• Associate the character with an integral procedure and indicate how toplace limits.

• Associate the radical character with a radical procedure and adjust automaticrule placement if necessary.



ACCESSING CHARACTERS FROM THE PALETTEWhen you press z+Option+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+J (on Windows), andthen click Show Palette, the mapped character palette displays. In the palette,entries are color coded as follows:

• Black characters are mapped to simple character access setups.

• Red characters are mapped to procedural entries such as summation, integration, and radical.

• Blue outline characters are unmapped and available for mapping.

GETTING A CHARACTER FROM THE PALETTEClicking on a palette entry causes the corresponding setup to become active.At this point, the tag for the active entry also becomes active. It is useful toremember these tags, because access by tag is the easiest and most directaccess method. If you click Get, the character is inserted into the EquationBuilder window.

GETTING A PROCEDURE CHARACTER FROM THE PALETTEIf the setup that is chosen in this way is for a procedure, the character is placedin the editing window and the procedure is turned on and waiting for theoperator to be entered for that procedure. Alternatively, the Get As Charactercheck box is enabled in the mapping interface; by checking it before clickingGet, the character is accessed without turning on the procedure.

WORKING WITH AUTO REMAP AND AUTO RESIZEAuto Remap and Auto Resize are features that enhance the equation typesettingcapabilities of XPressMath. Check either or both the features in the Pi CharacterSelector dialog box (Supersets > Edit Pi Characters), to enable them. Theeffect of each feature is described in the following sections.

AUTO REMAPSome characters are entered so frequently that a shortcut method of accessingpi setups is desirable. For example, the equal sign used in standard mathequations is a pi font character. The equal sign created from the keyboard is atext font character. XPressMath allows setups mapped in the pi characterinterface to be automatically retrieved from the normal keyboard. The piequal sign is mapped to the text “=”. When editing the pi setup, if you checkAuto Remap, then whenever you enter the associated input character itautomatically remaps to that pi setup.

AUTO UPSIZECharacters that can expand to encompass more than one level can be createdto automatically remap to a larger size when multiple levels need to beenclosed. For example, when you create a parenthesis “(“ with AutoUpsizeStart checked (Pi Character Selector dialog box), XPressMath remaps inaccordance with the greatest number of levels encountered between that



character and a “)” mapped with AutoUpsize End (or between the autoupsize start character and the end of the line). For example:

1 Enter (1+2).

2 Press z+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D (on Windows).

3 Enter 1 and press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).


The parenthesis access the same initial setup for the linear “1+2” and for thefollowing buildup.

The result will be as follows:

In another example:

1 Press z+R (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+R (on Windows).

2 Enter V.

3 Press z+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D (on Windows).



6 Press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).

The square braces and the radical are automatically upsized to fit the built-up division.

The result will be:

Specifying a character as an auto upsize character is always done to the setupon level one, where you start by editing the setup and checking AutoUpsizeBegin. On level three for the same input character, a setup must be created tofit a three level equation, on level five a five-level setup must be created, andthe same for level seven with a seven level setup.

If there is a matching end character, map that character in a similar manner,but check AutoUpsize End.

For example, our level one open parenthesis “(” is sized to fit a one levelequation. Notice it is also auto remapped. The AutoUpsize Start is checked.The same input character “(“ on level three is set up to fit a three level equation.If the equation following the opening “(“ grows to three levels, XPressMath



automatically accesses the level three setup. Notice that on level three theAuto Remap and Auto Upsize are gray and not editable.

Compare the setups for the AutoUpsize End for the close parenthesis “)”.The Auto Upsize End ends the containment of levels for AutoUpsizing.

*** Not all characters created with AutoUpsize Begin require an Auto UpsizeEnd. Radical characters will auto upsize and the nesting will end when theprocedure ends.

OPTIONAL ASSOCIATION WITH PROCEDURESWhen creating or editing a setup, you may specify an association with aprocedure. The choices determine placement of limits, number characterrepetitions, and sup/inf index level. The editing window changes and givedifferent options for each choice.

The choices are: Pi Character, Summation, Integral, and Radical.

Superiors and Inferiors can be accessed from the Special submenu (Operationsmenu). Under this menu, the baseline item always returns to the main baseline.Once in Superior or Inferior, nesting can be accomplished by continuing toreselect Superior or Inferior. The Down Base command in the Special menusteps out of these nesting levels one level at a time. Alternatively, press z+](on Mac OS) or Ctrl+] (on Windows).

WORKING WITH CHARACTER STYLES

Character Styles set up the font, face, and scale that are automatically applied atany given time. The XPressMath default superset defines the normal Alpha (alphabet)math font as CoreTTI, which is based on Times TenItalic with special spacingaround troublesome characters (lowercase “f” and “d”, for example). Non-Alphacharacters (such as numbers) are accessed from the Times TenRoman font.

ACCESSING CHARACTER STYLESTo access character styles:

1 From the the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+S (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+S (on Windows). You can also choose Style Selector from theOperations > Procedures Options menu in the Equation Builder window.



Operations > Procedures Options > Style Selector

This displays the Alternate Style Selector dialog box.

Alternate Style Selector dialog box

2 Double-click an existing tag. The preferences for that style displays in the Alphaand Non-Alpha area. Click Select to apply the style.

Alternatively, you can select the style either by the numeric index valueassigned to the style or by the tag name.

*** Access to the individual parameters of font, face, and scale under theXPressMath Style menu is only enabled when styles have been turned off byselecting No Style. Otherwise, these menu items are grayed out to avoid conflictwith the parameters that are automatically enabled by styles.



EDITING CHARACTER STYLESTo edit a style:

1 Press z+Option+Shift+S (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S (on Windows).The same Alternate Style Selector dialog box is opened, except that nowEdit is active.

2 Click Edit to begin editing. If not already done, change the style’s defaulttag name.

3 To assign separate values for alphabetic and non-alphabetic characters,check Split Alpha/Non-Alpha.

4 In the Alpha window, choose the font from the Font menu. Only the fontsactive on your computer are available. Scale the style according to the basepoint size.

5 Check an attribute for the style if needed. Plain, Bold, and Italic are availableif the font family does not have a native version of the attribute.

6 If Split Alpha/Non-Alpha is not checked, the Non-Alpha window is deactivated.If it is checked, set the values for the non-alphabetic characters as above.

7 Click Save to write the changes to the superset.

8 Click Select to activate the style.

9 Click Exit to return to the Equation Builder window.

*** Once a style has been activated, it will remain in effect until it is changedback or until the end of the equation.

ACCESSING CHARACTER STYLES IN ASCII CODINGWithin XPressMath ASCII delimiters [&&], enter the unique tag name withinstyle delimiters “~~”. The text from then will reflect that style until changedagain or until the end of the equation. The ASCII string:

[&abc~bf~def~norm~ghi&]

when imported through the XPressMath ASCII filter will become

abcdefghi



WORKING WITH MACROS

A macro is a series of commands that you can set and control. For example a commonmathematical string such as:

could recur throughout a chapter. Instead of re-entering the entire string, a macrocan be written to automate the process.

MACRO PROCEDUREUp to 100 macros can be defined. The contents of the macros are entered inthe ASCII language. Each macro can contain up to 256 characters.

USING MACROSMacros can be accessed either interactively, or through the ASCII importingprocess. Exporting back to ASCII shows the macro content, not the originalmacro call.

A powerful feature of the macro capability is the merge code, which acts as atransfer input source code for variable input.

Within the macro itself, the “$” acts as a merge code (literal “$” is enteredas \$). In ASCII coding, the merge code is also a “$”. Interactively, the mergecode is accessed as z+I (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+I (on Windows). Multiple mergecodes can be used within a macro.

* * * A macro cannot call itself or call any other macro.

This section assumes you are using the default superset and that you arefamiliar with XPressMath ASCII language.

CREATING A MACROTo create a macro:

1 Inside an XPressMath equation box, press z+Option+Shift+I (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+Shift+I (on Windows). This displays the Macro Selector dialog box.

WORKING WITH MACROS


Macro Selector dialog box

2 Click New and enter a unique name for your macro. For example “MyLimit”.(Remember that case sensitivity is important.) Tab to the open window and,using the ASCII language, enter the expression:

*lim*{~rom~lim~norm~}{x|rarr||inf|}

3 Click Save. The macro is saved to the superset.

ACCESSING A MACRO INTERACTIVELYPress z+Option+I (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+I (on Windows), click MyLimitand then click Select. The macro inserts the expression you stored and returnscontrol to you.

MACROS IN THE XPRESSMATH ASCII FILTERMacros are delimited with exclamation points in the ASCII language.

Inside XPressMath ASCII delimiters [&&], enter the string !MyLimit!.When the string is imported, XPressMath reads the key strokes inside theexisting macro function.

Syntax: !MacroName!

*** When the string is exported, it will not read the macro, but the full string.

WORKING WITH MACROS


USING THE WILDCARD (MERGE KEY) FOR MACROSSometimes you have common expressions with consistent differences ineach. For example you might have a series of buildups that are generallyrepetitive, but different in one or a few specific places. The XPressMathmacros have enabled a merge function whereby the operator can switchcontrol of input to and from parts of macros both through ASCII filterimportation and interactively.

When entering a macro inside the editing window, inserting a dollar sign signifies that control is to be switched back to the standard input at thatpoint. For example:

*frac*{ab}{c$}

When XPressMath executes the macro, it will write “ab” in the numerator,write “c” in the denominator and then return the control of the input to youso that you can enter any character, style, procedure, or function availablein XPressMath.

USING MERGE CODES INTERACTIVELYTo return to a pending macro segment, press z+I (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+I (onWindows). XPressMath continues executing the macro from the merge code.

USING MERGE CODES IN ASCIIA dollar sign “$” entered following a macro callout instructs XPressMathto return to the macro until it comes across another “$” or the end ofthe equation.

For example, you have created a macro named “NewMacro” inside the macroediting window. The macro string is *frac*{|pd|b}{|pd|$}. WithinXPressMath ASCII delimiters [&&], enter the string !NewMacro!x$. Whenimporting, XPressMath starts building the fraction from the macro. Whenit comes across the “$”, it gives control of the equation back to ASCII inputuntil it comes across another “$” or the end of the equation. In our example,the character “x” is inserted at the end of the fraction’s denominator.

You have created a macro called “NewMacro2” (remember macro name can beanything unique). This macro string is as follows: x^{2}= *obar*{$}-3$.Two wildcards are used in this ASCII string.

*** Any number of wildcards can be placed in a macro.

WORKING WITH MACROS


Within XPressMath ASCII delimiters [&&], enter the string:

!NewMacro2!a|beta|c|Del|$^{x}$

And in the next line enter:

!NewMacro2!z|nab|w$_{ij}$

After XPressMath imports the equations the result is:

Macros are a powerful tool that can be used for many purposes. Rememberthese rules:

• You cannot run a macro within a macro.

• In ASCII, the merge codes are placed outside the macro delimiters!macroname!.

WORKING WITH MACROS


Chapter 3: MathematicsComposition Procedures

This chapter details creating, editing, and accessing the procedures of XPressMath.

Illustrated instructions for specific dialog boxes and explanations for new features

are an integral part of this chapter. It explains the process of accessing the procedures

both interactively and through the XPressMath ASCII import language.

WORKING WITH DIVISION PROCEDURES

The Division procedure is used to typeset multilevel buildup math division structures.The baseline deflection for the rule, the rule weight, and the rule color can all be setas preferences in 20 different setups. The default division tag name is “frac.”This sets a horizontal black bar, 3.5% the weight of the base point size, with adeflection 30% above baseline. Because the Math Level Offset has been set to 70%,the top field (numerator) has a deflection value of 70% of the base point size abovethe baseline, while the bottom field (denominator) has a deflection value of 70%below the baseline.

ACCESSING THE DIVISION PROCEDURE INTERACTIVELYTo access Division procedure:

1 In the Equation Builder window, at the insertion point, press z+D on Mac OSand Ctrl+D on Windows (Option+Shift+D on Mac OS and Ctrl+Shift+D onWindows to access this procedure from the Division Selector dialog box).You can also choose Division from the Procedures submenu of the Operations menu.

Operations menu > Procedures submenu > Division command


58 | CHAPTER 3: MATHEMATICS COMPOSITION PROCEDURES

When using the Options dialog box, enter (or double-click) an existingdivision tag. Click Select. This setup becomes active and the procedure nowstarts automatically. Hereafter, the shortcut key z+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D(on Windows) automatically accesses this setup.

If you just use the shortcut key, without accessing the dialog box, the proce-dure starts automatically. Notice that the Division procedure is turned on inthe nested procedures section of the Equation Builder window.

2 The cursor is automatically moved to the numerator field. You then insertthe character(s) you want inside the numerator.

3 When you have finished with the numerator, press Return (on Mac OS) orEnter (on Windows). The cursor automatically moves to the denominator.

4 You then insert the character(s) you want inside the denominator. Whenyou have finished with the denominator, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter(on Windows). The procedure is put to an end.

The division procedure exits from the nested procedure section of the EquationBuilder window.

NESTING DIVISION PROCEDURESYou can do the nesting of 20 division procedures. To nest two division procedures:

1 Press Option+Shift+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Shift+D (on Windows).

2 Enter (or double-click on) “frac”.

3 Click Select.

4 Press Option+Shift+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Shift+D (on Windows).

5 Enter (or double-click on) “frac”.

6 Click Get. Two division procedures get activated in the nested procedure sectionin the Equation Builder window.

7 As you enter the contents of each element, terminate that element by pressingReturn (on Mac OS) or or Enter (on Windows) to move to the next element.

USING MULTIPLE DIVISION PROCEDURESTo use multiple division procedures:

1 To place a fraction above a fraction, press z+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D(on Windows) and again press z+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D (on Windows),and two division procedures display in the nested procedure section ofthe Equation Builder window. The cursor moves to the numerator of thetop fraction.


CHAPTER 3: MATHEMATICS COMPOSITION PROCEDURES | 59

2 Enter the character(s) in the numerator of the top fraction and press Return(on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).

3 The cursor then moves to the denominator of the top fraction. Enterthe character(s) in the denominator of the top fraction and press Return(on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows). This ends the top fraction.

4 One of the division procedures hides in the nested procedure section of theEquation Builder window. You are still in the numerator of the originalfraction. To move to the denominator, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter(on Windows) again.

5 Enter the character(s) in the denominator of the overall fraction and pressReturn (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows). This will end the entire buildup.

EDITING DIVISION SETUPSWhile inside the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+Shift+D(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+D (on Windows) or choose Division fromthe Superset > Edit Procedures menu. This opens the Division Selector dialog box.

1 To edit a setup, enter (or double-click) an existing division tag. Click Edit.This will enable you to change any of the preference values.

2 Specify the division rule weight. The default setting is 3.5% of the basepoint size.

3 Specify the division rule offset. Default setting is 3.5% deflection offthe baseline.

4 Specify the division rule overhang. This value is the amount of rule that extendsbefore and after the longest set of character(s) in either the numerator or inthe denominator. The default is 10%.

