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11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream โก ALHaTorah.org
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Yaakov's Dream
THE DREAM
In , Bar Kappara states, "There is no dream without an
interpretation." There are many dreams, though, whose meanings are not
at all clear, and Yaakov's vision in Beit El is a case in point. As Yaakov
falls asleep, he sees a ladder reaching towards the heavens. Angels
ascend and descend, and Hashem stands on top. What does each part
of the vision represent? Who are these angels? Why are they going up and
down (and why in that order)? What does the ladder symbolize?
The dream contained not only visuals, but also Hashem speaking:
(ืื) ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ื' ื๏ฟฝืื ืืืจืื ืืื๏ฟฝ ืื๏ฟฝืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืื
ืขืืื ื๏ฟฝ ืืชื ื ื ืืืืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืืื ืืจืข๏ฟฝ ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืคืจืฆืช ืืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืคื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืจืื
ื๏ฟฝ ืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืื ื ืื ืื ืขื๏ฟฝ ืืฉืืจืชื๏ฟฝ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชื๏ฟฝ ืืืฉืืชื๏ฟฝ ืื
ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ๏ฟฝื ืืขืื๏ฟฝ ืขื ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ื๏ฟฝ.
How do Hashem's words relate to the vision itself? Are they an interpretation of the symbols seen by
Yaakov or a separate and distinct message?
"THIS IS A HOUSE OF GOD"
Upon awakening, Yaakov notes the awesomeness of the site, declaring, "ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ
and he then erects a monument. What makes Yaakov react so passionately? When others receive ,"ืืฉืืื
a prophecy or dream, we do not usually find any equivalent response or declaration. Is Yaakov's
statement somehow related to the message imparted to him through the dream, or is it simply a reaction to
revelation? Moreover, was Beit El really more of a "gateway to heaven" than any other city? Why did the
dream take place here?
See Abarbanel who reviews at least eight different potential interpretations, only to reject each one and
offer his own novel understanding.
The Hebrew is ambiguous and it is unclear if Hashem stands on top of the ladder or on top of Yaakov
himself.
After the Covenant of the Pieces, for instance, we do not read of Avraham building an altar or proclaiming
the holiness of the site in which he received the vision.
Bereshit Rabbah
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Yaakov's Dream
Exegetical Approaches
OverviewIn attempting to decipher the meaning of Yaakov's dream, commentators are guided by both their
perception of the intended audience of the message and by textual clues as to the vision's interpretation.
While many exegetes endeavor to find in the dream a message that would be meaningful to Yaakov
himself, others attempt to make it significant to the contemporary reader as well. On a textual level,
some commentators focus on the symbols of the vision itself, while others look either to Hashem's
accompanying speech or to Yaakov's own reaction, "this is a house of God."
Thus, Hashem's words "and I will guard you" lead Rashi and others to highlight the message of God's
salvation and protection. These commentators subdivide regarding to whom the dream's message was
aimed, Yaakov himself, in the present, or the Nation of Israel, in the future. A second position, taken by
Shadal, sees in the ladder's bridging between heaven and earth a symbol of prayer, and various
Midrashim arrive at a similar conclusion by focusing on Yaakov's identification of the site as a "house of
God". Finally, R. D"Z Hoffmann proposes a third reading of the dream, viewing the rung by rung climbing
of the ladder as a metaphor for man's constant striving to realize his potential.
Providence and Protection
The dream was meant to impart a message to Yaakov regarding Hashem's providence in the world. It
signified that Hashem would protect Yaakov and watch over him, despite potential dangers that he might
encounter. The position subdivides over whether this message relates to Yaakov personally, in his present
circumstances, or to Yaakov's descendants (the nation of Israel) in the future:
Message for the Present
The message of providence and protection is aimed at Yaakov himself.
SOURCES: , , , ,
Meaning of dream components
Ladder โ Ibn Ezra asserts that the ladder represents a connection between heaven and earth,
signifying that what happens below is dependent on what happens above.
Angels โ According to Bemidbar Rabbah and Rashi, the angels are heavenly creatures sent to
accompany Yaakov. Ibn Ezra and Ramban, in contrast, maintain that they are Hashem's messengers
sent to carry out God's bidding in the world.
Ascending and descending โ Rashi maintains that the group of angels who have accompanied
Yaakov in his journeys in the Land of Israel are ascending to heaven to be replaced by other angels who
Bemidbar Rabbah Rashi Ibn Ezra Ramban Netziv
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will accompany him as he leaves the land. Ibn Ezra and Ramban suggest that the angels ascend to
report to Hashem on the happenings on earth and descend to fulfill any commands given to them by
God.
Hashem at the top โ For Ibn Ezra, Hashem's position at the top emphasizes how all that happens in
the world is under Hashem's direct control. Ramban adds that Hashem is telling Yaakov that he will be
protected not by angels, but by Hashem Himself. The Neziv, in contrast, understands the words "ื ืฆื
to mean that God was on top of Yaakov rather than the ladder, but similarly points out how this "ืขืืื
emphasizes God's personal providence.
Significance for Yaakov โ The message is very apt for Yaakov who is fearfully fleeing from his brother
and venturing into the unknown.
Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ According to this position, Hashem's statement
echoes the main point of the visual message, and His words, "๏ฟฝืืื ื ืื ืื ืขื๏ฟฝ ืืฉืืจืชื๏ฟฝ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชื"
effectively interpret the dream.
Why Beit El? There seems to be no reason that this message needed to be given to Yaakov specifically in
Beit El. Nonetheless, both Rashi and Ramban connect Beit El with Yerushalayim and the site of the
Mikdash, making it an appropriate place to receive a prophecy.
Yaakov's conclusion that the site is a holy one seems less โ "ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื"
related to the content of the message than to the revelation itself.
Ramban explains that despite the assurances in the dream, Yaakov might have โ "ืื ืืืื ื๏ฟฝืืื ืขืืื"
feared that sin would cause him to be unworthy of God's protection.
Message For the Future
The dream contained a message about the future nation of Israel which will be subdued by various enemy
kingdoms, but in the end will prevail over them, as each empire falls in turn.
SOURCES: , , ,
Meaning of dream components โ According to this position, the ladder is a ladder of history, with its
various rungs representing spans of time. The angels are the guardian angels of the four kingdoms which
will later subdue Israel, and their ascent and descent represent each kingdom's initial rise to power and
ultimate fall from power. Seforno points out that God's presence at the top signifies that, despite periods of
persecution, Hashem will never abandon his chosen nation.
Motivation โ These Midrashim may be motivated by the fact that despite God's promises of land, progeny
and protection, Yaakov reacts to the dream with fear.
Significance for Yaakov โ According to this read, the dream holds no immediate message for Yaakov.
[1]
[2]
[3]
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Pesikta DeRav Kahana Tanchuma Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer Seforno
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Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ According to Seforno, Hashem's words echoed
and elaborated upon the meaning hidden in the vision. Alternatively, one could suggest that, while the
dream related to Yaakov's descendants, Hashem's words held a parallel message for Yaakov himself.
Why Beit El? The choice of site is not significant and has no special connection to the vision.
Seforno asserts that after having the dream, Yaakov realized that โ "ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื"
the site must be a holy place, predisposed to prophetic visions.
If one suggests that Hashem's words regarding protection were referring just to โ "ืื ืืืื ื๏ฟฝืืื ืขืืื"
Yaakov's descendants, then this request for Hashem's protection is understandable, as God has not yet
promised Yaakov anything on a personal level.
A Site of Prayer
Yaakov's dream was a visual representation of man's communion with Hashem, and it highlighted the
special status of Beit El as a place of prayer.
SOURCES: , , , , ,
Meaning of dream components
According to Bereshit Rabbah, the "ืกืื" represents the ramp of the altar. Its head, which reaches
heavenwards, symbolizes the smoke of the sacrifices which ascends upwards, while the angels
symbolize the priests who serve Hashem, ascending and descending the altar's ramp as they bring
sacrifices.
