Yank Levy

“Bert Levy” redirects here. For people with similarnames, see Albert Levy (disambiguation).

Bert “Yank” Levy (October 5, 1897 – September2, 1965)[2][3][4] was a soldier, military instructor andauthor/pamphleteer of one of the first manuals onguerrilla warfare, which was widely circulated with morethan a half million published.[3][5][upper-alpha 3] He servedwith irregular forces in several parts of the world in the1920s and 1930s, most notably in the Spanish Civil War,and was a significant figure at the Osterley Park train-ing school for the British Home Guard duringWorldWarII.[3][8] Similar combat training was provided to forces inthe United States and Canada, and he was an itinerantlecturer and provocateur on the subject.

1 Background

Levy was born in Hamilton, Canada to a Jewish fam-ily. His family moved to Buffalo, New York when threemonths old, and then to Cleveland, Ohio when he wasseven years old.[4][9] His parents were Samuel Levy, a tai-lor and “horse doctor”, and Sarah Pollock. Bert Levy hadnine siblings. To counter a frail constitution, Levy be-came a Boy Scout and a boxer. He grew up on the streetsand claimed that his "real education was in the school ofhard knocks".[5] At age 16, he quit school after his fatherwas seriously injured by a trolley. He took employmentwith the Kaber Printing Company in Cleveland for fouryears to help support his younger siblings.[4]

In 1916, he joined the British Merchant Navy work-ing as a stoker.[2][10] In the spring of 1918, Levy en-listed in the Thirty-Ninth Royal Fusileers.[4] Levy contin-ued boxing through World War I and was the regimentalbantamweight champion. After returning to Clevelandfrom the war, he briefly turned professional. He fought in23 matches before retiring “in order to maintain familyharmony”.[9]

He married Mary Prezenter, who was a clerk. They hadone daughter.[4] He was a pipe smoker, and played themandolin.[11]

In 1927 he was arrested along with four other men anda woman for a series of robberies. During the search,police discovered a cache of guns. Levy was convictedand sentenced to 25–50 years.[12] He was convicted ofthe January 1927 armed robbery of a Philadelphia A&Pfoodmarket. Even for his only criminal conviction, Judge

Harry McDevitt imposed a severe sentence in the peni-tentiary. After serving six years, in 1933 he was releasedand deported to Canada (he was presumed to be a Cana-dian citizen at the time).[4][12][13][14]

2 Military career

2.1 Field service

He served in five wars – many of the wars and insurrec-tions between 1911 and 1945.[11][15] Trying to find thetruth of Levy’s exploits is problematic, as Levy tended toembellish his biography.[upper-alpha 4]

From 1918 to 1919 Levy served with the 39th Battalion,Royal Fusiliers (part of the Jewish Legion) in Palestineand Transjordan. That tour ended when he was gassedand contracted malaria.[3] He trained in Nova Scotia,England, and Egypt, and was dispatched as a machinegunner. In September 1918 his unit moved through theEgyptian desert. The unit entered the Jordan River valley,taking control of Es-Salt in a campaign against the Turks.With two other members of the Thirty-ninth, he encoun-tered scouts of Colonel T. E. Lawrence. The scoutsinvited them to tea, and told them stories of amazingfeats, and “Levy decided on a lifelong career in guerrillawarfare.”[4] In 1920–21, he was, in his own (attributed)words “mixed up in Mexico” towards the end of therevolution there. Subsequently he was involved in gun-running in Nicaragua, where he served under GeneralSandino.[5][11] In Nicaragua, he outfitted a ship with sand-bagged Lewis gun “emplacements in case of a surpriseen route by U.S. patrol vessels.” His service with theSandinistas was cut short when the United States and U.S.Marines appeared, as “he had no desire to fight his fellowcountrymen.”[4] Another scenario is that the Sandinistasdeemed the continued reliability of Americans to be du-bious as a force opposing the Marines, and they were in-voluntarily retired.[9]

In 1921 Levy was employed to train Mexicans in the useof the Lewis gun. He left after 6 months when sometrainees used their guns on prisoners.[5] Levy also claimedto have participated in “troubles” in countries to the southof Mexico, and to have been sentenced to thirty yearsimprisonment for gun running.[6] The Levys were nowbroke, and living in marital discord.[4]

