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11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream โœก ALHaTorah.org alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream 1/1 (Click for this topic in art) Yaakov's Dream THE DREAM In , Bar Kappara states, "There is no dream without an interpretation." There are many dreams, though, whose meanings are not at all clear, and Yaakov's vision in Beit El is a case in point. As Yaakov falls asleep, he sees a ladder reaching towards the heavens. Angels ascend and descend, and Hashem stands on top. What does each part of the vision represent? Who are these angels? Why are they going up and down (and why in that order)? What does the ladder symbolize? The dream contained not only visuals, but also Hashem speaking: ื‘ ื› ื” ๏ฌช ๏ญŠ ืจ ื ๏ฌช ืฅ ื ๏ฌฏืจ ืง ื” ื— ืฆ ื™ ื™ ื” ื ื• ื™ ื ๏ฌฏื‘ ื” ืจ ื™ ๏ฌฎื‘ ื” ื™ ื”' ื ื  ืจ ื ืืž ๏ฌน ื™ื• ื• ืœ ื‘ ืข ๏ญ† ื” ื”' ื  ๏ญ€ ื” ื•(ื™ื’) ื›๏ฌต ืจ ื‘ ื  ื” ื• ๏ฌฑ ื’ ื  ื” ื• ื  ืค ืฆ ื” ื• ืž ื“ ืง ื” ื• ๏ฌพ ื™ ๏ญŠ ืฆ ืจ ืฅ ๏ฌตืค ๏ฌฏืจ ืจ ื” ืค ืข ๏ฌป ืข ืจ ื” ื– ื™ ื” ื•(ื™ื“) . ืข ืจ ื– ื” ๏ฌตืœ ๏ญ€ ื  ๏ญŠ ื ืœ ื™ื” ืœ ืข ืœ ื ื™ ืช ื‘ ๏ฌช ื” ื• ืœ ืจ ๏ญŠ ๏ฌช ืœ ื ื› ๏ฌฑ ื™ ๏ญŠ ืจ ืž ๏ฌต๏ฌช ๏ฌพ ื™ ืข ื› ื” ๏ฌฏื  ๏ญ€ ื” ื•(ื˜ื•) . ืข ืจ ื– ื” ๏ฌตื‘ ืž ื“ ื ืช ื” ื— ๏ญ„ ๏ฌช ืœ ืž ๏ฌป ื‘. ื™ ืœ ๏ญŠ ืจ ๏ฌฑ ืจ ๏ฌณ ๏ฌช ืช ื ื™ ื ื™ืช ๏ฌซ ื ืข ืจ ื ๏ฌช ื“ ื ืข ื‘ ื– ืข ื ื ื™ ืืช ๏ฌป ๏ฌถ ื” ื” ืž ื“ ื ื”How do Hashem's words relate to the vision itself? Are they an interpretation of the symbols seen by Yaakov or a separate and distinct message? "THIS IS A HOUSE OF GOD" Upon awakening, Yaakov notes the awesomeness of the site, declaring, " ืจ ืข ื” ๏ฌช ื– ื™ื ื• ื” ื™ืช ื ื ๏ฌฑ ื™ ื ื” ๏ฌป ื™ืŸ ื– ืื ื™ ืž ๏ฌฌ ,"ื”and he then erects a monument. What makes Yaakov react so passionately? When others receive a prophecy or dream, we do not usually find any equivalent response or declaration. Is Yaakov's statement somehow related to the message imparted to him through the dream, or is it simply a reaction to revelation? Moreover, was Beit El really more of a "gateway to heaven" than any other city? Why did the dream take place here? See Abarbanel who reviews at least eight different potential interpretations, only to reject each one and offer his own novel understanding. The Hebrew is ambiguous and it is unclear if Hashem stands on top of the ladder or on top of Yaakov himself. After the Covenant of the Pieces, for instance, we do not read of Avraham building an altar or proclaiming the holiness of the site in which he received the vision. Bereshit Rabbah [1] [2] EN/HE [3] [1] [2] [3]

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Page 1: Yaakov's Dream Bereshit Rabbah

11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream โœก ALHaTorah.org

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(Click for this topic in art)

Yaakov's Dream

THE DREAM

In , Bar Kappara states, "There is no dream without an

interpretation." There are many dreams, though, whose meanings are not

at all clear, and Yaakov's vision in Beit El is a case in point. As Yaakov

falls asleep, he sees a ladder reaching towards the heavens. Angels

ascend and descend, and Hashem stands on top. What does each part

of the vision represent? Who are these angels? Why are they going up and

down (and why in that order)? What does the ladder symbolize?

The dream contained not only visuals, but also Hashem speaking:

(ื™ื’) ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื”' ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™๏ฟฝ ื•ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื›ื‘

ืขืœื™ื” ืœ๏ฟฝ ืืชื ื ื” ื•ืœื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ื™ื“) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื•

ื‘๏ฟฝ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ื˜ื•) ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ืขืž๏ฟฝ ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™๏ฟฝ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืœ๏ฟฝ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™๏ฟฝ ืืœ

ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ๏ฟฝื ืืขื–ื‘๏ฟฝ ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœ๏ฟฝ.

How do Hashem's words relate to the vision itself? Are they an interpretation of the symbols seen by

Yaakov or a separate and distinct message?

"THIS IS A HOUSE OF GOD"

Upon awakening, Yaakov notes the awesomeness of the site, declaring, "ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ

and he then erects a monument. What makes Yaakov react so passionately? When others receive ,"ื”ืฉืžื™ื

a prophecy or dream, we do not usually find any equivalent response or declaration. Is Yaakov's

statement somehow related to the message imparted to him through the dream, or is it simply a reaction to

revelation? Moreover, was Beit El really more of a "gateway to heaven" than any other city? Why did the

dream take place here?

See Abarbanel who reviews at least eight different potential interpretations, only to reject each one and

offer his own novel understanding.

The Hebrew is ambiguous and it is unclear if Hashem stands on top of the ladder or on top of Yaakov

himself.

After the Covenant of the Pieces, for instance, we do not read of Avraham building an altar or proclaiming

the holiness of the site in which he received the vision.

Bereshit Rabbah

[1]

[2]

EN/HE

[3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

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Yaakov's Dream

Exegetical Approaches

OverviewIn attempting to decipher the meaning of Yaakov's dream, commentators are guided by both their

perception of the intended audience of the message and by textual clues as to the vision's interpretation.

While many exegetes endeavor to find in the dream a message that would be meaningful to Yaakov

himself, others attempt to make it significant to the contemporary reader as well. On a textual level,

some commentators focus on the symbols of the vision itself, while others look either to Hashem's

accompanying speech or to Yaakov's own reaction, "this is a house of God."

Thus, Hashem's words "and I will guard you" lead Rashi and others to highlight the message of God's

salvation and protection. These commentators subdivide regarding to whom the dream's message was

aimed, Yaakov himself, in the present, or the Nation of Israel, in the future. A second position, taken by

Shadal, sees in the ladder's bridging between heaven and earth a symbol of prayer, and various

Midrashim arrive at a similar conclusion by focusing on Yaakov's identification of the site as a "house of

God". Finally, R. D"Z Hoffmann proposes a third reading of the dream, viewing the rung by rung climbing

of the ladder as a metaphor for man's constant striving to realize his potential.

