VERB TENSES IN ENGLISH - İNGİLİZCE’DE FİİL ZAMANLARI

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

SIMPLE V2 V1 will / be going to + V1

CONT. was / were + Ving am / is / are + Ving will be + Ving

PERFECT had + V3 have / has + V3 will have + V3

PERFECT CONT.

had been + Ving have / has been + Ving will have been + Ving

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A-General statements of factBu tense doğa olayları, bilimsel bulgular, sınıflandırmalar, genellemeler ve atasözleri-deyimler gibi her zaman geçerliliği olan olay ve durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

The earth revolves around the sun. Dünya güneşin etrafında döner.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Günde bir elma doktoru uzak tutar.

The sun rises in the east. Güneş doğudan doğar.

It rains a lot in winter. Kışın yağmur çok yağar.

Everybody knows her. Onu herkes tanır.

B-Habitual daily activities

Her zaman alışkanlık haline getirilmiş eylemler ve beceriler ile her gün, her hafta, her ay, her yıl gibi zamanlarda tekrar eden olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

He always drinks milk. O her zaman süt içer.

I always get up early. Ben daima erken kalkarım.

She always brushes her teeth. O daima dişlerini fırçalar.

C- A present state of affairs

Belirli olayların şu anki durumunu göstermek için de kullanılır.

My brother lives in Alanya. Erkek kardeşim Alanya’da oturur.

Mr. Alperen teaches English. Bay Alperen İngilizce öğretir.

Hande speaks five languages fluently. Hande beş dili akıcı bir şekilde konuşur.

D-Future schedules / timetables

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Belirli bir çizelge ya da plana (örneğin, ders programları; uçak, gemi, tren, otobüs tarifeleri; sinema, tiyatro gibi etkinliklerin başlama ve bitiş saatleri; gezi programları) uygun olarak, “SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE” gelecek zamanda meydana gelecek bir olayı anlatmak için de kullanılır.

The bus leaves at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow. Otobüs sabah saat 8:00’de hareket edecek.

Our school begins next Monday. Okulumuz gelecek Pazartesi başlayacak.

The play starts at 9:00 tonight. Oyun bu gece saat 9:00’da başlayacak.

E-A future situation (In adverbial clauses of time)after, before, by the time, when, until / till, as soon as, once, immediately, as long as gibi bağlaçlarla kurulmuş zaman bildiren yan cümleciklerde gelecek zaman bildirmek için bu zaman kullanılır.

We leave for Ankara tomorrow. Yarın Ankara’ya gidiyoruz.

My father arrives in Ankara next week. Babam gelecek hafta Ankara’ya varacak.

Final exams begin next week. Final sınavları haftaya başlayacak.

Our bus leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow night. Otobüsümüz yarın akşam saat sekizde kalkacak.

The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30. Konser 7.30’da başlayacak, saat 9.30’da bitecek.

F-A past activity or event in newspaper headlines

Gerçekte geçmiş zamanda olmuş bir eylem ya da durum gazete başlıklarında bu tense ile ifade edilir.

Galatasaray beats Leeds United. Galatasaray Leads United’i yendi.

Aynı şekilde, aslında geçmiş zamanda anlatılmış bir olay ya da hikaye bu tense ile anlatılabilir.

One day Nasreddin Hodja loses his donkey. Nasrettin Hoca bir gün eşeğini kaybetti.

G-Criticism or appraisal of artistic workBu tense bir sanat eseri üzerinde yapılan olumlu ya da olumsuz eleştirilerde kullanılır.

Thomas Hardy usually depicts woman characters as victims. Thomas Hardy kadın karaterleri kurbanlar olarak anlatır.

Picasso’s works reflect the beauty of nature. Picasso’nun eserleri tabiatın güzelliğini yansıtır.

H- GENELDE “-ing” almayan FİİLLER Mental state know, realize,

understand, recognize

believe, feel, suppose, think

imagine, doubt remember, forget

want, need, prefer, mean

Emotional state love, like, appreciate hate, dislike fear, envy mind, care

Possession possess have own belong toSense perceptions taste, smell, hear, feel seeOther existing states seem, look, appear cost, owe

weighbe, exist consist of, contain,

include

NOT: Bold olarak yazılanlar hem “-ing” alarak hem de almadan kullanılırlar.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A-An activity in progress right now.

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Konuşma esnasında devam eden olayları anlatmak için kullanır.

I can’t come with you because I am doing my homework right now.Şu an ev ödevimi yaptığım için seninle gelemem.

My father is reading an interesting novel at the moment.Babam şu an ilginç bir roman okuyor.

I am watching the news now. Şu anda haberleri izliyorum.

B- A general activity that takes place over a period of time.Konuşmanın geçtiği anda o eylemi yapmıyor olsak bile o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz işleri anlatırız. Genellikle şu zaman zarfları kullanılır: nowadays, these days, this term, this quarter, this semester, this year, this month…etc.

Teenagers are eating pizza nowadays. Şimdilerde gençler pizza yiyor.

What are you doing to improve your language skills these days?Bu günlerde dil becerilerini geliştirmek için ne yapıyorsun?

C-Future arrangements (plans)

Önceden planladığımız ve kesin olarak yapmayı düşündüğümüz işleri anlatırken.

We are playing football this week. Bu hafta futbol oynuyoruz.

We are introducing the new project next week. Gelecek hafta yeni projeyi tanıtıyoruz.

He is taking two main projects this year. Bu yıl iki ana proje alıyor.

We are spending ten days in Antalya. Antalya’da 10 gün geçireceğiz.

D-An attitude of annoyance

Şikayet ya da kızgınlık belirtmek için bu tense, constantly always, continually, perpetually, forever gibi zarflar ile birlikte kullanılır.

Mike is always coming in late. (I don't like it.) Mike hep geç geliyor.(Hoşuma gitmiyor.)

My brother is always leaving his dirty socks on my bed.

Erkek kardeşim kirli çoraplarını hep yatağımın üstünde bırakıyor.

He is always borrowing money from me. Sürekli benden borç para alıyor.

E. Kararlılık ifadelerinde:

You are not coming with me. Benimle gelmiyorsun.

-ING ALMAYAN DUYU EYLEMLERİ

hear (duymak): I hear the noise. Gürültüyü işitiyorum.

taste (tatmak): It tastes good. Onun tadı iyidir.

smell (koklamak): It smells nice. Hoş kokuyor.

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see (görmek): I see your car there. Orada senin arabanı görüyorum.

sound (kulağa hoş gelmek):A: Shall we throw a party next weekend? Önümüzdeki haftasonu bir parti verelim mi?B: It sounds good. Why not? Kulağa hoş geliyor, Neden olmasın?

ZİHİNLE İLGİLİ EYLEMLER

know (bilmek, tanımak): I know him very well. Onu çok iyi tanıyorum.

belive (inanmak): I believe he is a nice man. Onun hoş bir adam olduğuna inanıyorum.

think (sanmak): I think I will come back soon. Yakında döneceğimi sanıyorum.

understand (anlamak): I understand it. Onu anlıyorum.)

recognize (tanımak): I recognize him. Onu tanırım.)

remember (hatırlamak): I remember good old days. Eski iyi günleri hatırlıyorum.

mean (kastetmek): I don’t mean it . Onu kastetmiyorum.

3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A-An action which began and ended at a particular time in the past.

Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olmuş bitmiş (tamamlanmış) eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

I saw him on the bus last night. Dün gece onu otobüste gördüm.Columbus explored America in 1492. Kolomb Amerika’yı 1492’de keşfetti.

B-An activity that took place regularly in the past.

Geçmişte düzenli aralıklarla olmuş eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanılır. Bu bakımdan “USED TO” gibi kullanılır ama bu kullanımı nadirdir.

We came together every week to work on the project.Proje üzerinde çalışmak için her hafta bir araya gelirdik.

They went to school every day last year.Geçen yıl hergün okula giderlerdi.

C-In reported speech and wish clauses.

Dolaylı anlatım ve dilek yapılarında:

He said that they came here that day. Onların buraya o gün geldiklerini söyledi.

We all wish we were rich. Hepimiz zengin olmayı arzu ederiz.

4. PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A-An activity that was in progress at a particular time in the past.

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Geçmişte belli bir anda devam etmekte olan olayları anlatmak için kullanılır.

I was sleeping when the telephone rang.Telefon çaldığında uyuyordum.

I was waiting for the bus when the accident happened.Kaza olduğunda otobüs bekliyordum.

B-An event or activity that was planned but not fulfilled in the past (also with was / were going to).Geçmişte tasarlanmış ama yapılamamış eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.

She was going to write his homework on the computer, but the electricity went off.Bilgisayarda ödevini yapacaktı ama elektrik kesildi.

C-Koşul cümlelerinde (koşul, tercih, dilek bildirmek için) kullanılır.

I wish I were visiting my friends in Alanya right now.Şimdi Alanya’da arkadaşlarımı ziyaret ediyor olsaydım.

D- Bir hikayede bir sahne veya durumu tasvir ederken kullanılır.

It was a nice day. Güzel bir gündü. The sun was shining and the birds were singing. Güneş parlıyor, kuşlar şakıyordu.

E-Aynı anda sürmekte olan iki paralel eylemi anlatırken kullanılır.

While I was studying, my brother was sleeping. Ben çalışırken kardeşim uyuyordu.

5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A-An activity or action that happened at an unspecific time before now.İçinde bulunduğumuz anın öncesinde olmuş ancak zamanı tam olarak bilinmeyen eylemleri ifade eder. Bu zamanda önemli olan eylemin zamanı değil sonucudur.

I have had an operation. Bir ameliyat geçirdim.

I have seen that film. O filmi görmüştüm.

B-An action that happened repeatedly before now.Bu kullanımda olayın tekrar tekrar yapıldığını belirtir. “today, this morning, this week, this month” gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır.

It has snowed three times so far this winter. Bu kış üç defa kar yağdı.

She has visited me once so far this year. Bu yıl beni bir kez ziyaret etti.

C-An action that began in the past and continues up to the present. (often used with for and since)(Eylem belli bir süreç içinde gerçekleşir.) Kısaca bu tense belli bir noktada başlamış ve halen devam eden eylemleri ifade eder.

I have lived in İzmir since 2000. (= and I still do.) İzmir’de 2000’den beri oturuyorum. (hala oradayım.)

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D-An action that recently occurredKısa bir süre önce tamamlanmış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

We have just seen her. Onu yeni gördük .(kısa bir süre önce)

He has just arrived in Ordu. Ordu’ya henüz vardı.