Shadal suggests, more simply, that the dream is merely a visual representation of prayer. The angels
bring man's prayers up to Hashem and then descend to fulfill the requests. The ladder, thus, is a
channel which connects humans to Hashem.
Significance for Yaakov โ According to Shadal, through the dream, Yaakov's unspoken prayers are
answered by Hashem. On the other hand, according to the Talmud Bavli, Yaakov felt that he could not
leave Israel without stopping first to pray at the holy site.
Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ Hashem's response to Yaakov is the auditory
parallel of the descending angels in Yaakov's vision. Hashem heard Yaakov's prayers and actively replied
with messages of comfort.
Why Beit El? Most of those who take this approach identify (or at least connect) Beit El with Har HaMoriyah
and the site of the future Beit HaMikdash. The concept is motivated both by the definitive "ื" in the word
."ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื" ,and by Yaakov's words (suggesting a known place) "ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื"
Relating the locale of the dream to the site of the Mikdash is logical if one sees the dream as a message of
communion with Hashem. The obvious difficulty, of course, is that Beit El is not in Yerushalayim and is not
identical to Har HaMoriyah.
[8]
[9]
Talmud Bavli Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Bereshit Rabbah Yeshuah cited by Ibn Ezra Seforno
Shadal
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According to Shadal, Yaakov originally thought of his resting โ "ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื"
place in a negative way, but after his dream and seeing that Hashem saw his suffering, Yaakov considered
it a place of worship. Others who take this approach read these words to refer literally to the future house of
Hashem, the Beit HaMikdash.
and oath โ Seforno understands Yaakov's request that Hashem be with him not that "ืื ืืืื ื๏ฟฝืืื ืขืืื"
Hashem should physically protect him (as God had already promised as much) but that Hashem should
help him never waver in his faith.
Striving to Achieve Man's Potential
The vision contains an important message about man's constant climb towards perfection and attempts to
get closer to God.
SOURCES: ,
Meaning of dream components โ This approach views the ladder as man's climb heavenwards.
Rambam reads the angels as prophets who move up the ladder towards God, but then bring His message
and teachings back down to earth. R. D"Z Hoffmann, in contrast, reads them as referring to any individual,
who in his strive for perfection and to fulfill God's commands, climbs up the ladder rung by rung to get
closer to Hashem.
Significance for Yaakov โ According to R. D"Z Hoffmann, this is a message for Yaakov to strive to reach
his potential, despite his present unpromising circumstances.
Relationship between verbal and visual messages โ Hashem's words provide encouragement that He
will help Yaakov achieve his destiny and reach his goals.
Why Beit El? There is no special significance to Beit El.
R. D"Z Hoffmann asserts that upon awakening Yaakov realized โ "ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื"
that Hashem's presence could be felt in a place even if it had no altar or physical cultic structure. The site
was, nonetheless, a house of God and gateway to heaven.
Rashi, thus, adds another component to the dream's message, the uniqueness of the Land of Israel.
It would seem that the dream only occurred in Beit El since that is where Yaakov happened to be when
night fell.
See below for a larger discussion of the connection between the sites.
Ibn Ezra says that Yaakov noted the miraculous nature of the site and concluded that it must be a chosen
place. See above, though, that according to Rashi and Ramban, the site is directly related to the future Beit
HaMikdash.
Rambam R. D"Z Hoffmann
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Alternatively, Ramban suggests that "ืื" here implies "when" and Yaakov is simply saying that after
Hashem's promises are fulfilled, he will tithe his belongings and make a house of worship for Hashem
See N. Leibowitz, ืขืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืืช, (Jerusalem, 1992): 208-210, who points this out and analyzes the
various Midrashim who take this approach.
See James Kugel, The Bible as it Was, (Cambridge, 1997): 211.
Seforno maintains that when Hashem says that Yaakov's descendants will be like the dust of the earth, this
refers to their lowly status while in exile. Hashem, though, promises that He will not leave them during their
times of distress and after their return to the land, the nation will spread and grow even stronger than before.
Seforno, though, also connects the site to the Beit HaMikdash and suggests that the ladder might also
represent a conduit by which man's prayers reach Hashem. See below for elaboration of this interpretation of
the dream.
The word "ืกืื" is commonly translated as a ladder (due to its contemporary usage) but it is, in fact, a
hapax legomenon, whose meaning is unclear. It might be related to the Akkadian "simmiltu" which means a
stairway or it could stem from the Hebrew root ืกืื which relates to a path or ramp, apparently the approach
taken here. Cf. Yitchak Peleg, "ืืื ื'ืกืื' ืฉืจืื ืืขืงื ืืืืืื?" in ืฉื ืชืื ืืืงืจ ืืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืื, who suggests
that what Yaakov saw was not a ramp but a staircase, in essence a ziggurat, a Mesopotamian temple,
understood to connect heaven and earth. According to this suggestion, Yaakov was seeing not a Jewish
symbol of prayer, but a contemporary house of worship. One must wonder, though, why Hashem would
choose an idolatrous symbol to represent prayer. See, thus, Prof. Yehuda Elitzur, "ืืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืขืงื" in ืืฉืจืื
44-50, who maintains that our story is actually an example of the Torah's dismissal :(Jerusalem, 2000) ืืืืงืจื
of such Babylonian temples and practices.
Cf. the second opinion brought in Bereshit Rabbah 68:12, which reads the ladder as symbolic of Mount
Sinai and the angels as representing Moshe and Aharon. According to this read, too, the dream is about
Hashem's revelation to man. See also Bereshit Rabbah 69:7 which suggests that Yaakov saw the Beit
HaMikdash being built, destroyed and then rebuilt. This Midrash combines the themes of both this and the
above approach. The vision revolves around sites of prayer and communication with Hashem but also
contains a message of salvation, or restoration from destruction.
Shadal is the exception.
In addition, commentators might be bothered by Beit El's later infamy in being the idolatrous site of
Yerovam's golden calves.
R. Elazar in the name of R. Yose b. Zimra suggests that the ladder's ends were in Beer Sheva and Beit El
but its middle was in Har HaMoriyah. See Rashi and Ramban who attempt to explain these words and the
identification as a whole. See also the discussion in R. Yaakov Meidan's article, "ืืืช ืื", and R. Zeev
Weitman's article "ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ื".
Cf. Dr. Yisrael Eldad, ืืืืื ืืช ืืืงืจื , (Jerusalem, 1959): 47-51, who also reads into the dream a message
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regarding man's attempts to attain perfection. He sees in the ladder the idea that one needs to connect
between the heavenly and earthly. As one aspires to rise spiritually, one must, nonetheless, always remain
rooted to the ground.
One might suggest a more critical view, that Hashem is telling him to improve despite his morally
questionable tricking of his brother.
R. D"Z Hoffmann relates to the Midrash that describes how the angels were looking at the sleeping Yaakov
down below and comparing him to the portrait of Yaakov up above. R. D"Z Hoffmann suggests that they found
the earthly Yaakov lacking. How could he sleep rather than act to fulfill his potential? Hashem, in his kindness,
protects Yaakov from their wrath and encourages him to act and achieve.