Providence and Protection

The dream was meant to impart a message to Yaakov regarding Hashem's providence in the world. It

signified that Hashem would protect Yaakov and watch over him, despite potential dangers that he might

encounter. The position subdivides over whether this message relates to Yaakov personally, in his present

circumstances, or to Yaakov's descendants (the nation of Israel) in the future:

Message for the Present

The message of providence and protection is aimed at Yaakov himself.

SOURCES: , , , ,

Meaning of dream components

Ladder โ€“ Ibn Ezra asserts that the ladder represents a connection between heaven and earth,

signifying that what happens below is dependent on what happens above.

Angels โ€“ According to Bemidbar Rabbah and Rashi, the angels are heavenly creatures sent to

accompany Yaakov. Ibn Ezra and Ramban, in contrast, maintain that they are Hashem's messengers

sent to carry out God's bidding in the world.

Ascending and descending โ€“ Rashi maintains that the group of angels who have accompanied

Yaakov in his journeys in the Land of Israel are ascending to heaven to be replaced by other angels who

Bemidbar Rabbah Rashi Ibn Ezra Ramban Netziv

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will accompany him as he leaves the land. Ibn Ezra and Ramban suggest that the angels ascend to

report to Hashem on the happenings on earth and descend to fulfill any commands given to them by

God.

Hashem at the top โ€“ For Ibn Ezra, Hashem's position at the top emphasizes how all that happens in

the world is under Hashem's direct control. Ramban adds that Hashem is telling Yaakov that he will be

protected not by angels, but by Hashem Himself. The Neziv, in contrast, understands the words "ื ืฆื‘

to mean that God was on top of Yaakov rather than the ladder, but similarly points out how this "ืขืœื™ื•

emphasizes God's personal providence.

Significance for Yaakov โ€“ The message is very apt for Yaakov who is fearfully fleeing from his brother

and venturing into the unknown.

Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ€“ According to this position, Hashem's statement

echoes the main point of the visual message, and His words, "๏ฟฝื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ืขืž๏ฟฝ ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™๏ฟฝ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืœ"

effectively interpret the dream.

Why Beit El? There seems to be no reason that this message needed to be given to Yaakov specifically in

Beit El. Nonetheless, both Rashi and Ramban connect Beit El with Yerushalayim and the site of the

Mikdash, making it an appropriate place to receive a prophecy.

Yaakov's conclusion that the site is a holy one seems less โ€“ "ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื"

related to the content of the message than to the revelation itself.

Ramban explains that despite the assurances in the dream, Yaakov might have โ€“ "ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื™"

feared that sin would cause him to be unworthy of God's protection.

Message For the Future

The dream contained a message about the future nation of Israel which will be subdued by various enemy

kingdoms, but in the end will prevail over them, as each empire falls in turn.

SOURCES: , , ,

Meaning of dream components โ€“ According to this position, the ladder is a ladder of history, with its

various rungs representing spans of time. The angels are the guardian angels of the four kingdoms which

will later subdue Israel, and their ascent and descent represent each kingdom's initial rise to power and

ultimate fall from power. Seforno points out that God's presence at the top signifies that, despite periods of

persecution, Hashem will never abandon his chosen nation.

Motivation โ€“ These Midrashim may be motivated by the fact that despite God's promises of land, progeny

and protection, Yaakov reacts to the dream with fear.

Significance for Yaakov โ€“ According to this read, the dream holds no immediate message for Yaakov.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Pesikta DeRav Kahana Tanchuma Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer Seforno

[6]

[7]

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Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ€“ According to Seforno, Hashem's words echoed

and elaborated upon the meaning hidden in the vision. Alternatively, one could suggest that, while the

dream related to Yaakov's descendants, Hashem's words held a parallel message for Yaakov himself.

Why Beit El? The choice of site is not significant and has no special connection to the vision.

Seforno asserts that after having the dream, Yaakov realized that โ€“ "ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื"

the site must be a holy place, predisposed to prophetic visions.

If one suggests that Hashem's words regarding protection were referring just to โ€“ "ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื™"

Yaakov's descendants, then this request for Hashem's protection is understandable, as God has not yet

promised Yaakov anything on a personal level.

A Site of Prayer

Yaakov's dream was a visual representation of man's communion with Hashem, and it highlighted the

special status of Beit El as a place of prayer.

SOURCES: , , , , ,

Meaning of dream components

According to Bereshit Rabbah, the "ืกืœื" represents the ramp of the altar. Its head, which reaches

heavenwards, symbolizes the smoke of the sacrifices which ascends upwards, while the angels

symbolize the priests who serve Hashem, ascending and descending the altar's ramp as they bring

sacrifices.

Shadal suggests, more simply, that the dream is merely a visual representation of prayer. The angels

bring man's prayers up to Hashem and then descend to fulfill the requests. The ladder, thus, is a

channel which connects humans to Hashem.

Significance for Yaakov โ€“ According to Shadal, through the dream, Yaakov's unspoken prayers are

answered by Hashem. On the other hand, according to the Talmud Bavli, Yaakov felt that he could not

leave Israel without stopping first to pray at the holy site.

Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ€“ Hashem's response to Yaakov is the auditory

parallel of the descending angels in Yaakov's vision. Hashem heard Yaakov's prayers and actively replied

with messages of comfort.

Why Beit El? Most of those who take this approach identify (or at least connect) Beit El with Har HaMoriyah

and the site of the future Beit HaMikdash. The concept is motivated both by the definitive "ื”" in the word

."ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื" ,and by Yaakov's words (suggesting a known place) "ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื"

Relating the locale of the dream to the site of the Mikdash is logical if one sees the dream as a message of

communion with Hashem. The obvious difficulty, of course, is that Beit El is not in Yerushalayim and is not

identical to Har HaMoriyah.

[8]

[9]

Talmud Bavli Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Bereshit Rabbah Yeshuah cited by Ibn Ezra Seforno

Shadal

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

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According to Shadal, Yaakov originally thought of his resting โ€“ "ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื"

place in a negative way, but after his dream and seeing that Hashem saw his suffering, Yaakov considered

it a place of worship. Others who take this approach read these words to refer literally to the future house of

Hashem, the Beit HaMikdash.

and oath โ€“ Seforno understands Yaakov's request that Hashem be with him not that "ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื™"

Hashem should physically protect him (as God had already promised as much) but that Hashem should

help him never waver in his faith.

Striving to Achieve Man's Potential

The vision contains an important message about man's constant climb towards perfection and attempts to

get closer to God.

SOURCES: ,

Meaning of dream components โ€“ This approach views the ladder as man's climb heavenwards.

Rambam reads the angels as prophets who move up the ladder towards God, but then bring His message

and teachings back down to earth. R. D"Z Hoffmann, in contrast, reads them as referring to any individual,

who in his strive for perfection and to fulfill God's commands, climbs up the ladder rung by rung to get

closer to Hashem.

Significance for Yaakov โ€“ According to R. D"Z Hoffmann, this is a message for Yaakov to strive to reach

his potential, despite his present unpromising circumstances.

Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ€“ Hashem's words provide encouragement that He

will help Yaakov achieve his destiny and reach his goals.

Why Beit El? There is no special significance to Beit El.

R. D"Z Hoffmann asserts that upon awakening Yaakov realized โ€“ "ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื"

that Hashem's presence could be felt in a place even if it had no altar or physical cultic structure. The site

was, nonetheless, a house of God and gateway to heaven.

