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DefinitionHistoryComponents of
ElevatorsHow Elevators
work?Types of ElevatorsClassificationDesign
ConsiderationControl & Safety
DevicesModern Elevator
Elevators
DEFINITION
An elevator (lift in British
English) is a type of
vertical transport equipment
that efficiently moves people
or goods between floors
(levels, decks) of a
building, vessel, or other
structure.
HistoryELISHA GRAVES OTIS
History
Components
The standard elevators will include the following basic components:
1.Car2.Hoistway3.Machine/drive system4.Safety system5.Control System
The vehicle that travels between the different elevator stops carrying passengers and/or goods. usually A heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of metal and wood panels.
The number of passengers shall be obtained from the formula:
Number of passengers = rated load /75
*Where 75 represent the average weight of a person in Kg.
3 TYPES:
ComponentsFIRST: ELEVATOR CAR
The Standard Elevators Layouts:Standard elevators can be arranged in the following four layouts:
Arrangement (A): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at
the back wall.
Arrangement (B): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is located at
the back wall.
ComponentsFIRST: ELEVATOR CAR
Arrangement (C): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at
one side.
Arrangement (D): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is
located at one side.
The space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts.
ComponentsSECOND: HOISTWAY
Roping system
ComponentsSECOND: HOISTWAY
ELECTRIC TRACTION MACHINE ABOVE AND BELOW
ComponentsSECOND: HOISTWAY
Driving machine, this is the power unit of the elevator, and usually located at the elevator machine room.
The Driving machine used to refer to the collection of components that raise or lower the elevator.
These include the drive motor, brake, speed reduction unit, sheaves and encoders.
ComponentsTHIRD: ELEVATOR MACHINE & DRIVE SYSTEM
Layout of Elevator Safety System
ComponentsFOURTH: SAFETY SYSTEM
The system responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay, levelling and hall lantern signals.
Simple Elevator Control System Inputs and Outputs
It accepts INPUTS (e.g. button signals) and produces OUTPUTS (elevator cars moving, doors opening, etc.).
ComponentsFIFTH: ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEM
SAMPLE VIDEO
How does it work?
SHEAVE SUSPENSION ROPECOUNTERWEIGHT and
COUNTERWEIGHT GUIDERAILS
GUIDERAILS
CALL BUTTONS
SENSORS
HOW ELEVATOR WORKS?: BASIC PARTS
BREAKS
GOVERNOR
TO HOIST MECHANISM:
TO BUILDING HEIGHT:
TO BUILDING TYPE:
TO ELEVATOR LOCATION
TO SPECIAL
USES1. Traction
•Geard•Gear-less
2. Hydraulic • Plunger/
Holed• hole-less• Roped
3. Climbing 4. Pneumatic
A- Low-Rise buildings
B- Mid-Rise buildings
C- High-Rise buildings
1. Hospital 2. Residential
/Domestic3. Agricultural 4. Industrial 5. Commercial 6. Parking
buildings
A- Outdoor Elevators
A.1 Observation elevator
A.2 Incline Elevators
A.3 Platform Elevators
A.4 Freight Elevators
B- Indoor elevators
A- Handicap Elevators
B- Grain Elevators
C- Double-deck elevator
D- Sky Lobby
F- Limited use / limited application (LU/LA)
ELEVATOR TYPES (ACCORDING TO: )
Types of Elevator
1. Passenger2. Freight3. Special Service
Classification
1.) TRACTION ELEVATOR
• gearless • geared
2.) HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
• Holed• hole-less• roped
3.) CLIMBING ELEVATOR 4.) PNEUMATIC ELEVATOR
Types of ElevatorACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISMTRACTION
HYDRAULIC
CLIMBING
PNEUMATIC
TRACTIONGEARED & GEARLESS
Types of ElevatorACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Traction elevators are raised and lowered through the elevator shaft by cables operated by electric motors.Guide Rails
Counterweight
Buffers
Car Frame &Safety
Hoistway Door
Door Operator
Car
Machine Room
HOW DOES IT WORK? TRACTION
GEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
25
Traction Changes
Geared Gearless
COMPONENTS
Traction Elevator• car• cables• elevator machine• controls• counterweight• hoistway• rails• penthouse• pit
TRACTIONGEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
COMPONENTS TRACTION
GEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Machine room• 8’-6” minimum
clear
Bottom of Beam (OH)
• 17’-6” – 20’6’’
Travel• number of floors
Pit (P)• 10’-1” – 11-5”
TRACTIONGEARED & GEARLESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
• Rise Limitations: ~ 300 feet (Geared) unlimited (Gearless)
• Cost: $150,000 - $200,000 (Geared) : $200,000 + (Gearless)
• Speeds: 350 - 500 fpm (Geared) : 500 - 1800+ (Gearless)
• Advantages of Gearless:• smoother• approx. twice machine life
HYDRAULICHOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
20
Hydraulic Code Changes
Holeless Hydraulic Holed Hydraulic Roped Hydraulic
• Consists of three parts:
• Tank • Pump• Valve
The car is moved up and down using “a fluid piston mounted inside a cylinder”
SAMPLE VIDEO
HYDRAULICHOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using a
hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted
inside a cylinder.
HYDRAULICHOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of ElevatorHOW DOES IT
WORK?
HYDRAULICHOLED
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Guide Rails
Plunger & Cylinder
Controller & Pumping Unit
To & From Oil Pipe
Hoistway Door
Door Operator
• Rise Limitations: ~ 60 feet
• Speeds: 100/125/150 fpm
• Cost: $35 - $85K• Advantages:
• low cost• no penthouse• no structural load on
building• Disadvantages
• slow• energy inefficient
HYDRAULICHOLELESS
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Controller & Pumping Unit
To & From Oil Pipe
Plungers & Cylinders
Guide Rails
Hoistway Door
Door Operator
• Rise Limitations: 20 feet
• Speeds: 100/125 fpm • Cost: $35 - $45K• Advantages:
• no well hole• minimizes environmental contamination
• Disadvantages:• limited travel
HYDRAULICROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
• Rise Limitations: 60 feet• Cost: $45k - $75k • Speeds: 100 - 125 - 150 fpm• Advantages:
• Eliminates well hole• Same 60’ travel range as “holed”
hydro• Existing Building
• Disadvantages:• More costly than conventional holed
hydraulic
HYDRAULICHOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of ElevatorCOMPONENT
S
Hydraulic• car• plunger/piston/jack• elevator machine• controls• hoistway• rails• penthouse/headway• pit
HYDRAULICHOLED, HOLE-LESS & ROPED
ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Types of ElevatorCOMPONENT
S
Machine room• 7’-9” minimum clear
Bottom of Beam (OH)
• 12’-0” – 12’3’’
Pit (P)/Plunger• 4’-0”• Travel +2’-6”
CLIMBINGACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
They hold their own power device on them,
mostly electric or combustion engine.
Climbing elevators are often used in work and
construction areas.
PNEUMATICACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
Types of Elevator
Pneumatic elevators are raised and lowered by
controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the
elevator sits.
Matanglawin to
PNEUMATICACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM
TRIVIA
A rendering of the Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
China to Get the World's Fastest Elevators: 95 Floors in 43 Seconds
ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT
Types of Elevator
A- Low-Rise buildingstypically use hydraulic elevators
because of their lower initial cost
B- Mid-Rise buildings typically use Geared Traction Elevators
C- High-Rise buildings typically use Gear-Less Traction
Elevators
ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE
Types of Elevator
1- Hospital Elevators 2- Residential /Domestic Elevators
ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE
Types of Elevator
3. Agricultural applications:4- Industrial Elevators 5- Parking Elevators
ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE
Types of Elevator
6- Commercial Elevators
A- Commercial passenger elevators
B- Freight elevators C- Commercial Dumbwaiter
ACCORDING TO ELEVATOR LOCATION
Types of Elevator
A- Outdoor Elevators Common types of outdoor elevators are cargo elevators, platform elevators, and incline and vertical elevators.