5 Specify the optical space over and under the rule. The setting is the tolerancefor optical spacing. The default setting is a minimum of 2.0% of the base pointsize and a maximum of 5.0% of the base point size. Most characters are setwithin this tolerance, but if the characters exceed either the minimum or themaximum tolerance in the numerator or denominator XPressMath verticallymoves that character to comply. This eliminates all instances of charactersoversetting division rules and allows for a globally editable overall compliancewith your stylesheet specifications.

6 After editing, click Save. You can then access that setup by clicking Select.



CREATING A NEW DIVISION SETUPTo create a new division setup:

1 While inside the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+Shift+D(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+D (on Windows) or choose Superset > Procedures Options >Division to open the Division Selector dialog box.

2 Choose an unused setup by entering (or double-clicking) the XPressMathdefault tag name.

3 Click Edit.

4 Enter a unique tag name (case sensitivity is important).

5 You can then make the changes to the appropriate fields.

6 After setting the new preferences, click Save.

7 You can then access that setup by clicking Select.

ACCESSING DIVISION THROUGH THE XPRESSMATH ASCIIFILTER LANGUAGETo access division trough the ASCII filter language:

1 Inside XPressMath delimiters [&&], and at the point of insertion, enter theunique division tag name inside the procedure delimiters “**”. The XPressMathdefault division tag is *frac*{}{}. So as an example, to create a simple fraction, enter this text:

[&*frac*{abc}{def}&]

SYNTAX: *frac*{}{}The result will be:

2 To nest divisions inside divisions, enter the second tag inside the firsttag’s delimiters.

EXAMPLEThe string [&*frac*{*frac*{abc}{def}}{ghi}&] will result in:



WORKING WITH SUMMATION PROCEDURES

The summation procedure basically places editable fields above and below a base-line character. The baseline character is usually predefined in the pi interface, butany keyboard character can be used as the baseline character in the summationprocedure. Products and variant integrals are some examples of functions that can becreated with the summation procedure.

EDITING A SUMMATION CHARACTERTo edit a summation character:

1 Press z+Option+Shift+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+J (on Windows) to displaythe Pi Character Selector dialog box.


2 Enter (or double-click) the unique tag name for the summation character youwant to edit. Click Edit.

Three unique features of a summation setup are the Main Character Count,Levels, and Limits Index.



MAIN CHARACTER COUNTThe Main Character Count allows you to create a repeating character as themain character. For example, to get a triple summation, you can create a newcharacter based on a single summation with the Main Character Count setto “3”. The resulting setup is produced as:

EXAMPLE:

LEVELS AND LIMIT INDEXThe summation procedure places limits above and below the main character,the level at which those limits sit must be specified. For example, a displaysummation is approximately 180% larger than the base point size. The char-acter itself is a three level character. You must set the level to 3 or the limitsonly extends to the top and bottom of the first level.

Setting the level incorrectly results in the output:

ACCESSING A SUP/INF SETUP FOR THE LIMITSYou can set the sup/inf Index for limit characters. The size and placement oflimits for a summation may be different from those for text. The Limit Indexallows you to specify a predefined sup/sub setup as the default setting forthese limit characters.

*** The default superset has already set up a number of summation procedures inthe pi character interface.

ACCESSING SUMMATION SETUPS INTERACTIVELYTo access summation setup:

1 Access a tag for a summation in the usual way from the pi character interfaceaccessed by z+Option+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+J (on Windows), in whichcase the main summation character is accessed and inserted automatically.

Alternatively, within the Equation Builder window, at the insertion point,press z+E (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+E (on Windows) or choose Operations >Procedures > Summation. The summation symbol displays in the nestedprocedure section of the Equation Builder window.

If you are using the keyboard shortcut z+E (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+E(on Windows), the pi character set automatically changes to “1”. The next



character you enter will be the main summation character. The default for anormal summation is mapped to the input character “E”. Enter a capital “E”.

2 Once the main summation character is accessed, the cursor automaticallydisplays at the top limit of the summation. You then insert the character(s)you want inside the top limit.

3 When you have finished with the top limit, press Return (on Mac OS) orEnter (on Windows). The cursor automatically moves to the bottom limit ofthe summation.

4 You then insert the character(s) you want inside the bottom limit.

5 When you have finished with the bottom limit, press Return (on Mac OS)or Enter (on Windows). The procedure is put to an end.

6 The summation procedure exits from the nested procedure section of theEquation Builder window.

ACCESSING SUMMATIONS WITH THE XPRESSMATH ASCIIFILTER LANGUAGEThe default XPressMath ASCII tags for Summation are *sum*{lim}{lim} fora normal display Summation, *smsum*{lim}{lim} for inline Summation orsmall Summation, and *vsum*{lim}{lim} for Summations with their limitson the right side of the main character.

SYNTAX: <*sum*{}{}>Within XPressMath delimiters [&&] at the insertion point you can enter:

[&*sum*{abc}{def}&]

The resulting equation after importing with the XPressMath ASCII filter will be:

*** You cannot nest Summation procedures.

THE SUMMATION LIMIT ALIGNMENTThe Summation procedure allows the fields above or below the baselinecharacter to be center aligned, left aligned, or right aligned. The XPressMathdefault is center aligned. You do not need to specify this setting every timeyou create a summation, but that default setting can be changed to affectsubsequent functions created by the summation procedure.

When you change the current setting for the summation limit alignment,you set that value for any summations that will be created while the currentEquation Builder window remains open.



SETTING THE CURRENT SUMMATION LIMIT ALIGNMENTINTERACTIVELYTo set the summation limit alignment:

1 Within the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+E (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+E (on Windows). A Summation Selector dialog box displays.

2 Choose the alignment you want.

3 Click Select. The current setting will be made from then on until the currentediting window is closed.

4 To permanently change the default, open this dialog box for editingwith z+Option+Shift+E (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+E (on Windows),and click Make System Default.

SETTING THE SUMMATION LIMIT ALIGNMENT DEFAULT THROUGHTHE XPRESSMATH ASCII FILTER LANGUAGEWithin the XPressMath delimiters [&&], enter the string *SA*[]. Insidethe straight brace delimiters enter “L” for left align; “C” for center align, or“R” for right align. This string is effective from then on during the current importation process.

[&*SA*[L]x+*sum*{y}{z}&]

WORKING WITH INTEGRAL PROCEDURES

The Integral procedure basically places editable fields to the right of baseline character.The baseline character is usually predefined in the pi interface, but any keyboardcharacter can be used as the baseline character in the integral procedure.

Example:

EDITING AN INTEGRAL CHARACTERTo edit an integral character:

1 Press z+Option+Shift+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+J (on Windows) tobring up the main Pi Character Selector dialog box.

2 Enter (or double-click) a unique tag name for the Integral character youwant to edit.

3 Click Edit to enable the fields for editing.

4 Four unique features of an integral character are the Main Characters Count,Levels, Lower Limit Kern, and Limits Index



Main Character Count allows you to create a repeating character as the maincharacter. For example, to get a triple Integral, you can create a new characterbased on a single Integral with the Main Character Count set as “3”. Theresulting setup will be rendered as:

ACCESSING A SUP/INF SETUP FOR THE LIMITSKeeping in mind that the integral procedure places limits stacked to the rightof the main character, the level at which those limits sit must be set. Forexample, a display integral is approximately 180% larger than the base pointsize. The character itself is a three-level character. Set the level to three or thelimit only extends to the top and bottom of the first level.

Example: Setting the Level incorrectly results in the output:

The integral is an oblique character. Sometimes the lower limit displays toomuch space. Lower Limit Kern allows you to tuck the limit back to the right.

You can set the Sup/Inf Index for limit characters. The size and placement oflimits for an integral may be different from those for a summation. The limitindex allows you to use a predefined sup/sub setup as the default setting forlimit characters.

* * * The default superset has already set up a number of Integral procedures. Seethe Appendix for a detailed layout of Integral setups.

ACCESSING INTEGRALS INTERACTIVELYTo access integrals:

1 Within the Equation Builder window, at the insertion point press z+F (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+F (on Windows) to launch the procedure (or chooseOperations > Procedures > Integral ). The integral symbol displays in thenested procedure section of the Equation Builder window.

2 The Pi Character set field automatically changes to “1”. The next characteryou enter is the base integral character. The XPressMath default for a normalintegral is mapped to “I”. Enter capital “I”. The cursor automatically displaysat the top limit of the integral. You then insert the character(s) you wantinside the top limit.

3 When you have finished with the top limit, press Return (on Mac OS) orEnter (on Windows).



4 The cursor automatically moves to the bottom limit of the Integral. You theninsert the character(s) you want inside the bottom limit.

5 When you have finished with the bottom limit, press Return (on Mac OS) orEnter (on Windows). The procedure is put to an end.

The Integral procedure disappears in the nested procedure section of theEquation Builder window.

ACCESSING INTEGRALS WITH THE XPRESSMATH ASCIIFILTER LANGUAGEThe default ASCII tags for Integral are *int*{lim}{lim} for a normal displayIntegral, *smint*{lim}{lim} for an inline Integral or small Integral, and*vint*{lim}{lim} for Integrals that have limits on the right side of themain character.

Within XPressMath delimiters [&&] at the insertion point you can enter

[&*int*{abc}{def}&]

The result after XPressMath import is:

* * * You cannot nest Integral procedures.

STACK LIMITSTo stack limits:

1 You can stack limits by invoking the Stack Limit procedure in XPressMath. Whileinside a limit field within the summation or integral procedure press z+L(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+L (on Windows) to automatically stack limits above (if youare in a top limit) or below (if you are in a bottom limit). You can invoke thiscommand indefinitely.

2 To end the stacked limits, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows)to move to the next field. The cursor moves to the bottom field (if you are inthe top limit) or ends the procedure (if you are in the bottom limit).



* * * The stacked limit uses the same superior/inferior setup used for the other limits.

Stacking limits are not editable. If you set the procedure without stacking,you cannot go back and edit in stacked limits. The procedure must be re-enteredin this case.

3 To change the appearance of the stacked limit, invoke a new sup/inf index.You need to return the sup/inf value when you move to the next field or theprocedure uses that setting instead of the preference saved originally.

ACCESSING STACKED LIMITS THROUGH THE ASCII FILTER Within XPressMath delimiters [&&] at the insertion point inside the limitfield delimiters of a summation or integral procedure, enter *L* withoutdelimiters. Everything from that point to the end delimiter of the limit fieldis considered a stacked limiter. To enter a second stacked limit, enter another*L* and so on.

The string:

[&*sum*{ab*L*c}{de*L*f}&]

Results in:

WORKING WITH RADICAL PROCEDURES

The Radical procedure is mostly used for square root structures.

The Radical procedure can also be used any time you set a character that is followedby a rule. El-Hi division and angle definitions are two examples of this.

The default superset has a number of Radical procedures already set up. See theAppendix for a detailed layout of Radical setups.

EDITING A RADICAL CHARACTERTo edit a Radical character:

1 Press z+Option+Shift+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+J (on Windows) toopen the main Pi Character Selector dialog box.

2 Enter (or double-click) the unique tag name for the radical character youwant to edit.

3 Click Edit to enable the preference fields.



The unique feature of a radical character is the rule. When you resize an existingradical character (for example, changing the normal radical from 100% to 105%),the rule position and kerning value must also be adjusted. Keep in mind youare trying to match the character corner with the rule.

The XPressMath default Rule Weight % for radicals is 3.5. The Rule Offset %moves the rule vertically along the main character. The Rule Kern % movesthe rule horizontally along the main character.

* * * When adjusting the rule offset, the higher the positive number, the lower therule sits off the baseline; the higher the negative number, the higher the rulessits off the baseline.

When adjusting the rule kern, the higher the positive number, the closer tothe character the rule begins; the higher the negative number, the fartheraway from the character the rule begins.

ACCESSING RADICALS INTERACTIVELYTo access radicals:

1 Within the Equation Builder window, at the insertion point press z+R(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+R (on Windows) or choose Operations > Procedures >Radical. The radical symbol displays in the Nested Procedure field.

2 The pi character set automatically changes to “1”. The next character youenter is the character you mapped to the radical character. The default for anormal radical is mapped to “V”. Enter a capital “V”. You can then insert thecharacter(s) you want inside the radical.

3 When you have finished, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).

* * * The radical setups have been created with Auto-Upsize, which means if thecontents of the radical include multiple levels, XPressMath automaticallyremaps the radical character.

The default radical character was created to fit a full-size character with asuperscript. You can also choose a small radical, which fits a lowercase character without a superscript by substituting Option+V (on Mac OS) orAlt+V (on Windows) for the capital “V” in the above example.

The default XPressMath ASCII tags for radical are *rad*{content} for a normalradical, *smrad*{content} for lowercase characters without superscripts, and*cfrad*{content} for radicals that contain case fractions.



ACCESSING RADICALS WITH THE XPRESSMATH ASCIIFILTER LANGUAGEWithin XPressMath delimiters [&&] at the insertion point you can enter

[&*rad*{abc}&]

The result after XPressMath import is:

* * * To enter a multi-level radical, you still use the same syntax. XPressMath auto-matically recognizes a multi-level and chooses the appropriate radical character.For example, the single level radical *rad*{abd} uses the same syntax as themulti-level:

*rad*{*frac*{abc}{def}}.

Radical procedures can be nested upto 20 levels. To nest a radical inside aradical, see the Appendix.

WORKING WITH CASE FRACTION PROCEDURES

The case fraction procedure is used mostly to insert small, inline numeric fractions.The default case fraction is 65% of the base point size and will fit within mostparagraph leadings (9⁄11, 10⁄12) without oversetting the previous or following lines.

ACCESSING THE CASE FRACTION PROCEDURE INTERACTIVELYTo access the case fraction procedure:

1 In the Equation Builder window, at the insertion point press z+H(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+H (on Windows) or choose Operations > Procedures >Case Fraction. The Case Fraction procedure is turned on in the NestedProcedures field of the Equation Builder window.

2 The cursor is automatically moved to the numerator field. Insert the character(s)you want inside the numerator.

3 When you have finished with the numerator, press Return (on Mac OS) orEnter (on Windows). The cursor automatically moves to the denominator field.

4 Insert the character(s) you want inside the denominator.

5 When you have finished with the denominator, press Return (on Mac OS) orEnter (on Windows). The procedure is ended.



The Case Fraction procedure exits from the nested procedure section of theEquation Builder window.

EDITING CASE FRACTION SETUPSTo edit case fraction setups:

1 Inside a Equation Builder window, press z+Option+Shift+H (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+Shift+H (on Windows) or choose Operations > Edit ProceduresOptions > Case Fraction to display the Case Fraction Selector dialog box.XPressMath offers 20 different case fraction setups.