Rashi, thus, adds another component to the dream's message, the uniqueness of the Land of Israel.

It would seem that the dream only occurred in Beit El since that is where Yaakov happened to be when

night fell.

See below for a larger discussion of the connection between the sites.

Ibn Ezra says that Yaakov noted the miraculous nature of the site and concluded that it must be a chosen

place. See above, though, that according to Rashi and Ramban, the site is directly related to the future Beit

HaMikdash.

Rambam R. D"Z Hoffmann

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[17]

[1]

[2]

[3]

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Alternatively, Ramban suggests that "ืื" here implies "when" and Yaakov is simply saying that after

Hashem's promises are fulfilled, he will tithe his belongings and make a house of worship for Hashem

See N. Leibowitz, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, (Jerusalem, 1992): 208-210, who points this out and analyzes the

various Midrashim who take this approach.

See James Kugel, The Bible as it Was, (Cambridge, 1997): 211.

Seforno maintains that when Hashem says that Yaakov's descendants will be like the dust of the earth, this

refers to their lowly status while in exile. Hashem, though, promises that He will not leave them during their

times of distress and after their return to the land, the nation will spread and grow even stronger than before.

Seforno, though, also connects the site to the Beit HaMikdash and suggests that the ladder might also

represent a conduit by which man's prayers reach Hashem. See below for elaboration of this interpretation of

the dream.

The word "ืกืœื" is commonly translated as a ladder (due to its contemporary usage) but it is, in fact, a

hapax legomenon, whose meaning is unclear. It might be related to the Akkadian "simmiltu" which means a

stairway or it could stem from the Hebrew root ืกืœืœ which relates to a path or ramp, apparently the approach

taken here. Cf. Yitchak Peleg, "ืžื”ื• ื”'ืกืœื' ืฉืจืื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•?" in ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงื“ื•ื, who suggests

that what Yaakov saw was not a ramp but a staircase, in essence a ziggurat, a Mesopotamian temple,

understood to connect heaven and earth. According to this suggestion, Yaakov was seeing not a Jewish

symbol of prayer, but a contemporary house of worship. One must wonder, though, why Hashem would

choose an idolatrous symbol to represent prayer. See, thus, Prof. Yehuda Elitzur, "ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืกื•ืœื ื™ืขืงื‘" in ื™ืฉืจืืœ

44-50, who maintains that our story is actually an example of the Torah's dismissal :(Jerusalem, 2000) ื•ื”ืžืงืจื

of such Babylonian temples and practices.

Cf. the second opinion brought in Bereshit Rabbah 68:12, which reads the ladder as symbolic of Mount

Sinai and the angels as representing Moshe and Aharon. According to this read, too, the dream is about

Hashem's revelation to man. See also Bereshit Rabbah 69:7 which suggests that Yaakov saw the Beit

HaMikdash being built, destroyed and then rebuilt. This Midrash combines the themes of both this and the

above approach. The vision revolves around sites of prayer and communication with Hashem but also

contains a message of salvation, or restoration from destruction.

Shadal is the exception.

In addition, commentators might be bothered by Beit El's later infamy in being the idolatrous site of

Yerovam's golden calves.

R. Elazar in the name of R. Yose b. Zimra suggests that the ladder's ends were in Beer Sheva and Beit El

but its middle was in Har HaMoriyah. See Rashi and Ramban who attempt to explain these words and the

identification as a whole. See also the discussion in R. Yaakov Meidan's article, "ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ", and R. Zeev

Weitman's article "ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”".

Cf. Dr. Yisrael Eldad, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื , (Jerusalem, 1959): 47-51, who also reads into the dream a message

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

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regarding man's attempts to attain perfection. He sees in the ladder the idea that one needs to connect

between the heavenly and earthly. As one aspires to rise spiritually, one must, nonetheless, always remain

rooted to the ground.

One might suggest a more critical view, that Hashem is telling him to improve despite his morally

questionable tricking of his brother.

R. D"Z Hoffmann relates to the Midrash that describes how the angels were looking at the sleeping Yaakov

down below and comparing him to the portrait of Yaakov up above. R. D"Z Hoffmann suggests that they found

the earthly Yaakov lacking. How could he sleep rather than act to fulfill his potential? Hashem, in his kindness,

protects Yaakov from their wrath and encourages him to act and achieve.

[16]

[17]

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Yaakov's Dream

Sources

BIBLICAL TEXTS

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™'-ื›"ื‘

(ื™) ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื™ืœ๏ฟฝ ื—ืจื ื”. (ื™ื) ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืฉื

ืžืจืืฉืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื. (ื™ื‘) ื•ื™ื—๏ฟฝื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกืœื ืžืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื

ืขืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•. (ื™ื’) ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื”' ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™๏ฟฝ ื•ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื›ื‘

ืขืœื™ื” ืœ๏ฟฝ ืืชื ื ื” ื•ืœื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ื™ื“) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘๏ฟฝ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช

ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ื˜ื•) ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ืขืž๏ฟฝ ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™๏ฟฝ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืœ๏ฟฝ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™๏ฟฝ ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ๏ฟฝื ืืขื–ื‘๏ฟฝ ืขื“

ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœ๏ฟฝ. (ื˜ื–) ื•ื™ื™ืงืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื ืชื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื ื›ื™ ๏ฟฝื ื™ื“ืขืชื™. (ื™ื–)

ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. (ื™ื—) ื•ื™ืฉื›ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช

ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืจืืฉืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื ืืชื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆืง ืฉืžืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื”. (ื™ื˜) ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ

ื•ืื•ืœื ืœื•ื– ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืจืืฉื ื”. (ื›) ื•ื™ื“ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื“ืจ ืœืืžืจ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื™ ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจ๏ฟฝ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™

ื”ื•ืœ๏ฟฝ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื—ื ืœืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ ืœืœื‘ืฉ. (ื›ื) ื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”' ืœื™ ืœื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื. (ื›ื‘) ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช

ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืชื™ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืชืŸ ืœื™ ืขืฉืจ ืืขืฉืจื ื• ืœ๏ฟฝ.(ื™) ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื™ืœ๏ฟฝ ื—ืจื ื”. (ื™ื)

ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืฉื ืžืจืืฉืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื. (ื™ื‘) ื•ื™ื—๏ฟฝื ื•ื”ื ื”

ืกืœื ืžืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•. (ื™ื’) ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื”'

ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™๏ฟฝ ื•ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืœ๏ฟฝ ืืชื ื ื” ื•ืœื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ื™ื“) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ

ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘๏ฟฝ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ื˜ื•) ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ืขืž๏ฟฝ ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™๏ฟฝ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ

ืชืœ๏ฟฝ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™๏ฟฝ ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ๏ฟฝื ืืขื–ื‘๏ฟฝ ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœ๏ฟฝ. (ื˜ื–) ื•ื™ื™ืงืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื ืชื•

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื ื›ื™ ๏ฟฝื ื™ื“ืขืชื™. (ื™ื–) ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช

ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. (ื™ื—) ื•ื™ืฉื›ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืจืืฉืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื ืืชื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆืง ืฉืžืŸ

ืขืœ ืจืืฉื”. (ื™ื˜) ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ืื•ืœื ืœื•ื– ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืจืืฉื ื”. (ื›) ื•ื™ื“ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื“ืจ ืœืืžืจ ืื

ื™ื”ื™ื” ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื™ ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจ๏ฟฝ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืœ๏ฟฝ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื—ื ืœืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ ืœืœื‘ืฉ. (ื›ื) ื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืœ

ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”' ืœื™ ืœื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื. (ื›ื‘) ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืชื™ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื๏ฟฝื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืชืŸ ืœื™ ืขืฉืจ

ืืขืฉืจื ื• ืœ๏ฟฝ.

CLASSICAL TEXTS

ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆ"ื”.-:

ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ืฉืœืฉื” ืงืคืฆื” ืœื”ื ื”ืืจืฅ: ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” - ื”ื

ื“ืืžืจืŸ. ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื - ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื“) ื•ืื‘ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืœืžื™ืžืจื ื“ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ื ืคืง. ื™ืขืงื‘

ืื‘ื™ื ื• - ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื™ืœืš ื—ืจื ื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื›ื™

EN/HE

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ืžื˜ื ืœื—ืจืŸ ืืžืจ: ืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™ ื‘ื•? ื‘ืขื™ ืœืžื™ื”ื“ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ืจื”ืจ

ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืœืžื™ื”ื“ืจ - ืงืคืฆื” ืœื™ื” ืืจืขื. ืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฆ"ื.

ืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื–ืจื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื™ืœืš ื—ืจื ื”,

ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื ืœื—ืจืŸ ืืžืจ: ืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™? ื›ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื‘

ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืœืžื™ื”ื“ืจ - ืงืคืฆื” ืœื™ื” ืืจืขื, ืžื™ื“ - ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื“ ืฆืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ ืœืžื™ื”ื“ืจ, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ื”

ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื ืœื™ื ื”? ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช

ื”ืื‘ืŸ! ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ ื™ื ื™ื— ืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ื”

ืจืืฉื•; ืชื ื: ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ื‘ืœืขื• ื‘ืื—ื“. (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื”, ืชื ื: ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื -

ืฉืžื•ื ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืคืจืกืื•ืช, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•, ืขื•ืœื™ื - ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื -

ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื“ื™ - ื”ื•ื• ืœื”ื• ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœืืš (ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื™') ื•ื’ื•ื™ืชื• ื›ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ, ื•ื’ืžื™ืจื™ ื“ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ ืชืจื™

ืืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื™ ื”ื•ื•. ืชื ื: ืขื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื”. ื‘ืขื• ืœืกื›ื•ื ื™ื”,

ืžื™ื“ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฉ: ืืœืžืœื ืžืงืจื ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืžืจื• -

ื›ืื“ื ืฉืžื ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•. (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื’ื•' - ืžืื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื”? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืžืœืžื“

ืฉืงืคืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืชื—ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉืชื”ื ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื™ื›ื‘ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื•.

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื

ื•ืฆืœื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื ื•ื‘ืช ืชืžืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืžืข ืฉืžืฉื ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืื‘ื ื™ ืืชืจื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืฉื•ื™ ืื™ืกื“ื•ื™ ื•ืฉื›ื™ื‘

ื‘ืืชืจื ื”ื”ื•ื.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืก"ื—:ื™"ื‘

ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื, ืืžืจ ืจ' ืื‘ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ืžืขืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ, ื—ื“ ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืื–ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ

ื—ืœืคืชื, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืžื™ ืืžืจื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื–ืœ ืกื‘ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื“ืื‘ื•ืš ืžืŸ ืงืคื•ื“ืงื™ื, ื"ืœ ื•ืื–ืœ ืื‘ื•ืš ืœืงืคื•ื“ืงื™ื ืžืŸ

ื™ื•ืžื™ื” ื"ืœ ืœื, ื"ืœ ื–ื™ืœ ืžื ื™ ื›' ืฉืจื™ื™ ื‘ื›ืจืกื ื“ื‘ื™ืชืš ืืช ืžืฉื›ื— ืœื™ื” ื"ืœ ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื›', ื"ืœ ื•ืื™ ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื›' ืžื ื™

ืžืŸ ืจืืฉื™ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืคื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื”ื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืžืฉื›ื—, ืื–ืœ ืžื ื ื•ืืฉื›ื— ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืœื” ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืคืชื

ืžืŸ ืงืคื•ื“ืงื™ื, ืชื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืงืคืจื ืœื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื, ื–ื” ื”ื›ื‘ืฉ, ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื”, ื–ื” ืžื–ื‘ื— (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›')

ืžื–ื‘ื— ืื“ืžื” ืชืขืฉื” ืœื™, ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื”, ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื—ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื, ืืœื•

ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืขื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉ, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, (ืขืžื•ืก ื˜') ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœ

ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืคืชืจื™ืŸ ืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื, ื–ื” ืกื™ื ื™, ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™"ื˜) ื•ื™ืชื™ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื”ืจ,

ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื”, (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“') ื•ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉ ืขื“ ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื“"ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื ื–ื” ืกื™ื ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื

ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื, ืขืœ ืฉื (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก"ื—) ืจื›ื‘ ืืœื”ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืŸ, ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื

ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื—ื’ื™ ื') ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื—ื’ื™ ืžืœืืš ื”' ื‘ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”' ืœืขื, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ,

ืขื•ืœื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™"ื˜) ื•ืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืฉื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™"ื˜) ื•ื™ืจื“ ืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• (ืฉืžื•ืช

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ื™"ื˜) ื•ื™ืจื“ ื”' ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ, ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืืžืจ ืชืจื›ื•ืกื ืฉืœ ื’' ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจืื” ืœื•, ืจื‘ื™

ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื“ืกื›ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืชื™ื” ื“ืจ"ื™ ื“ืกื›ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ื‘) ื›ื™

ื—ืœืง ื”' ืขืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื—ืœืชื•, ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืงื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’', ืจ' ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”

ืืžืจ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืื” ืœื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœืืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื

ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื™') ื•ื’ื•ื™ืชื• ื›ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ ื•ืคื ื™ื• ื›ืžืจืื” ื‘ืจืง ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืจื’ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืงืœืœ, ืจ'

ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื ืื™, ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืœื, ื•ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘, ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื

ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื ื™ื—ื, ื•ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘, ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืคื–ื™ื ื‘ื• ืงืคื–ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ

(ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืž"ื˜) ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืš ืืชืคืืจ, ืืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื—ืงื•ืงื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ

ืฉืœื• ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉืŸ, ืžืฉืœ ืœืžืœืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื“ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกื™ืœืงื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ

ื‘ืคืจื•ื•ื“ ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉืŸ, ื“"ื ืœืžืขืœืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื™ื•ืจื“, ืœืžื˜ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ

ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืขื•ืœื”, ื“"ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•, ืขื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื•

ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืข"ื™ ืฉื’ืœื• ืžืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ื•

ืžืžื—ื™ืฆืชืŸ ืงืœ"ื— ืฉื ื”, ืจ' ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื”ื•ื” ืžืคื™ืง ืœื™ืฉื ื ืงืœื, ื"ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืข"ื™ ืฉื ืชื’ืื• ื•ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื

ืื ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื• ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืก"ื˜:ื–'

ื•ื™ืงืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื ืชื•, ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืžืจ ืžืžืฉื ืชื•, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื

ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืจ"ื ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžืจื ืืžืจ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข

ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืž"ื˜ ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื, ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื

ื”ื–ื”, ื"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจ' ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืž"ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื”

ื ื•ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื"ืจ ืื—ื

ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืคืชื— ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืš, ื"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช

ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืŸ ืืœื ื™"ื— ืžื™ืœ ืž"ื˜ ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืŸ ื•ื–"ื”, ื“"ื ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื•ื™, ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™, ื”ืžื“"ื (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืก"ื—) ื ื•ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื

ืžืžืงื“ืฉื™ืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื—ืจื‘ ื›ืžื“"ื (ืื™ื›ื” ื”') ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื” ืœื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืืœื” ื—ืฉื›ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื,

ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื, ื›ืžื“"ื (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืž"ื–) ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ ืฉืขืจื™ืš.