E-An action to be completed in the future, in adverbial clauses

Zarf cümleciklerinde gelecekte tamamlanmış olacağı vurgulanan eylemleri ifade eder.

If you have finished all the work, you may leave early today.Tüm işi bitirirsen (bitirmiş olduğunda), erken çıkabilirsin.

As soon as they have finished the project, they will start a new one.Projeyi bitirdiklerinde (bitirir bitirmez), yeni bir tanesine başlayacaklar.

6. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A-An activity that began in the past and continues up to the present.

“Present Perfect Tense”den farklı olarak bu zaman yapılan eylemin sürekliliğini de ön plana çıkarır.

Murat has been studying English since 2004. Murat 2004’den beri İngilizce çalışıyor.

B-A general action lately in progress (no specific time is mentioned)

Bu kullanımda da eylemin sürekliklik göstermesi önemlidir ve recently, lately, all day, all week, all year…vb. zaman zarfları kullanılır.

People have been searching the space for hundreds of years.İnsanlar yüzlerce yıldır uzayı araştırıyorlar.

I have been painting the house lately.Son zamanlarda evi boyuyorum.

People have been collecting smoking pipes for hundreds of years.İnsanlar yüzlerce yıldır pipo koleksiyonu yapıyorlar.

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

A-An action that occurred before another activity in the past.Geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, önce olanı ya da geçmişte belli bir noktadan önce gerçekleşen eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

I had never seen such a boring film until I watched it in Ankara. Ankara’da izleyene kadar böyle sıkıcı bir film görmemiştim.

I had never seen such a beautiful seaside before I went to Turunç.Turunç’a gitmeden önce böyle güzel sahil görmemiştim.

I had never seen such a beautiful sight before I came here.Buraya gelmeden önce böyle güzel bir manzara görmemiştim.

My friends had already eaten dinner by the time I got home.

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Ben eve geldiğimde arkadaşlarım akşam yemeğini yemişti (bile).

B-An action that was expected to occur in the past.Geçmişte belli bir noktadan önce olmuş ancak etkileri o noktada devam eden eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

By the time the Iran-Iraq War concluded in 1988, the town had been evacuated.1988’de İran-Irak savaşı bittiğinde, kasaba boşaltılmıştı.

C-Ayrıca bu tense, reported speech ve koşul cümlelerinde (Conditional Sentences) de kullanılır.

They told me that the meeting had been cancelled. (Reported Speech)Bana toplantının iptal edildiğini söylediler.

The politicians wished he hadn’t voted for the new mayor.( a wish clause)Politikacılar onun yeni belediye başkanına oy vermemiş olmasını dilediler.

They wished he hadn’t behaved so foolishly. Onun öyle akılsızca davranmamış olmasını dilediler.

8.PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A-An activity that was in progress before another activity in the past.Geçmişte belli bir zamandan ya da eylemden önce gerçekleşen olayın sürekliliğini vurgulamak için kullanılır.

The train had been leaving when I arrived at the station.İstasyona geldiğimde tren ayrılıyordu.

B-In reported speechDolaylı anlatımda past progressive ve Present Perfect Progressive yerine “Past Perfect Progressive” kullanılır.

He said that he had been working there for years.Yıllardır orada çalıştığını söyledi.

9.FUTURE (Be Going To)

A-Expressing a prediction

Gelecekte meydana gelme olasılığı bulunan bir olaydan ya da geleceğe yönelik bir tahminden söz ediliyorsa “BE GOING TO” kullanılır. Bu yönüyle “will”’in kullanımına benzer. Ancak çok yakın gelecekte olma olasılığı yüksek olan tahminlerde “BE GOING TO” kullanılır.

According to the weather forecast, it is going to be a beautiful day today.Hava tahminine göre bugün güzel bir gün olacak.

B- Expressing a future plan or intention.

Önceden tasarlanmış eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır. Bu kullanımıyla “BE GOING TO” ve “PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE” birbirinin yerine kullanılabilir:

The military forces are moving towards here. They are going to pull down the building where I live.Askeri güçler buraya doğru geliyorlar. Oturduğum binayı yıkacaklar.

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1. Gelecekte yapmaya niyetlendiğimiz işlerden söz ederken:

I am going to buy a car.Bir araba satın alacağım.

2. Kuvvetli beklenilen bir olaydan söz ederken:

It is cloudy. It is going to rain.Hava bulutlu. Yağmur yağacak.

I think it is going to snow this evening.Sanırım bu akşam kar yağacak.

10. SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL)

A- Expressing a prediction:

Geleceğe yönelik bir tahminden söz ediliyorsa “will” kullanılabilir:

According to the weather forecast, the southern parts of Turkey will be snowy tomorrow.Hava tahminine göre Türkiye’nin güney bölgeleri yarın karlı olacak.

B-(with I / we) to express a spontaneous decision: Ani alınan bir kararı anlatırken.

I'll pay for the books by credit card. Kitapları kredi kartı ile ödeyeceğim.

C- Expressing willingness / unwillingness or making a decision at the time of speaking:

Konuşma anında yapmaya o an karar verdiğimiz eylemleri anlatırken:

- What will you buy?- I’ll buy a Mercedes.

D- to express willingness:

Bir teklifte bulunurken:

I'll do all the washing-up. Tüm bulaşığı ben yıkayacağım.(yıkarım)

I 'll carry your bag for you. Senin yerine çantanı taşıyacağım.(taşırım)

I’ll phone you later. Daha sonra seni arayacağım. (ararım)

E- Umut, şüphe, tahmin belirten ifadelerde:

I hope you will pass the exams. Umarım sınavları geçersin. I am afraid we will miss the train. Korkarım treni kaçıracağız. I think he will come back soon. Sanırım (bence) yakında dönecek.

F. Birisinden bir şey yapmasını rica ederken:

Willl you pass the salt please? Tuzu uzatır mısınız lütfen?

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11. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

A –An activity that will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Gelecekte belli bir anda devam etmekte olacak eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

This time next week you will be working in your new office.Gelecek hafta bu zamanlar yeni ofisinde çalışıyor olacaksın.

They will be staying in Konya for the next few days.Gelecek birkaç gün onlar Konya’da kalıyor olacaklar.

Many people will be attending the conference next week.Gelecek hafta konferansa pek çok kişi katılacak.

B- An activity that will occur at an unspecified time in the future. Tam olarak ne zaman olacağı bilinmeyen ancak gelecekte olacak eylemleri ifade etmek için bu tense kullanılır.

Don’t worry, we will be visiting your uncle very soon.Üzülme amcanı yakında ziyeret ediyor olacağız.

Our firm will be marketing its products all over the world in the future.Firmamız gelecekte tüm dünyaya ürünlerini pazarlıyor olacak.

C- A future activity that has already been decided. Gelecekte olması kesin olan eylemlerin ifade edilmesinde kullanılır.

Right after the meeting, I will be meeting the new manager.Toplantıdan hemen sonra yeni yöneticiyle buluşacağım.

Mr. Kariner is tired, so he will be leaving the party very soon.Bay Kariner yorgun, bu nedenle yakında partiden ayrılıyor olacak. (ayrılacak)

D- Polite requests Kibar bir şekilde soru sorarken kullanılır.

Will you be attending the meeting? Toplantıya katılacak mısınız?

Will you be bringing your child with you? Çocuğunuzu getirecek misiniz?

12. FUTURE PERFECT

A-An activity that will be completed before another activity in the future.Gelecekte belli bir olay ya da andan önce tamamlanmış olacak eylemler bu tense ile ifade edilir.

By this time next week , I will have worked for this company for 24 years.Gelecek hafta bu firmada 24 yıl çalışmış olacağım.

I'll have been here for six months on June 23rd.Haziran 23’de burada altı ay bulunmuş olacağım.

We will have finished the project by this time next week.Gelecek hafta bu vakitler projeyi bitirmiş olacağız.

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The thesis will have been reviewed by experts by this time next month.Tez gelecek ay bu vakitler uzmanlar tarafından incelenmiş olacak.

13. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

A-Emphasizing the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another activity in the future. Gelecekte belli bir olay ya da an’dan önce tamamlanacak eylemin gösterdiği devamlılık bu tense ile ifade edilir.

By the end of your course, you will have been learning English for five years.Kursunuzun bitiminde 5 yıldır İngilizce öğreniyor olacaksınız.

We will have been working on the project for two months by September.Eylül’de proje üzerinde iki aydır çalışıyor olacağız.

He will have been studying English for two years by the end of next month.Gelecek ayın sonunda iki yıldır İngilizce çalışıyor / çalışmakta olacak.

They will have been running for six hours by ten o’clock.Saat onda onlar altı saattir koşuyor olacaklar.

BİTMİŞ KİPLİKLER -Perfect with modals

1. could have : geçmişte gerçekleşme ihtimali az olan olumlu yapılarda kullanılanözne+could + Perfect infinitive (--could have + past participle).

You could have asked me earlier. Bana daha önce sorabilirdiniz.

You could have told me you were ill. Hasta olduğunuzu bana söyleyebilirdiniz.

You could have accepted this job. Bu işi kabul edebilirdiniz.

I could have bought a sport car. Spor bir araba alabilirdim. (but I didn’t =ama almadım)

may / might have + V3

He may have missed the bus. Otobüsü kaçırmış olabilir.

You might have heard the rumour. Söylentiyi işitmiş olabilirsiniz.

She might have taken additional responsibility. Fazla sorumluluk almış olabilir.

She might have walked home. Eve yürümüş olabilir.

They came back late. They may / might have had a party tonight.

Onlar geç döndüler. Bu gece bir parti vermiş olabilirler.

may not have + V3 veya might not have + V3: olumsuz, düşük ihtimal

They may not have seen our new car in front of the door.Kapının önündeki yeni arabamızı görmüş olamazlar.

can't have + V3 veya couldn't have + V3: olumsuz, yüksek ihtimal

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She can't have gone to work. İşe gitmiş olamaz.

They can’t have missed the bus. Otobüsü kaçırmış olamazlar.

The students didn’t study for the test. They can’t have passed it.

Öğrenciler sınava çalışmadılar. Sınavı geçmiş olamazlar.

They couldn’t have done such a mistake. Böyle bir hata yapmış olamazlar.

Should / ought to + have + V3: –mesi gerekirdi / ama gereği yapılmamış

The students should have paid more attention to the teacher.Öğrencilerin öğretmene daha fazla dikkatlerini vermeleri gerekirdi.

2. must have : geçmişteki bir olasılığı, varsayımı veya çıkarımı anlatır.