During the Spanish Civil War Levy served with theInternational Brigade as an officer in the Saklatava Bat-

1

2 3 TRAINING OFFICER AND CONSULTANT

talion, under TomWintringham, from 1937. The brigadefought against the rightist Falangists. He was captured atthe Battle of Jarama where he had manned a heavy ma-chine gun.[3][16][17] He was captured on the second dayand there is a photo of him and other Britishmachine gun-ners in the custody of the Guardia Civil.[7] He spent sixmonths in a Francoist gaol.[18] A protest from the Cana-dian government led to Levy’s release in a prisoner ex-change for two Italian officers – something he character-ized as “a fair deal.”[3][3][9][19] Even after all that, he stillhad to be prevented by friends from re-enlisting and re-turning to the fray.[6] Upon his release, he went back toCanada and personally recruited 1,200 volunteers for theRepublican cause.[9]

In 1940, with the outbreak ofWorldWar II he tried to en-list with the Canadian Army, but was refused on medicalgrounds.[4][5] “He volunteered to join the Canadian Armyas soon as this war broke out, and was turned down forflat feet or hammer toes – or perhaps, more seriously, forhis reputation as one of the most obstreperous leaders ofCanada’s unemployed.”[6]

3 Training officer and consultant

3.1 United Kingdom

Following this refusal, Levy worked his passage to Britainas a stoker on a steamer.[6][20] After arriving in theUnited Kingdom, he rejoined Wintringham and other In-ternational Brigade veterans.[21] Levy worked alongsidethese other veterans on Home Guard training,[21] and wasinvolved in the establishment of an unofficial trainingschool for the Home Guard at Osterley Park. The schoolwas funded in part by Wendell Endicott (shoe magnateof Endicott-Johnson Shoes), a Home Guard and Levy’slectures were well received.[4][6][8][9][22] Nazi propagan-dist Lord Haw-Haw dubbed the Osterley trainees to be“Osterley cut throats” because of their hardened approachto guerrilla warfare.[9] This was “Home Guard School#1.”[20] Although the school became famous through itsappearance in newsreels and newspaper articles aroundthe world (particularly in the US), the socialism espousedby the school’s instructors met with disapproval by theWar Office (WO) and Winston Churchill, and it wastaken over by the WO in September 1940. Closed in1941, its staff and courses were reallocated to other newlyopened WO-approved Home Guard schools.[23]

While lecturing there Wintringham helped Levy writehis book – described by some as a “war pamphlet”[24] –Guerrilla Warfare as a practical manual.[9] It originatedin the lectures given at Osterley Park, and had much tosay about close quarters combat. This was published inmass market paperback in Britain and the U.S. and ranto several editions. Levy advocated guerrilla warfare as ademocratic means of combating fascism, frequently at-tacking the military establishment who overlooked the

lessons born of such commanders as T. E. Lawrence andtheir experience in irregular war. He also recounts someof his adventures as a guerrilla, such as the time he and hiscompanions trapped cats’ tails in mouse traps as a meansof distracting sentries.[5]Wintringham said that Levy wasthe most effective communicator in Great Britain on thetactics of commando and guerrilla warfare.[8] His primarylecture subject was knife fighting and hand-to-hand com-bat.[2]

“Yank” Levy was not just a soldier and an efficientkiller,[11][13] but was a committed Socialist with a social-ist’s set of values and approach, which influenced his anal-ysis and his goals and presentations. It wasn't just all tech-nical stuff, but was an attempt to incite the local populaceto provide for the common defense. Thus, there was anattempt to harness “the enduring patriotism of the popu-lation.” Metaphors were made of Home Guard guerrilladefence against Adolf Hitler to historical antecedents,such as Hereward the Wake resistance to the 'heavily ar-moured forces’ of William the Conqueror. Levy admit-ted that Hereward was not triumphant. Seeking to mo-bilize popular sentiment, he urged readers to look at theArab Revolt and Orde Wingate's part in organising 'Jew-ish irregulars in Palestine'. He counseled that reading fic-tional accounts of guerrilla warfare would provide guid-ance, including those describing campaigns in Ireland,Spain and China, such as: Ernie O'Malley's On AnotherMan’s Wound; Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the BellTolls; and Edgar Snow's Scorched Earth, respectively.[21]

The book had significant impact and it received favorablepress. Time magazine wrote:

Anyone who thinks his country will be in-vaded – which includes anyone now alive –would do well to read “Yank” Levi’s Guer-rilla Warfare for instruction on to harassinvaders.[9][25]

Time enthusiastically noted his unconventional approach:

Sinister Shadow. . . . The Methods of am-bush are important. A wire cable strung acrossa road at an angle will slide a motorcycle offinto the ditch, where the cyclist can be sluggedand searched . . . Destruction is one aim. Aguerrilla learns how to derail and wreck trains,blow up tanks, destroy planes on the ground,dynamite bridges. In taking sentries, advisesMr. Levy, the back is the best approach. If thatis not possible, the guerrilla covers the sentrywith his revolver, steps on his foot, unbuttonshis tunic and jerks it down over his arms to lockthem. “You may slap his ears with the revolverbarrel, to intimidate him. . . . You shouldalso drop his trousers to lock his feet.” . . . In-visible weapons might include: a . . . lady’shatpin, or a wrist knife strapped to the wrist

3.3 Canada 3

with the hilt downwards; a knife hung aroundthe neck; a small revolver held up the sleeve byrubber bands; a stiletto with a nine-inch blade.. . . a hammer, cheese-cutters (wires withwooden handles, handy for garroting); a hand-kerchief with a fistful of sand in it. Besidesblankets, extra socks, binoculars, rifles, burntcork to blacken the face, etc., an important partof the equipment is 25 to 30 yards of fishline.. . . [and] booby traps.[25]

They believed that well-trained irregulars could under-mine tanks and the Blitzkrieg. As Wintringham noted:

The guerrilla, on the other hand, can ex-ert against the communications of any enemyforce, against his dumps as well as his lorrieshis headquarters as well as his stragglers, a con-tinual pressure a threat that wears out men andforces. And guerrilla warfare is a method offighting – a useful method, that will, I believe,in future campaigns become absolutely essen-tial to success—that can be achieved and devel-oped by democracies and by socialist societies,but cannot be developed by Fascism, particu-larly in the areas where Fascism rules by forceagainst the will of the population. Success-ful guerrilla fighting needs the self-confidenceand initiative of millions of free men, the sup-port at risk and at heavy sacrifice of almost allthe population, and a feeling of close comrade-ship and solidarity between the guerrilla troopsand any regular army and air force support-ing them. The Nazis cannot get these qualitiesat their service, in any of the occupied coun-tries of Europe, even in Italy. We can. Andtherefore we should not think of guerrilla war-fare only in terms of the present heroism ofthe Soviet Union, or a possible future resis-tance to invasion in this country. We shouldthink of it also in terms of our own invasion ofthe Continent. We should be looking for waysof fighting, and combinations between ways offighting that can enable a democratic force in-vading Hitler’s Europe to mobilize and use theenormous power of the “hundred million al-lies” who can be ours.[6]

That the handbook was available for 17–25¢ per copy wasa factor in its being widely circulated. Over a half millioncopies were printed.[8][9][upper-alpha 5]

3.2 United States

Despite having been deported from the United States in1933, his proficiency caused the United States to takehim back so he could train soldiers[2] at the request of

Secretary of State Cordell Hull.[9] Under the directionof General Sherman Miles, who was commanding theFirst Corps, Levy taught 30 soldiers and 76 membersof the National Guard, training them to act as partisansin Concord, Massachusetts. The location, “by the rudebridge that arched the flood” – see the Concord Hymnby Ralph Waldo Emerson – was not coincidental, butwas intended to be a call to arms and to invoke the mys-tique of the Minutemen.[9] He was the first instructor atthe school.[13] The mantra was that an indigenous civil-ian population could rise up and skillfully harass, destroy,debilitate, resist and kill an occupying enemy – this wascounter to the conventional wisdom, as guerrilla warfarewas deemed unclean and harsh at the time. There wouldbe no adherence to the Marquess of Queensberry Rules.He was trying to impart the methods he taught to theHome Guard, while preaching the scorched earth policiesthat had been ordered by Josef Stalin to thwart the Naziswho were invading the Soviet Union. Homeland defensewas to be an opportunistic counterpunch.[22] The Sovi-ets had demonstrated that partisans could attack enemylogistics and lines of communication, thereby disruptingthe onslaught of mechanized warfare.[6] As he later toldspectators at Harvard University:

“Invisibility is better than protection andintimate knowledge of terrain is most impor-tant. Utilizing this knowledge of the country-side and employing guerilla tactics, units of theHome Guard have defeated troops of the Reg-ular Army in war games in Britain. With suchunits in every town and hamlet, the Englishpeople form a widespread web to trap an in-vader from any direction.”[15]

3.3 Canada

ThroughoutWorldWar II, he continued to proselytize theneed for a home guard in America, Canada and GreatBritain, and to teach that guerrilla warfare was a key in-gredient of an effective defense.[26] He taught the PacificCoast Militia Rangers in Canada, as it was felt that theyneeded more than home grown expertise.[27]

He was a trainer of forces at Nanaimo, Vancouver Is-land that were going to invade the Aleutian Islands inOperation Cottage.[9]

3.4 World War II: later years

In 1943 Levy designed a combat knife, which he unsuc-cessfully tried to patent and market through the cutlersW. R. Case & Sons.[2][4][28]

Subsequently he returned to lecture in America[29] as anadvance party when Wintringham was invited to start anOsterley style school in San Bernardino. The school wasabandoned when the two local Home Guard commanders

4 7 REFERENCES

shot each other during an argument. Levy gave a suc-cessful US lecture tour and had his face pictured on thecover of Life Magazine proclaiming him to be an: AceGuerrilla, and having a multipage story titled How to be aGuerrilla.[22] Later, he returned to the UK to form part ofWintringham’s occasional 'flying squads’ – mobile train-ing units which toured provincial Home Guard units intemporary, often unofficial, training camps.[2]

After appearing at Harvard University, where he wasbilled as an “Instructor in “cad warfare” for the BritishCommandos, Bert “Yank” Levy, veteran of every war orrevolution since 1911, spoke on his work to a mixed gath-ering of the Naval Supply Corps, Harvard ROTC, andstudents on Monday in the Stadium.” He particularly em-phasized the need for individual civilian warfare. He lec-tured on the Home Guard and the tactics of insurgency.The Harvard Crimson noted: ""Yank” expects to leavethis country within a few days to return to Britain, whereGoebbels has promised that he will be among the first tobe shot when the Germans capture England.”[15]

The United States Infantry Journal called him the great-est instructor on defensive fighting.[8] His life story wasillustrated in a comic book entitled Jewish War Heroes,published by the Canadian Jewish Congress in January1944.[10]

His approach to asymmetrical warfare was seen bysome as an unfortunate portent of post-World War IIconflicts.[9][29]

4 Postwar career and legacy

In 1946, he sought to go to Palestine, and filed a passportrequest with the U.S. federal government. His re-quest was denied ostensibly because of potential diplo-matic problems associated with his championing guer-rilla warfare and “dirty tricks” that he taught to the HomeGuard.[4]

On April 15, 1954, he was pardoned by PennsylvaniaGovernor John S. Fine for the 1927 conviction for armedrobbery.[4] He had served six years of a 25–50 year sen-tence, before being deported to Canada. He thereafterlearned that he was by birth an American citizen, and thatthe deportation was illegal. His lawyer invoked Levy’schronic arthritis and penury, his law abiding conduct withhis wife and daughter in Los Angeles, and his list of goodworks in helping the war effort. The petition for executiveclemency was approved by the state parole board, andthen the governor. He was represented by Hanley Ruben-sohn, a Philadelphia attorney, who said that Levy onlywanted to wipe out the one blot on his record, so thathe could live in peace.[12][14] At the time of his pardon,Levy was in hospital. Medical expenses had dissipatedhis earnings from lectures and book sales. His attorneyfor the pardon proceeding concluded that he had paid hisdebt to society.[13]

Levy suffered a heart attack in 1965 that led to his deathand the derailment of a planned biography, based on hismemorabilia and correspondence, with writer Don Dwig-gins; as of 2014, this source material survived in LosAngeles.[4] In 2006 it was announced that an Americanwriter, Todd Winer, was conducting research for a bi-ography “which promises to be fascinating reading, withLevy as a latter day Stephen Crane or Jack London.”[30]Levy’s reputation continues to depend on his World WarII textbook. It was reissued in 2009 as: Guerrilla War-fare: An Infantry Journal.[31] Levy was also covered inLiberty Magazine, November 21, 1942; American Rifle-man, May 1942; Coronet, October 1942; and The Chris-tian Science Monitor, June 17, 1942. The New York Timesalso carried an obituary on September 5, 1965.[4][8] In1965, researcher and author Robert Emmett Johnson cor-responded with Levy about the latter’s involvement inNicaragua.[4]

5 Published works• Levy, “Yank” Bert (1964) [1942]. GuerrillaWarfare (PDF). Foreword by Tom Wintringham(1942?); Introduction to the 1964 edition byFranklin Mark Osanka; 1964 Editors Notes byRobert K. Brown. Boulder, Colorado: PaladinPress. ISBN 0-87364-020-9. Archived from theoriginal (PDF) on April 22, 2014. Retrieved April15, 2014.

6 See also• Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara

• History of guerrilla warfare

• International Brigades order of battle

• Jewish Legion

• On Guerrilla Warfare by Mao Zedong

7 References

Notes

[1] “Id#: 0604036 Levy, Bert (Yank) September 2, 1965Cleveland Plain Dealer; Cleveland Necrology File, Reel#129. Notes: Levy. Bert (Yank) Levy husband of Mae,father of Mrs. Toby Rosen, and grandfather, brother ofHarry (deceased) and Mrs. Rose Levy (deceased), Mrs.Sadie Diamond (deceased), Mrs. Jennie Applebaum, ofCleveland, Mrs. Bessie Armour, of Los Angeles, Alex L.,of Battle Creek, Mrs. Hilda Nibur, of Los Angeles, andMorris of Cleveland,Ohio passed away in Los Angeles, onThursday, September 2. Services in Los Angeles Sunday,September 5.” [1]

5

[2] One source mistakenly states that his date of death wasFebruary 9, 1965. However, it appears that this was dueto a failure to appreciate the use of a d/m/y format, andthat numbers were transposed.[2]

[3] According to one source, Wittringham was the primaryauthor. “Transcriber’s note: The book from which thisintroduction comes, was written by Tom Wintringham,based upon the experience of both Wintringham andLevy, but calling heavily upon Wintringham’s historicaland theoretical knowledge. This introduction, not pub-lished in American post-war reprints of the book, ac-knowledges Wintringham’s authorship of the book.” [6][7]

[4] Like some other soldiers of fortune (e.g., William E. Fair-bairn), “Levy was fond ofmaking up stories to enhance hisprowess as an adventurer".[4]

[5] At that level of publication, it rivaled another famousAmerican pamphlet, Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

Citations

[1] Lynch, Lace (April 3, 2012) [1965]. “RootsWeb: LEVY-L [LEVY] obits mentioning Bert Levy - Cleveland, Ohio”.archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 5 September 1965; PlainDealer; Cleveland Necrology File, Reel #129. Archivedfrom the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 21,2014.

[2] Matthews, Phil (2006). “Yank Levy Part One: The Com-batives Freedom Fighter”. CQB Services. Archived fromthe original on April 20, 2014. RetrievedMarch 21, 2007.

[3] Sugarman, Martin. “Against Fascism – Jews who servedin The International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War”(PDF). Jewish Virtual Library. pp. 9, 77. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 20, 2014. RetrievedApril 16, 2014.

[4] Levine, Allan E.. “Bert “Yank” Levy”. AmericanNationalBiography on line. Oxford University Press. Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved April 16,2014.

[5] Levy, “Yank” (1942). Guerrilla warfare. New York, NY; Washington, D.C.: Penguin; Infantry Journal.

[6] Wintringham, Tom H.; Levy, ‘Yank’ (2008) [1941].“Guerrilla Warfare, Introduction Source: Guerrilla War-fare, by ‘Yank’ Levy”. Marxists Internet Archive. Tran-scription by Phyll Smith; HTML Markup by Brian Reid(UK ed.). Penguin Special S102. pp. 5–10. Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved April 20,2014.

[7] Cullen, Stephen (2006). “Home Guard Socialism: A Vi-sion of a People’s Army” (PDF). Coventry: University ofWarwick. p. 25. Archived (PDF) from the original onApril 21, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.

[8] “Bert “Yank” Levy” (PDF). Redpath Chautauqua Collec-tion (Brochure). White Plains, New York: The RedpathBureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20,2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014. republished at The Uni-versity Libraries, University of Iowa

[9] Levy, “Yank” Bert (1964) [1942]. Guerrilla Warfare(PDF). Introduction to the 1964 edition by Franklin MarkOsanka; 1964 Editors Notes by Robert K. Brown. Boul-der, Colorado: Paladin Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-87364-020-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2014.Retrieved April 15, 2014.

[10] Rae, GeorgeMenendez, Pencils (February 1944). “JewishWar Heroes” (Comic book) (1). Canadian JewishCongress. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 18,2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

[11] "'Yank' Levy Demonstrates How to Kill Quickly, Easy”.The Milwaukee Journal. November 30, 1943. RetrievedApril 16, 2014.

[12] “Guerrilla Warfare Expert Pardoned: “Yank” LevyCleared of Holdup Conviction”. Reading Eagle (Reading,Pennsylvania). April 21, 1954. Retrieved April 19, 2014.

[13] "'Master of the Quiet Kill' Wants Complete Pardon”. TheVictoria Advocate (Victoria, Texas). March 16, 1954. Re-trieved April 19, 2014.

[14] “Governor Pardons Bert “Yank” Levy”. Gettysburg Times(Gettysburg, Pennsylvania). April 21, 1954. p. 3. Re-trieved April 19, 2014.

[15] “Levy, Commandos’ Teacher, Talks on GuerrillaWarfare:Shows Ways to “Dispatch” Sentries and Impede Tanks”.Harvard Crimson (Cambridge, Massachusetts). July 15,1942. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Re-trieved April 18, 2014.

[16] scwbb37@yahoo.com (2010). “English Captain, TW,Levy On MG Trench Attack”. Jarama Battlefield BritishSection 2010. pp. 221–226. Archived from the originalon April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

[17] scwbb37@yahoo.com (2010). “Jarama 2010”. JaramaBattlefield British Section 2010. Archived from the origi-nal on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

[18] “Prisoners of War-Jarama 1937”. International Brigadesin Spain. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014.Retrieved April 20, 2014.

[19] Baxell, Richard (September 6, 2012). Unlikely War-riors: The British in the Spanish Civil War and the Strug-gle Against Fascism (Hardcover). London: Aurum PressLimited. ISBN 978-1-84513-697-0.

[20] ""Yank” Levy”. penguin.co.uk. Penguin Books. April 21,2014. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Re-trieved April 21, 2014.

[21] Cullen, Stephen (2006). “Home Guard Socialism: A Vi-sion of a People’s Army” (PDF). Coventry: University ofWarwick. pp. 15, 25–26. Archived (PDF) from the orig-inal on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.

[22] . Photo credits Dmitri Kessel. “How to be a Guerrilla:'Yank' Levy preaches the art he has practiced ('Yank' LevyTeaches Guerrilla Fighting)". Life 13 (7). frontcover; 40–43, 45. August 17, 1942. Retrieved April 22, 2014.

6 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

[23] “TomWintringham”. History Learning Site. February 16,2011. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Re-trieved April 21, 2014.

[24] Levy, Bert “Yank” (1941). Guerrilla Warfare (PDF). In-troduction by TomWintringham. Victoria, Australia. Re-trieved April 21, 2014.

[25] “You, Too, May Be a Guerrilla”. Time. XXXIX (11).March 16, 1942. Retrieved April 23, 2014.

[26] Greene, Paul B. (August 6, 1942). “He Teaches Tough-ness to Soldiers” (PDF). The Sentinel: American JewishWeekly. CXXVII (6) (Chicago). Archived (PDF) fromthe original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014.

[27] Lackenbauer, P. Whitney (Autumn 2007). “Guerrillas inOur Midst: The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers, 1942–45”.BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly (Vancouver,British Columbia: University of British Columbia) (155):53. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Re-trieved April 18, 2014.

[28] Applegate, Rex, Colonel; Melson, Chuck, Major(September 1, 1998). The Close-Combat Files of ColonelRex Applegate. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. p. 126.ISBN 978-0-87364-998-8.

[29] Soutar, Arch (January 24, 1945). “Yank Levy Cred-its Guerrillas for Sapping Enemies Strength”. LewistonEvening Journal. pp. 3, 7. Retrieved April 16, 2014.

[30] Cullen, Stephen (2006). “Home Guard Socialism: A Vi-sion of a People’s Army” (PDF). Coventry: University ofWarwick. p. 46. Archived (PDF) from the original onApril 21, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.

[31] Levy, “Yank” (2009). Guerrilla Warfare: An InfantryJournal. ISBN 9780141039275.

8 Further reading

• Baxell, Richard (September 6, 2012). UnlikelyWar-riors: The British in the Spanish Civil War and theStruggle Against Fascism (Hardcover). London: Au-rum Press Limited. p. 400. ISBN 1845136977.

• Beckett, I. F. W. (September 15, 2009). Encyclo-pedia of Guerrilla Warfare (Hardcover). Santa Bar-bara, California: Abc-Clio Inc. ISBN 0874369290.ISBN 9780874369298

• Truby, J. David (May 1978). "'Yank' Levy: Princeamong Paladins”. Soldier of Fortune.

• Woolbert, Robert Gale (January 1943). "'Yank'Levy CAPSULE REVIEW: Guerrilla Warfare”.Foreign Affairs. (subscription required (help)).

• “Unknown”. Tipton Tribune. November 1944. p.1. Retrieved April 9, 2014. (subscription required(help)).

9 External links• . Photo credits Dmitri Kessel. “How to be a Guer-rilla: 'Yank' Levy preaches the art he has practiced('Yank' Levy Teaches Guerrilla Fighting)". Life 13(7). frontcover; 40–43, 45. August 17, 1942. Re-trieved April 22, 2014.

• Rae, George Menendez, Pencils (February 1944).“Jewish War Heroes” (Comic book) (1). CanadianJewish Congress. p. 3. Archived from the originalon April 18, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.

7

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text• Yank Levy Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yank_Levy?oldid=682133195 Contributors: Topbanana, Bearcat, Dale Arnett,Necrothesp, Klemen Kocjancic, Brianhe, Pavel Vozenilek, Andrew Gray, Yossiea~enwiki, Red Deathy, Woohookitty, Tabletop, Ste-fanomione, GraemeLeggett, Cuchullain, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Valentinejoesmith, Ian Pitchford, Gaius Cornelius, Manxruler, Hawk-eye7, Malcolma, Leeannedy, Hmains, Schmiteye, Colonies Chris, Tewfik, Huon, Bigturtle, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, John, Cesium 133,Makyen, Haus, GiantSnowman, RCopple, Cydebot, Fayenatic london, Carom, Waacstats, JaGa, EscapingLife, Adamdaley, Arms &Hearts, Hugo999, Bearian, Natg 19, Lamro, Kumioko (renamed), Cuprum17, Piledhigheranddeeper, 7&6=thirteen, Totorotroll, Yobot,AnomieBOT, 1exec1, AustralianRupert, DrilBot, Jonesey95, Full-date unlinking bot, Trappist the monk, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, Il-legitimate Barrister, AvicAWB, VIAFbot, Xanthomelanoussprog, Stamptrader, MerielGJones, Jjmilz1990, KasparBot and Anonymous:8

10.2 Images• File:Bert-yank-levy-a-foremost-authority-on-guerilla-warfare-at-us-training-school.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f6/Bert-yank-levy-a-foremost-authority-on-guerilla-warfare-at-us-training-school.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/60/6040/J2SB100Z/posters/bert-yank-levy-a-foremost-authority-on-guerilla-warfare-at-us-training-school.jpg Original artist: ?

10.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0