Case Fraction Selector dialog box

2 To edit a setup, enter (or double-click) an existing case fraction index.Click Edit to change any of the values.

3 Set the height and width in the Point Size and Set Width fields respectively.The 65% of the base point size means that if the base point size is 10 points,the characters in a case fraction are 6.5 points.

4 Set the weight and offset for the rule in the Rule Weight and Rule Offset fields,respectively. The default setting is a 3% thickness and 35% deflection offthe baseline.

5 Set the offset for the numerator and denominator in the Numerator offsetand Denominator offset fields. The default setting is 70% deflection offthe baseline.



6 Set the optical space over and under rule. This setting is for optimal spacing.The XPressMath default setting is 14% of the base point size. If the character(s)in either the numerator or denominator do not meet that value, XPressMathvertically moves that field proportionately. This automatically maintains anabsolute optimal spacing, unless the feature is turned off by specifying avalue of zero.

7 After editing, click Save.


CREATING A NEW CASE FRACTION SETUPTo create a new case fraction setup:

1 While inside an Equation Builder window, press z+Option+Shift+H(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+H (on Windows) or choose Supersets >Edit Procedures Options >Case Fraction to open the Case Fraction Selector dialog box.

2 Choose an unused setup by entering (or double-clicking) the XPressMathdefault tag name.

3 Click Edit. Enter a unique tag name (case sensitivity is important). You can thentab through the fields and make changes.

ACCESSING CASE FRACTION THROUGH THE XPRESSMATH ASCIIFILTER LANGUAGEInside XPressMath delimiters [&&], and at the point of insertion, enter theunique case fraction tag name inside procedure delimiters “**”. The XPressMathdefault case fraction tag is *cf*{}{}. So as an example, to create a simplefraction, enter the following text:v

[&2*cf*{1}{2}&]

The result is:

* * * The default superset has a number of case fraction setups, including casefractions without rules, and case fractions with tighter leading for specialized purposes.

You can nest case fractions upto 20 levels. See the Appendix for more detailedinformation on Case Fraction options.



WORKING WITH MATRIX PROCEDURES

To create a matrix with XPressMath, define the parameters of that particularmatrix. The XPressMath default superset defines the default matrix as enteredAcross/Down, Center Aligned, Computed Column Widths, and three rows bythree columns. Of course, not all matrices are set up this way. So it is important todefine each matrix just before each one is built.

The Matrix preference selector is now available, so if you have a series of matrices thatshare the same preferences, you need not define every matrix.

DEFINING A MATRIX INTERACTIVELYTo define a matrix:

1 In the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+M (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+M (on Windows) to display the Matrix Selector dialog box.

Matrix Selector dialog box

2 Select the required keyboard input sequence: Across/Down or Down/Across.

3 Select the required alignment of the columns: Center, Left, or Right.

4 Next, you have the option to allow XPressMath to automatically ComputeColumn Widths. XPressMath finds the widest field in any given column andadjusts the width of the column accordingly. Unchecking Compute ColumnWidths changes the Gutter Width field to a column width field for specific values.

5 Define the number of columns and rows.

6 You have the choice to keep these preferences as the application default.To do so, display the Matrix Selector dialog box with z+Option+Shift+M(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+M (on Windows) and click Make system default.



7 When you click Select, you invoke the Matrix procedure. The Matrix symboldisplays in the Nested Procedure field.

A sample matrix:

This matrix has three rows, three columns, and is center aligned.

XPressMath moves the cursor to the first row, first column field:

1 Enter 2.


3 Enter 0.


5 Enter 0.

6 Press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows) (this moves the cursor tothe second row of the first column).

7 Enter 0.


9 Enter 2.


11 Enter i.

12 Press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows) (this moves the cursor tothe third row of the first column).

13 Enter 0.


15 Enter i.


17 Enter 2 and press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows). This moves youout of the matrix and ends the procedure.

The matrix symbol disappears from the Nested Procedures field of theEquation Builder window.

* * * You can nest any procedure while in a column/row field.



CREATING A MATRIX WITH THE ASCII FILTERThe syntax for an ASCII matrix reflects the syntax used in the interactivedialog. Just as in the interactive matrix, you need to set up the matrix.

The setup and usage syntax is as follows (see Appendix A for details):

~MAT~ CALLS OUT THE MATRIX SETUP

[A%B%C%D%E%F] Reflect the fields within an interactive matrix setup window A=Rows B=Columns C=Alignment D= column width if fixed columns, gutter width if computed columns. (value = % of base point size) E=Calculated or Fixed columns F=Input series (A= across and down, D=down and across)

*MAT* Begins matrix

{}{}{} Reflects the fields and cells

% Separates the fields within a row or column

A two-by-two center-aligned matrix is entered like this:

[&~MAT~[2%2%C%120.0%C%A]*MAT*{a%b}{c%d}&]

The result is:

*** You cannot nest Matrix procedures.



WORKING WITH MATH RULE PROCEDURES

The Math Rule procedure sets a rule beginning from the insertion point and continuesuntil the procedure is put to an end by the operator or at the end of the equation.The baseline deflection, rule weight, and color can all be set as preferences in 20different setups. Underline, cancellation and vector arrows can all be set with theMath Rule procedure. The default math rule tag is “obar”. This sets a horizontalblack bar, 3.5% the width of the base point size, with a deflection 60% above thebaseline. While setting 10 point math, this means 6 points above the baseline (or 2points above most lowercase alphabetic and greek characters).

ACCESSING THE MATH RULE PROCEDURE INTERACTIVELYTo access math rule procedure:

1 In the Equation Builder window, at the insertion point, press z+Option+Y(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Y (on Windows) or choose Operations > Procedures > Math Rule.

2 Enter (or double-click) an existing math rule tag. Click Select. The MathRule procedure is turned on in the Nested Procedures field of EquationBuilder window.

3 To end the procedure, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).The procedure disappears from the Nested Procedures field.

4 To end the procedure, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).

5 One of the Math Rule procedures exits from the Nested Procedure fieldin the Equation Builder window. Press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (onWindows) again to end the second procedure.

Press z+Y (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Y (on Windows), enter “agc” and pressReturn (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).

This results in the equation:

* * * You can nest Math Rules inside Math Rules, but if you choose the sameprocedure, the rule displays as only one rule.

The default superset has a number of Math Rule setups. See the Appendix formore detailed information on Math Rules.



NESTING MATH RULESNest Math Rules inside Math Rules by accessing one setup and then accessinganother. For example:

1 Press z+Option+Y (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Y (on Windows).

2 Enter (or double-click) “orule”.

3 Click Select.

4 Press z+Option+Y (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Y (on Windows) again, press(or double-click) “dorule”.

5 Click Get.

The two Math Rule procedures get activated in the Nested Procedures field inthe Equation Builder window.

EDITING MATH RULE SETUPSTo edit a math rule setup:

1 While inside the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+Shift+Y(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Y (on Windows) or choose Superset >Edit Procedures Options > Math Rule to open the Math Rule Selector dialog box. XPressMath offers 20 different math rule setups.

2 To edit a setup, enter (or double-click) an existing math rule index.

3 Click Edit to change any of the values.

4 After editing new changes, click Save.

5 You can then access that setup by clicking Select or close the Math RuleSelector dialog box by clicking Exit.

CREATING A NEW MATH RULE SETUPTo create a new math rule setup:

1 Inside the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+Shift+Y (on Mac OS)or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Y (on Windows) or choose Superset > Edit ProceduresOptions > Math Rule to open the Math Rule Selector dialog box.

2 Choose an unused index by entering (or double-clicking) an XPressMathdefault tag name.

3 Click Edit.

4 Enter a unique tag name (case sensitivity is important). You can then tabthrough and make changes in the appropriate fields.

5 After making new changes, click Save.




CANCELLATION RULESThere are two fields for vertical offsets for the math rules. When theseare different, the rule sets on a slope. See the Appendix for existing cancellation setups.

ACCESSING MATH RULES THROUGH THE ASCII LANGUAGEInside XPressMath delimiters [&&], and at the point of insertion, enter theunique math rule tag name inside procedure delimiters “**”.

1 The XPressMath default math rule tag for underline is *uline*{}. So as anexample, to create a line under character press z+S (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+S (on Windows) and enter this text:

[&*uline*{abc}&]

The result is:

2 To nest math rules inside math rules, enter a second unique XPressMath ASCIItag inside the first XPressMath ASCII tag delimiters.

[&*obar*{*dobar*{abc}}&]

The result is:

WORKING WITH FORCE LEVEL PROCEDURES

There may be times when you need to force a part of an equation to be either raisedor lowered to another full level. When the procedure is called either through theXPressMath ASCII language or interactively, the change is from then on or until theend of the equation.

USING FORCE LEVEL INTERACTIVELYTo access force level:

1 At the insertion point press z+; (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+; (on Windows) or chooseOperations > Procedures > Force Level. The Force Level dialog box displays.

Force Level dialog box



2 Insert a positive or negative value for moving the baseline. For example, tomove the baseline one full level above the original baseline, insert 1. To movethe baseline two full levels under the original baseline, insert –2. Force levelvalues range from –15 to 15.

USING FORCE LEVEL THROUGH THE XPRESSMATH ASCIIFILTER LANGUAGEWithin XPressMath ASCII delimiters [&&], at the point you want to move thebaseline enter *FL*[] (case sensitive). Inside the straight base delimiters, enterthe positive or negative value you wish to move the baseline. When you wantto move the baseline back to the original position, enter *FL*[0].

* * * When moving from level to level, you do not need to reset to 0. Enteringwith the ASCII filter (and interactively by pressing z+Option+; on Mac OSand Ctrl+Alt+; on Windows) enter:

*FL*[-3]abc*FL*[3]def

XPressMath moves the baseline from three full levels under the originalbaseline to three full levels above the original baseline.

When entering with the ASCII language, if XPressMath comes across “*FL*”,it expects to see the delimiter “[“ as the next character followed by a value(positive or negative) then the closing “]”. If it does not, XPressMath dis-plays an alert. Once the *FL* delimiters are satisfied, “[“ becomes a straightbrace character.

WORKING WITH STACKING PROCEDURES

Stacking procedures allow characters to be positioned and horizontally aligned directlyabove or below the baseline including or excluding content along the baseline.

THE STACKING PROCEDUREThis procedure allows vertical stacking and horizontal aligning of all three, orany two of:

• Main baseline elements

• Over elements

• Under elements

WORKING WITH FORCE LEVEL PROCEDURES


EXAMPLE

The example uses the stack option with the tag “lim” to set up a procedure(the Roman style tag and the “rarr” pi character tag are also used). The stackingprocedure is general in nature and can be used very effectively.

CREATING A STACKIn the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+T (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+T (on Windows) or choose Operation > Procedures Options >Stacking. The Stacking Selector dialog box displays.

Stacking Selector dialog box

The values for the procedure are set in this order.

• Baseline

• Over

• Under

You can create a stack that enables all three or any combination of two:

• If all three fields are checked, the stacking procedure places the Baseline, thenOver, and then Under.

• If only Over and Under are checked, the procedure will begin with Over, thenmove to Under.

• If Baseline along with one other option are checked, the program will beginsetting in the Baseline first.



CHOOSING A STACKING PROCEDURE INDEX INTERACTIVELYTo specify a stacking procedure:

1 In the Equation Builder window, at the insertion point, press z+Option+T(on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+T (on Windows) or choose Operations > Procedures Options > Stack.

2 Enter (or double-click) the XPressMath stacking tag. For example, choose“oscr”. The preferences for that unique tag displays at right.

3 Click Select. The procedure and index level displays in the nesting proceduresection of the Equation Builder window.

4 Beginning from the main field, (assuming the baseline field is active), insertcharacter(s). To move to the next field, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter(on Windows) and insert the next set of character(s).

5 To end the procedure, press Return (on Mac OS) or Enter (on Windows).

* * * The default superset has a number of stacking setups. See the Appendix fordetailed information on stacking setups.

You must define a stacking setup in conjunction with a Superior/Inferior setupin order to set the size and position of the over and under elements.

ACCESSING STACKING WITH THE ASCII LANGUAGEWithin XPressMath delimiters [&&] at the insertion point, access the stackingprocedure by entering the unique tag name within the procedure delimiters“**”. For our example, you enter:

[&*oscr*{a+b}{~rom~always|sp|positive~norm~}&]

The result is:

*** You cannot nest Stacking procedures.



WORKING WITH SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PROCEDURES

The superior and inferior function of XPressMath allows the baseline to move apercentage above or below the original baseline. A Superior/Inferior setup determinesthe size and percentage of deflection off the baseline. The default superior/inferiorpreference is set for superscripts and subscripts.

SUPERIOR/INFERIORSuperior and Inferior procedures stack automatically when called sequentially,with no intervening full-size character. In example:

1 Enter v.

2 Press z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows).

3 Enter 2.

4 Press z+= (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+= (on Windows).

5 Press z+U (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+U (on Windows).

6 Enter 0.

If you do not want to stack the superior and inferiors, place a space betweenthe superior and inferior callouts.

THE DEFAULT SUPERIOR/INFERIOR INDEX SETTINGSXPressMath comes with a default setting for superior/inferiors. The values areset at:

• Base point size: 65%

• Superior baseline deflection: 40%

• Inferior baseline deflection: 20%

When choosing a superior, press z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows).The procedure and index level is displayed in the Equation Builder window.

Beginning at the insertion point, everything entered displays at 65% of thebase point size and 40% above the baseline. To return to the previous values(or the status at the original insertion point) press z+= (on Mac OS)or Ctrl+= (on Windows).

Enter x, press z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows), enter 2 and pressz+= (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+= (on Windows). This becomes

When entering an inferior, press z+U (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+U (on Windows).Beginning at the insertion point, everything you enter displays 65% of thebase point size and 20% below the baseline. To return to the previous values(or the status at the original insertion point) press z+] (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+](on Windows).



Enter H, press z+U (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+U (on Windows). Enter 2, press z+](on Mac OS) or Ctrl+] (on Windows) and enter O.

It results in:

ACCESSING A SUPERIOR/INFERIOR SETUPTo access a superior/inferior setup:

1 While inside the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+= (onMac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+= (on Windows) or choose Operations >Procedures Options > Superior/Inferior to open the Superior/InferiorSelector dialog box.

2 Enter an existing tag (or double-click it), the preferences displays for that setupalong the right side of the box.

3 Click Select. Superiors or inferiors entered from that point on are set using thevalues of that setup.

EDITING SUPERIOR/INFERIOR INDEX VALUESTo edit superior/inferior index values:

1 To edit a setup, enter (or double-click) an existing Superior/Inferior tag.

2 Click Edit. This enables you to change any of the preference values.

3 Edit the values and click Save.

4 You can then access that setup by clicking Select or close the Superior/InferiorSelector dialog box by clicking Exit.

* * * The default superset has a number of Superior/Inferior setups. See the Appendixfor a more detailed layout of Superior/Inferior options.