Özne + must + have + V3 + tümleç

I must have asked children ten times to be quiet.Çocuklara on defa sessiz olmalarını istemişimdir.

The burglars must have entered the shop through the front door.Soyguncular mağazaya ön kapıdan girmiş olmalılar. (bir çıkarım)

She must have heard the bad news. Kötü haberi duymuş olmalı.

mustn't have :yapılmamış olması gereken bir şeyi anlatır.

You mustn't have touched that. Ona dokunmamalıydın.

3. needn't have : geçmişte yapılmasa da olabilecek bir işin gereksiz yere yapılmış olduğunu belirtir.

Özne + needn't + have + V3 + tümleç

You needn't have run away. Kaçman gerekmezdi. You needn’t have done such a mistake. Böyle yanlış bir şeyi yapmanız gerekmezdi.

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1. In the last decade, governments around the world ---- increasingly more transparent.

A) would have becomeB) have becomeC) could becomeD) were becomeE) become

2. The restrictions ---- most profound in the United States and Canada where proposals to limit national and local freedom of information acts ----.

A) have been / have been adopted B) were / have adoptedC) had been / would have adoptedD) would be / had adoptedE) would have been / adopted

3. The Australian Law Reform Commission and the Administrative Review Council ---- a joint report in January 1995 calling for substantial changes ---- the law.

A) would release / was being improvedB) released / to improveC) releases / had been improvedD) was releasing / would have been improvedE) released / was improving

4. Members ---- clean and very friendly in the forums and it ---- sure it remains in such a positive atmosphere.

A) would be / was being madeB) have been / will be madeC) are / had been madeD) were / would have been madeE) will be / was made

5. Since 2000, eleven welfare laws ---- by Parliament and by the end of 2007, we hope seven or eight more ----.

A) had been passed / has passedB) have been passed / will have been passedC) is being passed / would passD) was passed / had passedE) will be passed / was passing

6. The Pentagon ---- Israel ---- a military victory in its war against Palestinian insurgents.

A) will conclude / was achievingB) concludes / would achieveC) had concluded / achieved

D) has concluded / achievesE) has concluded / will not achieve

7. A soil survey ---- by the Department of Agriculture that is still in print ---- from the state or local office of the Natural Resources.

A) would have published / had requestedB) has published / requestedC) published / can be requestedD) published / requestingE) had published / was requesting

8. I ---- that such a transport system ---- relied on to get food to the remote parts of the country.

A) haven't believed / would beB) didn’t believe / has beenC) wouldn't believe / was beingD) cannot believe / can beE) hadn't believed / will have been

9. By the time people with HIV ---- AIDS, the virus ---- their immune systems.

A) develop / will have damagedB) developed / will damageC) will develop / was damagedD) had developed / is damagedE) developing / would have damaged

10. People with Parkinson's disease ---- completely dependent upon levodopa, which ---- to help restore their muscle function and retain their independence.

A) would become / will have been usedB) have become / would be used C) may become / is used D) had become / would usedE) will become / may have been used

11. Schools that repeatedly ---- F grades from the state ---- closed.

A) were receiving / will beB) have received / will have to beC) will receive / would beD) had received / are beingE) received / were being

12

GRAMMAR TEST - TEST ON TENSES – 2 (intermediate)

1.-25. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

12. The accounts of incidents that I will relive on these pages ---- from the official Department Records that I ----. A) would compile/ had been maintainedB) had compiled / was maintainedC) compile / maintainedD) will be compiled /have maintainedE) compiled / maintain

13. It ---- however, that the students ---- direction and that a member of Facilities would be more appropriate. A) may have been pointed out / will needB) has been pointed out / had playedC) had been pointed out / would needD) was pointed out / could have neededE) is pointed out / would be needed

14. After the two countries ---- diplomatic ties, economic cooperation ---- to develop in a comprehensive manner.

A) will have established / will beginB) are going to establish / beginC) established / beganD) established / have begunE) establish / will have begun

15. Professional development as it ---- for years, referred to a group of teachers listening to a speaker who ---- an expert on the topic.

A) has been known / might be B) will be known / may have beenC) had been known / might not beD) was known / may beE) might have been known / may not be

16. His father ---- very busy these days since, as a journalist, he ---- important people from the business world.

A) would have been / is being interviewedB) has been / has been interviewingC) was / would interviewD) will be / is interviewedE) is / has been interviewed

17. They ---- in all manner of crime on a scale we ---- before

A) have been involved / have never seenB) had involved / were never seenC) were involved / would never seeD) are involved / will never seeE) involved / had never seen

18. Even though most companies ----anti-virus software, many ---- new technologies to stop virus threats in 2006.

A) had installed / had been evaluated

B) have installed / are evaluatingC) installed / has been evaluatedD) are installing/ were being evaluatedE) install/ are being evaluated

19. When all the reports ---- available and all outstanding technical issues have been resolved it ---- by us.

A) had been made / was publishedB) have been made / will be publishedC) would be made / would be publishedD) has been made / was being published E) are made / published

20. Ireland's pioneering smoking ban ----widespread support despite fears it ---- pubs out of business.

A) would win / had been putB) have won / will be putC) would be won / would be putD) has won / would putE) had won / was put

21. Recent research ---- that antioxidant compounds like alphalipoic acid and acetyl -L-carnitine ---- memory.A) proves/ would boostB) is proved / have boostedC) had proved made / are boostedD) would prove/ were boostedE) has proved / will boost

22. Since everybody was hungry we ---- for half an hour and ---- our lunch packs.

A) would stop / eatB) had stopped / have been eatenC) were stopping / had been eatenD) are stopping / would have been eatenE) stopped / ate

23. The United States ---- signing the treaty of global warming because of fears that it ---- patent rights in biotechnology.

A) would delay / had been limitedB) have delayed / will be limitedC) would be delayed / would be limitedD) delayed / could limit E) had delayed / was limited

24. Social justice ---- one of the most important values that we ---- to secure in critical evaluation studies of educational reform.

A) would be / have hopedB) will be / hopedC) has been / will hopeD) is / should hopeE) was / would hope

13

25. Photosynthesis ---- the process by which green plants ---- food for themselves-and, indirectly, for all animals, including human beings.

A) is / make B) may be / has madeC) has been / was madeD) had been / madeE) was / had made

14

1. We ---- that over 70% of this group ---- in the education sector as postdoctoral researchers

A) identify/ is employedB) have been identified / employC) have identified / are employedD) identified / employingE) were identified / being employed

2. Doctors often ---- supplements of vitamin D and calcium but scientists at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland say they ----.

A) recomend /had not workedB) have recommended/should not work C) recommend/ don’t work D) had recommended/were not workingE) was recommending/have not worked

3. The basic economic features of the EEC treaty ----, and in 1968 all tariffs between member states ----.

A) would have been implemented / eliminatedB) are implemented / will be eliminatedC) were implemented / were eliminatedD) had been implemented / was being eliminatedE) implemented / eliminating

4. The UN focused on the economic and social problems of developing countries, and on supporting colonial territories as they ---- toward independence, as well as helping nations that ---- independence recently.

A) move / would have been achievedB) moved / had achievedC) had moved / have been achievedD) have moved / were achievingE) is moving / had been achieved

5. By the time you ---- to my age, you ---- a much different path than what you’re thinking.

A) get / would have been takenB) get / will have takenC) had got / have been takenD) have got / are takingE) is getting / had been taken

6. When a person ---- as a suspect, the program ---- reasonable effort to following the progress of the investigation.

A) identified / has to devoteB) has identified / had to devoteC) will identify/ could devoteD) has been identified/ should devoteE) identifies/ would devote

7. Hannibal’s soldiers took livestock and ---- farm buildings, while Roman farmers ---- their fields to fight the war.

A) has destroyed / neglectedB) was destroyed / is neglectedC) has been destroyed / was neglectedD) destroyed / neglectedE) will be destroyed / would be neglected

8. 19th century Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli ---- several books and magazine and newspaper articles on the subject and ---- extensively about his theory around the country to sold-out audiences.

A) was writing / had lecturedB) had written / would lectureC) has written / lecturesD) would have written / could lectureE) wrote / lectured

9. Assessing Modernism after the half century in which it was dominant, commentators ----out that even though it by big business and big government, the general public never grew fond of it.

A) will be pointed / will be embracedB) was pointed / were embracedC) pointed / was embraced D) pointed / had embracedE) would point / been embraced

10. Picasso ---- to advanced classes at the academy after he ---- in a single day the entrance examination that applicants traditionally were given a month to finish.

A) had admitted / completedB) will admit / would have completedC) has admitted / will completeD) was admitted / completed E) admitted / have completed

11. As industrial and agricultural production ----, the per capita share of water resources in the region ---- falling.

A) develops / keepsB) is developing / keptC) will develop/ will produceD) was developing / will be kept

GRAMMAR TEST - TEST ON TENSES – 3 (upper-intermediate)

1.-25. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

E) developed/ was keeping

12. By the end of 2007, hundreds of older diesel buses ---- with new clean-fuel buses.

A) will have been replacedB) have been replacedC) would've been replacedD) will replaceE) were being replaced

13. For over three hundred years men ---- to make a gun that ---- more than one shot without reloading.

A) have been tried / fireB) have to be tried / are firingC) are being tried / have firedD) had tried / firesE) had been trying / would fire

14. Anyone who ---- practice with the Phoenician writing ---- no difficulties in reading correctly the individual signs of the Greek system.

A) will have / haveB) has had / would haveC) had / have hadD) has / will haveE) had had / had

15. Several people among the thousands of stranded hurricane evacuees ---- while ---- outside the building, with no sign of imminent help on the way.

A) will die / waitB) died / had waitedC) died / waitingD) had died / will waitE) die / have waited

16. Students ---- a foreign culture's customs and write stories pretending they are on vacation with a friend from the country they ----.

A) had researched/ are researchedB) research / would have researchedC) have researched/ researchedD) will research / have researchedE) will research/ were researched

17. The Spanish dream of finding great riches in America ---- when Hernando Cortez ---- the empire of the Aztecs in Mexico in 1519-21.

A) realized / will conquer

B) will realize / was conqueredC) was realized / conqueredD) realize / has conqueredE) have realized / conquering

18. Many ancient societies ---- that mental illness ---- from supernatural causes, such as the anger of gods or possession by evil spirits.

A) thought / resulted B) was thinking / had resultedC) think / is resultingD) have thought / resultsE) have thought / was resulted

19. Based on the findings, the researchers ---- that smoking is likely to ---- to up to 30,000 cases of the disease in Britain.