[16]
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Yaakov's Dream
Sources
BIBLICAL TEXTS
ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื'-ื"ื
(ื) ืืืฆื ืืขืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืื๏ฟฝ ืืจื ื. (ืื) ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืงื ืืืื ื ืืืงืื ืืืฉื
ืืจืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืืื. (ืื) ืืื๏ฟฝื ืืื ื ืกืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ื๏ฟฝืืื
ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืื. (ืื) ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ื' ื๏ฟฝืื ืืืจืื ืืื๏ฟฝ ืื๏ฟฝืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืื
ืขืืื ื๏ฟฝ ืืชื ื ื ืืืืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืืื ืืจืข๏ฟฝ ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืคืจืฆืช ืืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืคื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ื๏ฟฝ ืื ืืฉืคืืช
ืืืืื ืืืืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืื ื ืื ืื ืขื๏ฟฝ ืืฉืืจืชื๏ฟฝ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชื๏ฟฝ ืืืฉืืชื๏ฟฝ ืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ๏ฟฝื ืืขืื๏ฟฝ ืขื
ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ื๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืืืงืฅ ืืขืงื ืืฉื ืชื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉ ื' ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืื ๏ฟฝื ืืืขืชื. (ืื)
ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืจื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื. (ืื) ืืืฉืื ืืขืงื ืืืงืจ ืืืงื ืืช
ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืืฉืชืื ืืืฉื ืืชื ืืฆืื ืืืฆืง ืฉืื ืขื ืจืืฉื. (ืื) ืืืงืจื ืืช ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื
ืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉื ื. (ื) ืืืืจ ืืขืงื ื ืืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ื๏ฟฝืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืจ๏ฟฝ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื
ืืื๏ฟฝ ืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉ. (ืื) ืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื' ืื ืื๏ฟฝืืื. (ืื) ืืืืื ืืืืช
ืืฉืจ ืฉืืชื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืชื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืืขืฉืจื ื ื๏ฟฝ.(ื) ืืืฆื ืืขืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืื๏ฟฝ ืืจื ื. (ืื)
ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืงื ืืืื ื ืืืงืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืืื. (ืื) ืืื๏ฟฝื ืืื ื
ืกืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ื๏ฟฝืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืื. (ืื) ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ื'
ื๏ฟฝืื ืืืจืื ืืื๏ฟฝ ืื๏ฟฝืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืื ืขืืื ื๏ฟฝ ืืชื ื ื ืืืืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืืื ืืจืข๏ฟฝ ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ
ืืคืจืฆืช ืืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืคื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ื๏ฟฝ ืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืข๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืื ื ืื ืื ืขื๏ฟฝ ืืฉืืจืชื๏ฟฝ ืืื ืืฉืจ
ืชื๏ฟฝ ืืืฉืืชื๏ฟฝ ืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ๏ฟฝื ืืขืื๏ฟฝ ืขื ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ื๏ฟฝ. (ืื) ืืืืงืฅ ืืขืงื ืืฉื ืชื
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉ ื' ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืื ๏ฟฝื ืืืขืชื. (ืื) ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืจื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช
ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื. (ืื) ืืืฉืื ืืขืงื ืืืงืจ ืืืงื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืืฉืชืื ืืืฉื ืืชื ืืฆืื ืืืฆืง ืฉืื
ืขื ืจืืฉื. (ืื) ืืืงืจื ืืช ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉื ื. (ื) ืืืืจ ืืขืงื ื ืืจ ืืืืจ ืื
ืืืื ื๏ฟฝืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืจ๏ฟฝ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืื๏ฟฝ ืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉ. (ืื) ืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืื ืื
ืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื' ืื ืื๏ฟฝืืื. (ืื) ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืืชื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืช ื๏ฟฝืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืชื ืื ืขืฉืจ
ืืขืฉืจื ื ื๏ฟฝ.
CLASSICAL TEXTS
ืืืื ืกื ืืืจืื ืฆ"ื.-:
ืชื ื ืจืื ื: ืฉืืฉื ืงืคืฆื ืืื ืืืจืฅ: ืืืืขืืจ ืขืื ืืืจืื, ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื, ืืืืืฉื ืื ืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื ืื ืฆืจืืื - ืื
ืืืืจื. ืืืืขืืจ ืขืื ืืืจืื - ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืขืื, ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืคืง. ืืขืงื
ืืืื ื - ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืฆื ืืขืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืชืื ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืฉืืฉ. ืื
EN/HE
11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream: Sources โก ALHaTorah.org
alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream/5 2/12
ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจ: ืืคืฉืจ ืขืืจืชื ืขื ืืงืื ืฉืืชืคืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืื ื ืื ืืชืคืืืชื ืื? ืืขื ืืืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืืจืืจ
ืืืขืชืื ืืืืืืจ - ืงืคืฆื ืืื ืืจืขื. ืืื ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื.
ืืืื ืืืืื ืฆ"ื.
ืืืจ ืจ' ืืฆืืง: ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืขืืืจื, ืืจืื ืืขืืืจื, ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืฆื ืืขืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืืื ืืจื ื,
ืืืชืื ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื, ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจ: ืืคืฉืจ ืขืืจืชื ืขื ืืงืื ืฉืืชืคืืื ืืืืชื, ืืื ื ืื ืืชืคืืืชื? ืื ืืืื
ืืขืชืื ืืืืืืจ - ืงืคืฆื ืืื ืืจืขื, ืืื - ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื, ืื ืฆืื ืืขื ืืืืืืจ, ืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื: ืฆืืืง ืื
ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืืจ ืืื ืืื ื? ืืื ืื ืืฉืืฉ. ืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืงื ืืืื ื ืืืงืื, ืืืชืื ืืืงื ืืช
ืืืื! ืืืจ ืจืื ืืฆืืง: ืืืื ืฉื ืชืงืืฆื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืื ืื ืฆืืืง ืื
ืจืืฉื; ืชื ื: ืืืืื ื ืืืขื ืืืื. (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื, ืชื ื: ืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืกืืื -
ืฉืืื ืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืกืืืช, ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื, ืขืืืื - ืฉื ืื, ืืืืจืืื -
ืฉื ืื, ืืื ืคืืขื ืืืื ืืืื - ืืื ืืื ืืจืืขื, ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืื (ืื ืืื ื') ืืืืืชื ืืชืจืฉืืฉ, ืืืืืจื ืืชืจืฉืืฉ ืชืจื
ืืืคื ืคืจืกื ืืื. ืชื ื: ืขืืืื ืืืกืชืืืื ืืืืืงื ื ืฉื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืืื ืืืกืชืืืื ืืืืืงื ื ืฉื ืืื. ืืขื ืืกืืื ืื,
ืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื, ืืืจ ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืงืืฉ: ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืชืื, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจื -
ืืืื ืฉืื ืืฃ ืขื ืื ื. (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืื' - ืืื ืจืืืชืื? ืืืจ ืจืื ืืฆืืง: ืืืื
ืฉืงืคืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืช ืืขืงื ืืืื ื, ืฉืชืื ื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืื.
ืชืจืืื ืืืืืืก ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
ืืฆืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืงืืฉื ืืืช ืชืื ืืจืื ืืืข ืฉืืฉื ืื ืกืื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ื ืืชืจื ืงืืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืืกืืื ืืฉืืื
ืืืชืจื ืืืื.
ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืื ืก"ื:ื"ื
ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื, ืืืจ ืจ' ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืื ืืจ ื ืฉ ืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืกื ืืจ
ืืืคืชื, ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืกื ืคืืขืืื ืืืืื ืื ืงืคืืืงืื, ื"ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืงืคืืืงืื ืื
ืืืืื ื"ื ืื, ื"ื ืืื ืื ื ื' ืฉืจืื ืืืจืกื ืืืืชื ืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ื"ื ืืืช ืืืื ื', ื"ื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ื' ืื ื
ืื ืจืืฉืืืื ืืกืืคืืืื ืืื ืกืืคืืืื ืืจืืฉืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืื, ืืื ืื ื ืืืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืจ' ืืืกื ืืจ ืืืคืชื
ืื ืงืคืืืงืื, ืชื ื ืืจ ืงืคืจื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืคืชืจืื, ืืื ื ืกืืื, ืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื, ืื ืืืื (ืฉืืืช ื')
ืืืื ืืืื ืชืขืฉื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื, ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืฉืจืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื
ืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื, ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ, ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื, (ืขืืืก ื') ืจืืืชื ืืช ื' ื ืฆื ืขื
ืืืืื. ืจืื ื ืคืชืจืื ืืื ืืกืื ื, ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื, ืื ืกืื ื, ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื (ืฉืืืช ื"ื) ืืืชืืฆืื ืืชืืชืืช ืืืจ,
ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื, (ืืืจืื ื') ืืืืจ ืืืขืจ ืืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืฉืืื, ื"ื ืืื ื ืกืืื ืื ืกืื ื ืืืชืืืช ืืืื ืืื
ืืืชืืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืขื ืฉื (ืชืืืื ืก"ื) ืจืื ืืืืื ืจืืืชืื ืืืคื ืฉื ืื, ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืื
ืฉื ืงืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืื (ืืื ื') ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ื' ืืืืืืืช ื' ืืขื, ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจื,
ืขืืืื (ืฉืืืช ื"ื) ืืืฉื ืขืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืจืืื, ืื ืืฉื (ืฉืืืช ื"ื) ืืืจื ืืฉื ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื (ืฉืืืช
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ื"ื) ืืืจื ื' ืขื ืืจ ืกืื ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืจ, ืจืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืืจ ืชืจืืืกื ืฉื ื' ืจืืืื ืืจืื ืื, ืจืื
ืืืืฉืข ืืกืื ืื ืืฉื ืจ' ืืื ืืืจ ืืช ืืื ืจืื ืฉืืืฉื, ืืื ืืขืชืื ืืจ"ื ืืกืื ืื ืืฉื ืจ' ืืื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ื"ื) ืื
ืืืง ื' ืขืื ืืขืงื ืืื ื ืืืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืืช ืื' ืืื ืืคืงืืขืื ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืคืืืช ืื', ืจ' ืืจืืื
ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืืื ืืจืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืคืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ืขืืื
ืฉื ืืืจ (ืื ืืื ื') ืืืืืชื ืืชืจืฉืืฉ ืืคื ืื ืืืจืื ืืจืง ืืขืื ืื ืืืคืืื ืืฉ ืืืจืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืืืชืื ืืขืื ื ืืืฉืช ืงืื, ืจ'
ืืืื ืืจืื ืื ืื, ืื ืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืขืงื, ืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื
ืืกืืื ื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืขืงื, ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืื ืืคืืื ืื ืงืคืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืืจ
(ืืฉืขืื ื"ื) ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืชืคืืจ, ืืช ืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืื ืฉืื ืืงืืงื ืืืขืื ืขืืืื ืืืขืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืื ืื
ืฉืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืฉื, ืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืกืืืงื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืฆืืื
ืืคืจืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืฉื, ื"ื ืืืขืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืขืืื ืืืืชื ืืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ
ืืืืชื ืืืจื ืืืืชื ืขืืื, ื"ื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื, ืขืืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืชื
ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ, ืจ' ืืื ืืฉื ืจ' ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืข"ื ืฉืืื ืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืื
ืืืืืฆืชื ืงื"ื ืฉื ื, ืจ' ืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืง ืืืฉื ื ืงืื, ื"ืจ ืืื ืืจ ืื ืื ื ืข"ื ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืชืื
ืื ืื ื ืืช ืืืงืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืจืืื.
ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืื ืก"ื:ื'
ืืืงืฅ ืืขืงื ืืฉื ืชื, ืจ' ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืฉื ืชื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉ ื' ืืืงืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืจืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื
ืืืืชื ืืืืข, ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืจื ืืืงืื ืืื, ืจ"ื ืืฉื ืจ' ืืืกื ืื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข
ืืฉืืคืืขื ืืืืข ืขื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, ื"ื ืืืฆื ืืขืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข, ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืจื ืืืงืื
ืืื, ื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืจ' ืกืืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืฉืืคืืขื ืืืืข ืขื ืืืช ืื ื"ื ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื
ื ืืจื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื, ื"ืจ ืืื
ืขืชืื ืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืืืคืชื ืืืจืื ืฆืืืงืื ืืืืฆื ืื, ื"ืจ ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืช
ืืืงืืฉ ืฉื ืืื ืืื ื"ื ืืื ื"ื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืื"ื, ื"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืขืงื
ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืจื ืืืงืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื, ืืื"ื (ืชืืืื ืก"ื) ื ืืจื ืืืืื
ืืืงืืฉืื, ืืืื ืื, ืืจื ืืจื ืืื"ื (ืืืื ื') ืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืื ืื ื, ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื,
ืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืชืื ืืื, ืืื"ื (ืชืืืื ืงื"ื) ืื ืืืง ืืจืืื ืฉืขืจืื.
ืืืงืจื ืจืื ื"ื:ื'
ืจ' ื ืืื ืคืชื (ืืจืืื ื) ืืืชื ืื ืชืืจื ืขืืื ืืขืงื ืืืืจ ืืืขืงื ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื
ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืืจ ืจ' ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ืืื ืฉืจื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืจ' ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ
ืืจืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืฉืจื ืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืฉืืขืื ืขืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืื ื "ื ืืฉื ืืื ืง"ืค ืืฉื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืืข
ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ื ืชืืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืชืืจื
ืขืืื ืืขืงื ืืคืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืฉื ืืฆืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืืืจืืื ืื"ื (ืขืืืืื ื') ืื ืชืืืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื
ืฉืื ืงื ื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืจืืื ืืจ' ืืืื ืืจ' ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืจ' ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืขืงื
ืฉืจื ืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื
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ืืืขืงื ืืฃ ืืชื ืขืืื ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ื ืชืืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื"ื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืืฃ ืื ืื ืืืจ ืื
ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืชืืจื ืื ืืชื ืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืื ืขืืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืื ื"ืจ ืืจืืื ืืจ'
ืืืื ืืฉื ืจืฉื"ื ืจ' ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืฉ (ืชืืืื ืข"ื) ืืื ืืืช ืืืื (ืื) [ืขืื] ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืคืืืืชืื ืื ืืืื ื
ืืขืงื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืขืืืช ืขืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืขืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืช ืืื
ืขืืืช ืขืชืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืชืขืืืื ืื' ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืชื
ืฉืขื ื ืชืืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืจืืฉ"ืข ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืจ ืื (ืืจืืื ื') ืืื ืชืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืื ื ื
ืืืฉืืขื ืืจืืืง ืืื"ื (ืืฉืขืื ื"ื) ืืืจืฅ ืจืืืงื ืืื ืืื ืืืื (ืืจืืื ื') ืืืช ืืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ืืืืื
ืืืืกืคืืื ืืืืืจืืชืื ืืฉื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืืฉืงื ืืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื
ืืฉืจ ืืืืชืื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืชืืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื
ืืืืื ืฉืืืชืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจ ืื ืชืืื ืคืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืกืจืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืกืจื ืืืกืืจืื ืืขืื"ื
ืืื ืื ืงืืชื ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืขืชืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืขื.
ืคืกืืงืชื ืืจื ืืื ื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื ื ื"ื:ื'
ืจ' ื ืืื ืคืชื ืืืชื ืื ืชืืจื ืขืืื ืืขืงื ืืื ืชืืช ืื' (ืืจืืื ื':ื'). ืืืืจ ืืืขืงื, ืืืช' ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื
ืื' (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื). ื"ืจ ืฉืืืื ืืจ' ื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืจื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืืืืจ ืจ' ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ืืืื
ืฉืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืฉืจื ืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืฉืืขืื ืขืืืงืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืฉื' ืืฉื ืื, ืืฉื
ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื, ืืฉื ืืืื ืขืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืข ืืื. ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืืื', ืชืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื
ืืื ืืจืืื, ื' ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืชืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืืจืืืื ื') ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืช ืจืืื ืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืฆืื ืืฉื
ืื ื ืืืจืืื, ืื"ื ืืืช' ืื ืชืืืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืงื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืืื ื ืื ื"ื ืื' (ืขืืืืื ื':ื'). ืจ'
ืืจืืื ืจ' ืืืื ืจ' ืฉืืข' ืืจ' ืืืกื ืืฉื ืจ' ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืฉืจื ืฉื ืืื
ืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื, ื' /ืืืจ/ ืื ืืง' ืืขืงื ืืฃ ืืชื
ืขืื, ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ื ืชืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืื' ืชืืืจ ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืฃ ืื ื ืืฉ ืื ืืจืืื, ื' ืื ืืงืืืฉ
ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืชืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืืจืืืื ื'), ืืชื ืื ืืชื ืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืื. ืจ'
ืืจืืื ืจ' ืืืื ืืฉื ืจ' ืฉืืขืื ืืจ' ืืืกืื ื, ืจ' ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืคืืืืชืื
(ืชืืืื ืข"ื:ื"ื), ืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืื. ื' ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืขืืืชื ืขืื ืื
ืืืืชื ืืืจื ืืขืืื, ืขืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืช ืืจื ืื ืื ืืฉืชืขืืืื ืืืจืืข ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืื, ืืคืืกืื
ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืขืืื, ื"ื ืื ืชืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืื ื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืจืืืง (ืืจืืื ื':ื'), ืืืื.