CREATING A NEW SUPERIOR/INFERIOR SETUPTo create a new superior/inferior setup:

1 Inside the Equation Builder window, press z+Option+Shift+= (on Mac OS)or Ctrl+Alt+Shift+= (on Windows) or choose Supersets > Edit ProceduresOptions > Superior/Inferior to display the Superior/Inferior Selector dialog box. XPressMath offers 20 different setups.

2 Choose an unused setup by entering (or double-clicking) an XPressMathdefault tag name.

3 Click Edit.

4 Enter a unique tag name (case sensitivity is important). You can then tabthrough and make changes in the appropriate fields.



5 The Point Size is based on the base point size. For example, with thesepreferences, if you were setting 10-point math, the sup/inf characterswill be 6.5 points.

6 The Set Width is a horizontal scale based on the Base Point Size.

7 Superior Offset default is set at 40% baseline deflection.

8 The Inferior Offset is set at 20% below the baseline deflection by default.

9 Pi Space is a percentage of the space to the left and right around operators,such as ‘=’, when these operators display in superior or inferior strings, suchas limits. The space is usually greatly reduced in these cases.

10 After making changes, click Save.

11 You can then enable that index by clicking Select or close the Superior/InferiorSelector dialog box by clicking Exit.

NESTING THE SUPERIOR/INFERIOR PROCEDUREOnce you have accessed Superior/Inferior characters, you can continue to nestSuperior/Inferior. If, for example, you have chosen the default Superior/Inferiorindex, and have started a superscript, press z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (onWindows). You can begin another superscript by pressing z+G (on Mac OS)or Ctrl+G (on Windows). All characters entered thereafter are 65% of thesize of the first superior size (which was 65% of the original base point size),and 40% deflection above the first superior baseline (which was 40% abovethe original baseline).

Enter g and press z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows) and enter 2,it becomes:

Enter g and press z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows). Enter 2, press z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows) and enter 3. It becomes:

To return to the previous baseline, press z+] (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+](on Windows). This returns to the values prior to the insertion of thelast z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows). To return to the originalbaseline press z+= (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+= (on Windows).

The sequence:

1 Enter xy.


3 Enter 2.




5 Enter y.

6 Press z+] (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+] (on Windows).

7 Enter 2.


Becomes:

And the sequence:

1 Enter xy.


3 Enter 2.


5 Enter y.


7 Enter 2.

Becomes:

STACKED SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTSXPressMath offers a feature that automatically stacks superscripts and subscripts.

1 Begin a superscript by pressing z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows).

2 Enter the character(s).

3 Return to the baseline by pressing z+= (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+= (on Win-dows).

4 Begin a subscript by pressing z+U (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+U (on Windows).

5 Enter the character(s).

6 Return to baseline by pressing z+= (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+= (on Windows).

This can involve any Superior/Inferior setup.

MULTI-LEVEL SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS FOROVERSIZED CHARACTERSIf the super-subscript feature is invoked to the right of a pi character that hasa multi-level value in its setup, the sup/sub characters go to that level. Thesemulti-level superiors and inferiors also stack automatically.



Use the Levels field for a pi character: z+Option+Shift+J (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+Shift+J (on Windows).

This is particularly useful, for example, for setting exponents for multi-level parents.

ENTERING SUPERIOR/INFERIOR PROCEDURE WITH THEXPRESSMATH ASCII FILTER LANGUAGEASCII coding for superscripts ^{content} and subscripts _{content} can beinvoked anywhere within XPressMath delimiters [&&].

[&x^{2}|sp|~rom~or~norm~|sp|y_{3}&]

Becomes:

To nest super- subscripts, insert the string inside the curly brace delimiters“{}”.

[&ab^{x^{2}}|sp|~rom~or~norm~|sp|y_{3^{z}}&]

Becomes:

ACCESSING SUPERIOR/INFERIOR SETUPS IN ASCII LANGUAGETo enter stacked super- subscripts enter ^{} followed by _{}.

[&x^{2}_{y}&]

Becomes:

Prior to invoking a super or subscript, set the index by placing the Superior/Inferior index tag within “**” delimiters.

In the equation [&ab*supinf*^{2}&], the superscript will have thepreferences of the setup associated with “supinf” in the Superior/InferiorSelector dialog box.



Appendix: WWdocThe following list of characters and procedures is an exhaustive compilation of

characters from many different sources. Most pi characters are found in this appendix.

The procedures found in WWdoc are not the limit of XPressMath. It is, however,

designed to meet most needs for creating mathematical structures easily

and professionally.

All procedures are shown and explained with the base point size set at 10 points.

This is necessary when talking about percentage. Because XPressMath can scale all

or part of an equation, we assume 10-point math. For example, 20% of 10 points

is 2 points. So 2 points of clear space from a radical rule to the highest character on

that level is true for 10 points, but understood at all base point sizes.

Most of these procedures can be accessed through the pi character interface,

by z+Option+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+J (on Windows), entering

(or double-clicking) the unique tag name and clicking Select to start the procedure.

RESERVED CHARACTERS

In the ASCII language, XPressMath and WWdoc have set aside reserved charactersfor both procedures and delimiters.

PI CHARACTERSTo access pi characters WWdoc uses the pipe keyboard stroke “|” (normallyShift+\ on most keyboards). These pipes are matched. When importing, ifXPressMath finds a pipe “|”, it searches for the matching pipe “|”. The con-tent inside these delimiters must match a setting inside the main pi charactersets. If no tag name exists, or an end delimiter is not found, an error “<XPressMath Error : No such remap tag>” displays at the error point. To enter a normalpipe, WWdoc has created the tag “|pipe|”.

PROCEDURESTo access procedures, WWdoc uses the asterisk keystroke “*” (normally Shift+8on most keyboards). These delimiters are matched. When importing, ifXPressMath finds an asterisk “*”, it searches for the matching asterisk “*”.

RESERVED CHARACTERS

APPENDIX: WWDOC | 87

The content inside these delimiters must match a procedure call. All procedurecalls are created using a series of curly brace delimiters “{}” depending on theprocedure. For example, radical procedures use only one set of delimiters*rad*{abc}, while some stacking procedures use three *tdef*{abc}{def}{ghi}. If amatching asterisk “*” is not found, or the required content delimiters are notrealized, an error “<XPressMath Error : No such function tag>” displays atthe error point. To enter a normal asterisk, WWdoc has created the tag“|ast|”.

CONTENT DELIMITERSThe content delimiter “{}” is used by WWdoc to hold all the informationused by a procedure. These delimiters are matched. If an end curly bracedelimiter is missing or misplaced, XPressMath continues as if that procedurefield was never closed. The equation may import, but the result may be incor-rect. To enter normal curly braces, WWdoc has created two tags “|cbo|” (curlybrace open) and “|cbc|” (curly brace close). Since curly braces are commonfences in math equations open and close are needed to ensure the AutoUpsizing feature works.

STYLESWWdoc has reserved the tilde keystroke “~” (normally Shift+` on most key-boards) for attribute changes. Style changes are delimited by “~~” delimiters.When importing, if XPressMath finds a tilde “~”, it searches for the match-ing tilde “~”. The content inside these delimiters must match a setting insidethe Style Selector section of XPressMath. If no tag name exists, or an enddelimiter is not found, an error “<XPressMath Error : No such style tag>”displays at the error point. To enter a normal tilde, WWdoc has created the tag“|tilde|”. More commonly, a tilde is used as an accent. In that case,WWdoc has created the |Atil| tag name that is mostly used in the accent pro-cedure.

PERCENTAGE SIGN AS TAB CHARACTERWWdoc has also used the percentage sign “%” as a reserved character. Apercentage sign is used as a tab character, which moves the cursor from fieldto field when setting up preferences. It is also used in a matrix to move fromlevel to level when setting the contents. To enter a normal percentage sign,WWdoc has created the tag “|perc|”.

UPPERCASE PREFERENCE SETTING TAGSAnother keystroke WWdoc has used as a reserved character is the straightbrace “[]”. A straight brace is used as a delimiter to hold preference infor-mation. When not following a preference callout, the straight brace printsas literal straight brace.

RESERVED CHARACTERS

88 | APPENDIX: WWDOC

Uppercase tags in asterisk delimiters “**” are used to set default preferences orinsertion point changes.

*AP* Is used to denote an alignment point.

*AS* Is used to denote an alignment space.

*UB* Is used to show where an AutoUpsizing Begins.

*UE* Is used to show where an AutoUpsizing Ends.

*N*[h%v] Is used to show the nudge value of insertion point. Inside thestraight brace delimiters, the first field is the positive or negative horizontalvalue percentage. The percentage sign acts as the tab to the next field. Thesecond field is the positive or negative vertical value percentage.

Example: *N*[-20%30] will move the insertion point a negative 20% horizontally,and 30% vertically.

DEFAULT PREFERENCE SETTING TAGS*FL*[?] Is used to show the force level value at the insertion point.

~TINT*[C%Sh%OP]

Shows the setting for tinting an equation box.

C=case sensitive color name, SH=shade percentage

OP=Optical Pad around equation

Uppercase tag in tilde delimiters “~~”, are used to set default preferenceschanges. These changes are “from now on”.

~ML~[?] Shows default setting for math leading

~SA~[?] Shows default setting for summation limit alignment.

L=left, C=Center, R=Right

~MAT~[C%R%A%W%F%K]

Shows default setting for matrix.

C=columns, R=rows, A=alignment (L=left, C=center, R=right), W=column width,F= Fixed or Computed Columns (F=fixed, C=computed), K= keyboard sequence(A=across and down, D=down and across)

RESERVED CHARACTERS


RADICALS

Shortcut key: z+R (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+R (on Windows)

Syntax: *rad*{}

Radicals are characters with a horizontal rule extending to the right over thecontents. WWdoc uses the syntax “rad” to define a normal radical. A normalradical will have a 2-point clear space for a normal font character with asuperscript (whether the superscript exists or not).

SYNTAX DESCRIPTION ASCII CODE

*rad*{} normal [&*rad*{ab}&] radical

A small radical will have a 2-point clear space for a lowercase character only.

*smrad*{} small [&*smrad*{a}&] radical

A radical is created to fit a case fraction as content

*radcf* case [&*radcf*{*cf*{a}{b}}&]{*cf*{?}{?}} fraction radical

* * * The above radicals are the norm and have been created for AutoUpsizing.

RADICAL WITH INDEXTo insert an index number with a radical, a pi character with the index is thefirst item inside the radical content.

INDEX ASCII INDEX ASCII

NUMBER CODE NUMBER CODE

3 |index3| 5 |index5|

7 |index7| 9 |index9|

n |indexn| m |indexm|

o |indexo| p |indexp|

*rad* normal radical [&*rad*{|index3|a}&]{|index?|?} with index

3 |smindx3| for *smrad*

*smrad* small radical [&*smrad*{|smidx3|a}&]{|smidx3|?} with index 3

RADICALS


NESTED RADICALSTo enter a radical inside a radical, WWdoc has named the procedure based onthe number of levels. This is upsizing a radical, these radicals are one levelnested characters.

RADICAL INSIDE A RADICAL

*drad*{}

[&*drad*{x*rad*{y}}&]

TRIPLE RADICAL

*trad*{}

[&*UB**trad*{x*UB**drad*{y*UB**rad*{z}}}&]

QUAD RADICAL

*qrad*{}

[&*qrad*{x*trad*{y*drad*{z*rad*{a}}}}&]

QUINT RADICAL

*quintrad*{}

[&*quintrad*{x*qrad*{y*trad*{z*drad*{z*rad*{z}}}}}&]

6 LEVEL RADICAL

*sextrad*{}

[&*sextrad*{x*quintrad*{y*qrad*{z*trad*{a*drad*{b*rad*

{c}}}}}}&]

RADICALS


7 LEVEL RADICAL

*septrad*{}

[&*septrad*{w*sextrad*{x*quintrad*{y*qrad*{z*trad*{a*drad*

{b*rad*{c}}}}}}}&]

8 LEVEL RADICAL

*octrad*{}

[&*octrad*{u*septrad*{v*sextrad*{x*quintrad*{y*qrad*{z*trad*

{a*drad*{b*rad*{c}}}}}}}}&]

SUMMATION

Keyboard shortcut: z+E (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+E (on Windows)

Syntax: *sum*{}{}

Summations are created by placing limits above and below asummation character.

SUMMATION

*sum*{}{}

[&*sum*{4}{n-1}&]

INLINE SUMMATIONSA variant summation resembles a normal integral in that the limits are placedto the right of the summation character.

VARIANT SUMMATION

*vsum*{}{}

[&*vsum*{a}{b}&]

RADICALS


OTHER SUMMATIONSA small summation is used mostly inline where the summation must fit withina paragraph’s leading.

SMALL SUMMATION (INLINE)

*smsum*{}{}

[&*smsum*{a}{b}&]

SMALL DOUBLE SUMMATION

*smdsum*{}{}

[&*smdsum*{a}{b}&]

SMALL TRIPLE SUMMATION

*smtsum*{}{}

[&*smtsum*{a}{b}&]

SMALL QUAD SUMMATION

*smqsum*{}{}

[&*smqsum*{a}{b}&]

DOUBLE SUMMATION

*dsum*{}{}

[&*dsum*{a+b}{a-b}&]

TRIPLE SUMMATION

*tsum*{}{}

[&*tsum*{a+b}{a-b}&]

SUMMATION


QUAD SUMMATION

*qsum*{}{}

[&*qsum*{a+b}{a-b}&]

Unique to a summation and integral procedure, the limit extends to anotherlevel above the top limit or below the bottom limit

* * * You can stack as many limits as you want.

STACKED SUP/SUBS OVER LIMITS

*L*?

[&*sum*{n*L*{a-1}}{x*L*{a+1}}&]

INTEGRAL

Shortcut key: z+F (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+F (on Windows)

Syntax: *int*{}{}

Integral procedures are normally rendered with the limits on the right side ofthe main character.

* * * The integral procedure is set up in the pi character interface. Any characteralong with the level of that character can be set with the integral procedure.

INTEGRAL

*int*{}{}

[&*int*{1}{4-|inf|}&]

SUMMATION


VARIANT INTEGRAL

*vint*{}{}

[&*vint*{4}{i-|inf|}id&]

SMALL INTEGRAL (INLINE)

*smint*{}{}

[&*smint*{a}{ab}&]

“O” INTEGRAL

*oint*{}{}

[&*oint*{x}{xy}&]

SMALL O-INTEGRAL

*smoint*{}{}

[&*smoint*{a}{b}&]

SMALL DOUBLE INTEGRAL

*smdint*{}{}

[&*smdint*{a}{b}&]

SMALL TRIPLE INTEGRAL

*smtint*{}{}

[&*smtint*{a}{b}&]

INTEGRAL


CONTOUR INTEGRAL

*cint*{}{}

[&*cint*{a}{c}&]

VARIANT CONTOUR INTEGRAL

*vcint*{}{}

[&*vcint*{a}{c}&]

SMALL CONTOUR INTEGRAL

*smcint*{}{}

[&*smcint*{a}{c}&]

SMALL VARIANT CONTOUR INTEGRAL

*smvcont*{}{}

[&*smvcint*{a}{b}&]

DOUBLE INTEGRAL

*dint*{}{}

[&*dint*{x}{xy}&]

INTEGRAL


TRIPLE INTEGRAL

*tint*{}{}

[&*tint*{x}{xy}&]

DOUBLE VARIANT INTEGRAL

*vdint*{}{}

[&*vdint*{n+1}{n-1}&]

TRIPLE VARIANT INTEGRAL

*vtint*{}{}

[&*vtint*{n+1}{n-1}&]

QUAD VARIANT INTEGRAL

*vqint*{}{}

[&*vqint*{n+1}{n-1}&]

DOUBLE O-INTEGRAL

*doint*{}{}

[&*doint*{n+1}{n-1}&]

INTEGRAL


PRODUCT

Shortcut key: z+E then Shift+P (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+E then Shift+P(on Windows)

Syntax: *prod*{}{}

The Product is set as a summation character in the pi character interface.