A) estimated / linkedB) were estimating / had linkedC) estimate / are linkedD) have estimate / linksE) estimate / have been linked

20. If the date for accession negotiations ---- at the end of the year at the latest, a vital threshold ----.

A) finalized / had been passingB) are finalized / will have been passedC) were finalized / would have passedD) have finalized / would passE) had finalized / would have been passed

21. The laboratory work needs ---- in living asthma patients, but ---- the disease is more complex and far-reaching than anyone believed.

A) will confirmed / had showedB) to be confirmed / showsC) would confirm / is showingD) confirmed / has showedE) has confirmed / showed

22. He ---- how to use the computer, which ---- it impossible for him to get the job.

A) didn't know / madeB) hadn’t known / would makeC) wouldn’t know / could have madeD) wasn’t knowing / had madeE) has known / makes

23. The short life span of many animals as ---- to humans is an advantage to experimenters since it ---- them to observe several generations.

A) compared / allowsB) wil compare / allowedC) had compared / has allowedD) compare / had allowed

E) have compared / will allow

24. During the 19th century, hydroelectricity ---- and railroads ----, opening up the area.

A) was developed / were constructed B) had developed / are constructedC) developed / have been constructedD) have developed / constructedE) were developing / might construct

25. Tourism ---- a major Alpine industry during the 20th century as Europe ---- and air, auto, and rail transportation to the Alps improved.

A) had been become / prospersB) became / prosperedC) is being become / was prosperedD) will be become / have prosperedE) will become / prospering

VOCABULARY STUDIES

1.KONU ANLATIMI VE ÇÖZÜM İPUÇLARI

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ

(The limits of my language means the limits of my world)

Yabancı dil öğrenme sürecinde SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ en önemli bölümdür. Gramer yapılarını eksiksiz öğrenen bir kişi temel kelime bilgisine sahip olmadığı sürece sınavda başarılı olamaz. Dilbilimciler kelime öğrenme konusunda uzun çalışmalar yapmış ve en verimli yöntemleri ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu dergimizde sözcük öğrenme teknikleri konusundaki çalışmaları sizlere sunacağız. Zorunlu öğrenmeniz gereken temel sözcükleri listeler halinde bulabileceksiniz.Bu bölüm, bazı ipuçlarından yararlanarak bilinmeyen sözcükleri anlayabilme ve sözcük öğrenme çalışmalarını içermektedir. Ek olarak kelime öğrenmenize yardımcı olabilecek alıştırma ve aktivitelere de yer verilmektedir.

IMPORTANT VERBSEn çok kullanılan FİİLLER’dir. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan fiilleri örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT NOUNSEn çok kullanılan İSİMLER’dir. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan isimleri örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT ADJECTIVESEn çok kullanılan SIFATLAR’dır. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan sıfatları da örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT ADVERBSEn çok kullanılan ZARFLAR’dır. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan zarfları da örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT PHRASAL VERBSEn çok kullanılan DEYİMLER’dir. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan deyimleri de örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

KPDS SINAV SÖZCÜKLERİ

Sınava hazırlanmanın en önemli basamaklarından biri olan SINAV SÖZCÜKLERİNİ örnekleriyle ve sözcük testleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

KPDS SINAV SÖZCÜKLERİ İSTATİSTİKLERİ

Sınava hazırlanırken sınavda hangi sözcüklerin hangi sıklıkta çıktığını bilmek ve buna göre çalışmalarınızı yönlendirmek size önemli bir avantaj sağlayacaktır.

2006 MAYIS KPDS SINAVINDAKİ SÖZCÜK DAĞILIMISÖZCÜK SORULARI SÖZCÜK ÇEŞİTLERİ SORU

SAYISISORU ÇÖZME SÜRESİ

Cümlede boş bırakılan yere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifade(SÖZCÜK)

VOCABULARY

(1–8) 8 SORU

8-12 dakika

Adjectives : 1 ADET(steady) Nouns : 1 ADET((detriment)Verbs : 1 ADET(assess)Adverbs: 1 ADET(notably)Phrasal Verb: 1 ADET(caught on)

NOT: Yukarıda gördüğünüz dağılım son yıllarda ufak değişikliklerle hep aynıdır.

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ

Sözcük bilgisi sorularını, “Content Words” ve “Function Words” şeklinde 2 başlıkta inceleyebiliriz.

1.Content Words: Bunlara “Open Set Words” (Açık Sözcükler) de diyebiliriz.

Bu gruptaki sözcükler:

a) verb (eylem),b) noun (ad),c) adjective (sıfat)d) Interjections (ünlem)e) adverb (zarf-belirteç)f) “Yes / No” cevaplarından oluşur.

2.“Closed Set Words” (function words: grammatical or structure words): “ Bunlar işlevsel sözcükler olarak da adlandırılırlar. Bu sözcükler cümle kuruluşunda değişik dilbilgisi işlevlerini işlemektedir. “Tense” yapılarında kullanılan “auxiliary verb” gibi işlevsel veya kapalı sözcük türlerinden oluşmaktadır.

Bu gruptaki sözcükler:

a) prepositions (ilgeç), b) determiners (ad belirleyicileri), c) conjunctions (bağlaçlar), d) auxiliary verb (yardımcı eylemler),e) pronouns (zamir-adıllar), f) intensifiers (pekiştireçler), g) qualifiers (niteleyiciler) den oluşur.

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİNİ NASIL GELİŞTİREBİLİRİZ?Önce sözcük türlerini tanımamız gerekir. Sözcük türleri kısa bir özet olarak aşağıda verilmiştir.

SÖZCÜK TÜRLERİ

Parts of Speech Sözcük Türü 1 Verbs Eylemler

Açık Sözcük Türleri2 Nouns Adlar3 Adjectives Sıfatlar4 Adverbs Zarflar5 Pronouns Zamirler

Kapalı Sözcük Türleri6 Prepositions İlgeçler7 Conjunctions Bağlaçlar8 Interjections Ünlemler

AÇIK SÖZCÜK TÜRLERİNİ ÖĞRENME

Her dilde kapalı sözcük türleri vardır. Bunlar cümlede çeşitli dilbilgisel işlevler yapmak için kullanılırlar. Bunlara türetme eklerinin eklenmesiyle yeni sözcükler türetebilirsiniz. Bu da sizin sözcük dağarcığınızın gelişmesinde önemli rol oynar. Öte yandan, kapalı sözcük türleri daha çok dilbilgisi konularına eğilirken öğrenmeniz gereken sözcük bilgisidir.En önemli nokta, belirli bir sözcüğün, her şeyden önce fiil mi, isim mi, sıfat mı veya zarf mı olduğunu bilmektir. Bunlardan birini tespit ettikten sonra aynı sözcükten diğer sözcük türlerini, örneğin fiillerden isim, sıfat ve zarf türetilebilir.

SÖZCÜK TÜRETME ÖRNEKLERİ

Verb Noun Adjective Adverbabsorbİçine çekmek

absorptionİçe çekme, emilme

absorbent, absorbingİçe çekici

account / hesap vermek

accountant, accountancymuhasebeci, muhasebe

Accountable / Sorumlu

educate / eğitmek education / eğitimeducator / eğitimcieducationist / eğitimci

educated / eğitilmişeducational / eğitici

educationally / eğitim yönündeneducatedly / eğitimli şekilde

KPDS’de ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR - İPUÇLARI - ÇÖZÜM VE ANALİZLERi (FİİL SORULARI)

01. The river Danube rises in Germany and ---- through central Europe and into the Black Sea. (2000 Mayıs KPDS)A) cruisesB) spreadsC) flowsD) conductsE) covers

02. Bacteria have a remarkable capacity for ---- tolerance to previously lethal drugs. (2001 Kasım KPDS)A) repudiating B) recoveringC) denouncing D) deceiving E) acquiring

03. Our understanding of the development of behaviour has long been hampered by the tendency to ---- sharply between "innate" and "acquired" behaviour. (2001 Mayıs KPDS)A) excludeB) separateC) distinguishD) inferE) assess

04. Using the dam to generate power would not ---- the treaty with the neighbouring country, but diverting water out of the river. (2002 Kasım KPDS)A) intimidateB) betrayC) violateD) convertE) fetch

05. The American constitution with its various constraints ---- to protect citizens can actually shield criminals. (2002 Kasım KPDS)A) discoveredB) complainedC) persuadedD) designedE) displayed

06. Japan is often ---- as an example of a country that has managed to keep its national defence orientated industries entirely separate from foreign-owned companies. (2002 Mayıs KPDS)A) withdrawn B) delayedC) citedD) deducedE) deceived

07. The general feeling in the court was that several of the witnesses were ---- information that could have a direct bearing upon the case. (2002 Mayıs KPDS)

A) expressingB) withholdingC) avoidingD) disruptingE) declining

08. A fresh look at the final months of the presidency of John F. Kennedy ---- that a second Kennedy term might have produced a rapprochement with Cuba. (2003 Kasım KPDS)

A) promisesB) describesC) inflicts D) indicates E) involves

09. Each year, large amounts of carbon monoxide are into the atmosphere by automobiles and factories. (2003 Mayıs KPDS)

A) absorbedB) emittedC) exchangedD) repulsedE) compelled

10. America's subsidies to its cotton farmers have long been a noteworthy example of the harm that rich countries' subsidies ---- on the poor. (2004 Kasım KPDS)A) enforceB) inflictC) exceedD) provideE) employ

11. For the control of the deadly brain disease in cows (BSE), surveillance is being stepped up in Canada, but the US claims to be testing enough cattle already to ---- the risk. (2005 Mayıs KPDS)

A) assert B) assess C) consult D) exceed E) discourage

12. What are some of the things that differentially affect siblings and help ---- their success or failure? (2006 Mayıs KPDS)A) pursue B) recognize C) recreateD) determine E) reinstate

===== ===== ====== ====== ===== ===== ===== ====== ====== =====

***IMPORTANT VERBS *** ÖNEMLİ KPDS FİİLLERİ (ÖĞRENMEK İÇİN ÇALIŞMA LİSTESİ)

NOT: Sözcüklerin yanında verilen (*) yıldızlar o kelimenin sınavlarda daha fazla çıkma olasılığını işaret etmektedir.

FİİL EŞ ANLAMLARI TÜRKÇE KARŞILIĞI

==============AAAAAAAAAA============

abate diminish, subside, dwindle, lessen, decrease hafiflemek, azaltmak The storm abated.

abdicate* relinquish, step down, renounce bırakmak, terk etmek The King abdicated when he married a divorcee.

abolish* end, abrogate, do away with, remove,cancel yürürlükten kaldırmak Slavery was abolished in the mid-19th century in America and in Russia.

abridge shorten, condense, contract kısaltmak The novel was abridged for students.

abrogate abolish, cancel, repeal yürürlükten kaldırmak, iptal etmek Congress abrogated the treaty.

absorb* soak up, take up, take in emmek, içine almakThis work really absorbs me.

abuse maltreat, misuse, exploit kötüye kullanmak, suistimal etmek He abused his friend during an argument.

accede* assent, adhere, assent, give in razı olmakThe government acceded to the terrorists' demands.

access* reach, obtain, retrieve erişmek, ulaşmakShe accessed to our offices and records.

accomplish* achieve, attain başarmak, başarıyla yerine getirmek She accomplished her goal despite setbacks.

accumulate pile up, heap, aggregate yığılmak, birikmek Pesticides in our food tend to accumulate in the body over time, and can be quite unhealthy.

achieve** accomplish, attain, reach başarmak, ulaşmak You will never achieve your goals if you don't believe in yourself.

acquire* obtain, gain, attain elde etmek, kazanmak The museum has managed to acquire an important work by Dali.

adapt adjust, alter, conform uyarlamak, adapte etmek They adapted his office for meetings.

adjust adapt, acclimatize, conform adapte olmak, uymak When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it by changing your behaviour or your ideas.

adopt accept, approve, select kabul etmek, benimsemek, evlat edinmek They decided to adopt a child after they realized they weren't able to have one of their own.

advocate support, uphold, back desteklemek Do you advocate the death penalty for murderers?

affiliate join, become linked to, incorporate kabul etmek (üyelik vb) The local women's club affiliated itself with the national organization some years ago

afflict harm, trouble, distress harap etmek, zarar vermek Disease and poverty afflict many people.

aggravate worsen, exacerbate, intensify kötüleştirmek, zorlaştırmak He was aggravated by his inability to find the right word.

alienate estrange, distance, separate yabancılaşmak, soğutmak, uzaklaştırmak She alienated her friends with her hostility.

allege assert, claim, state iddia etmek, ileri sürmek The newspaper reporters allege that the man was murdered but they have given no proof.

allocate allot, assign, designate ayırmak, tahsis etmek I'm allocating the rations for the camping trip.

allot allocate, assign, designate ayırmak, tahsis etmek We were alloted new uniforms.

allude imply, refer to, mention ima etmek, kısaca bahsetmek He alluded to the problem but did not mention it.

alter modify, shift, vary değişmek, değiştirmek This dress needs to be altered.

amend ameliorate, improve, revise düzeltmek, değiştirmek, iyileştirmek The editor improved the manuscript by amending certain passages.

amplify increase, enlarge, augment, inflate, expand artırmak, büyütmek The stereo amplified the sound superbly.

annihilate destroy, obliterate, exterminate yok etmek it was too late; the plague annihilated an entire population.

annoy irritate, bother, disturb canını sıkmak, kızdırmak I did not want to annoy him.

annul invalidate, nullify, rescind geçersiz kılmak, iptal etmek The death sentence was annulled under a new decree.

anticipate* forecast, predict, expect tahmin etmek, beklemek, ummak The meteorologists are anticipating rain for tomorrow.

appeal request, ask, solicit istemek, rica etmek, yalvarmak She appealed the verdict.

appraise evaluate, assess, rate değerlendirmek The diamond necklace was appraised at over two thousand dollars.

approve accept, favour, support uygun görmek, kabul etmek My parents don't approve of me staying out after midnight.

arrange* organize, sort, plan ayarlamak, düzenlemek I have arranged a flight for you leaving tomorrow at noon.

ascend rise, go up, climb yükselmek The airplane ascended into the sky.

ascribe attribute, attach, link bağlamak, atfetmek The politician ascribed the failing economy to high taxes.

aspire crave, desire, be ambitious çok istemek, can atmakHe aspires to power and fame.

assail attack, assault, set upon saldırmak (şiddetli) Loud music assailed our ears.

assault attack, assail, set upon saldırmak A bandit assaulted me with a knife.

assert state, claim, declare şiddetle savunmak, ısrar etmek, ileri sürmek I assert my independence.

assess* evaluate, estimate, appraise değerlendirmek, değer biçmek He assessed his situation carefully.

assign* appoint, designate tayin etmek, atamak The teacher assigned homework.

assuage alleviate, soothe, ease hafifletmek, azaltmak The king assuaged the fears of his nobles about a war.

assume** suppose, guess, presume sanmak, tahmin etmek I assume the rightness of your position.

attain* accomplish, fulfil, realize ulaşmak, elde etmek She attained to wisdom and grace.

attend** go to, be present, appear, care for gitmek, katılmak ,hizmet etmekNurses attend sick persons. Which courses have you attended?

attribute ascribe, refer, attach bağlamak, atfetmek I attribute the bad weather to pollution.

avert preclude, ward off, thwart önlemek We averted a loss in the stock market by selling our shares early, before the stock fell.

==============BBBBBBBBB============

ban prohibit, forbid, disallow yasaklamak, men etmek Smoking is banned in this building.

banish exile, deport, eject, force out sürmek, sınır dışı etmek She banished from her mind all thoughts of failure.

bar restrain, impede, obstruct engellemek, mani olmak If someone is barred from a place or from doing sth, they are officially forbidden to go there or to do it.

besiege surround, encircle, enclose kuşatmak An army besieged the fortress for days.

bestow present, confer, endow (onur vb) vermek Many honors were bestowed on the champion.

blame accuse, charge, indict suçlamak We blamed the accident on her.

boast be proud of, pride oneself on, brag övünmek, gururlanmak The zoo boasts the largest collection of reptiles in the world.

breed produce, lead to, bring about beslemek, doğurmak, yol açmak Fear breeds in violent neighborhoods.

==============CCCCCCCCCC============

cease stop, discontinue, halt durmak, durdurmak, kesmek Will this snow never cease?

cherish foster, nourish, sustain beslemek, gütmek, sürdürmek The child cherished the homeless kitten.

cogitate ponder, contemplate, deliberate derin düşünmek I've been cogitating all day and getting nowhere.

coincide* happen at the same time, concur çakışmak, aynı zamana rastlamak The two events coincided.

combat fight, struggle, battle savaşmak, mücadele etmek We must combat the prejudices against other races.

commence begin, initiate, start başlamak We will commence building work in August of next year.

commit do, carry out, perform yapmak, işlemek, gerçekleştirmek The priest committed himself to a life of poverty.

compel force, impel, urge zorlamak, mecbur etmek As a school boy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter.

compete vie, struggle, contend yarışmak, rekabet etmek Both girls compete for their father's attention.

compile gather, accumulate, amass toplamak, derlemek We're compiling some facts and figures for a documentary on the subject.

compromise agree, concede, strike a deal uzlaşmak, anlaşmaya varmak The nuclear secrets of the state were compromised by the spy.

conceal* hide, cover, disguise saklamak, gizlemek I tried to conceal my surprise when she told me her age.

concede accept, admit, acknowledge kabul etmek, itiraf etmek The Government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster.

conceive* understand, apprehend, comprehend anlamak, kavramak I think my uncle still conceives of me as a four-year-old.

confirm* approve, validate, verify doğrulamak, onaylamak, tasdiklemek The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party.

confront* face, encounter, deal with karşılaşmak, karşı karşıya gelmek As she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to block her way.

conserve preserve, protect, maintain korumak, muhafaza etmek The nationalists are very keen to conserve their customs and language.

consult * ask, refer to, seek advice danışmak, başvurmak If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor.

contradict oppose, deny, differ tersini söylemek, karşı çıkmak, çelişmek If you're both going to lie, at least stick to the same story and don't contradict each other!

convene* gather, meet, assemble toplanmak, bir araya gelmek The Prime Minister convened (a meeting of) his ministers to discuss the matter.

convert change, transform, switch dönüştürmek, çevirmek, değiştirmek Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom?

convince* persuade, prove, satisfy ikna etmek I’m convinced that there are more disadvantages than advantages.

cover include, comprise, encompass kapsamak, içermek Much of the country is covered by snow.

culminate peak, climax, conclude zirveye ulaşmak, son noktaya ulaşmak A series of events for teachers and students will culminate in a Shakespeare festival next year.

cultivate develop a relationship, seek the friendship of geliştirmek (dostluk vb) The surrounding area would have been cultivated.

curb check, bridle, restrict durdurmak, frenlemek The Government should act to curb tax evasion.

curtail* reduce, lessen, cut kısaltmak, kısmak The last government severely curtailed trade union rights.

======= ======= ===== ======= ======= ======= ===== =======

KONU TESTLERİ

TEST ON VERBS-1 (pre-intermediate)

1. The energy from sunlight is ---- by a green substance in the leaves called chlorophyll.

A) occupied B) absorbed C) collected D) faded E) engaged

2. The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine, as is a petrol engine, because it ---- the fuel inside the engine.

A) charges B) burns C) blasts D) rubs E) fires

3. There are several large national parks, where wildlife is ----.

A) reacted B) persecuted C) replaced D) placed E) protected

4. Balloons and airships are classed as lighter-than-air craft to ---- them from airplanes, gliders, and helicopters.

A) prevent B) decline C) suffer D) distinguish E) cheat

5. If an object held near the surface of the earth is released, it will fall and accelerate, or pick up speed, as it ----. A) alters B) increases C) descends

D) influences E) affects

6. Most archaeological sites are ---- by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.

A) maintained B) discovered C) failed D) complained E) stressed

7. High oil prices helped Venezuela to ----, two years ago, from a long recession. A) accomplish B) allocate C) commence

D) stimulate E) emerge

8. Traffic controllers also use television cameras to ---- traffic conditions and to record accidents.

A) notice B) comment C) observe D) study E) explain

9. Words allow us to give and ---- information, ideas and orders. A) send B) practice C) receive

D) form E) point

10. To prevent as many accidents as possible, governments make laws that people must ---- when driving or riding vehicles. A) content B) call C) obey

D) spare E) go

11. The engine of a motorcycle ---- the back wheel by means of a chain or shaft. A) serves B) speeds C) carries

D) drives E) places

12. Many countries have networks of special roads which ---- the cities. A) connect B) plug C) divide

D) part E) separate

13. People who drive or ride can do many things to help ---- accidents on roads. A) offend B) ignore C) curtail

D) reduce E) escape

14. Hundreds of people travelled vast distances to trade goods, arrange marriages, and ---- in social and cultural activities.