ืืืช ืืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื (ืืจืืืื ื'), ืืืืื ืืืืกืคืืื ืืืืืจืืชืื. ืืฉื ืืขืงื (ืืจืืืื ื'), ืืืื. ืืฉืงื (ืืจืืืื
ื'), ืืืื. ืืฉืื ื (ืืจืืืื ื'), ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืจืื (ืืจืืืื ื'), ืืืืื. ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืคืืฆืืชืื
ืฉื (ืืจืืืื ื':ื"ื), ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืชืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืื' ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ'
ืฉืืื ื ืืืื' ืืช ืฉืืืชืืื, ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืกืจืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืื ืงื ืื ืื ืงื (ืืจืืืื ื'), ืืืืกืจื ืื ื
ืืืืกืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืงืืชื ืืฉื ืืชืื ืืขืืื ืืื. ืืืืชื, ืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืขื (ืืืงืจื ื"ื:ื"ื).
ืชื ืืืื ืืืฆื ื'
ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื, ื"ืจ ืฉืืืื ืืจ
11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream: Sources โก ALHaTorah.org
alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream/5 5/12
ื ืืื ืืื ืฉืจื ืืืืืช ืืขืื"ื ืื"ืจ ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืฉืจื ืฉื
ืืื ืขืืื ืฉืืขืื ืขืืงืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืื, ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืข ืืื,
ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ื ืชืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืื, ื"ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื (ืืจืืื ื') ืืืชื ืื
ืชืืจื ืขืืื ืืขืงื ืืื ืชืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืชื ืจืืืื ืขืืื ืืฆืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืขืืืืื ื')
ืื ืชืืืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืงื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืืื ื ืื ื', ื"ืจ ืืจืืื ืืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืจ"ืฉ ืื ืืืกืื ื
ืืืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืฉืจื ืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืื ืขืืื
ืืืืจื, ืืฉื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื, ื"ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืขืงื ืืื ืืื ืืชื ืขืืื, ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ื ืชืืจื
ืืืื ื ืืขืงื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืื, ืื ืื ื ืืฉ ืื ืืจืืื, ื"ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืชื ืขืืื ืืื ืื
ืืจืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืื, ืจ"ืฉ ืื ืืืกืื ื ืืื ืืืจืฉ (ืชืืืื ืข"ื) ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืืื ื
ืื ืคืืืืชืื, ื"ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืืช ืืืืื ืช ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืจื
ืื ืื ืืฉืชืขืืืื ืืืืื ื' ืืืืืืช ืืขื"ื ืืืกืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืืืืช, ื"ื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืืขืืื ื"ื ืื ืชืืจื
ืขืืื ืืขืงื ืื ืชืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืื ื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืจืืืง ืืืช ืืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืื ืืืกืคื ืื ืืืืืจืืชืื
ืืฉื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืืฉืงื ืืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืคืืฆืืชืื ืฉื
ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืชืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืชืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื
ืืืกืจื ืืืกืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืงืืชื ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืขืชืื ืืื, ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืืื.
ืืืืืจ ืจืื ื':ื'
ื"ื ืืืฉืจ ืืงืจืช ืืื' ืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืจืื ืืงืจ ืืช ืืขืื ื ืฉืืืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืฉืื ืืฆืื
ืืงืจืืชื ืืฆืืชื ืืืื ืืคืื ืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืฆืืช ืื ืืชืื ืืืฆื ืืขืงื ืืื' ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื ืืื' ืืืืืื
ืืื ื ืกืืื ืืื' ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืื' ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืฉืขืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืฉื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืฉืื ื ืฆืืื
ืขืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืขืงื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื' ืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืื
ืฉื ื' (ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื) ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืื' ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืงืจืช ืืขืื ื ืืื'.
MEDIEVAL TEXTS
ืจืฉ"ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื โ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืืจ, ืืื ืืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื
(ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื') ืืืจื ืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืืง.
ืจืฉ"ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื-ื"ื
(ื"ื) ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื โ ืขืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจืืื, ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืขืื
ืืจืงืืข, ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืชื. (ืื) ื ืฆื ืขืืื โ ืืฉืืจื.
ืจืฉ"ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream: Sources โก ALHaTorah.org
alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream/5 6/12
ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื - ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉื ืจืื ืืืกื ืื ืืืจื ืืกืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืคืืขื ืืืืข
ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืข ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืฆืคืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืช ืื
ืืื ืืฆืคืื ืฉื ื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืืกืฃ, ื ืืฆื ืกืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืื
ืืืืข ืืืฆืข ืฉืืคืืขื ื ืื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืคื ืฉืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืฆืืืง ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ื
ืืืคืืจ ืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืืขืงื ืงืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื.
ืืืืจ ืื ื ืฉื ืขืงืจ ืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืงืคืืฆืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืจื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื (ืืืืื ืฆ"ื:), ืฉืื
ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืงืจืืชื ืขื ืืืช ืื, ืืืื ืืืคืืข ืืืงืื. [ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืฉืขืืจ ืืขืงื ืขื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืข ืื ืขืืื
ืฉื, ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืคืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืชืคืืื ืืืืชืื, ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืืืื, ืืืื ืขื ืืจื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ื
ืืคืจืง ืืื ืื ืฉื (ืืืืื ืฆ"ื:), ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื, ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืขืืจืชื ืขื ืืงืื ืฉืืชืคืืื
ืืืืชื ืืื ืืชืคืืืชื ืื, ืืื ืืขืชืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืงืคืฆื ืื ืืืจืฅ]
ืืื ืขืืจื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
ืืืจื ืกืื ืืืืืช ืกืื, ืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืกืื ื ืืจืฉ ืืื. ืื"ืจ ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืืจ ืื ืกืื ืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืืืื ื.
ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื, ืื ืืขื ืกืืื ืฉืขืืชื ืื ืชืคืืชื, ืืืจืื ืืฉืืขืชื ืื ืืฉืืื.
ืืืื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืื ืจืื ื ืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืขืืืก ืืืจืืื. ืืืืขื ืืจื ืืฉื, ืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื, ืืืืจื
ืืื ืชืืืื ืืขืืืื ืื, ืืืืื ืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืจืฅ. ื"ื ืืชืื
ืืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืชืื.
ืืื ืขืืจื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื-ื"ื
(ืื) ืืื ืืฉ ื' ืืืขื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืื ืฉื ื ืกืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืื ืื, ืื ืกืื ืืืคืื ืืื.
(ืื) ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืชืคืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืขืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืฉืืข ืชืคืืชื ืื ืืืงืื ื ืืืจ.