PRODUCT

*prod*{}{}

[&*prod*{d}{i=0}id&]

VARIANT PRODUCT

*vprod*{}{}

[&*vprod*{d}{i=0}id&]

SMALL PRODUCT

*smprod*{}{}

[&*smprod*{d}{i=0}id&]

DOUBLE PRODUCTS

*dprod*{}{}

[&*dprod*{a}{b}&]

TRIPLE PRODUCTS

*tprod*{}{}

[&*tprod*{d}{x+y}&]

PRODUCT


SMALL DOUBLE PRODUCT

*smdprod*{}{}

[&*smdprod*{a}{b}&]

SMALL TRIPLE PRODUCT

*smtprod*{}{}

[&*smtprod*{a}{b}&]

UNION

Shortcut key: z+E then Shift+U (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+E then Shift+U (on Windows)

Syntax: *union*{}{}

The Union is set as a summation character in the pi character interface.Interactively, a product is set with <z-e>-<U>

UNION

*union*{}{}

[&*union*{d}{i=0}id&]

VARIANT UNION

*vunion*{}{}

[&*vunion*{d}{i=0}&]

SMALL UNION

*smunion*{}{}

[&*smunion*{d}{i=0}&]

PRODUCT


DOUBLE UNION

*dunion*{}{}

[&*dunion*{a}{b}&]

TRIPLE UNION

*tunion*{}{}

[&*tunion*{a}{b}&]

SMALL DOUBLE UNION

*smdunion*{}{}

[&*smdunion*{a}{b}&]

SMALL TRIPLE UNION

*smtunion*{}{}

[&*smtunion*{a}{b}&]

UNION PLUS

*unionplus*{}{}

[&*unionplus*{a}{b}&]

UNION


INTERSECTION

Shortcut key: z+E then z+Shift+3+U (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+E thenCtrl+Shift+3+U (on Windows)

Syntax: *inters*{}{}

The Intersection looks like an upside down Union; it is set as a summationcharacter in the pi character interface.

INTERSECTION

*inters*{}{}

[&*inters*{a}{b}&]

DOUBLE INTERSECTION

*dinters*{}{}

[&*dinters*{a}{b}&]

TRIPLE INTERSECTION

*tinters*{}{}

[&*tinters*{a}{b}&]

VARIANT INTERSECTION

*vinters*{}{}

[&*vinters*{a}{b}&]

VARIANT DOUBLE INTERSECTION

*vdinters*{}{}

[&*inters*{a}{b}&]

INTERSECTION


VARIANT TRIPLE INTERSECTION

*vtinters*{}{}

[&*inters*{a}{b}&]

SMALL INTERSECTION

*smdinters*{}{}

[&*sminters*{a}{b}&]

SMALL DOUBLE INTERSECTION

*smdinters*{}{}

[&*smdinters*{a}{b}&]

SMALL TRIPLE INTERSECTION

*smtinters*{}{}

[&*smtinters*{a}{b}&]

LIMITS

Shortcut key: z+Option+T (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+T (on Windows)

Syntax: *lim*{}{}

Limits are set using the stacking procedure. “Lim” will set a full-size baselinewith a 65% deflection under the baseline.

* * * The baseline content is not considered Roman unless the style is changed. Thenthe under baseline limit is not normal style unless reset.

A macro for roman “lim” and family has been created for the default superset.This macro sets a thin space before and after the baseline content.

INTERSECTION


LIMIT WITH SUB IN CURLYS

*lim*{!lim!}{}

[&*lim*{!lim!}{n|rarr||inf|}&]

LIMIT SUPERIOR

*lim*{!lims!}{}

[&*lim*{!lims!}{n|rarr||inf|}&]

LIMIT INFERIOR

*lim*{!limi!}{}

[&*lim*{!limi!}{n|rarr||inf|}&]

LIMIT POSITIVE

*lim*{!pos!}{}

[&*lim*{!pos!}{n|rarr||inf|}&]

LIMIT NEGATIVE

*lim*{!neg!}{}

[&*lim*{!neg!}{n|rarr||inf|}&]

LIMITS


DEFINITION

Shortcut Key: z+Option+T (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+T (on Windows)

Syntax: *def*{}{}

A definition procedure is a common math structure. A definition has atighter leading than a two level matrix. It is set using the stacking procedure.

* * * Most definitions are set with an open (but no close) fence. Notice how thethree level fence is set with the pi character tag “3{“ (ASCII: |3{|).

DEFINITION

*def*{}{}

[&*def*{dy=0}{dw|ne|0}&]

DEFINITION THREE LEVELS

*tdef*{}{}

[&*tdef*{dy=0}{dw|ne|0}{d=b}&]

FRACTIONS

Shortcut key: z+D (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+D (on Windows)

Syntax: *frac*{}{}

Most fractions are set with the default rule weight of 3.5%. A fraction with aheavier rule is called out with the pi character tag “hfrac”.

FRACTION

*frac*{}{}

[&*frac*{a}{b}&]

DEFINITION


HEAVY FRACTION BAR

*hfrac*{}{}

[&*hfrac*{*frac*{a}{b}}{c}&]

CASE FRACTIONCase fractions usually are created to fit within a paragraph’s leading.

CASE FRACTION

*cf*{}{}

[&*cf*{a}{b}&]

SPECIAL FRACTIONSThis tag inserts the numerator and denominator before the dollar signs.

DIAGONAL FRACTION

!dfrac!$$

a/b

SPECIAL FRACTION

!sfrac!$$

a/b

SOLIDUS FRACTIONA solidus fraction is set by placing the pi character between the linearnumerator and denominator.

SOLIDUS FRACTION

|sol|

a/b

FRACTIONS


MATH RULES

Shortcut key: z+Option+Y (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+Y (on Windows)

Syntax: *obar*{}{}

A math rule placed over a lowercase character is set 2 points over the character.All uppercase characters and lowercase characters with ascenders use the*obar* procedure, which sets the rule 2 points above those characters.

OVER RULE FOR LOWERCASE

*orule*{}

[&*orule*{a}&]

OVER BAR FOR CAPITAL OR ASCENDERS

*obar*{}

[&*obar*{d}&]

DOUBLE OVER BAR

*dobar*{*obar*{}}

[&*dobar*{*obar*{d}}&]

TRIPLE OVER BAR

*tobar*{*dobar*{*obar*{}}}

[&*tobar*{*dobar*{*obar*{d}}}&]

MATH RULES


UNDERLINE


Syntax: *uline*{}{}

Underline rules are set 2 points below the lowest point of the characterwith the decender.

UNDERLINE

*uline*{}

[&*uline*{a-1=0}&]

DOUBLE UNDERLINE

*duline*{*uline*{}}

[&*duline*{*uline*{a-1=0}}&]

CANCELLATION


Syntax: *canc*{}{}

CANCELLATION

*canc*{}

[&*canc*{abcd}&]

DOWN CANCELLATION

*dcanc*{}

[&*dcanc*{abcd}&]

DOUBLE CANCELLATION

*dcanc*{*canc*{}}

[&*dcanc*{*canc*{abcd}}&]

UNDERLINE


ANGLE

Shortcut key: z+Option+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+J (on Windows)

Syntax: *ang*{}{}

The angle procedure is created using the radical character attributes.

ANGLE

*angl*{}

[&*angl*{abcdef}&]

VECTORS

Shortcut key: z+Option+Y+ |right arrow key| (on Mac OS) orCtrl+Alt+Y+ |right arrow key| (on Windows)

Syntax: *ucacc*{}+ |right arrow key|

Vector arrows are created using a math rule and adding a vector arrow picharacter. Notice the commands and arrowhead differ between uppercase andlowercase, or underline characters.

UPPERCASE OVER BAR WITH UPPERCASE ARROWHEAD

*obar*{}|ucarrhd|

[&*obar*{abcd}|ucarrhd|&]

LOWERCASE OVER RULE WITH LOWERCASE ARROWHEAD

*orule*{}|lcarrhd|

[&*orule*{acgn}|lcarrhd|&]

UNDERLINE WITH UNDERLINE ARROWHEAD

*uline*{}|ularrhd|

[&*uline*{acgn}|ularrhd|&]

ANGLE


SUPERSCRIPT/SUBSCRIPT

Shortcut key:

Superscript z+G (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+G (on Windows)

Subscript z+U (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+U (on Windows)

Syntax: ^{} _{}

SUPERSCRIPT

^{}

[&a^{2}&]

SUBSCRIPT

_{}

[&a_{2}&]

STACKED SUPER AND SUBS

^{}_{}

[&x^{d}_{c}&]

PRESTACKED SUPER AND SUBS

^{}_{}

[&^{d}_{c}x&]

SUPERSCRIPT/SUBSCRIPT


STACKING


Syntax: *oscpt*{}{}

Basic stacking procedures. The size of the top and bottom stack is determinedby setting the sup/inf index in the stacking editing procedure.

OVER SCRIPT

*oscr*{}{}

[&*oscr*{d}{n-1}&]

UNDER SCRIPT

*uscr*{}{}

[&*uscr*{y}{n-1}&]

OVER UNDER SCRIPT

*ouscr*{}{}{}

[&*ouscr*{d|lless|y}{n=0}{n-1}&]

SPACES

Shortcut key: <space>

Syntax: |sp|

XPressMath does not recognize spacebar characters in the ASCII language.This allows a more readable ASCII string. To enter a literal space in WWdoc,use the syntax |sp|.

* * * XPressMath recognizes the spacebar interactively.

STACKING


SPACE

|sp|

[&a|sp|b&]

HAIRSPACE

|hs|

[&a|hs|b&]

THIN SPACE

|thn|

[&a|thn|b&]

THICK SPACE

|thk|

[&a|thk|b&]

EM SPACE

|em|

[&a|em|b&]

NEGATIVE SPACE (CLOSE UP)

|cu|

[&a|cu|b&]

SPACES


MATRICES

Shortcut key:

Setup: z+Option+M (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+M (on Windows) access

Syntax: setup~MAT~[%%%%%] access *MAT*{}{}{}

Matrices have always been difficult to set. WWdoc has simplified the processby breaking the process into two parts—setup and matrix. The percentage signis used as a tab character to move from field to field.

MATRIX [COLUMNS%ROWS%ALIGNMENT%COLUMNWIDTH%COMPUTED OR FIXED %KEYBOARD ACROSS/DOWN ORDOWN/ACROSS

~MAT~[3%3%C%120%F%A]*MAT*{}{}{}

[&~MAT~[2%2%C%120.0%C%A]*MAT*{a%b}{c%d}&]

STYLE CHANGES

Shortcut key: z+Shift+S (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Alt+S (on Windows)

Syntax: *~style~

ROMAN TEXT THEN BACK TO NORMAL

~rom~?~norm~

x is not equal to y

[&x|em|~rom~is|sp|not|sp|equal|sp|to~norm~|em|y&]

BOLDFACE TEXT

~bf~?~norm~

x is y

[&x|em|~bf~is~norm~|em|y&]

SMALL CAPS

~smcap~?~norm~

Lemma

[&~smcap~<XPressMath Error : No such style

tag>Lemma~norm~=1&]

MATRICES


ITALIC TEXT

~it~?~norm~

always is #

[&~it~always|sp|is|sp||Del|&]

USER DEFINED STYLESUNIQUE FONT

~style1~?~norm~

[&x=~style1~abc~norm~&]

UNIQUE FONT

~style2~?~norm~

[&x=~style2~abc~norm~&]

SCRIPT

~script~?~norm~

[&x=~script~abc~norm~&]

CHALKBOARD BOLD

~cbb~?~norm~

[&x=~cbb~ABC~norm~&]

CHANGE FONT TO GREEK

~greek~?~norm~

[&x=~greek~abc~norm~&]

CHANGE FONT TO BOLD GREEK

~bfgreek~?~norm~

[&x=~greek~ABC~norm~&]

STYLE CHANGES


EL-HI

Shortcut key: z+Shift+J (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+Shift+J (on Windows)

Syntax: *eldiv*{}

EL-HI DIVISION

*eldiv*{}

[&1*eldiv*{a+b}&]

ALIGNMENTS

Shortcut key:

Space z+S (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+S (on Windows)

Point z+P (on Mac OS) or Ctrl+P (on Windows)

Syntax:

Space *AS*

Point *AP*

ALIGNMENT POINT

*AP*

[&*AS*a+b*AP*=c&]

ALIGNMENT SPACE

*AS*

[&*AS**AP*=c+d&]

EL-HI


ACCENTS


Syntax: *ucacc*{}{}

Accents can be set using the stacking procedure. The syntax used is the samefor all accents differing with uppercase or lowercase characters. The firstdelimited field is for the character that will be accented. The second field isfor the accent. The main math accents are tagged with a capital “A” denotingaccent. The list below contains all the accents WWdoc and the default super-set has available. Any character in any font or attribute (Italic, Greek, Cursive,Roman, Bold, Small Caps, etc.) will be correctly accented. According to specs,the accent resides 2 points above the highest part of the font character.