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื›"ื˜:ื‘'

ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ืคืชื— (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ) ื•ืืชื” ืืœ ืชื™ืจื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—) ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื

ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ืืžืจ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืืžืจ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืขื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ ื "ื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืค ื•ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข

ื›ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชื™ื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืืžืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืืชื” ืืœ ืชื™ืจื

ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœื™ ืžืฉื ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื• ื”ื”"ื“ (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื') ืื ืชื’ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื ืฉืจ ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื

ืฉื™ื ืงื ืš ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืจ' ื—ืœื‘ื• ื•ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘

ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื•ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื

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ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฃ ืืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชื™ื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื ื—"ื• ื›ืฉื ืฉืœืืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืืฃ ืœื™ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื•

ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืืชื” ืืœ ืชื™ืจื ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืขืœื” ื"ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืจ'

ื—ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืข"ื—) ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื˜ืื• (ืœื•) [ืขื•ื“] ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื• ื–ื” ืื‘ื™ื ื•

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืขืœื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืœื• ื”ืืžื ืช ื•ืขืœื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืจื“ืช ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื ืช ื•ืœื

ืขืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื• ืžืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“' ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื”

ืฉืขื” ื ืชื™ื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ืฉ"ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื• (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ') ื•ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™

ืžื•ืฉื™ืขืš ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื›ืžื“"ื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืœ"ื˜) ืžืืจืฅ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ ืžื‘ื‘ืœ (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ') ื•ืืช ื–ืจืขืš ืžืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื

ื•ืžืืกืคืžื™ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉืงื˜ ืžืžื“ื™ ื•ืฉืื ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืžืื“ื•ื ื›ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื

ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื—ืชื™ืš ืฉืžื” ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื›ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ื•ืื•ืชืš ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ

ืžื›ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืืช ืืžืจ ืœื ืชื›ืœื” ืคืืช ืฉื“ืš ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ื•ื™ืกืจืชื™ืš ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ื™ืกืจืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื”"ื–

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืชืš ืžืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ืื™ืžืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™.

ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื“ืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›"ื’:ื‘'

ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ืคืชื— ื•ืืชื” ืืœ ืชื™ืจื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื•ื’' (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ':ื™'). ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘, ื“ื›ืช' ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื

ื•ื’' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘). ื"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ืื™ืœื• ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื“ืืžืจ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“

ืฉื”ืจืื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืขื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื™ ื—ืžืฉื™' ื•ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœ

ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื” ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขืœื” ืขืœื” ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชื™ืจื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืž', ืชืืžืจ ืฉืžื ืœื–ื”

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื' ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ') ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœื™ ืžืฉื

ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•, ื”ื“"ื” ื“ื›ืช' ืื ืชื’ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื ืฉืจ ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืงื ืš ืžืฉื ืื•ืจื™ื“ืš ื ืื ื™"ื™ ื•ื’' (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื':ื“'). ืจ'

ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ืจ' ื—ืœื‘ื• ืจ' ืฉืžืข' ื‘ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ

ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื' /ืืžืจ/ ืœื• ื”ืง' ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฃ ืืชื”

ืขืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชื™ื™ืจื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื' ืชืืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืืฃ ืื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื' ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ'), ืืชื” ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืขืœื”. ืจ'

ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ืจ' ื—ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ื ื”, ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื˜ืื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื•

(ืชื”ืœื™ื ืข"ื—:ืœ"ื‘), ื–ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืขืœื”. ื' ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืžื ืชื” ื•ืขืœื™ืชื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื

ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื” ื•ืœื ืขืœื™ืช ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ืš ืžืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ื

ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื•ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื"ืœ ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ืขืš ืžืจื—ื•ืง (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ':ื™'), ืžื‘ื‘ืœ.

ื•ืืช ื–ืจืขืš ืžืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื™ื (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ'), ืžื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžืืกืคืžื™ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ'), ืžื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ืฉืงื“ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•

ืœ'), ืžืžื“ื™. ื•ืฉืื ืŸ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ'), ืžื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ'), ืžืื“ื•ื. ื›ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืชื™ืš

ืฉื (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ':ื™"ื), ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื ืžื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืž' ื›ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจ'

ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ืœื™' ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืืš ืื•ืชืš ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ื•ื™ืกืจืชื™ืš ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื ืงื” ืœื ืื ืงืš (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ'), ืžื™ื™ืกืจืš ืื ื™

ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืชืš ืžืฉื ื™ืชื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืื™ืžืชื™, ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื’:ื›"ื“).

ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื•ื™ืฆื ื‘'

ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ

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ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืจื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื›ื•"ื ื“ื"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ

ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขืœื” ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื”,

ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื ืœื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื"ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ') ื•ืืชื” ืืœ

ืชื™ืจื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืชื” ืจื•ืื”ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืืฆืœื™ ืžืฉื ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื')

ืื ืชื’ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื ืฉืจ ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืงื ืš ืžืฉื ืื•ืจื™ื“ืš ื ืื ื”', ื"ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื• ื•ืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ื ื”

ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืจืื”ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”

ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื"ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชื™ืจื

ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืืœื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื"ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืš

ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืขืœื”, ืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืข"ื—) ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื˜ืื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื•

ื‘ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื•, ื"ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืœื• ืขืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ืืœื ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ืช ื”ืจื™

ื‘ื ื™ืš ืžืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœืœื• ื“' ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื”"ื– ื‘ืžืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื"ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื"ืœ ืืœ ืชื™ืจื

ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืœ ืชื—ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ืขืš ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืืช ื–ืจืขืš ืžืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžืืกืคื ื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”

ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉืงื˜ ืžืžื“ื™ ื•ืฉืื ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืžืื“ื•ื ื›ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืชื™ืš ืฉื

ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื›ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืชืš ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ืืœื

ืžื™ืกืจืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืชืš ืžืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื, ืœื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื.

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื“':ื'

ื“"ื ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจืช ื•ื’ื•' ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื ื™ ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฆืื•

ืœืงืจืืชืš ื‘ืฆืืชืš ืœื™ืœืš ืœืคื“ืŸ ืืจื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืืชืš ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฆืืช ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื

ื•ื”ื ื” ืกื•ืœื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื’ื•' ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืขื™ื ืืฉืจื™ ื™ืœื•ื“ ืืฉื” ืฉื›ืš ืจืื” ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืคืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ืฆื‘ื™ื

ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืืชื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื‘) ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœืš ืœื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื’ื•' ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื ื™ืŸ

ืฉื ื' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื”) ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื’ื•' ื”ื•ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•'.

MEDIEVAL TEXTS

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื

ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•

(ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื‘:ื“') ื•ื™ืจื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง.

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘-ื™"ื’

(ื™"ื‘) ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื โ€“ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืขืœื•

ืœืจืงื™ืข, ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ืœืœื•ืชื•. (ื™ื’) ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ืœืฉืžืจื•.

ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื–

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ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื - ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžืจื ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืืžืฆืข ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื• ืžื’ื™ืข

ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ

ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืžืฆื ืกื•ืœื ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืจืืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ

ืžื’ื™ืข ืืžืฆืข ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื• ื ื’ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื ื™

ื•ื™ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื ืœื™ื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืจืื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ื–ื• ืœื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ.

ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ืฉื ืขืงืจ ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ืœื›ืืŸ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฆ"ื:), ืฉื‘ื

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืงืจืืชื• ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื. [ื•ืื ืชืืžืจ ื•ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืขื›ื‘ื•

ืฉื, ืื™ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืขื›ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืื™ื”ื• ืขื“ ื—ืจืŸ ืื–ืœ ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ

ื‘ืคืจืง ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ืฉื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฆ"ื:), ื•ืงืจื ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื•ื™ืœืš ื—ืจื ื”, ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื ืœื—ืจืŸ ืืžืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื•

ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™ ื‘ื•, ื™ื”ื‘ ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืœืžื”ื“ืจ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ืงืคืฆื” ืœื• ื”ืืจืฅ]

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘

ื•ื“ืจืš ืกืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžืœ, ืื• ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื. ื•ื”"ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืกืœื ืจืžื– ืœื ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.

ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื”. ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื ืกื•ืœื ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘ื• ืชืคืœืชื•, ื•ื™ืจื“ื” ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื.

ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืื• ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืก ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื”. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœ, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™

ืžื˜ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืœื• ืกืœื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืœื• ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื’"ื› ื›ืชื•ื‘

ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื›ื“ืจืš ืžืœืš ืขื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื•.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื˜"ื–-ื™"ื–

(ื˜ื–) ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“' ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจืื• ืฉื ื ืกื™ื, ื•ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจืฉ ืœืžื” ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื•ื.

(ื™ื–) ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฆืจื›ื• ื•ืชืฉืžืข ืชืคืœืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ.

ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื':ื˜"ื•

ื ืฆื‘ ืื• ื™ืฆื‘. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ืฉืชื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื“ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ืฉื™ื”ื. ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ. ืคืขืžื™ื

ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืชืชืฆื‘ ืื—ื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ื™ืชื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžืœื›ื™ ืืจืฅ, ื™ืฆืื• ื ืฆื‘ื™ื. ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื•ื

ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื”, ื“ื‘ืจืš ื ืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืžื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื‘ื—ืง ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”'

ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืขืœื” ื›ืœ ืžื™

ืฉื™ืขืœื”, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—, ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืžืจื™ ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘

ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื•ื. ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืžืœืืš, ื•ื™ืขืœ

ืžืœืืš ื”' ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื. ื•ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”

ื•ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ืœื, ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืคื’ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืžื•ื“ื, ืืฉืจ

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื• (ื‘ืคืจืง ื™' ืžื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง). ื•ืืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ, ืœื

ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื’ืฉื, ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื ืฆื‘ ื•ืขืžื“ ืขื ื™ื ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ

ื”ื ื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ืš ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘.

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ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘

ื•ื”ื ื” ืกืœื ืžืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื• โ€“ ื”ืจืื”ื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื™

ื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื— ื”' ืœื”ืชื”ืœืš

ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช

ื‘ืฉืœื•ื” ืื• ืžืœืื” ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื•.

ื•ื”ืจืื”ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืœื ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื

ืื‘ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื”' ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื• ืชืžื™ื“, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ืขืžืš ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืœืš, ื›ื™ ืžืขืœืชื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆื ื™ื) ื›ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื• ื™ืฆื•ื” ืœืš ืœืฉืžืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ืš.

ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจ"ื ืœ"ื”) ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื ืœืื‘ืจื, ื›ื™ ื”ืจืื”ื•

ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื‘ืข ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœืชื ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื, ื•ื–ื” ื˜ืขื "ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื" ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืจ

ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจืก, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืขืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืฉืžืจื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ื. ืืžืจื• (ืฉื

ื‘ืคื“ืจ"ื) ื”ืจืื” ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืจื‘ืข ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืŸ ื•ืื‘ื“ืŸ, ื”ืจืื”ื• ืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืขื•ืงื™ื

ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ื”ืจืื”ื• ืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ื”ืจืื”ื• ืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืื” ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื

ืขื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ื”ืจืื”ื• ืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื“ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืš ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื“ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื™"ื“:ื˜"ื•),

ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืื ืชื’ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื ืฉืจ ื•ื’ื•' (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื':ื“').

ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘

ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืกืœื ืขื“ ื•ื™ืงืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื ืชื•. ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืืชื” ื•ื”ื ื”

ืจืื™' ื‘ื” ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•'. ื”ื' ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื•ืขื ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื™ืช' ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื' ืžืขืœืช ืืจืฅ

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืกื•ืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”' ื”ืจืื”ื•

ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื™ื ืœืื“ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืื”

ืื•ืชื• ืกืœื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื™ืขืœื• ืœืฉืžื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฅ

ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืœืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ

ืคืชืจื™ืŸ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื ื” ืกืœื ื–ื” ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™', ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืชื™ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื”ืจ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช

ืื—ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืฉื• ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘' ื”ื•ื ืœืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื• ืฉื”ืจืื”ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื‘ืข

ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœืช' ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ืช' ื•ืœื–ื” ืจืื” ื”ืกื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฉืคืขื•

ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉืจืื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืจื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจืก

ืฉื™ืขืœื• ื‘ืžืขืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื ื•ื"ื› ื™ืจื“ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื–ืจืขื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื”ื•

ืžื™ื“ื ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™ืš ื•ื’ื•' ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื•. ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื’' ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืื‘"ืข ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืกืคืจื“ื™

ืฉื”ืกืœื ืจืžื– ืœื ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื“ื™' ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื”. ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื“' ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืจืื”ื•

ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืœื— ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื

ื™ืขืฉื• ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื™ื”

ื•ืฉืงื˜' ืื• ืžืœืื” ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื“ื ื•ืื– ื™ืฆื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™' ืื‘ืœ

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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื™"ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื ื”ื™ื’ื”ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื”ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœืชื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฉืืจ

ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ' ื‘ื”ื ื›ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื• ื™ืฆื•ื” ืœืš ืœืฉืžืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ืš. ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื” ืงืฆืชื• ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื"ื‘ืข. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•

ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื•ื›ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืจื“ื•

ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืขืœื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœืืœื•ื” ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืจื“ื• ืฉื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœืš. ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขืช

ื”ื”' ื”ื•ื ืœืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื” ืกืœื ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“. ื•ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ

ืื—ืจ. ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืž' ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’'. ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™' ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“' ืขื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”'. ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื

ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•' ื•ื”ื ื” ื™"ื™ ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–'. ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช

ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื›ืœื ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืืžืจื• ืžืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืช

ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจื• ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืฉืคืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ื•ื™ื”

ื•ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืืช ื”ื”ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื. ื•ืฉืืžืจื• ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™

ืืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืขืข ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื ื™ืข ื•ืืžืจื•

ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช. ื•ืืžืจื• ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื. ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœื. ื•ื–"ืฉ ื‘ื•

ื–"ืœ ื•ืืžืจื• ื•ื”ื ื” ื™"ื™ ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช

ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื” ื ื˜ื” ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื•' ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื˜"ื•

ื—"ื’ ืžืกืคืจื• ื•ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืžื” ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ืฉื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืช'

ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื–ื” ื”ืจืื”ื• ื”ืกืœื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืœื ืฉืคืœื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™"ื™

ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืจ"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกืœื ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื• ื•ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืขืœื”

ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœ ื™ืช' ืžืกื‘ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืค"ื˜ ื—"ื. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงืจืื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืค"ื• ื—"ื‘ ืฉื”ื

ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื ืขื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืฉืชื•ืคื•.

ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื–' ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืค"ื™ ื—"ื‘ ื›ื™ ืฉื ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืกืœื ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืข

ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ื›ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื”ื ื•ืคื™' ืžืœืื›ื™

ืืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“' ืฉืฉื ื™' ืžื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื— ื•ืื ื‘ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื ื”ืืฉ ื•ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื

ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืขืคืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื“' ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื”

ืžืž"ืฉ ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื›ืžื” ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืœื ืืจื‘ืขื”. ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ืœืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ื” ื’' ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื•

ืžื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืืžืชื™ ืžื”ื ืื‘ืœ ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉื’ื”

ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื™ืช ื›ื™ ืื ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื' ืžื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘

ื™ืฉื™ื’ื•ื”ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืคืœืกืคื•ืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื•ืื ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช

ืœื ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื™ืช ื›ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืคืจืฉื™ ืกืคืจื• ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืคื— ื”ื–ื” ื™ืงืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ืœื

ื™ื•ืฉื’ื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœ ืคืขืœืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ

ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื•. ื•ื’ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจืื”ื•

ื”ืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ื‘ืžื–ืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข

ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ื ืงืœื” ื•ืœื–ื” ื”ืจืื”ื• ื”ืกืœื ื”ืจื•ืžื– ืืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื›ื™

ืฉืžื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™' ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืœืฉืžื™ื ืืœื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื•

ืขื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ

ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื•ืงืจืื ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžืขืœื” ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœืืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื”ื‘ืชื™ื” ืžืืคื™ืœื”

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ื›ื”ืจืจื™ ืืœ ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื. ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืชื•ืืจื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื•

ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ื ื•ื–ืจืขื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื”ื

ื•ื™ืฉื™ื’ื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืคืกื“. ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืกืคืง ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื ื• ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ืจืขื• ื”ืจืื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”

ื™"ื™ ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืจ"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจืขื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื

ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื“ื. ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™' ื‘ืคื™' ืžืจืื•ืช ืกืœื. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื ืกืคืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืžื ื• ืื™ืฉ

ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืคื ื™ ืขืฉื• ืื—ื™ื• ืžืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื™ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื›ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื”ืžืจืื” ืืฉืจ ืจืื” ืœื ืชืชื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ืœื•ื•ื”ื•

ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ืื• ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืื• ืžืžืฉืœืช ื“' ืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—"ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืžื”ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช

ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืงืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืฆืื•' ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•' ื•ื“' ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื”ืจื‘

ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ืื• ืžื”ื™ื•' ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™' ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื”ืฉื’ื•' ืืžืชื™ื•' ืœื ื”ื™ื•

ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ืง"ื‘ื” ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื ืœื™ืขืงื‘. ื›"ืฉ

ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื™ื—ืกืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•' ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืฉื ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื‘ืจื—ื• ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืœืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืช'

ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื ืžืจืืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ

ืœื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืืคืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืื•ืจื— ื ื˜ื” ืœืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื "ืœ ืœืคืจืฉ ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืžืชื™ื—ืกืช ืœื™ืขืงื‘

ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ืืชื” ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืชืŸ ื—ืœืง ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ื’ื ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™' ื•ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™' ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืœื‘ืš

ืชืฉื™ืช ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื•ืืชื” ืชื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฉื›ืœ. ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืคื—ื“ื• ืžืŸ ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ืจื—

ืžืคื ื™ื• ืขื ื™ ื•ื“ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืชื ื›ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื˜ ืžืžื” ืฉืกื›ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื• ืฉืžื ืœื ื™ืฉืจ

ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืืœื“ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืœืื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืœื™ื• ืงืœืœื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื‘ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื™ืืชื• ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ืจ

ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ืจืื”ื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื• ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืืœื“ื™ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื›ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขื• ื•ืฉืจืฆื” ืืœื“ื™ื

ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืคื—ื“ ืžืขืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืœื”ื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื

ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™' ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืข ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื–ืจืขื• ื•ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืœืœื•

ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื”ืืœ ื™ืช' ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื”ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกืœื ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื”

ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืข ื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ

ื™ืขื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืขืœ ื–ืจืขื• ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืกืœื ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ืงืฆื”ื• ื‘ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืงืฆื”ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ืฉืžืฉ' ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื•

ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืืœื“ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืงืฉืจ ื•ื™ื—ืก ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉืคืœ

ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื“ืฉื ื• ืœืฉืžื™ ื™"ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืœืื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื

ืขื ืจื™ื— ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื“

ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื ื” ื™"ื™ ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืชื“ื‘ืง ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ื‘ื• ื›ืžื•

ืฉืืžืจ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืœืืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžืืžืจื• ืื ื™ ื™"ื™ ืืœื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ืš ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืž' ื”ื ื”

ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชืš ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืขื“ืชื™ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื—ืง. ื•ื”ื ื” ืืžืจ

ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืœืช ืื‘ื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืœื

ืขืฉื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ืงืจื ืœื• ื–ืจืข ืœื ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘'. ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื•ื’

ื”ื‘' ืžื”ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืš ืืชื ื ื” ื•ืœื–ืจืขืš ื›ืืœื• ืืžืจ ืืœ

ืชืชืขืฆื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืš ืืชื ื ื”

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ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืชืชื ื—ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืชื ื—ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืžื˜ืชื• ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืžืš ืžืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื

ื•ื”ื ื” ืืžืจ ืœืš ืืชื ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื ืชื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘"ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื›ื— ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืชื• ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื–ืจืขื•. ื•ื›ื ื’ื“

ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื”ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ืืžืจ ืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื ื™ื—ืžื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื•

ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื™ืชืจื‘ื” ื–ืจืขื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขื ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื•

ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื ื” ื•ืื ื”