ืจืื"ื ืืืจื ื ืืืืื ื':ื"ื
ื ืฆื ืื ืืฆื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉื ืฉืชื ื ืฉื ื ืืฉืจืฉืื, ืืขื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืขืช ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืชืชืฃ. ืคืขืืื
ืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืชืืฆืืืช, ืืชืชืฆื ืืืืชื ืืจืืืง, ืืชืืฆืื ืืืื ืืจืฅ, ืืฆืื ื ืฆืืื. ืืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืงืืื
ืืืืชืืื, ืืืจื ื ืฆื ืืฉืืื, ืืืืืจ ืงืืื ืขืืื. ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืง ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืื. ืืื ื ื'
ื ืฆื ืขืืื, ืงืืื ืขืืื ืขืืื, ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืฉืจ ืงืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ, ืืื ืืขืื ืื ืื
ืฉืืขืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืื ืื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืงืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืกืืื. ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืื ื ื' ื ืฆื
ืขืืื, ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื, ืื ืื ืืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืขื
ืืืื ื' ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื, ืืขืืืื ืงืืื ืืืจืืื. ืื ืืืจ ืืขืืืื
ืืืืืขื ืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืขืืช ืื ืืกืืื, ืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืคืืฉ ืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืื, ืืฉืจ
ืืขืืืจ ืื ืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจื ื (ืืคืจืง ื' ืืื ืืืืง). ืืืฉืื ืขื ืขื ืื ื ื, ืื ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืชืืื ืงืืื ื ืฉืืจ, ืื
ืฉืืื ืืชืืืฆืืืช ืืฉื, ืืืื ืืขื ืื ืื ืฆืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจ. ืืืจ ืืชืืืจ ืื ื ืฆื ืืขืื ืขื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืจ
ืื ื ื ืขืืื ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืขื ืืฆืืจ ืืืืจื.
11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream: Sources โก ALHaTorah.org
alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream/5 7/12
ืจืื"ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
ืืื ื ืกืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื โ ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืื
ืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืจืฅ ื ืขืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืืืื ืขืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืื ื' ืืืชืืื
ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืขืฉื ืงืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืชืืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืจ ืืคื ืื ืืชืืืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ื ืืืฉืืช
ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจื ืืื, ืืืื ืืฆืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืื ืืจืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืขืฉืืช ืืืจื.
ืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืจื ื ืฆื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืืข ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื
ืืื ืืืื ืืืง ื' ืืืืื ืขืื ืชืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ื ืื ืื ืขืื ืืฉืืจืชืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืื, ืื ืืขืืชื ืืืืื
ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื (ืชืืืื ืฆื ืื) ืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืื ืื ืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื.
ืืขื ืืขืช ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืื (ืคืจืงื ืืจ"ื ื"ื) ืืืชื ืืืช ืืืจืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืจืืื
ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืขืืชื ืืืจืืืชื, ืืื ืืขื "ืืืืื ืืืืื" ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืื, ืืฉืจ
ืืืืืช ืคืจืก, ืืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืขืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ื ืืืฆืืื ื ืืืื. ืืืจื (ืฉื
ืืคืืจ"ื) ืืจืื ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืฉืืขืื ืขืืงืื
ืืืืจื, ืืืจืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืื ืขืืงืื ืืืืจื, ืืืจืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื
ืขืืงืื ืืืืจื, ืืืจืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจื, ืืืจ ืื ืืขืงื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืชืืจื (ืืฉืขืื ื"ื:ื"ื),
ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืชืืืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืื' (ืขืืืืื ื':ื').
ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืกืื ืขื ืืืงืฅ ืืขืงื ืืฉื ืชื. ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืขื ืืืขืงื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืข ืื ืขื ืื ื ืืืืจืืชื ืืื ื
ืจืื' ืื ืืขืืช ืืืืงื'. ืื' ืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืื ืจืฉ"ื ืืคืืจืืฉื ืืขื ืื ื ืฉืืืืืขื ืืช' ืื ืืืื ืืื' ืืขืืช ืืจืฅ
ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจืฆืืช ืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืงื ืืืฆื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืกืืฃ ืชืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืื' ืืจืืื
ืืขืืชื ืฉืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืจืื
ืืืชื ืกืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืฅ
ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ. ืืืื ืืืจืฉืืช ืืจืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืช, ืืืจื ืจืื ื
ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืื ืืกืื ื ืืื ื ืกืื ืื ืกืื ื ืืืืืืจื', ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืืชืื ืืืชืืฆืื ืืชืืชืืช ืืืจ ืืื' ืืื ืืจืฉืืช
ืืืจืืช ืืจืฉื ืขืืืื. ืืืืขืช ืื' ืืื ืืจ' ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืคืจืงืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืข
ืืืืืืช ืืืขืืช' ืืืจืืืช' ืืืื ืจืื ืืกืืื ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืข ืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืคืขื
ืืืฉืืืชืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืจืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืฉืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืคืจืก
ืฉืืขืื ืืืขืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืื"ื ืืจื ืืื ื, ืืืืืื ืืืขืงื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืขื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืื
ืืืื ืืฉืืจืชืื ืืื' ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืื"ื ืืคืืจืืฉืื. ืืืืขืช ืื' ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืจืื"ืข ืืฉื ืจื ืฉืืื ืกืคืจืื
ืฉืืกืื ืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืื' ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืืขืช ืื' ืืื ืืืจืื"ื ืขืฆืื ืฉืืชื ืฉืืจืืื
ืื ืืืืชื ืฉืื ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื ืืืจืฅ ื ืขืฉื ืขื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืื ืืืจืฅ ืื
ืืขืฉื ืงืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืชืืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืจ ืืคื ืื ืืชืืืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืื
ืืฉืงื' ืื ืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืืืืืขื ืขืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื' ืืื
11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream: Sources โก ALHaTorah.org
alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream/5 8/12
ืืืื ืืืง ื"ื ืืืืื ืขืื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืข"ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืืจ
ืืฆืืืงืื ืฉื ' ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืื ืื ืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื. ืืืืขืช ืืื ืงืฆืชื ืืืืจื ืืจื"ืืข. ืืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืฉ ืื
ืืื ืืืกืคืงืืช ืืื ื ืืื ืืืงืื. ืืืคื ืืจืื ืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืจืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืื
ืืืขืช ืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืื"ื ืืขืื ืืืืืืขื ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืื"ื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืช ืืขืฉืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืื. ืืืืืขืช
ืื' ืืื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืกืคืจื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ื ืกืื ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื ืืื. ืืืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื
ืืืจ. ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืื' ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื ื'. ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื' ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื ื' ืขืืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื ื'. ืืืืจืืื
ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื ื' ืืื ื ื"ื ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื ื'. ืืืืื ืช ืืจื ืืื ืฉืืกืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืช ืื ืืฆืืืช
ืืืชืงืฉืจื ืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืืืจื ืขื ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืืคืกื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืืช
ืืืืืขื ืืืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืฉืคืืื ืืืฉืคืขืื ืืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืืื
ืืืืคืกื ืืคื ืืชื ืืขืืช ืืฉืืฉืืืช ืืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืกื ื ืืืขื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืช ืืื. ืืฉืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืื
ืืืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืฆืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืชื ืืขืข ืืฉ ืื ืื ืืข ืืืืจื
ืขืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืช. ืืืืจื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืขืืืืื. ืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืื. ืื"ืฉ ืื
ื"ื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ื"ื ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืจืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืงืืืืช
ืืืืืืขืืช ืืืื. ืืืืขืช ืืื ื ืื ืืจืื"ื ืืคืืจืืฉื ืืื ืืืงืื. ืืืืขืช ืื' ืืฆืื ื ืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืคื"ื
ื"ื ืืกืคืจื ืืืคื ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื ื ืืืืช ืืืืืืข ืืฉื ืืืขืงื ืฉืืกืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืช'
ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืชืงืฉืจืืช ืื ืืฆืืืช ืืื ืฉืคืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ื"ื
ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืจ"ื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืื ืืข ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืื ืืกืื ืืคื ืฉืื ืืขืื
ืื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืขืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืืช' ืืกืืืช ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืค"ื ื"ื. ืืคืืจืฉ ืืจื
ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจ ื ืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืค"ื ื"ื ืฉืื
ืืืฉืืืชื ืขืืืื ืืื"ื ืืจืื ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉืืืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืชืืคื.