*lcacc*{}{} lowercase [&*lcac*{x}{|Adot|}&] accent

*ucacc*{}{} uppercase [&*ucac*{X}{|Adot|}&] accent

|Adot| dot . [&*ucacc*{d}{|Adot|}&]

|Addot| double dot .. [&*ucacc*{d}{|Addot|}&]

|Atdot| triple dot ... [&*ucacc*{d}{|Atdot|}&]

|Ahat| hat [&*ucacc*{d}{|Ahat|}&]

|Acup| cup not available [&*ucacc*{d}{|Acup|}&]

|Acap| cap not available [&*ucacc*{d}{|Acap|}&]

|Arhar| right harpoon [&*ucacc*{d}{|Arhar|}&]

|Alhar| left harpoon [&*ucacc*{d}{|Alhar|}&]

|Ast| strike through not available [&*ucacc*{d}{|AAst|}&]

VARIANT ACCENTSSYNTAX DESCRIPTION SYMBOL ASCII CODE

|circ| circumflex ˆ T-S-Oj

|circfodash| circumflex over dash � 5-L

|dashdot| dashdot � 5-R

|dashodash| dash over dash � 5-%

|dashoddot| dash over double dot � 5-K

|dashodot| dash open dot � 5-F

|dashodot| dash over dot � 5-H

|ddotodash| double dot over dash � 5-J

|dotdash| dot dash 5-E

|dotodash| dot over dash 5-G

ACCENTS


SYNTAX DESCRIPTION SYMBOL ASCII CODE

|grave| grave � 5-)

|odotdash| open dot dash| � 5-D

|sdot| single dot 5-~

|smbar| small bar � 5-#

|tilde| tilde ˜ T-~

|toneg| towards negative � 2-[

|tonegp| toward neg plus � 2-`

|topos| to positive � 2-{

|toposneg| toward positive negative � 2-~

|toposu| towards positive under � 5-N

|vtoneg| variant toward negative � 2-|

|vtopos| variant toward positive � 2-\

DEFAULT MACROS

This is a list of macros defined by WWdoc. Not all these macros are availablein the default superset. You should decide which macro are needed for eachjob and define them in the Macro Procedures section of XPressMath.

SHORT

SYNTAX DESCRIPTION NAME

!arg! argument arg

!atm! atmosphere atm

!Btu! British thermal unit Btu

!cal! calorie cal

!cm! centimeter cm

!cos! cosine cos

!cot! cosine tangent cot

!csc! cosine sine cosine csc

!det! determinant det

!degF! degree Fahrenheit ºF

!sin! sine sin

!tan! tangent tan

!arcc! arccosine arccos

!arcs! arcsine arcsin

!arct! arctangent arctan

ACCENTS


SHORT


!degC! degree Celsius ºC

|degR! degree Rankline ºR

!det! determinant det

!dim! dimension dim

!exp! exponential exp

!foot! foot ft

!ft3m! cubic foot per minute ft3/min

!ft3s! cubic foot per second ft3/s

!ftp! foot pound ft.lb

!fts! foot per second ft/s

!gram! gram g

!gal! gallon gal

!gra! grain gr

!hour! hour h

!hom! homology hom

!Ima! imaginary Im

!inch! inch in.

!inf! inferior inferior

!IU! international unit IU

!kal! kalvin k

!kmh! kilometers per hour km/h

!kilo! kilogram K

!ker! kernal ker

!lbs! pound lb

!lb2f! pound force per square foot lb/ft2

!lb2i! pound force per square inch lb/in2

!lb3f! pound per cubic foot lb/ft3

!LCD! lowest commond denominator LCD

!lim! limit lim

!limi! limit inferior lim inf

!lims! limit superior lim sup

!ln! logarithm ln

!log! logarithm log

!lub! least upper bound lub

DEFAULT MACROS


SHORT


!met! meter m

!me2! meter m2

!max! maximum max

!mil! mile mi

!mih! mile per hour mi/h

!min! minumum min

!mod! modulus mos

!qrt! quart qt

!real! real Re

!rem! roentegen equivalent man rem

!rmin! revolutions per minute r/min

!rpm! revolutions per minute rpm

!rps! revolutions per second rps

!rsec! revolutions per second r/sec

!sec! secant sec

!volt! volt v

!watt! watt w

!yard! yard yd

!Volt! volt V

!Watt! watt W

FONT KEY

WWdoc was created without specific fonts in mind. However this manual andthe default superset uses the standard fonts shipped with XPressMath. Thefourth column is used to show which font and keyboard stroke was originallyused. Remember that in the pi character interface, the attributes of a charactercan be altered. This is a list of original font characters.

FONT STROKE

1-6 (font) MathPi1 (keystroke) 6

O OPTR

T TimesTen

O Option

Sh Shift

A Apple

DEFAULT MACROS


KEY ACCESS

The Key Access column in the subsequent tables displays the character andthe type of font to display the character. For example, 6-A is the combinationto display the character � where A is the alphabet and 6 specifies the MathematicalPi6 font. The following table displays the mapping of the modifier keys to the corresponding fonts.

KEY EQUIVALENT FONT

1 MathematicalPi1

2 MathematicalPi2

3 MathematicalPi3

4 MathematicalPi4

5 MathematicalPi5

6 MathematicalPi6

T Times

O Optr

S Symbol

PBB PBB

CHALKBOARD

Chalkboard bold characters are set using the style procedure. Remember toreset the style back to normal. “~norm~.”

KEY

SYNTAX DESCRIPTION SYMBOL ACCESS

~cbb~A~norm~ chalkboard � 6-A bold

~cbb~B~norm~ chalkboard � 6-B bold

~cbb~C~norm~ chalkboard � 6-C bold

~cbb~D~norm~ chalkboard � 6-D bold

~cbb~E~norm~ chalkboard � 6-E bold

~cbb~F~norm~ chalkboard � 6-F bold

~cbb~G~norm~ chalkboard � 6-G bold

FONT KEY


KEY


~cbb~H~norm~ chalkboard 6-H bold

~cbb~I~norm~ chalkboard 6-I bold

~cbb~J~norm~ chalkboard � 6-J bold

~cbb~K~norm~ chalkboard � 6-K bold

~cbb~L~norm~ chalkboard 6-L bold

~cbb~M~norm~ chalkboard � 6-M bold

~cbb~N~norm~ chalkboard � 6-N bold

~cbb~O~norm~ chalkboard � 6-O bold

~cbb~P~norm~ chalkboard � 6-P bold

~cbb~Q~norm~ chalkboard � 6-Q bold

~cbb~R~norm~ chalkboard � 6-R bold

~cbb~S~norm~ chalkboard � 6-S bold

~cbb~T~norm~ chalkboard � 6-T bold

~cbb~U~norm~ chalkboard � 6-U bold

~cbb~V~norm~ chalkboard � 6-V bold

~cbb~W~norm~ chalkboard � 6-W bold

~cbb~X~norm~ chalkboard � 6-X bold

~cbb~Y~norm~ chalkboard � 6-Y bold

~cbb~Z~norm~ chalkboard � 6-Z bold

CHALKBOARD


FENCES

KEY


( open parenthesis ( 3-_

) close parenthesis ) 3-+

|sbo| straight brace open [ 3-3

|sbc| straight brace close ] 3-4

|abo| absolute value bar | 3-*

|abc| absolute value bar | 3-*

|abr| right angle brace � 3-L

|abl| left angle brace � 3-K

|bfpipec| boldface close pipe | 3-z

|bfpipeo| boldface open pipe | 3-z

|curc| close curly } 3-J

|curo| open curly { 3-H

|fdqc| French double quote close « T-O-\

|fdqo| French double quote open » T-SO-\

|fsqc| French single close quote › T-SO-4

|fsqo| French single open quote ‹ T-SO-3

|hcurc| hollow curly close � 3-M

|hcuro| hollow curly open � 3-N

|hsbc| hollow straight brace close � 3-b

|hsbo| hollow straight brace open � 3-v

|normo| norm open � 3-i

|normo| norm close � 3-i

|pipec| pipe close | 3-Z

|pipeo| pipe open | 3-Z

|vhsbc| variant hollow straight 3-B brace close

|vhsbo| variant hollow straight 3-V brace open

|vnormo| variant norm open � 3-i

|vnormo| variant norm close � 3-i

FENCES


GEOMETRY

ACCESS

SYNTAX DESCRIPTION SYMBOL KEYS

|angarcn| angle arc north � 5-O`E

|angarcnw| angle arc northwest � 6-}

|angarcw| angle arc west � 6-|

|angle| angle � 6-/

|angles| angles � 6-?

|arce| arc east ! 6-\

|arcinter| arc intersect � 5-]

|arcn| arc north � 5-X

|arcne| arc northeast " 6-]

|arcns| arcs north south � 5-S-]

|boxdot| box dot # 6-)

|boxfse| box filled south east $ 6-o

|boxhse| box half solid east % 6-l

|boxhsow| box half solid west & 6-k

|boxsnw| box solid northwest ' 6-i

|boxsol| box solid ( 6-j

|dhollbox| double open box ) 6-a

|ltria| left triangle * 6-v

|ocircle| open circle + 6-s

|ocminus| open circle minus , 6-@

|perp| perpendicular - 6-’

|perps| perpendiculars|0 � 6-”

|rhombus| rhombus . 6-~

|rang| right angle / 6-z

|triad| triangle down 0 6-,

|triadot| triangle dot � 6-_

|triads| triangle down solid 1 6-.

|triagl| triangle 2 6-m

|triahse| half solid right triangle 3 6-y

|triahsw| triangle half solid west 4 6-t

|trialefts| triangle left solid 5 6-b

|triar| triangle right 6 6-x

|triasr| triangle solid right 7 6-c

GEOMETRY


GREEK

ACCESS


|alp| alpha � 1-a

|Alp| uppercase Alpha � 1-A

|beta| beta � 1-b

|Beta| uppercase Beta � 1-B

|Chi| capital Chi � 1-X

|chi| chi � 1-x

|Del| Delta 1-D

|del| delta 1-d

|Eps| capital Epsilon � 1-E

|eps| epsilon � 1-e

|Eta| capital Eta 1-H

|eta| eta � 1-h

|Gam| Gamma � 1-G

|gam| gamma � 1-g

|Iota| capital Iota � 1-I

|iota| iota � 1-i

|Kap| capital Kappa � 1-K

|kap| kappa � 1-k

|Lam| capital Lambda � 1-L

|lam| lambda � 1-l

|Mu| capital Mu � 1-M

|mu| mu � 1-m

|Nu| capital Nu � 1-N

|nu| nu � 1-n

|Ome| capital Omega � 1-V

|ome| omega � 1-v

|Omi| capital Omicron � 1-O

|omi| omicron � 1-o

|Phi| capital Phi � 1-F

|phi| phi 1-f

|Pi| capital Pi ! 1-P

|pi| pi " 1-p

GREEK


ACCESS


|Psi| capital Psi # 1-C

|psi| psi $ 1-c

|Rho| Rho % 1-R

|rho| rho & 1-r

|Sig| Sigma ' 1-S

|sig| sigma ( 1-s

|Tau| capital Tau ) 1-T

|tau| tau * 1-t

|The| capital Theta + 1-U

|the| theta , 1-u

|Ups| Upsilon - 1-Y

|ups| upsilon . 1-y

|Xi| Xi / 1-J

|xi| xi 0 1-j

|Zeta| Zeta 1 1-Z

|zeta| zeta 2 1-z

GREEK (BOLDFACE)

ACCESS


|bfAlp| boldface Alpha � 4-A

|bfalp| boldface alpha � 4-a

|bfbeta| boldface beta � 4-b

|bfBeta| boldface capital Beta � 4-B

|bfChi| boldface capital Chi � 4-X

|bfchi| boldface chi � 4-x

|bfDel| boldface capital Delta � 4-D

|bfdel| boldface delta 4-d

|bfEps| boldface capital epsilon 4-E

|bfeps| boldface epsilon � 4-e

|bfEta| boldface capital Eta � 4-H

|bfeta| boldface eta 4-h

|bfGam| boldface capital Gamma � 4-G

GREEK


ACCESS


|bfgam| boldface gamma � 4-g

|bfIota| boldface capital Iota � 4-I

|bfiota| boldface iota � 4-i

|bfKap| boldface capital Kappa � 4-K

|bfkap| boldface kappa � 4-k

|bfLam| boldface capital Lambda � 4-L

|bflam| boldface lambda � 4-l

|bfMu| boldface capital Mu � 4-M

|bfmu| boldface mu � 4-m

|bfNu| boldface capital Nu � 4-N

|bfnu| boldface nu � 4-n

|bfOme| boldface Omega � 4-V

|bfome| boldface omega � 4-v

|bfOmni| boldface capital Omni � 4-O

|bfomni| boldface omni � 4-o

|bfPhi| boldface capital Phi � 4-F

|bfphi| boldface phi � 4-f

|bfPi| boldface capital Pi � 4-P

|bfpi| boldface pi " 4-p

|bfPsi| boldface capital Psi 4-C

|bfpsi| boldface psi ! 4-c

|bfRho| boldface capital Rho " 4-R

|bfrho| boldface rho # 4-r

|bfSig| boldface capital Sigma $ 4-S

|bfsig| boldface sigma % 4-s

|bfTau| boldface capital Tau & 4-T

|bftau| boldface tau ' 4-t

|bfThe| boldface capital Theta ( 4-U

|bfthe| boldface theta ) 4-u

|bfUps| boldface Upsilon * 4-Y

|bfups| boldface upsilon + 4-y

|bfXi| boldface capital Xi , 4-J

|bfxi| boldface xi - 4-j

|bfZeta| boldface capital Zeta . 4-Z

|bfzeta| boldface zeta / 4-z

GREEK (BOLDFACE)


GREEK (VARIANT)

ACCESS


|barlam| bar lambda

|bfvsig| boldface variant sigma 0 4-O-s

|bfvthe| boldface variant theta 1 4-q

|bfveps| boldface variant epsilon 2 4-SO-e

|bfvphi| boldface variant phi 3 4-w

|bfvThe| bolface variant capital Theta 4 4-Q

|bfvpi| boldface variant pi 5 4-O-v

|veps| variant epsilon 2 1-SO-e

|vphi| variant phi 3 1-w

|vsig| variant sigma 0 1-O-s

|vthe| variant theta 1 1-q

|vThe| variant capital Theta 4 1-Q

LITERAL KEYBOARD CHARACTERS

These characters can be found in most base fonts.

ACCESS


‘ single quote ‘ T-’

|fract| literal exclamation ! T-!

|pound| literal pound sign # T-#

$ dollar sign $ T-$

|and| ampersand & T-&

|sp| spacebar (space) T-32

, comma , T-,

. period . T-.

/ math slash / T-/

: colon : T-:

; semicolon ; T-;

? question mark ? T-?

@ at symbol @ T-@

_ underscore _ T-_

GREEK (VARIANT)


ACCESS


` open quote ‘ T-’

¯ overscore ¯ T-

¸ literal ¸ ¸ T-

¿ literal ¿ ¿ T-O-o

„ literal „ „ T-

‹ French single open quote ‹ T-<

+ plus + T-+

£ British Pound £ T-O-3

€ literal € € T-O-6

¥ literal ¥ ¥ T-O-y

§ literal cases § T-O-6

¶ literal paragraph return ¶ T-O-d

0 literal 0 0 T-0

⁄ literal ⁄ ⁄ T-C-v

fi literal fi fi T-C-u

fl literal fl fl T-C-x

1 literal 1 1 T-1

◊ literal ◊ ◊ T-C-w

2 literal 2 2 T-2

≈ literal ≈ ≈ T-C-z

3 literal 3 3 T-3

Δ literal Δ Δ T-C-y

4 literal 4 4 T-4

5 literal 5 5 T-5

6 literal 6 6 T-6

7 literal 7 7 T-7

8 literal 8 8 T-8

9 literal 9 9 T-9

A literal A A T-A

a literal a a T-b

ª literal ª ª T-O-9

á literal á á T-Oe,a

Á literal Á Á T-SO-y

à literal à à T-O`,-a



ACCESS


À literal À À T-O,`-A

â literal â â T-Oi-,a

Â literal Â Â T-SO-m

Ä literal Ä Ä T-Ou,-A

ä literal ä ä T-Ou,-a

ã literal ã ã T-On,-a

Ã literal Ã Ã T-On,-A

Å literal Å Å T-SO-a

å literal å å T-O-a

Æ literal Æ Æ T-SO-’

æ literal æ æ T-O-’

B literal B B T-B

b literal b b T-b

C literal C C T-C

c literal c c T-c

Ç literal Ç Ç T-SO-c

ç literal ç ç T-O-c

D literal D D T-D

d literal d d T-d

∂ literal ∂ ∂ T-2

E literal E E T-E

e literal e e T-e

É literal É É T-Oe,-E

é literal é é T-Oe,-e

è literal è è T-O`,-e

È literal È È T-O`,-E

ê literal ê ê T-Oi,-e

space literal space T-Oblk

ë literal ë ë T-SO-d

Ë literal Ë Ë T-O`,-A

F literal F F T-F

f literal f f T-f

ƒ italic ef ƒ T-Oe,-E

G literal G G T-G



ACCESS


g literal g g T-g

H literal H H T-H

h literal h h T-h

I literal I I T-I

i literal i i T-i

í literal í í T-O`,-l

Í literal Í Í T-On,-O

ì literal ì ì T-SO-f

Ì literal Ì Ì T-On,-A

î literal î î T-SO-h

Î literal Î Î T-SO-q

ï literal ï ï T-SO-j

Ï literal Ï Ï T-O-q

J literal J J T-J

j literal j j T-j

K literal K K T-K

k literal k k T-k

L literal L L T-L

l literal l l T-l

M literal M M T-M

m literal m m T-m

N literal N N T-N

n literal n n T-n

Ñ literal Ñ Ñ T-SO—

ñ literal ñ ñ T-SO-l

O literal O O T-O

o literal o o T-o

ó literal ó ó T-Oi,-U

Ó literal Ó Ó T-SO-[

ò literal ò ò T-SO-;

Ò literal Ò Ò T-O-[

ô literal ô ô T-O`,-U

Ô literal Ô Ô T-O-]

Ö literal Ö Ö T-O-/



ACCESS


ö literal õ ö T-SO-i

õ literal õ õ T-SO-b

Õ literal Õ Õ T-SO-]

Ø literal Ø Ø T-Ou,-y

ø literal ø ø T-SO-,

Œ literal Œ Œ T-O-a

œ literal œ œ T-Oe,-u

P literal P P T-P

p literal p p T-p

Q literal Q Q T-V

q literal q q T-q

R literal R R T-R

r literal r r T-r

S literal S S T-S

s literal s s T-s

ß literal ß ß T-SO-6

T literal T T T-T

t literal t t T-t

U literal U U T-U

u literal u u T-u

ú literal ú ú T-O-h

Ú literal Ú Ú T-SO-1

ù literal ù ù T-SO-.

Ù literal Ù Ù T-Ou,-Y

û literal û û T-O—k

Û literal Û Û T-SO-2

Ü literal Ü Ü T-SO-3

ü literal ü ü T-SO-z

V literal V V T-V

v literal v v T-v

W literal W W T-W

w literal w w T-w

X literal X X T-X

x literal x x T-x



ACCESS


Y literal Y Y T-Y

y literal y y T-y

˙ literal ˙ ˙ T-SO-4

˝ literal ˝ ˝ T-SO-g

Ÿ literal Ÿ Ÿ T-Ou,-Y

ÿ literal ÿ ÿ T-Ou,-y

Z literal Z Z T-Z

z literal z z T-z

MATH CHARACTERS (BOLDFACE)

ACCESS


|bfdeg| boldface degree 6 4-8

|bfeset| boldface empty set 7 4-\

|bfexists| boldface exists 1-’

|bfforall| boldface forall 3 1-;

|bfinf| boldface infinity 8 4-\

|bfnabla| boldface nabla 9 4-=

|bfpd| boldface partial differential : 4-O-=

|bfprop| boldface proportional to ; 4-~

MATH CHARACTERS

ACCESS


|ast| literal asterisk * T-*

|bddots| back diagonal dots ∞ O-O-5

|calrad| calculator radical � 3-SO-q

|cdot| center dot # O-S-3

|cdots| center dots p O-p

|cdquote| close double quote ” T-”

|cents| cents ¢ T-O-4

|circdot| circle dot 8 6-(



ACCESS


|circeqo| circle equal open 9 6-$

|circhse| circle half solid east : 6-g

|circhsw| circle half solid west ; 6-f

|circminusc| circle minus closed < 6-*

|circs| circle solid = 6-d

|circtimesc| circle times closed > 6-%

|circtimeso| circle times open ? 6-#

|circvbarc| circle verical bar closed @ 6-’

|clubs| clubs suit ♠ S-O-6

|coprod| coproduct ??? ???

|copyright| copyright © T-O-g

|cquote| close quote ¢ T-’

|crhash| cross hash 3-]

|dag| dagger † T-O-t

|dash| dash - T—

|ddag| double dagger ‡ T-SO-7

|ddashes| diagonal dashes � 2-O-3

|ddots| diagonal dots † O-t

|deg| degree ° T-O-8

|diamo| diamond open A 6-e

|diams| diamond solid B 6-r

|diamsuit| diamond suit ♦ S-O-r

|doint| double o-integral � 3-t

|smint| small integral

|ele| element � 5-P

|elip| ellipses … 5-SO-9

|em| em space space T-

|emd| em dash – T-SO-

|emset| empty set 4 1-[

|en| en space space T-

|end| en dash —– T-O-

|exists| exists 1-’

|fractrl| fractorial upside down ¡ T-O-1

|hearts| heart ♥ 6-O-9

MATH CHARACTERS


ACCESS


|inf| infinity 5 1-`

|intg| integral sign � 3-#

|intbox| integral box � 3-a

|kbtilde| tilde ~ T-~

|lambar| lambda bar 6 1-O-l

|nab| nabla 7 1-=

|oplus| O plus C 6-S-1

|oquote| open double quote “ T-“

|or| or � 6-`

|osqr| open square D 6-h

|osquote| close single quote ’ T-’

|ostar| openstar E 6-q

|otimes| O multiplication ? 6-S-3

|odot| O dot 8 6-S-9

|ominus| O minus , 6-S-2

|paradot| parathesis dot � 5-[

|pd| partial differential 8 1-O=

|perc| percentage sign % T-%

|prod| product � 3-p

|prop| proportional ∝ 1-~

|rad| radical sign � 3-O-q

|registrd| registered ® 6-SO-3

|spades| spades ♠ 6-O-0

|star| star F 6-w

|summ| summation symbol � 3-o

|therexists| there exists 1-’

|trademark| trademark ™ T-O-2

|trio| open triangle G 6-n

|vcrhash| variant cross hash � 3-[

|vcrhash2| variant cross hash 2 � 3-}

|vcrhash3| variant cross hash 3 � 5-SO-b

|vcrhash4| variant cross hash 4 � 3-S-\

|vcurE| variant cursive capital E � 5-l

|vdashs| vertical dashes � 2-O-2

MATH CHARACTERS


ACCESS


|vdots| vertical dots p O-p

|vhbar| variant bar h U O-S-u

|vperc| variant percent ‰ T-SO-r

[&|vvectarrhead|&] vector head ! O-S-1

[&|vvectarrhead|&] variant vector head ! O-!

|Weierp| Weier p � 5-`

PRIMES

ACCESS


|bfprime| boldface prime < 4-9

|bfdprime| boldface double prime = 4-0

|bftprime| boldface triple prime > 4—

|bfqprime| boldface quad prime not available ????

|prime| prime 9 1-9

|dprime| double prime : 1-0

|tprime| triple prime ; 1—

|qprime| quad prime not available 5-+

KEYBOARD OPERATORS (AUTOREMAPPED)

ACCESS


+ plus < 1-1

= equal = 1-5

- minus > 1-2

Standard Operators

|app| approximate � 3-SO-,

|appreq| approximately equal � 3-.

|gtr| greater than ? 1-.

|geq| greater than and equal @ 1-$

|ggtr| much greater A 1-@

|plusconq| plus conqruent � 5-3

MATH CHARACTERS


ACCESS


|pluseq| plus equal � 5-1

|pminus| plus minus ± 1-6

|cong| congruent ≅ 3->

|less| less than B 1-,

|leq| less equal C 1-#

|lless| much less D 1-!

|mdot| math dot ⋅ ????

|mplus| minus plus E 1-7

|multi| multiplication F 1-3

|ne| not equal G 1-SO-5

|simil| similar to � 3-,

|sol| solidus math slash H 1-/

OPERATORS (OTHER)

ACCESS


|\| backslash I 1-\

|bardash| bar dash H 6-O-3

|baroor| bar over or � 3-O-4

|bddashs| back diagonal dashes 2-O-4

|becas| because I 6-{

|bul| bullet ? 4-?

|compo| composition J 6-+

|congtr1| congruent and equal � 5-i

|congtr| congruent greater � 5-p

|conqplus| conqruent plus � 5-4

|dashbar| dash bar K 6-O-4

|dashobar| dash over bar L 6-O-2

|div| division J 1-4

|dpara| double parallel � 3-:

|eqgtr| equal greater � 5-r

|eqgtr1| equal greater than 5-y

|eqless| equal less than ! 5-t

KEYBOARD OPERATORS (AUTOREMAPPED)


ACCESS


|eqor| equal or � 3-O-6

|eqplus| equal to plus " 5-2

|equiv| equivalent � 3-;

|fol| follows # 5-f

|forall| for all ® 1-;

|geoeq| geometrically equal M 6-O-6

|geqleq| greater than equal less $ 5-v than equal

|gtrcon| greater and congruent K 1-*

|gtrless| greater less L 1-_

|gtrlesseq| greater less equal % 5-n

|inters| intersection @ 4->

|leqgeq| less equal greater equal & 5-b

|lesscon| less conqruent M 1-’

|lessgrteq| less greater equal ' 5-m

|lessgtr| less greater L 1-+

|rfloor| right floor ; PBB

|lceil| left ceiling L PBB

|rceil| right ceiling M PBB

|lfloor| left floor J PBB

|link1| link one ( 5-w

|link2| link two ) 5-C

|link3| link three * 5-q

|logand| logical and ??? ????

|logical| logical � 3-~

|logor| logical or � 3-~

|memb| member of A 4-[

|namemb| not a member of B 4-SO-[

|nappr| not approximate 3-SO-n

|nasub| not a subset of C 4-SO-n

|neqgtr| not equal greater + 5-SO-.

|neqless| not equal less , 5-SO-,

|nequiv| not equivalent N 1-SO-;

|nfol| does not follow - 5-O-s

OPERATORS (OTHER)


ACCESS


|vnfol| variant does not follow . 5-SO—s

|ngeq| not greater equal O 1-SO7

|ngtr| not greater N 1-SO-;

|ngtreq| not greater than equal to / 5->

|nidentical| not identical ! 3-{

|nleq| not less equal P 1-SO-3

|nless| not less Q 1-SO-l

|nlesseq| not less equal 0 5-<

|nmem| not a member of D 4-]

|nprec| does not precede 1 5-SO-q

|nsim| not similar " 3-SO-j

|nsimi| not similar # 3-SO-/

|nsup| not a superset of E 4-SO-/

|oreq| or equal � 3-O-6

|prec| precedes � 5-a

|propor| proportion N 6-<

|sub| subset of ( O-9

|sup| proper superset of ) O-0

|queseq| question equals O 6-0

|simless| similar less than 2 5-u

|subgrp| sub * 6-v

|subgrpof| subgroup of 6 6-x

|subset| proper subset F 4-#

|subsup| subset superset G 4-_

|such| such that ™ S-’

|supset| superset H 4-$

|thrfor| therefore ∴ 6-[

|gtrcon| greater congruent K 1-*

|lesscon| less congruent M 1-’

|nanmem| not a nonmember of B 4-SO-[

|uni| union ´ O-SO-e

OPERATORS (OTHER)


OPERATORS (VARIANT)

ACCESS


|vappeq| variant approximate equal $ 3-?

|vappeq1| variant approximate equal 1 3 5-g

|vappeq2| variant approximate equal 2 4 5-h

|vconless| variant conqruent less than 5 5-o

|veq| variant equal to Z O-S-z

|veq1| variant equal 1 P 6—

|veq2| variant equal 2 Q 6-8

|veq3| variant equal 3 R 6-9

|veq4| variant equal 4 S 6-7

|veq5| variant equal 5 T 6-6

|veq6| variant equal 6 U 6-5

|veq7| variant equal 7 J O-S-j

|veqor| equal or % 3-O-3

|vequals| or equals V 6-=

|vequals1| variant or equals 6 5-0

|vfol| variant follows # 5-f

|vgeq| variant greater equal ? 1->

|vgeq2| variant greater equal 2 R 1-^

|vgtr| variant greater than 7 5-S

|vlless| variant much less << O-S-v

|vgtrgtr| variant much greater >> O-S-w

|vgtrcon| variant greater congruent S 1-)

|vgtrless| variant greater than less than 8 5-x

|vleq| variant less equal T 1-%

|vleq1| variant less equal 1 U 1-<

|vleq3| variant less equal 3 9 5-e

|vleqgeq| variant less eq greater eq : 5-c

|vless| variant less than V 1-,

|vless1| variant less than ; 5-A

|vlesscon| variant less congruent W 1-(

|vmem| variant element < 5-5

|vminus| variant minus W 6-1

OPERATORS (VARIANT)


ACCESS


|vminus2| variant minus 2 X 6-2

|vminus3| variant minus 3 Y 6-3

|vminus4| variant minus 4 Z 6-4

|vnapeq| variant approximately equal & 3-O.

|vnappeq| variant not approx equal = 5-O,-`l

|vnappreq| variant not approx equal ' 3-O-’

|vnconeq| variant congruent equal > 5-SO-h

|vnconeq1| variant congruent equal ( 3-SO-l

|vnconq| variant conqruent $ 3-?

|vne| variant not equal ) 3-[

|vne1| variant not equal to ? 5-O-

|vneqconq| variant not equal conqruent * 3-O-/

|vneqgtr| variant not equal greater @ 5-SO-y

|vneqgtr2| variant not equal greater 2 A 5-SO-m

|vneqiuv| variant not equiviant + 3-O-h

|vneqless| variant equal less than B 5-Oi, -E

|vneqless1| variant not eq less C 5-SO-u

|vleq2| variant less equal 2 B 1-S-,

|vleq4| variant less equal 4 D 5-SO-r

|vnfoll| variant does not follow E 5-SO-s

|vnfoll2| variant does not follow F 5-O-f

|vngrt| variant greater than G 1-O-.

|vngeq| variant not greater equal X 1-SO-/

|vngeq3| variant not greater equal 3 Y 1-O-6

|vngeq4| variant not greater equal 4 Z 1-O-7

|vnleq| variant not less equal [ 1-SO-n

|vnleq1| variant not less equal 1 \ 1-O-m

|vnleq2| variant not less equal 2 ] 1-SO-4

|vnleq3| variant not less equal 3 ^ 1-O-4

|vnleq4| variant not less equal 4 _ 1-O-3

|vnmem| variant not a member H 5-6

OPERATORS (VARIANT)


ACCESS


|vnmem1| variant not member 1 I 5-O-6

|vnprec| variant does not precede J 5-SO-d

|vnprec1| variant does not precede 1 K 5-O-a

|vnsim| variant not similar L 5-:

|vnsim1| variant not similar1 " 3-SO-j

|vnsim2| variant not similar2 , 3-O-,

|vnsub| variant not subset C 4-SO-n

|vnsub1| variant not subset 1 M 5-SO-7

|vnsub2| variant not subset 2 I 4-SO-3

|vnsub3| variant not subset 3 N 5-O-7

|vnsup| variant not a superset J 4-SO-4

|vnsup1| variant not superset O 5-SO-8

|vnsup2| variant not a superset 2 K 4-+

|voreq| variant or equals � 3-O-4

|vprec| variant precedes P 5-d

|vprop| variant proportion [ 6-SO-,

|vsim| variant similar Q 5-j

|vsim1| variant similar 1 R 5-k

|vsubof| variant subset L 4-!

|vsub| variant subset 1 M 4-(

|vsub2| variant subset 2 S 5-7

|vsub3| variant subset 3 N 4-S-7

|vsub4| variant subset 4 O 4-%

|vsup| variant superset P 4-@

|vsup1| variant superset 1 Q 4-)

|vsup2| variant superset 2 T 5-8

|vsup3| variant superset 3 R 4-*

|vsup4| variant superset 4 S 4-^

|vuni| variant union 4-??

OPERATORS (VARIANT)


OPERATORS (BOLDFACE)

ACCESS


|bfdiv| boldface division T 4-4

|bfdot| boldface dots ? 4-?

|bfele| boldface element A 4-[

|bfeq| boldface equal U 4-5

|bfinter| boldface intersection V 4-”

|bfminplus| boldface minus plus W 4-7

|bfminus| boldface minus X 4-2

|bfmulti| boldface times Y 4-3

|bfnmem| boldface not a member of D 4-]

|bfne| boldface not equal to Z 4-SO-5

|bfplus| boldface plus [ 4-1

|bfplusmin| boldface plus minus \ 4-6

|bfsol| boldface solidus ] 4-/

|bfsub| boldface subset ^ 4-;

|bfsupset| boldface superset of _ 4-1

|bfthere| boldface there exists 1-’

|bfunion| boldface union ` 4-:

ARROWS

ACCESS


|darr| down arrow T O-S-t

|dlarr| down left arrow b O-b

|doarr| down open arrow 2 O-2

|larr| left arrow d O-d

|loarr| left open arrow B O-S-b

|map| mapso arrow 2-O5

|olrarr| open left right arrow 3 O-3

|orarr| open right arrow 1 O-1

|ouarr| open up arrow A O-S-b

|oudarr| open up down arrow C O-S-c

OPERATORS (BOLDFACE)


ACCESS


|rarr| right arrow S O-s

|rlarr| right left arrow 4 O-4

|uarr| up arrow c O-c

|udarr| up down arrow D O-S-d

|vrarr| variant right arrow U 5-S-v

|lgrarr| long right arrow ¡ O-O-1

|lglarr| long left arrow — O-SO—

|lglrarr| long left right arrow · O-SO-9

|lguarr| long up arrow arrow

|lgdarr| long down arrow arrow

|lgorarr| long open right arrow arrow

|lgolarr| long open left arrow arrow

|lgolrarr| long open left right arrow arrow

|lgouarr| long open up arrow arrow

|lgodarr| long open down arrow arrow

CHEMISTRY

ACCESS


|bond| bond ¬ O-O-l

|dbond| double bond “ O-O-[

|tbond| triple bond ‚ O-SO-0

|vbond| vertical bond ƒ O-O-f

|vdbond| vertical double bond ‘ O-O-]

|vtbond| vertical triple bond ‰ O-SO-r

|dibond| diagonal bond √ O-O-v

|didbond| diagonal double bond ” O-SO[

|ditbond| diagonal triple bond „ O-SO-w

|bdibond| back diagonal bond ≈ O-O-x

|bdidbond| back diagonal double bond ’ O-S-O-]

|bditbond| back diagonal triple bond Â O-SO-m

ARROWS


SCRIPT CHARACTERS

Script characters are set using the style procedure. Remember to reset thestyle to normal “~norm~”.

ACCESS


~script~A~norm~ script A � 2-!

~script~B~norm~ script B � 2-@

~script~C~norm~ script C 2-#

~script~D~norm~ script D � 2-$

~script~E~norm~ script E � 2-%

~script~F~norm~ script bar F � 2-^

~script~l~norm~ script el � 2-,

~script~G~norm~ script G � 2-’

~script~g~norm~ script g � 2-;

~script~h~norm~ script h 2-’

~script~I~norm~ script I � 2-(

~script~J~norm~ script J � 2-)

~script~H~norm~ script H � 2-*

~script~K~norm~ script K � 2-_

~script~L~norm~ script L � 2-+

~script~M~norm~ script M � 2-}

~script~N~norm~ script N � 2-1

~script~O~norm~ script O � 2-2

~script~P~norm~ script P � 2-3

~script~Q~norm~ script Q � 2-4

~script~R~norm~ script R � 2-5

~script~S~norm~ script S � 2-6

~script~T~norm~ script T 2-7

~script~U~norm~ script U ! 2-8

~script~V~norm~ script V " 2-9

~script~W~norm~ script W # 2-0

~script~X~norm~ script X $ 2—

~script~z~norm~ script z % 2-?

|scriptbarh| script bar h 1-”

|barel| script bar el & 2-.

|barL| script bar L ' 2-]

SCRIPT CHARACTERS


SCRIPT CHARACTERS (BOLDFACE)

ACCESS


|bfscriptbarel| boldface bar script el ( 2->

|bfscriptel| boldface script el ) 2-<

|bfscriptg| boldface script g * 2-:

|bfscripth| boldface script h 1-”

|bfscripty| boldface script y + 2-=

|bfscriptz| boldface script z , 2-?

OVERSIZED CHARACTERS

ACCESS


|lgprime| large prime œ O-O-q

|lgdprime| large double prime fl O-SO-6

|lgtprime| large triple prime Ô O-SO-j

|lgqprime| large quad prime ˇ O-SO-t

|lgast| large asterisk [&|lgast|&] [&|lgast|]

|lgor| large or ??? ????

|lgdeg| large degree [&|lgdeg|&] [&|lgdeg&]

CHARACTER WITH NO SPACE

ACCESS


|plusns| plus with [&|plusns|&] [&|plusns&] no space

|minusns| minus with [&|minusns|&] [&|minusns|] no space

|eqns| equal with [&|eqns|&] [&|eqns|&] no space

|appns| approximate [&|appns|&] [&|appns|&] with no space

|mplusns| minusplus < [&|mplusns|&] with no space

|pminusns| plusminus ; [&|pminusns|&] with no space

SCRIPT CHARACTERS (BOLDFACE)


INDEX FOR RADICAL

ACCESS


|index3| radical 3 [&|index3|&] index 3




|smidx3| small radical 3 [&|ismidx3|&] index 3

|indexn| radical n [&|indexn|&] index n

|indexm| radical m [&|indexm|&] index m

|indexp| radical o [&|indexo|&] index o

|indexq| radical p [&|indexp|&] index p

SPECIAL CHARACTERS

ACCESS


|aleph| aleph u 1-:

|frakA| fraktur A - 2-A

|fraka| fraktur a . 2-a

|frakB| fraktur B / 2-B

|frakb| fraktur b 0 2-b

|frakC| fraktur C 1 2-C

|frakc| fraktur c 2 2-c

|frakD| fraktur D 3 2-D

|frakd| fraktur d 4 2-d

|frakE| fraktur E 5 2-E

|frake| fraktur e 6 2-e

INDEX FOR RADICAL


ACCESS


|frakF| fraktur F 7 2-F

|frakf| fraktur f 8 2-f

|frakG| fraktur G 9 2-G

|frakg| fraktur g : 2-g

|frakH| fraktur H ; 2-H

|frakh| fraktur h < 2-h

|frakI| fraktur I = 2-I

|fraki| fraktur i > 2-i

|frakJ| fraktur J ? 2-J

|frakj| fraktur j @ 2-j

|frakK| fraktur K A 2-K

|frakk| fraktur k B 2-k

|frakL| fraktur L C 2-L

|frakel| fraktur l D 2-l

|frakM| fraktur M E 2-M

|frakm| fraktur m 7 2-m

|frakN| fraktur N F 2-N

|frakn| fraktur n G 2-n

|frakO| fraktur O H 2-O

|frako| fraktur o I 2-o

|frakP| fraktur B J 2-P

|frakp| fraktur p K 2-p

|frakQ| fraktur Q L 2-Q

|frakq| fraktur q M 2-q

|frakR| fraktur R N 2-R

|frakr| fraktur r O 2-r

|frakS| fraktur S P 2-S

|fraks| fraktur s Q 2-s

|frakT| fraktur T R 2-T

|frakt| fraktur t S 2-t

|frakU| fraktur U T 2-U

|fraku| fraktur u U 2-u

|frakV| fraktur V V 2-V

|frakv| fraktur v W 2-v

SPECIAL CHARACTERS


ACCESS


|frakW| fraktur W X 2-W

|frakw| fraktur w Y 2-w

|frakX| fraktur X Z 2-X

|frakx| fraktur x [ 2-x

|frakY| fraktur Y \ 2-Y

|fraky| fraktur y ] 2-y

|frakZ| fraktur Z ^ 2-Z

|frakz| fraktur z _ 2-z

MATRIX BRACES


|msbo| matrix square brace open [&|msbo|&]

|msbc| matrix square brace close [&|msbc|&]

|3msbo| matrix square brace open [&|3msbo|&]

|3msbc| matrix square brace close [&|3msbc|&]













SPECIAL CHARACTERS



|mcbo| matrix curly brace open [&|mcbo|&]

|mcbc| matrix curly brace close [&|mcbc|&]

|3mcbo| matrix curly brace open [&|3mcbo|&]

|3mcbc| matrix curly brace close [&|3mcbc|&]













|mpbo| matrix parathesis brace open [&|mpbo|&]

|mpbc| matrix parathesis brace close [&|mpbc|&]

|3mpbo| matrix parathesis brace open [&|3mpbo|&]

|3mpbc| matrix parathesis brace close [&|3mpbc|&]









MATRIX BRACES







|mstbo| matrix straight brace open [&|mstbo|&]

|mstbc| matrix straight brace close [&|mstbc|&]|3mstbo| matrix straight brace close [&|3mstbo|&]

|3mstbc| matrix straight brace close [&|3mstbc|&]

|4mstbo| matrix straight brace open [&|4mstbo|&]












MATRIX BRACES


GlossaryASCII FILTER LANGUAGEASCII filter language provides an alternate methodfor creating mathematical structures. Anything youenter in ASCII format, is automatically convertedto mathematical structures when inserted into aQuarkXPress layout. It also lets you import andexport the structures in the form of ASCII lan-guage. Macros in XPressMath support mathemati-cal structures in ASCII format only.

AUTOPAGEAutopage is a utility for batch pagination developedby Kytek.

AUTO REMAPSome pi characters need to be entered so fre-quently that it is advantageous to map thosecharacters to keyboard characters. Auto mappingprevents the need for pressing the modifier keysto access the pi characters.

BASE POINT SIZEBase point size is the font size of characters inmathematical structures. All the other parametersare entered in relevance to this parameter so thatthey can be resized when the base point sizeis altered.

EQUATION BASELINEThe line across the center of the Equation Builderwindow displays the baseline of the equation. Thissits on the same baseline the cursor is on in theQuarkXPress layout when you open the Equa-tion Builder window.

INDEXIndex is a unique number assigned to each pre-defined style. Index numbers always start fromzero up to one less than the total number of stylesin the selected type style.

INFERIORInferior specifies a baseline shift below the originalbaseline. The baseline offset and point size isspecified as a percentage of the base point size.Inferiors are always displayed in the bottom ofthe base line character.

MACROSYou can create macros to automate the task ofcreating mathematical structures. You can createmacros only by specifying actions in the form ofASCII language.

MATH LEAD FACTORThe math lead factor specifies the gap between thebase character and the super character of thatbase character.

MATHMONARCHMathMonarch, a software developed by Westwords Inc., converts Microsoft Word or textequations into XPressMath ASCII format andvice versa.

NUDGINGNudging is the process of increasing or decreas-ing the space between the two characters. Youcan create your own styles, each specifying thedifferent space width between the two characters.

PI CHARACTERS SETPi characters are the set of characters accessed bythe modifier keys and followed by an actual key-board character. In XPressMath, there are fourtypes of pi characters sets. So the number of theseremapped setups available at any one time is fourtimes the 256 keyable input characters, for a totalof 1024.

PROCEDURESProcedures are the mathematical structures insertin a QuarkXPress layout. For example, division,summation, integral, and so on.

PROCEDURES OPTIONSProcedures options are the options associated witheach procedure. These options let you specify thesettings according to your own requirements.

STACKStack is a structure in which you can place elementsone over another. In XPressMath, you can create astructure by calling procedures and then placing theother elements above or under the base elements.

ASCII FILTER LANGUAGE — STACK

150 | GLOSSARY

SUPERIORSuperior specifies the baseline shift above the orig-inal baseline. The baseline offset and point size isspecified as a percentage of the base point size.Superior characters are always displayed on top ofthe base line character.

SUPERSETSCharacter styles, procedures options, and mappingto pi characters are saved as supersets. These super-sets are saved as external files. Any superset can bereused in any number of projects and the supersetthat is active for a project can be replaced by anyother superset at any time.

TAGTag is the name assigned to the styles in XPress-Math. A tag is assigned to each index number.You can remember styles either by index numberor by the related tag name, whichever is easier.

USER BOXA box containing the mathematical structure thatis inserted in the QuarkXPress layout. The userbox is always anchored in the active text box.

XPRESSMATH PREFERENCES FILEAll the XPressMath settings are saved in the“XPressMath Preferences” file; these settingsare applied automatically the next time yourun XPressMath.

XPRESSMATH XTENSIONS SOFTWAREXPressMath XTensions software is an XTensionssoftware for QuarkXPress. It provides the abilityto create and insert high-quality, formattedmathematical structures in QuarkXPress layouts.

SUPERIOR — XPRESSMATH XTENSIONS SOFTWARE

GLOSSARY | 151