A.1 Observation elevator A.2 Incline Elevators A.3 Freight Elevators
B- Indoor Elevators
ACCORDING TO SPECIAL USE
Types of Elevator
A- Handicap Elevators
B- Grain Elevators
C- Double-deck elevator
ACCORDING TO SPECIAL USE
Types of Elevator
D- Sky Lobby
F- Limited use / limited application (LU/LA)
Classification1. Passenger A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a
building's floors.
2. Freight A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather thanpassengers.
Classification3. Special Service
• Sidewalk elevators
• Stage lifts
• Vehicle elevators
• Boat lift
• Residential elevator
• Paternoster
• Rack-and-pinion elevator
Design Considerations
Design Considerations
• Key-operated elevators should be used only in private facilities or when an elevator operator is present.
• Wide elevator cabs are preferable to long ones.
• The minimum internal elevator dimensions, allowing for one wheelchair passenger alone, are 1.00 m x 1.30 m• The door opening should not be less than 0.80 m.
• The inside of the elevator should have a handrail on three sides mounted 0.80 to 0.85 m from the floor
• The accessible elevator should serve all floors normally reached by the public.
Control panel• The control panel can be mounted at one of the alternative locations shown in figure
3.• For ease of reach, the control panel should be mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the
floor
Design Considerations
• The numerals on the floor selector buttons should be embossed so as to be easily identifiable by touch.
• Control buttons should be in an accessible location and illuminated. Their diameter should be no smaller than 20 mm.
Call buttons• For ease of reach, call buttons should be mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the floor
Design Considerations
Floor identifiers• Tactile numerals should be placed on both sides of the door jambs at an approximate height of 1.50 m to help a lone sightless passenger to identify the floor reached
Hall signal• The elevator hall signal should be placed at an approximate height of 1.80 m
Door re-opening activators• The door opening interval should be no less than five seconds. Re-opening activators should be provided.
Design Considerations
Audiovisual signals• The elevator should signal arrival at each floor by means of a bell and a light to alert sightless and hearing-impaired passengers simultaneously.
Colour• The colour of the elevator door should contrast with the surrounding surface so as to be easily distinguishable by person with visual impairments.
Floor surface• The floor of the elevator and the area in front of the elevator on each floor should have a non skid resilient surface or a low-pile fixed carpet.
Design Considerations
Doors• single slide (24-36”)• center opening (42-60”)• two-speed, side opening
(42”)• two-speed, center opening
(60”)
Design Considerations
Planning guide
Four Car Group
Three Car Group
ELEVATOR GROUPINGS
Six Car Group
Eight Car Group
ELEVATOR ZONING
Control & Safety Devices
When engaged, emergency elevator brakes wedge up against the rails guiding the elevator car, slowing it to a stop.
When the elevator car is in the correct position, the door operating system unlocks and pulls open both the car doors and the elevator shaft doors.
CONTROL & SAFETY DEVICE
• The elevator system can respond to signals from other building systems to add calls, control access, and change elevator operating modes.
• Telephones or similar two-way communication devices are installed inside elevator carsfor emergencies.
• Inputs from access control systems can be used by elevator controllers to anticipate waiting passengers and automatically call elevators to certain floors.
• Elevator controllers are connected to numerous elevator-specific control devices to operate the elevator system independently.
• Call buttons are the typical method for passengers to select their desired travel direction or floor.
• In emergency fire situations, the fire alarm control panel signals to the elevator controller to recall the elevator car(s) to a designated floor.
• Phase two fire service mode functions are activated by a keyswitch, typically inside the elevator car.
• Access control systems can be used to admit only authorized personnel to elevators serving secure building areas.
• Elevators can be used to control access to certain areas of a building by either controlling the access to the elevator or controlling where the elevator can stop.
Martanglawin to
One of the "must sees" of St. Louis, Missouri, is the Gateway Arch.
SLANT ELEVATORS
This controversial 326 metre high elevator takes you up the side of one of the many enormous cliffs in Zhangjiajie, China
The elevator inside the louvre, paris,