ืืืืขืช ืื' ืืื ืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืค"ื ื"ื ืื ืฉื ืคืืจืฉ ืืกืื ืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืกืืืข
ืืขืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจื ืฉืืืืข ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืก ืืื ืืคื' ืืืืื
ืืืืื ืขื ืืืกืืืืช ืื' ืฉืฉื ื' ืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืืจ ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืื
ืืืื ืืืขืคืจ ืืืืืื. ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ื' ืืืืช ืืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ื ืกืชืืืข ืืจื ืฉืื
ืื"ืฉ ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืกืื ืืจืืขื. ืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืื ื' ืืขืืช ืืืคืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื
ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืช ืืืืชืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืื
ืฉืืฉืื ืืื ืืขืงื ื ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืงืจืืช ืขืืื ืืช ืื ืื ื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืคื ืื ื' ืืืคืจืืฉืื ืฉืคืืจืฉ ืืจื
ืืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชืคืืกืคืืชื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืขืชื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืขืงื ืืื ืืืงืจืืช ืขืืื ืืช
ืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืคืจืฉื ืกืคืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืืข ืืื ืืืืื ืื
ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉ ืืืืืฉ ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืคืขืืช ืืืืืื
ืืืจืืืืชืื ืื ืืืืงืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืืื. ืืื ืจืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืื ืืขืช ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืืื
ืืฉ"ื ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืข ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืข
ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืชื ื ืื ืงืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืื
ืฉืื ืืงืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืื' ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืกื ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืขื
ืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืืืืื ืืืขืฉืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืืฉืจ
ืืืืืื. ืืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืืืคืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืชืื ืืืคืืื
11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream: Sources โก ALHaTorah.org
alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream/5 9/12
ืืืจืจื ืื ืืืืืชื. ืฉืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจื ืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืชื ืฉืืื
ืขืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืื ืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืื ืจื ืื ืืืจืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืืขืืื
ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืืจื ืืืืคืกื. ืืืคื ืฉืืขืงื ืืืื ืืกืคืง ืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ื ืืขื ืื ืืจืขื ืืจืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ื ืื ืื ืื ื
ื"ื ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืจ"ื ืขื ืืขืงื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืืืืชืื ืืืื ืืจืขื ืงืืืืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืฆืืืืชืืื
ืืฉืจ ืืขืื. ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื' ืืคื' ืืจืืืช ืกืื. ืืืืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืกืคืง ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉ
ืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืืชืืืกืช ืืขื ืื ืืขืงื ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืคื ื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืฉืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืจืื
ืืฉืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืจืื ืื ืชืชืืืก ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืืื
ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืขืื ืืจ ืกืื ื ืื ืืืฉืืช ื' ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืื"ื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฃ ืฉื ื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืฉืืืช
ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืขืืื ืข"ื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืงืฉืืจ ืื ืืฆืื' ืืืื ืืข ืืจืืฉื' ืื' ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืืจ ืืจื
ืืคืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืื' ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื' ืืฉืชื ืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืฉืื' ืืืชืื' ืื ืืื
ืืชืืืกืื ืืืขืงื ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืจืื ืืืชื ืืง"ืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืืง ืืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืขืงื. ื"ืฉ
ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืชืืืกืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืงื' ืฉืืืืข ืื ืฉื ืจ"ื ืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ืขื ืืืช'
ืืื ืื ืฉืฉื ืืจืืฉืืชืื ืืืืชืจ ืจืืื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืฉื ืฉื ืฉื ืืขืืจ
ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืจื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืคื ื ืื ื "ื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืกืช ืืืขืงื
ืืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืขืืื ืชื ืืืง ืืฉืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืคืืจืืฉื ืืืืื' ืืืืคืจืฉื' ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ืืืื
ืชืฉืืช ืืืขืชื ืืืชื ืชืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืชืงืจื ืืฉืื. ืืืืืจ ืฉืืขืงื ืืคืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืจื
ืืคื ืื ืขื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืฉืกืื ืขืฆืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจ
ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืกืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืืืจ
ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืขื ืืฉืจืฆื ืืืืื
ืืช ืืขืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืคืื ืืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืื ื ืืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื
ืืืืจืื ืฉืืฉื ืกืืื' ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืคืข ืื ืืืืจืขื ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉื ืืจืืื ืืจืขื ืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืช ืืฆืืง ืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืื ื ืชืงืืื ืื ืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ืืช' ืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืกืื ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื
ืืจืืฉื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืขื ืฉืืืงืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืงืืฉ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืคืข ืืืืงืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืฉืจ
ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืจืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืืืฆื ืืจืฆื ืงืฆืื ืืงืืฉ ืืงืืฉืื ืืงืฆืื ืืืืข ืืฉืืืื ืฉืืฉ' ืืจื ืื
ืืฉืคืข ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืชื ืขื ืืืชื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืคื ื ืืืชื ืงืฉืจ ืืืืก ืขืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืฉืคื
ืืงืื ืืงืืฉื ื ืืฉืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืืชื ืฉืื ืขืืืื
ืขื ืจืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืืชืคืืืช ืืืชืคืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืฉืืขื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืฉืคืืข ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื
ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืขื ืขืืื ืืืืงืืช ืืืขืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืื ื ื"ื ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืขื ืืขืงื ืฉืชืืืง ืืฉืืืชื ืื ืืื
ืฉืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืื ื ื"ื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืฆื ืืื' ืื ื
ืืืงืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืง ืฉืืื ืชื ืืืฉืืืชื ืืืฉืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืง. ืืื ื ืืืจ
ืืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฉ ืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืขืื ืืื
ืขืฉื ืืื ืื ื ืงืืืจื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืจืข ืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืง ืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืจ ืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืื ืืืจืื
ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืจื ืฉืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืื
ืืฆืืง ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืชืืืกืช ืืขื ืื ืืขืงื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื'. ืืื ืื ืืกืื
ืื' ืืืืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืจ ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืชื ื ื ืืืืจืขื ืืืื ืืืจ ืื
ืชืชืขืฆื ืืขืงื ืฉืืชื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืกืืช ืืงืจื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืชื ื ื
11/7/13 Yaakov's Dream: Sources โก ALHaTorah.org
alhatorah.org/a.html?Bereshit/28/YaakovDream/5 10/12
ืืืื ืชืชื ืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืืชื ืขื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืชื ืืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืกืื ืืฉื ืืืจืื
ืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืชื ื ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ื ืืืจ ืื"ื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืจืขื. ืืื ืื
ืืกืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืข ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืขืฆื ืืืืืชื
ืืืืื ืืืื ืงืจืืืื ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืชืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืื ืจื ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืชื
ืืืจืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืชืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืื ืืขืงื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ื
ืืืืชื ืืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื' ืขืชืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืขื
ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืืขื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืคืจืฆืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืชื
ืืืงื ืชื ืขื ืืจืขื ืืืืชื ืืฆืจื', ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื' ืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืขื ืฉืืืืจื ืืฉืืื
ืืืืื ืืืขืงื ืฉืืฆื ืืื ื ืขื ืจื. ืืืืืชืจ ื ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืืืจ ืืคืจืฆืช ืืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืคืื ' ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืขื ืฉืืืื
ืื ื"ื ืื ืื ื ืืืงืื ืื' ืืืื' ืื' ืจืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืืคืจืฆืช ืืืืื ืฉืขื ืืืืชื ื"ื ืจืืื ืชืืื ืืงืจืื
ืืฉื ืืขืงื ืืืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืงื ืืืื ืืคืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืข ืืขืงื ืฉืืื ืขืชืื ืืงืืช
ื' ื ืฉืื ืืืืืืื ื"ื ืื ืื ืฉืื ื' ื' ืืื ืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืคืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืคืจืฆืช ืืืืชืจื
ืืฉืืื ืื'. ืืืืจื ืื ืฉืงืืื ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฆืืง ืืฉืจ ื' ืืจืื
ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืขืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืชืืจื ืืขืฉื. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืจืฉืขื ืืจืฆื ืืืจ ืื
ืืฉืืจืชืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืชืื ืืืืืจ ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืชืฆื ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉื ืืืืฉืคืขืช ืื ืชืืฉืื ืฉืชืืื ื ืขืื ืืืฉืืืชื
ืื ืื ื ืืฉืืจื ืืืฉืืืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืฉื ืฉืื ืืื ืชืืืืจ ืืชืฉืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืจืช ืืืืช ืื"ืฉ ืืืฉืืืืชืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืชืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืขืื ืืฉืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื
ืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืกืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืื ืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืื' ืืืืืจ ืื ืื
ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืื ืืกืืจืก ืื ืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืขื
ืขืฉืืชื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืข ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืงืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื
ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืชืืจื ืืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืงืืื ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉืชืงืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื
ืืขืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืืช ืขืื ืืื ืืฉืจ
ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืชื.