ื‘ืœื›ืชื• ืœื—ืจืŸ ื•ืœืฉื›ื ื•ื’ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื–ื” ื’ืœื” ืœื• ืฉื”ื™' ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื–ืจืขื•

ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฆืช ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืืชื”

ื‘ื–ืงื ืชืš ืขื ื–ืจืขืš ื‘ืœื›ืชืš ืžืฆืจื™', ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•' ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื• ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขืš ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉื™ืžืš

ืืœื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืขื ืจื‘. ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื ' ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•

ืœื• ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื“' ื“ื’ืœื™' ืœื“' ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืคืจืฆืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื›"ื› ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืงืจืื•

ื‘ืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืจืฅ ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ ืžื–ื” ื™ื“ืข ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงื—ืช

ื“' ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’' ื’' ืœื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื”

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’'. ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืฉืจ ื”' ื‘ืจื›ื•

ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืจื ืžืขืฉื• ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืขืžืš ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื–ื” ืืœ ืชื™ืจื ืžืขืฉื•. ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืจืฉืขื™ ืืจืฆื• ืืžืจ ืœื•

ื•ืฉืžืจืชื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืœืš ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชืฆื ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื ืขื–ื‘ ืžื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื™

ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืืฉืžืจืš ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืชืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ื•ื’ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื–"ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ืš

ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ืฉื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื•ื›ืืœื• ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื• ื•ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœ

ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืชืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื›ื™ ืœื ืืขื–ื‘ืš ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื•ื’ื•' ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื

ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื” ื•ืืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืš ื•ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื•ืจืก ื›ื™ ืœื ืืขื–ื‘ืš ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืขื

ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืš ืืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืขื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื•ื›ืืœื•

ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืžืฆื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืš ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉืชืงื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ืื

ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ื™ืœืš ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ

ื™ืœืš ื•ืœืฉืžืจื• ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœ ืื“ืžืชื•.

MODERN TEXTS

ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื• - ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื•. ื›ื™ ืืžื ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืฉืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืชื

ื™ืจื“ื•, ื•ื”ืืœ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื ืฆื‘ ืœืขื“ ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื•, ื›ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืชืš ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœื”

(ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืž"ื•:ื›"ื—).

ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื“-ื˜"ื•

(ื™"ื“) ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืคืจืฆืช. ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื™ ื›ืืจืฅ ื’ื™ื•ืš ื•ื›ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื

(ื™ืฉื™ืขื”ื• ื "ื:ื›"ื’). ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืื– ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื™ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืžื”

ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ื ื’ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืืžื ื ืชืฉื•ืขืช ื”ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื”ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืชื ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืœื

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ื ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ) ืื ืจืื™ืช ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื ื”ืจ, ื—ื›ื” ืœื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™

ื™ื‘ื ื›ื ื”ืจ ืฆืจ ื•ืกืžื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ (ื™ืฉื™ืขื”ื• ื "ื˜:ื™"ื˜ โ€“ ื›')...

(ื˜ื•) ื›ื™ ืœื ืืขื–ื‘ืš. ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื—ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ืชืื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™

ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ืืขื–ื‘ืš, ื›ืืžืจื• ืืฃ ื’ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืืกืชื™ื ื•ืœื ื’ืขืœืชื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืชื ืœื”ืคืจ ื‘ืจื™ืชื™

ืืชื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื•:ืž"ื“).

ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉื™ืชื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš ืขืชื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ ื•ืคืจืฆืช ื›ื™ ืžืœืช ืขื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ื“

ื›ืžื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืžืกื‘ื• (ืฉื™ื”"ืฉ ื, ื™ื‘). ืขื“ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช (ืžืฉืœื™ ื—':ื›"ื•). ืืžื ื ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืขืฉื” ื–ืืช

ื”ืชืฉื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ืกื“ ืœืขืžื• ืฉืœื ืœืขื–ื‘ื ืื‘ืœ ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืกื“ื• ืœื”ืชื”ืœืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื›ืืžืจื•

ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื•:ื™"ื‘).

ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื˜"ื–-ื™"ื–

(ื˜ื–) ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื• ืžืจืื” ื›ื–ืืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ

ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื™ ืืžื ื ื™ืฉืชื ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื ื‘ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ืืžืจื ืื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ

ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื›ื™ื.

(ื™ื–) ืื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืœื ื ืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื. ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ

ื›ืืžืจื ื–"ืœ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคื—.) ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืจืื• ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกืœื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•

ื”ืกืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืืœ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืชืคืœืช ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื•ืชืขืœ ืชืคืœืชื ืœืžืขื•ืŸ ืงื“ืฉื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื.

ืฉื“"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘-ื™"ื’

(ื™ื‘) ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•: ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ืช' ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช

ื”ืืœ ืœืžืœื ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘: ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉืžื›ืืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช

ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื”.

(ื™ื’) ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื•: ืขืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืืฆืœื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• (ืœืžืขืœื” ื™"ื— ื‘') ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ืš

(ืฉืžื•ืช ื™"ื— ื™"ื“) ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ

ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”.

ืฉื“"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื˜"ื–-ื™"ื–

(ื˜ื–) ื™ืฉ ื”': ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”' ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™: ืžื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจืš

ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš, ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ืช ื‘ื”', ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืขืจื• ืงื™ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื.

(ื™ื–) ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื•ื’ื•': ืœื ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืข, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ, ืืœื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœื”ื™ื

ื•ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืจืื” ื”' ื‘ืขื ื™ื™.

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ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘-ื™"ื’

(ื™ื‘) ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•. ืžืชื—ืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื. ืžื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื

ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘. ื•ืขื™' ืžืฉ"ื› ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœ"ื” ื–' ื•ื˜"ื–.

(ื™ื’) ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ื•ื’ื•'. ื•ื‘ื›"ืž ื•ื›ืืŸ ื’"ื› ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ืจืื”

ืืฉืจ ื”' ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืืœื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืจืง ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื” ืจ"ืค ืžืงืฅ ื•ืข"ืฉ. ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื–"ืœ

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื”"ืข ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•'. ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืื” ืชื—ืœื” ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืจืื•ืช

ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ืื™' ืค' ื”ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ืืจืขื.

ืจื“"ืฆ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื—:ื™"ื‘

ืืชื” ื ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉื”' ืงื‘ืข ืœืš โ€“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื”' ืžืชืคืืจ ื‘ื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื

ื‘ืื™ื“ืืœ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ื™ืฉืŸ, ืœืœื ืžืขืฉ, ื‘ืœื ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืื™ื“ืืœ

ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ ืœืกืคืจ, ืžืฉื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœืžื˜ื” "ื‘ืขื™ ืœืกื›ื•ื ื™ื”". ื‘ืงืฉื•

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ืจื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื”ื, ืžืœืื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžืกื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช

ื™ืขื•ื“ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœื• ืœืžืขืœื”. ื•ืื– โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื” ื”' ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ืืœื”ื™ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื–ื” ืฉืžื—ื ืš

ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื‘ ื•ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•, ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืจืขื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื–ื” ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ

ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื•. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ื•, ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื• ืชืžื™ื“, ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื

ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”ื™, ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ โ€“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืขื•ื“ื•.