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Kathy Stollberg-Zagar, BS,CVT, SRS.LATg
Research Specialist Principle
University Animal Care , University of Arizona
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What is Anesthesia?
affects with the whole body or an
so a e par or reg on o e o y
Tranquilization and Sedation are
anesthesia
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General Local Regional
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skin to "deaden" the area
Loss of sensation confined to the skin or
mucous surfaces
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Local Local anesthetic (numbing medication)
surgeon is operating.
Awake and alert.
Drugs often have the suffix " caine"
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Blocks pain in an area of the body, such
an arm or eg. Exam le: E idural anesthesia blocks
nerve impulses from the lower spinal
segments used during childbirth
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General Anesthesia
Provides overall insensitivity and
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A drug, administered for medical or surgical
purposes, that:induces partial or total loss of sensation,
provides a state of unconsciousness
provides loss of feeling or awareness.
May be topical, local, regional, or general,
depending on the method of administrationand area of the body affected
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neuromuscular junction
muscles.
Can be used as an adjunct to anesthesia
o n uce para ys s or n ra-a om na anintra-thoracic surgeries
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Global view of a Detailed view of a
junction:
1. Axon
1. Presynaptic terminal
2. Sarcolemma
. -3. Muscle fiber
4. Myofibril
.4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
5. Mitochondrion
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nervous system Phenothiazine Benzodiaze ine
Mild to moderate sedation
Acepromazine/Phenothiazine
Diazapam, Zolapam/Bensodiazepine
, ,
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Rapidly absorbed into the brain
ore s ow y str ute to musc es an at
Multiple dosed result in prolongedrecovery time
Thio ental sodium entobarbitol
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neurotransmitter glutamate throughout the.
Glutamate is involved in perception of, ,
memory
esp ra ory epress on, car acarrhythmias, hyper salivation, vomiting
PCP, Ketamine
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brain and spinal cord
,
and dependence, hypothermia and
Morphine, Oxymorphone
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Administered via the breathing system and
.
Increase of inhibitory function and orecrease o exc a ory ransm ss on, a
brain nerve endings.
CNS depression, hypothermia, respiratorydepression, hypotension
Isoflurane, Sevoflurane16
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ntramuscu ar
Intraperitoneal (IP)
Subcutaneous (SQ)
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accurately determined when using
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as an induction agent
r e e
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Low cost of dru
Minimal s ecial ost-o erative care
Avoidance of undesirable complications
Used for Restraint, Sedation or Analgesia
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Anesthetic period is relatively short
Possible tissue damage at injection site
Rapid absorption or inadvertent intravascular
injection can cause life threatening reactions
Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys
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Choosing the best anesthetic agent for the
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Procedure and duration
Compatibility with experimental design
Biological characteristics of the
. selected species
Prior experience with anesthetic in the
. pec es
,
. facilities24
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Advantages:
- Can control and regulate depth of anesthesia
- Eliminated by exhalation Disadvantages:
- Need for specialized
equipment to deliver anesthesia- Exposure to personnel
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Basic Elements of General
Anesthesia
nconsc ousness
Amnesia
Analgesia Muscle relaxation
m n s e mo or responses o s mu Reversibilit
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.
preanesthesia. 2. an agent that produces
preanesthesia.
Acepromazine, atropine,
diaze am are exam les.
3. occurring before the
administration of an
anes e c
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Telazol
Pro ofol
Isoflurane
Rabbit mix
om na on
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the administration of a drug or combination
that results in a state of general
.