MODERN TEXTS
ืกืคืืจื ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื - ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืฉืฉืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืจ ืขืืืืชื
ืืจืื, ืืืื ืืชืืจื ืื ืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืขืื, ืืืืจื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืชื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื
(ืืจืืืื ื"ื:ื"ื).
ืกืคืืจื ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื-ื"ื
(ื"ื) ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืคืจืฆืช. ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืจืขื ืืขืคืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืขื ืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืขืืืจืื
(ืืฉืืขืื ื "ื:ื"ื). ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืื ืชืคืจืืฅ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืื ืืงืืื
ืืฆืคืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืชืฉืืขืช ืืื ืืขืชืืื ืชืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื
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ื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื (ืกื ืืืจืื) ืื ืจืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืฆืจืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืช ืขืืื ืื ืืจ, ืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืื
ืืื ืื ืืจ ืฆืจ ืืกืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืื (ืืฉืืขืื ื "ื:ื"ื โ ื')...
(ืื) ืื ืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืฉืืืจ ืจืื ืืืืืช ืชืคืจืืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืฆืจืืช ืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื
ืืืืืช ืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืจื ืืฃ ืื ืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืกืชืื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืืืืืชื ืืืคืจ ืืจืืชื
ืืชื (ืืืงืจื ื"ื:ื"ื).
ืขื ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืฉืืชื. ืืขืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืืชื ืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืื ืขืชื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืฆืช ืื ืืืช ืขื ืชืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืืื ืืขืื
ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืกืื (ืฉืื"ืฉ ื, ืื). ืขื ืื ืขืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืืืฆืืช (ืืฉืื ื':ื"ื). ืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืชืขืฉื ืืืช
ืืชืฉืืขื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืกื ืืขืื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืกืื ืืืชืืื ืืชืืื ื ืืืืจื
ืืืชืืืืชื ืืชืืืื (ืืืงืจื ื"ื:ื"ื).
ืกืคืืจื ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื-ื"ื
(ืื) ืืื ืืฉ ื' ืืืงืื ืืื. ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืจืืืชื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืฉืืชืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืฉืชื ื ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืฉื ืืขืฆื ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืคื ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉื
ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื.
(ืื) ืืื ืื. ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืืืชื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืกืื ื ืฆื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื. ืืงืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ
ืืืืจื ื"ื (ืคืกืืื ืคื.) ืืขืงื ืงืจืื ืืืช. ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจืืืชื ืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืื
ืืกืื ืืฉืืข ืืื ืืชืืจื ืื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืช ืชืคืืช ืืืชืคืืืื ืืชืขื ืชืคืืชื ืืืขืื ืงืืฉื ืืฉืืื.
ืฉื"ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื-ื"ื
(ืื) ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื: ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืฆืืง, ืขืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืช' ืชืคืืืืช ืืชืืชืื ืื, ืืืืจืืื ืืืฆืืืช
ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืชืคืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืขืงื: ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื, ืฉืืืื ืชืคืืืืช ืื ื ืืื ืขืืืืช
ืืฉืืืื.
(ืื) ื ืฆื ืขืืื: ืขื ืืขืงื, ืืืืืื ื ืขืืื ืืฆืื, ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ื ืฆืืื ืขืืื (ืืืขืื ื"ื ื') ืืื ืืขื ื ืฆื ืขืืื
(ืฉืืืช ื"ื ื"ื) ืืืคืืื ืืืจ: ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืชืคืืืช ืืขืงื ืืืืืื
ืืจืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืื.
ืฉื"ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื-ื"ื
(ืื) ืืฉ ื': ืืฉืืืช ื' ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืขืชื: ืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขื ืฉืืฆืืขืจ ืขื ืืจืืืชื ืืขื ืฉืืืฆืจื
ืืฉืื ืขื ืืืจื, ืืื ืืืช ืื', ืืืืื ืืชืื ืฆืขืจื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ืืืื.
(ืื) ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื': ืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืงืื ืจืข, ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืกืืืจ, ืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืืื
ืืืฉืขืจ ืืฉืืื, ืื ืืื ืจืื ื' ืืขื ืื.
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ื ืฆื"ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื-ื"ื
(ืื) ืขืืืื ืืืจืืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืขืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืจืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืืื ืกืืืืื ืืขืืืื
ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืื. ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืื ืคืจืืืช ืขื ืื ืกืืืืืช ืืขืงื. ืืขื' ืืฉ"ื ืืืื ื"ื ื' ืื"ื.
(ืื) ืืื ื ื' ื ืฆื ืืื'. ืืื"ื ืืืื ื"ื ืืื ืืฉืืขื ืฉืขืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืื ื ืจืื
ืืฉืจ ื' ื ืฆื ืขืืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืจืง ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืจืืืชืื ื ืจืื ืจ"ืค ืืงืฅ ืืข"ืฉ. ืืืืืืจื ื"ื
ืืื ืืื"ืข ืืชืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื'. ืืื ืฉืจืื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืืจื ืืชืจืืืช
ืืฉืืื ื ืืืื' ืค' ืืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืจืขื.
ืจื"ืฆ ืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื"ื:ื"ื
ืืชื ื ืืขืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื' ืงืืข ืื โ ืืืืืช ืื ืฉื' ืืชืคืืจ ืื. ืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืื
ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืชื โ ืืฉื, ืืื ืืขืฉ, ืืื ืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื
ืืื. ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืืื ืื"ื ืืกืคืจ, ืืฉืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืงื ื ืฉืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืงื ื ืฉืืืื "ืืขื ืืกืืื ืื". ืืงืฉื
ืืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืกืื ืช ืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ื ืขืืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช
ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืข ืื ืืืขืื. ืืื โ ืืื ื ื' ื ืืฆื ืขืืื, ืืืื ืืืกื ืืืจืืืื, ืื ืฉืืื ื
ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ืฆื ืืืื ืืขืื, ืืื ืข ืืืืืื ืืจืขื ืืืชืงืจื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืขืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืื
ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืื. ืืชืจื ืืื, ืืื ืืฃ ื ืืชื ืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืื ืชืืื, ืืืชื ืื ืืช ืืืืฆืขืื
ืืืืฉืืช ืจืฆืื ื, ืืจืฆืื ืืืืื, ืืืขื ืืื โ ืืืื ืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืกืื ืืช ืฉืขืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืข ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืขืืื.