XRD

: x . .

. x . :

:X x 5981 : x . X-ray. . x - x . x .1(

2(

3(

: x . x x . ) 1 ( x .

:

AB+BC=n AB=BC=d Sin n=2d Sin = X = ) x 1/245 ( = d = n ( (

.

( 1 ) X

:x x . ( (mA . . . 51 -06 keV . ( 02 (C . () . x . x .

Cullity, 1978

Philipscatalogue

x )10.0 nm 01 (nm . 3.0 nm . x 7.0 3.2 A. x . x

XRD (X-ray diffraction) x .

XRD .

x .

XRD . XRD :

XRD

:

d . , . d .

(d )

XRD . d (000.001 )

.

( 3). Z .

x . XRD ( 4 ) .

. x .

D x .

XRD.

:

1-Braun, R. D., Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. 2-Christian, G. D., O'Reilly, J. E. (eds.), Instrumental Analysis, PrenticeHall, New Jersey, 1986.3-Ewing, G. W., Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, Mc GrawHill, Singapore, 1985.

4-Freiser, H., Concepts and Calculations in Analytical Chemistry, CRC, Florida, 1992. 5-Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., Principles of Instrumental Analysis, HoltSaunders, Tokyo, 1987.