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Inhalants
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Four Stages of General
Anesthesia
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sor entat on
PantingNormal heart rate
Reflexes present
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Loss of eyelid reflexes
rregu ar reat ng
Increased heart rateGood muscle tone
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Stage 3 Surgical Anesthesia
Depression of vital function
nconsc ousness, re axat on o musc es
Diminished gag and blink reflexesBegin surgery preporation
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Circulatory failure
tart emergency rocee ures
Establish airway Emergency drugs
Chest compressions/cardiac message
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Continuous monitoring of patients vital
signs before, during and after surgery
n v ua ze e anes e c reg me
according to the species
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Step 1: Preparation
(premedication)
Given prior to general anesthesia y
Preanesthetic: Telazol/atropine
Analgesics: Butorphanol, Rimadyl
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Purpose: Place the animal in anunconscious state. (benefits to the animal)
Routes: Injectable, Inhalant (face mask)
Endotracheal tube placement
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St 3 M i t f
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Step 3: Maintenance of
anesthesia
The animal is kept in a surgical plane ofe e no oo g or oo eep
Continual monitoring of Vital signs by the
anesthetist
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A th i R d
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Anesthesia Record
Written record of all information
ur ng repara on, urgery, os -op
All dru s, dosa es, routes of administation
Fluid administration (route, amount, rate)
Anesthesia flow percentage
Temperature,
Respiration,
Heart rate
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signs
Monitor vital signs every five minutes
Notice and re ort roblems to the sur eon
when they begin to occur
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Heart Rate and Rhythm
Blood pressure
Respiratory (Breathing) Rate
Oxygen of the tissues (CRT)
CO2 & SpO2
Reflexes: Palpebral, Corneal, Toe Pinch
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Monitor patients vital signs
until awake and sternal
Patient may vomit or urinate
e y ve
Thrashing/Vocalization
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Animals with a large amount of body fat
Injectable anesthesia's have a longer
recovery period than inhalation anesthesia
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- mme a e os pera ve on on:
Membrane Color: _____________________ Temp: ______________________
Pulse: _______________________________ Respiration: __________________
Monitor animal until it is sternal
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reatest or t e rst - ours
Serves as a protective mode
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Difficult to assess in animals Guarding or protecting an affected area (e.g., surgical
incision, implant site)
Vocalization: Squeaking, squealing, crying out, grunting,growling, hissing, teeth grinding, whimpering or other forms of
vocalization
Change in posture or an abnormal posture: Hunching,huddling, crouching, being st iff or rigid, abdomen tucked, head
own, recum en
Rough looking hair coat due to decreased or lack of
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Assessment cont
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Assessment cont.Self-mutilation by licking, biting, scratching
,anxious, dull, depressed, reclusive
repeatedly lying down and getting up or pacing
,locomotion
Loss of appetite
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Abnormal or increased respiratory pattern
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of the inability to communicate directly aboutwhat the animal is experiencing.
Some animals ex eriencin mild to moderatepain might not display any signs of pain
(i.e., natural prey response or
reluctance to make its vulnerability known).
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Analgesia is the relief of pain.
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the drug:
A ro riate dosa e and schedule foradministration
e ec ana ges c nee e or e ype opain
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According to animals weight
Follow Package insert instructions/warnings
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- , ,
. mild to moderate pain, Antipyretic, anti-
. inflammatory, anticoagulation
Opioid Agonist - moderate to severe pain
Mixed Opioid Agonist moderate to severe. pain
Opioid Antagonist used to counteract and. reverse o ioid and mixed o ioid a onist overdoses
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Non-O ioids
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Non O ioidsAcetaminophen: Tylenol
mild anal esic, anti retic, no effect on latelet
function/bleeding time
Salicylates: Aspirin, Magnesium salicylate, etc.
mild analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, affects platelet
function/bleeding time
Nonsteriodial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):Ibuprofen, Naprosyn, Carprofen, Ketoprofen, Flunixin meglumine (Banamine),
Ketorolac Toradol , Etodolac
potent analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory
Effects to consider in some compounds: may affect platelet
unct on ee ng t me, epato- or nep rotox c, ess
ulceration than NSAIDs
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Morphine, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Codeine
Effect against most visceral and somatic
Usually used to treat severe pain
ay e use w t s
Mixed Opioid Agonist: Buprenorphine
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,
Prevent the body from responding toopiates and endorphins
Weak partial agonist effects incompounds that are not pure antagonists
Ma roduce some anal esic effects
Usually accompanied by dysphoria
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amputation Difficult to Treat
Anti-depressants more effective (Amitriptyline)
Anti-convulsants (Carbamazepine) or
-
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n ecta e
Oral
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Transdermal
Fentanyl patches- (analgesic patch)
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Morphine
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upro en
Aspirin
Morphine
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Depresses the central nervous system
calmness,
re axa on,
sleepiness,
slowed breathing,
and reduction of anxiety.
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Recording Post-op Information
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Tem erature
Treatments
Dail observations
Condition of surgical site
Eating, drinking, defecating, urinating
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