A) differ B) deal C) participate D) consult E) overcome

15. The main way in which we ---- with each other is by using words, either by speaking and listening or by reading and writing. A) pass B) experiment C) communicate

D) transmit E) convey

16. Magnetic and other measurements ---- an internal temperature of the Moon as high as 1600°C.

A) present B) involve C) disturb D) attack E) indicate

17. Symbols ---- people to develop complex thoughts and to exchange those thoughts with others.

A) oppose B) defend C) debate D) allow E) practice

18. Road networks are ---- to help traffic flow, for example with one-way systems, bus lanes and parking restrictions.

A) designed B) eradicated C) disappointed D) exaggerated E) estimated

19. The steam locomotive was ---- by the British engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804.

A) gifted B) compiled C) invented D) analyzed E) collected

20. Excavators and bulldozers also have tracks because they ---- in difficult conditions and need to grip the ground strongly in order to exert a lot of force.

A) place B) operate C) use D) manage E) rule

21. In Britain electric vehicles are mainly used to ---- the milk.

A) establish B) assert C) yield D) deliver E) enforce

22. Louis Armstrong was one of the first musicians to ---- a solo style in jazz .

A) create B) withhold C) alter D) enter E) penetrate

23. Edinburgh University, famous for its medical expertise, was one of the first universities to ---- women (from 1889).

A) announce B) confess C) admit D) judge E) declare

24. During adulthood young people are expected to ---- several goals.

A) arrange B) accomplish C) win D) receive E) attempt

25. Electric vehicles such as vans carry large batteries to ---- the electricity to drive their motors.

A) adapt B) form C) invent D) achieve E) provide

Mini Dictionary

absorb: içine çekmek, emmekaccomplish: yapıp bitirmek, başarmak, becermekadapt: bir şeye uydurmak, tatbik etmek

allocate: tahsis etmek, yerini tayin etmekassert: ileri sürmek üzerinde durmakblast: tahrip etmek yıkmak, yakmakchlorophyll: klorofilcompile: toplayıp liste haline getirmekconfess: itiraf etmek, ikrar etmek, teyit etmekconsult: danışmak, baş vurmakconvey: taşımak, nakletmekcurtail: kesmek, kısaltmak, azaltmakdeliver: dağıtmak, teslim etmekdescent: inmekenforce: zorla kabul ettirmek, yürütmekengage: meşgul etmek, tutmakeradicate: kökünden söküp atmakexaggerate: abartmak, büyütmek

excavator: ekskavatör, kazma makinasıindicate: işaret etmek, göstermekinternal combustion engine: içten yanmalı motormanipulate: el ile işletmeknegotiate: görüşmek, müzakere etmekoccupy: tutmak, zaptetmek, işgal etmekoffend: kabahat işlemek, suç işlemekparticipate: katılmak, iştirak etmekpenetrate: girmek, işlemek, etkilemekpersecute: zulmetmekwildlife: yabanıl hayatwithhold: elinde tutmak, vermemek, kısıtlamakyield: vermek, ödemek

PARAGRAPH STUDIES

KONU ANLATIMI

KPDS, ÜDS, YDS gibi İngilizce sınavlarda, “Reading Comprehension” yani “Okuduğunu Anlama soruları sınavın kaderini tayin eden en zor ve en çok sorunun olduğu bölümdür. Bu tür soruların doğru cevaplanabilmesi için paragrafın anlamsal bütünlüğünün yanı sıra, yapısal (dilbilgisel) ipuçlarına da dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu soruları yapabilmek için paragraf organizasyonunu iyi bilmek ve çok soru çözmek temel bir zorunluluktur. Bu fasiküllerde bu tip soruların çözüm ipuçları ve örneklerini vereceğiz. Bu bölümde ayrıca “odd-one out” (redundant) ve “paragraph completion” sorularına da yer verilecektir.

“READING COMPREHENSION” SORU BİÇİMLERİ

1- “VOCABULARY–IN-CONTEXT” SORU TİPİ

1. Bu tip sorularda şıklarda verilen kelimelerden hangisinin parçada verilen altı çizilmiş kelimenin yerine geçeceğine dikkat edilmelidir.

2. Burada sorulan sorular isim, sıfat, fiil, zarf türü tek kelime olduğu gibi 2-3 kelimeden oluşan bir “phrase” de olabilir.

3. Bazen sorulan kelimenin bir tanımı (definition) da istenebilir. Bu durumda verilen parçanın genel yapısı içindeki anlamına (context) dikkat etmek gerekecektir.

ÇÖZÜM İPUÇLARI

Verilen kelimenin;

1. Eş-anlamına (Synonym),

2. Parçada verilen o kelimeyle ilgili örneklemelere,

3. “but” gibi bağlaçlarla verilen zıtlıklara (contrast),

4. Parçanın genel fikrine (general context) bakarız.

ÖRNEK PARAGRAF-1 (2005 mayıs)For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass-production techniques pushed companies into standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today's consumers are very choosy. They want quality, value and products specially tailored to their needs, but always at the lowest possible price. For now mass customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver

products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass-production methods. Mass-customization systems use information taken from the customer to control the flow of goods.

1. By the phrase "mass customization", as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods ----.

A) in very large quantities and for general use B) to meet standardized specifications which will please everyone C) at high speed regardless of cost D) designed to have a long life E) designed to meet the specific needs of individual customers

AÇIKLAMAMass customization: bireysel tüketicinin isteklerine göre üretim şekli

2. Find the best replacement for “flow of goods” in the passage.A) a special offeringB) production and delivery of productsC) specific to a personD) common or usualE) having a specific function

ÖRNEK PARAGRAF-2 (2006 Mayıs)In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produceand use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. Butin an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about aset of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities willneed to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They alsoneed to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientificand technological advances. We are on the brink of once-in-human-history progress in combatingdisease through the application of modern science.Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that willtell you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely tosuffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profoundchange in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding thefirst second of the history of the cosmos.

1. The phrase, “once-in-human-history progress” is saying ----.

A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such progress ever to happen againB) this is only the first of many spurts of progressC) this is the first instance of a widespread application of scienceD) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be againE) this is the highest possible peak of progress

2. The phrase, “profound change” means----.

A) effective changeB) severe progressC) extreme application D) much replacement

E) great improvement

3. Find the best replacement for “cosmos” ----.

A) living thingsB) cosmic creaturesC) the earth D) the universeE) creation

2 -“REFERENCE QUESTIONS” SORU TİPİ

1.Bu tip sorularda “he, she, it, them,” gibi ZAMİRLER (PRONOUNS) veya verilen bir ifadenin (EXPRESSION) parçada neyi anlatmak istediği (neyi işaret ettiği veya neyi ifade ettiği) sorulmaktadır.

2.Bu tip sorulan sorular en kolay bulunabilecek okuma sorularıdır. Bunun için ilgili bölümü, önce ve sonra gelen cümleleri dikkatli okumak ve özne ile zamir ilişkisine bakmak yeterlidir.

ÖRNEK PARAGRAF-1Under the great Moghul emperors, artists emerged from their previous anonymity. They were allowed, for the first time, to sign their work, and even encouraged to include self-portraits in their paintings. And the artists' skills did not go unrewarded: one emperor even presented a favourite painter with an elephant, the ultimate status symbol of the age. Yet little is known about the artists' lives. The more successful may have enjoyed an economic status similar to lower-level nobles. However, their simple dress in the self-portraits suggests that the rewards for many painters did not always match their unquestionable talent.

SORU: In the passage, the word "anonymity” in the first sentence refers to a condition in which ----.

A) the people had to live in extreme povertyB) the artists were well-respectedC) the emperors employed only very talented artistsD) the artists worked for very little moneyE) the artists of paintings were not known by name

Fahrenheit is the system of measuring the temperatures, how hot or cold something is, used by many people in Britain. The freezing point of Fahrenheit is 32 degrees. So a cold winter's day in Britain would have temperature of 38 F (3 centigrade), and a hot summer's day would have a temperature of 90 F (32 centigrade). The Fahrenheit scale was invented by the German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1710. Today in Britain most people over twenty-five know the Fahrenheit scale but the centigrade system (Celcius) is being used more and more. Weather forecasts on television and in newspapers show temperature in both scales.

SORU: The term "Fahrenheit" refers to ----.

A) the popularity among young peopleB) the centigrade systemC) the scale of temperature between 32 and 90D) the weather forecastsE) the name of a German scientist

OKUMA TEKNİKLERİYukarıda belirtilen noktalar, aslında “Okuma teknikleri” bilgisini de kapsamaktadır. Bu teknikleri şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz:

A) Ana fikri bulma (Finding the Main Idea)

B) Analiz yapma (Analysing the Main Article)

C) Metin içinde kelime bilgisi (Vocabulary in Context)

D) Parçadan alıntı yaparak bir karara varma (Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions)

A) ANA FİKİR NASIL BULUNUR?Ana fikri bulmak için öncelikle ilk ve son cümleye bakarız. Bazen ilk cümle bize ana fikri vermeyebilir. Yazar, bu durumda ana fikri vermeden önce bir kaç giriş cümlesi vermiş de olabilir. Bu nedenle bu giriş cümlelerini takip eden cümleyi inceleyerek ana fikre ulaşabiliriz. Eğer ana fikir açık olarak burada da verilmemişse, bu durumda parçanın tümünü okuyarak gizlenmiş olan ana fikri yakalamaya çalışırız. Ana fikri yakalamak için paragraf yapısını iyi tanımak gereklidir. Şimdi tipik bir paragraf yapısının nelerden oluştuğuna bir göz atalım:

Tipik bir paragraf üç bölümden meydana gelir.1.İlk cümle paragrafın kalbi olan (Topic Sentence) konu cümlesini kapsar. Konu cümlesi (aynı zamanda tez veya

anahtar cümlesi de denir) paragraf konusunun yeni bakış açılarını içerir.

2.İkinci bölüm bu bakış açılarının geliştirildiği cümlelerdir. Bu cümleler, öne sürülen delil ve hususlar, açıklamalar, ayrıntılar, örneklemeler ve diğer destekleyici fikirlerden oluşabilir.

3.Paragrafın son cümlesi genellikle paragrafı özetleyen bir sonuç cümlesinden oluşur. Bu ifade “Topic sentence”ın başka kelimeler kullanılarak verilmiş diğer bir şeklidir, yani onunla örtüşür.

B) ANALİZ YAPMAKPDS-UDS-YDS sınavlarında en çok soru olan bölüm, okuduğunu anlama sorusu bölümüdür. Metinle ilgili olan bu sorular sadece okuma becerisini ölçmekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda okuyanın ne anladığını , bakış açısını ve parçadan hüküm çıkarabilme yeteneklerini ölçmektedir. Aynı biçimde adayın metni analiz edip edemediğini ölçmektedir. Bu açıdan sınava girenlerin başaramama korkusu taşıdığı bölüm bu “Parça okuma” bölümüdür. Sınava girenlerin çoğu parçada kullanılan kelimeleri bilmediğini, buna bağlı olarak da parçayı anlayamadığını ifade etmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak da sorulara doğru cevap veremediklerini düşünmektedirler. Bu tam olarak doğru bir sav değildir. Parça sadece bir kaç kelime üzerine kurulmuş olamaz. Buradan yola çıkarak parçada geçen kelimelerin anlamını, parçanın tamamını okuyarak da tahmin edebiliriz. Bununla ilgili olarak aşağıdaki bölümde kelimenin anlamını bulma teknikleri verilmiştir. Bir başka sorun ise, parçayı Türkçe’ye çevirmeye çalışarak gereksiz ve fazla zaman harcamaktır. Bu da yanlış bir yöntem olacaktır.

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1

Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping the children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families escape from poverty, they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for breaking this vicious cycle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills need from their parents, they must be taught these skills at school.

1- The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ----.A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for themB) they cease to live socially with the poorC) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners and waysD) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor again E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry

2- According to the writer, if poverty is to be overcome ----.A) the only effective means for this would be to provide better education B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor C) all children, regardless of their social class, should receive the same formal education D) middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities

E) the education of children should be based on mental skills alone

3- The main argument of the passage is that ----. A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if the poor and the rich attend the same schoolsB) middle-class children do need to learn basic mental skills at school since they learn them at home C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty D) since basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is essentialE) a child born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life

4. “Poverty” means ----.A) The act of making someone poorB) The state of having little or no money C) Something that people do or cause to happenD) A manifestation of insincerityE) An area composed of subdivided lots

5. The word “articulate" is closest in meaning to----.A) Provide with a joint, as of two pieces of woodB) Put into words or an expression C) Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain wayD) The territory occupied by a nationE) Utter with vibrating vocal chords

VOCABULARYeliminate: çıkarmak, ihraç etmek, hariç tutmak, atmak, bertaraf etmekpoverty: yoksulluk, fakirlik, parasizlik, zaruret, ihtiyaç, yetersizlikend up: bitirmek, nihayet vermekmiddle-class: orta tabakadan, burjuva olanacquire: elde etmek, kazanmakcalculate: hesaplamakarticulate: ifade etmek, açıkça söylemeklacking: eksik olmaa well-paid job: dolgun ücretli bir işvicious cycle: kötü çark (düzen)end up: bitirmek, son vermek

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1

KONUSU: Paragrafın konusu fakir insanların neden fakirlikten kurtulamadığı ve kurtulmanın yollarıdır.

1.DOĞRU ŞIK: DSoru kökündeki “The writer makes the point” ifadesi bize parçadan açık bir yargıyı bulmamızı istemektedir.“once people have overcome poverty” (İnsanlar bir kez fakirliğin üstesinden gelselerdi), Parçadaki “Once families escape from poverty, they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor .” ifadeleriyle örtüşmekte olup, burada fakirliği yenmenin tekrar fakir olmayacakları anlamına gelmediğini anlatmaktadır. Bu ipucundan yola çıkarak “D” şıkkının doğru olduğunu buluyoruz.

2.DOĞRU ŞIK: A“According to the writer” soru kökü bizim parçadan açıkça belirtilen bir yargıyı bulmamızı istemektedir. “if poverty is to be overcome” (Eğer fakirliğin üstesinden gelinecekse) ifadesinden bir çözüm yolu istenmektedir.Buna karşılık gelecek ifade parçadaki:“The best mechanism for breaking this vicious cycle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities.” cümlesinden eğitimin fakirliği yenmekteki öneminden söz edilmektedir.Bu da “A” şıkkında

verilen “the only effective means for this would be to provide better education” (Buna en etkili çare daha iyi eğitim sağlamaktır) ifadesiyle örtüşmektedir. (anahtar kelimeler :“Better education” = “Educational Opportunities”)

3. DOĞRU ŞIK: CSoru kökündeki “The main argument of the passage” ifadesi bize parçanın konusunu sormaktadır. Parçanın konusunu paragrafın son cümlesinden bulabiliriz:“Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught these skills in school” Bu ifade bize fakir ailelerin çocuklarının okullarda temel zeka eğitimine ihtiyaç duyduklarını ancak bu yolla fakirlikten kurtulabilecekleri düşüncesini vermektedir. Bu da C şıkkında verilen “the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty”(Fakir çocukları temel zihinsel yetenekleri okulda öğrenmeliler böylece fakirlikten kurtulabilirler) ifadesiyle örtüşmektedir.

4. DOĞRU ŞIK: Bpoverty: (yoksulluk) The state of having little or no money (az para olması veya hiç para olmaması hali)

5. DOĞRU ŞIK: Barticulate: (ifade etmek) Put into words or an expression (düşüncelerini ifade etmek)

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-2

In 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was held. For the first time, the poorer nations of the world came together to act as a pressure group on trading matters. The Conference made the following recommendations: developing countries should be given free access to world markets for their manufactures and semi-manufacturers by the elimination of quotas and tariffs; and international commodity agreements should be made for each major primary commodity in world trade to stabilize commodity prices. Moreover, compensation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the declining prices of their primary products, were recommended for consideration. The Conference also resolved that the developed countries should aim to provide at least 1 percent of their national income as aid for the underdeveloped countries.

1. As can be understood from the passage, the 1964 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was remarkable because ----. A) the developing countries now had the chance , for the first time , to have free access to the markets of the

developed countries. B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure the stabilization of world commodity pricesC) all the demands of the underdeveloped countries were accepted without reservation by the developed

countriesD) a number of deadlines were set for the signing of international commodity agreementsE) the world’s poorer countries participating in the Conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on

trading matters

2. With reference to this Conference, one development mentioned in the passage was that ----.A) each country was to benefit from compensation schemes B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the fore C) developed countries should not benefit from compensation schemes D) compensation schemes were to be put into effect as soon as possibleE) the poorer countries should be compensated for their general trade deficits

3. From the passage we learn that one of the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ----.A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure coming from underdeveloped member countriesB) considerably raised the world trade tariffs up for a variety of commodities C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the developed countries to the underdevelopedD) envisaged a step by step lifting of the world’s trade barriers

E) made it imperative for the developed countries to open up their markets to the manufactured goods for the underdeveloped countries

4. Find the best definition for “elimination”----.A) the bodily process of discharging waste matterB) the act of removing or getting rid of something C) the act of distributing or spreading or apportioningD) the act of removing the contents of somethingE) the act of making unavailable; bar from sale or distribution

5. The word "compensation" is closest in meaning to ----.A) the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experienceB) secure against future loss, damage, or liability; give security forC) money given or received as payment or reparation D) gradual decline in amount or activityE) the disadvantage that results from losing something

VOCABULARYUnited Nations Conference: Birleşmiş Milletler Konferansıhold: toplanmak, (toplantı) yapmakpressure: baskı, tazyik, basınçrecommendation: tavsiye, övme, bonservisfree access: serbest girişworld markets: dünya pazarlarımanufacture: imal etmekelimination: çıkarmaquota: hisse, pay, kotatariff: gümrük tarifesi, vergi koymak, ithalat ve ihracat vergisiinternational commodity agreements: uluslararası ticari mal anlaşmalarıcommodity: mal, emtia, eşya, yararlı şeystabilize: sağlamlaştırmak, tespit etmek, istikrar kazandırmakcompensation schemes: tazminat, telafi planlarıwhereby: vasıtasıyleunderdeveloped: az gelişmiş, geri kalmışcompensate: tazmin etmek, bedelini ödemekdecline: azalmak, iniş, gerilemeresolve: karar vermek, tasarlamaknational income: milli gelir

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-2

KONUSU: Paragrafın konusu Birleşmiş Milletler’deki Ticaret ve Gelişme üzerine yapılan bir konferanstır.

1. DOĞRU ŞIK: E“As can be understood from the passage” soru kökü bizden bir çıkarımda bulunmamızı istemektedir.1964’de yapılan konferansın neden önemli olduğunu parçadan bulmamız gerekmektedir.

İPUCU paragrafın 2.cümlesidir: “For the first time the poorer nations of the world came together to act as a pressure group on trading matters.”

İlk kez Dünyanın fakir ülkeleri ticaret meselesinde bir baskı grubu olurak hareket etmek için bir araya geldiler. Bu ifadeden yola çıkarak “E” şıkkında verilen ifadeye ulaşıyoruz.

“the world’s poorer countries participating in the Conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on trading matters” (Konferansa katılan dünyanın fakir ülkeleri ticaret konusundaki kararları etkilemek için bir ortak eyleme giriştiler.)

2. DOĞRU ŞIK: BSoru kökünden, konferanstaki bir gelişmeden sözedildiğini anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sorunun yanıtı paragrafta doğrudan verilmektedir:

“Moreover, compensation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the declining prices of their primary products were recommended for consideration.” ifadesi (Geri kalmış ülkelerin, temel mal fiyatlarının düşmesini telafi etmeleri için tazmin projelerinin yürütülmesinin tavsiye edilmesi....) Bu ifadeden yola çıkarak “B” şıkkında verilen ifadeye ulaşıyoruz.

“the idea of compensation schemes came to the fore”(Telafi planları düşüncesinin ön plana çıkması)

3. DOĞRU ŞIK: CSoru kökünden “From the passage we learn” bir çıkarımda bulunulması istenmektedir. İpucu, paragrafın SON bölümüdür:” Moreover, compensation schemes....... were recommended for consideration” (Tazmin etme planları önerildi) ve “Conference also resolved that the developed countries should aim to provide at least 1 percent of their national income as aid for the underdeveloped countries.”

(Konferans gelişmiş ülkelerin yüzde bir oranındaki milli gelirlerini, gelişmemiş ülkelere bir gelir olarak vermelerinin gerekli olduğuna karar verdi.) Bu ifadeden yola çıkarak “C” şıkkında verilen ifadeye ulaşıyoruz. “envisaged a step by step lifting of the world’s trade barriers” (Dünya ticaretindeki engelleri adım adım kaldırmayı öngördüler.)

4. DOĞRU ŞIK: Belimination: (eleme) The act of removing or getting rid of something (bir şeyden kurtulma, defetme hareketidir)

5. DOĞRU ŞIK: Ccompensation :(tazmin, telafi) Money given or received as payment or reparation (tazminat olarak verilen veya alınan para)

SKILLS STUDIES

KONU ANLATIMI

1. CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA SORULARI

SORU İPUÇLARI

1. Verilen bölümünün ana cümle mi yoksa yan cümle mi olduğunu belirleyiniz. Bağlaçlara dikkat ediniz.2. Verilen seçenekler ile soru cümlesinin zaman, özne, nesne, çoğulluk-tekillik uyumlarına dikkat ediniz.

Birleştirdiğiniz şıkla birlikte cümlenin genel anlamını bir kontrol ediniz.3. Parçanın ana fikrine uymayan “çok genel” ve “çok özel” anlam taşıyan ifadelere dikkat ediniz.

İPUÇLARI1. Yan cümlede bulunan clause marker ’lara bakarak cümle tipini belirleyiniz.

- Adverbial Clause ve coordination yapılarda ana cümlenin zamanı ile yan cümlenin zamanının uyumlarına dikkat ediniz.

- Relative Clause yapılarında da isim + who / which / that şeklinde giden uyuma bakarak verilen seçenekler içinde cümleyi bir relative clause olarak tamamlayabileceklere dikkat ediniz.

- Öte yandan, sıkça yapılan yanıltıcı, yanlış şıklardaki hatalı noun / pronoun tekrarına dikkat ediniz.Burada Relative Clause ve Non-defining Relative Clause gibi yapılara dikkat ediniz.

2. Seçenekleri teker teker eleyiniz.

3. İki şıkka düşürdüğünüzde, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından bu şıkların soru cümlesiyle olan uygunluğunu denetleyiniz.

4. Zaman uyumu açısından bize önemli ipuçları veren: “when, until, by, after, since, by the time, while, as” zaman bağlaçlarına dikkat ediniz.

5. “In spite of, so that, such that, because, because of, owing to etc” gibi bağlaçlarla oluşturulan yapılara dikkat ediniz.

6. ‘on one hand’ ve ‘on the other hand’ gibi birbirini tamamlayan ardışık yapılara dikkat ediniz.

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA YAPI ÖRNEKLERİ

A) Relative Clause’dan meydana gelebilir .

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

The helicopter has the ability to climb vertically, ----. A) if it can take off in a very restricted spaceB) even though the winds were blowing at gale forceC) whenever the pilot felt himself obliged to make a forced landingD) which, in certain circumstances, is its main advantages over other types of aircraftE) if the cost of its uptake hadn't been a heavy burden on the budget

YANIT: D

Darwin's theory of evolution was based on the observation ----.A) whether his insight really was revolutionary

B) why many people of his own age were reluctant to admit itC) white amassing evidence for 25 years in support of itD) since the multiplicity of the unique forms emergedE) that all individuals of the same species are not identical

YANIT: E

B) Noun Clause’dan meydana gelebilir.

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

The tourist wanted to know ----.A) whether all the carpets were made by handB) all the carpets were made by handC) if all the carpets had been made by handD) that all the carpets are made by handE) whether all the carpets have been made by hand

YANIT: A

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

---- how long it would take us to finish the experiment.A) Contrary to what we all expectedB) No one has ever attemptedC) Our parents are exceedingly upsetD) He simply wanted to know E) The decision was final

YANIT: D

1. Dolaylı anlatım yapısı:

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

The professor asked me ----.A) why no objection has been shown to anybody leaving earlyB) if the results obtained from the study are significantC) that I can pass on the next item on the agendaD) whether I am awarded a prize for by new discoveryE) to help the newly recruited research assistant with the experiment.

YANIT: E

2. It+sıfat+that yapısı : It’s splendid that we finished the experiment. Deneyi bitirmemiz çok güzel.It’s strange that there are no people on some islands. Bazı adalarda hiç kimsenin olmaması tuhaftır.

3. ÇEKİMSİZ SIFATLAR: bu sıfatlardan sonra gelen fiil yalın “V 1 ” olur: It is urgent that a patient learn much about his illness. Hastanın hastalığı hakkında çok şey öğrenmesi kaçınılmazdır. (zorunludur.)

4. “It + a verb + that” yapısı bir fiil kullanılır : It appears to me that we have come to the wrong direction.Bana yanlış yöne geldik gibi geliyor.

5. that + subject + should yapısı : We agreed that a birthday party should be arranged . Bir doğum günü partisinin ayarlanmasında anlaşmaya vardık.

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

---- that the continents are drifting slowly across the surface of the globe. A) It is generally agreedB) It was impossible to avoid asking the questionsC) Dr Robertson has been wonderingD) This is an article on the British royal familyE) I was introduced to a historian

YANIT: A

6. WH– gibi SORU KELİMELERİ ile : He asked where I wanted to go . Nereye gitmek istediğimi sordu.We believe whatever you tell us about it. Bize onunla ilgili ne söylersen inanırız.I wonder who told all these to you . Bütün bunları sana kimin anlattığını merak ediyorum.

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

---- why some elements do not form alloys.A) There is nothing to be ashamed ofB) I really didn’t knowC) We are all extremely worriedD) There wasn’t an explanationE) Nobody had understood

YANIT: B

7. the fact that’ yapısı ile:

The fact that he's the company chairman doesn't give him the right to give all the orders. (cümle başında)Onun şirketin başkanı olması (olduğu gerçeği) ona tüm emirleri vermesi hakkını vermez.He accepted the fact that his idealized country was imaginative. (cümle ortasında)O idealindeki ülkenin hayali olduğu gerçeğini kabul etti.An alcoholic must accept the fact that there is a real problem (cümlesonunda)Bir alkolik, gerçekten bir problem olduğu gerçeğini kabul etmelidir.

8. Whether ile:Have you ever eaten snake? Hiç yılan yedin mi?He asked if / whether I had ever eaten snake. Benim hiç yılan yiyip yemediğimi sordu.Whether you have enough money or not isn’t my problem. Yeterince paran olup olmadığı benim sorunum değil.

C) Adverbial Clause’dan meydana gelebilir.

As heavy rain had been forecast for the area, ----. A) the resulting floods caused widespread hardshipB) I can't imagine why they neglected to take all necessary precautions to avoid floodingC) farm labours would have to work overtime and at weekendsD) record harvests are expected this yearE) they would presumably cancel the excursion to the ruins in the valley

YANIT: B

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

Some avalanches move no faster than 40 km per hour, ----.A) despite the fact that snow lying on a steep slope is always liable to avalancheB) even if the damage they did was minimal compared with the destruction caused by hurricanes and

earthquakesC) while others have been estimated to have a speed of about 300 km per hour

D) so that in such areas measures may be taken to prevent large avalanchesE) for the wind sometimes reaches a force almost equal to that of a tornado

YANIT: C

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

If energy can be produced efficiently by clean methods ----. A) most governments would have invested in themB) the production of coal had to be reducedC) a lot of firms might have been expected to contribute generouslyD) oil prices were expected to rise againE) then these methods should obviously be preferred

YANIT: E

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

----, there is enough food and water for everyone.A) If they had used their resources properlyB) Though nature would have been spoiledC) Unless we take care of our green fieldsD) If we learned to respect the environmentE) Provided that they are used well

YANIT: E

D) Comparison Clause SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

The better I know science ----.A) the more the outcome had seemed unpredictableB) I'm afraid I really can’t stand himC) I realized to what extent they had been involvedD) the more I like itE) the more reliable were the data

YANIT: D

E) Conjunctions-Connectors ve diğer yapılar:SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

----, it was not long before they could resume broadcasting. A) Since the maintenance team were on leaveB) Once the fault in the system had been foundC) However unwelcome the delay might beD) If only their permit had been renewedE) So long as the electrical supply remains stable

YANIT: B

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

Since these new printers weigh less than 900 grams, ----. A) their performance is invariably admirableB) they really deserve to be called portableC) they were readily available at all the best retailersD) most people have been misled by their priceE) the research team has already moved on to a new project

YANIT: B

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

----, despite the fact that we had received many warnings.A) Admittedly, he is extremely bored with his jobB) I still haven't forgiven himC) The others have always supported himD) Clearly he is not the only one to blameE) We repeatedly forgot about the fact of earthquake

YANIT: E

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST

01. A question that often arises when furniture is to be bought is ----.A) whether or not one is getting value for moneyB) that new designs will soon be coming inC) how the colour of the carpet would have been matchedD) to consult an interior designer who had had great experienceE) to what extent a reduction in the price could have been made

02. It is not wise to come between two people ----.A) that they were both interested in the same postB) who are quarrellingC) because they hadn’t realized how strong they wereD) although one had met the requirementsE) until both sides took the opportunity to settle their problem

03. They live so far out of the town ----.A) even though they enjoyed all the advantages of city lifeB) who have lost contact with so many good friendsC) as one can get there only by taking a taxiD) because the land they had bought was extremely cheapE) that they can rarely get to a concert or a theatre

04. Once the final draft of the contract is approved, ----.A) the United Nations agreed not to intervene any furtherB) the members of the two delegations would have worked out their differencesC) it will then be typed and submitted for ratificationD) the next stage was to estimate the costsE) a number of concessions were to be made by both sides

05. As the miners have called off the strike, ----. A) the daily coal production had increased considerablyB) the Coal Board is prepared to reconsider the proposals of the union leadersC) the chairman of the Coal Board expressed his satisfactionD) there would have been a sense of relief nation-wideE) the extent of the dispute was being ignored

06. ---- which allows you to overdraw on your account up to anagreed amount.

A) The company had made a bargainB) He got a loan from the bankC) The firm you work for would have come to an agreement with the bank on the sharesD) An overdraft is simply an agreement with your bankE) Some of your clients had complained about the low interest rates

07. ---- why their wages had not been raised as expected.A) One of the important changes made in the pay scheme concernsB) Even the secretaries have been disappointedC) The clerk was ordered by the judge himselfD) The major problem facing the new director right away involvesE) The employees were anxious to find out

08. After the new law comes into effect next month, ----.A) there will be a radical change in the structure of local administrationB) we should have prepared the way for a smooth political transitionC) the policy on industrial relations had to be abandoned

D) all the hospitals in the country had been made accountable to the Ministry of HealthE) the case may have been reconsidered

09. If energy can be produced efficiently by clean methods, ----.A) oil prices were expected to rise againB) the production of coal had to be reducedC) then these methods should obviously be preferredD) most governments would have invested in themE) a lot of firms might have been expected to contribute generously

10. I wished I hadn’t given him a job in the firm ----.A) although he is less efficient than I once assumedB) unless he makes a big effort to prove he can be usefulC) wherever a suitable vacancy may occurD) that my father was a founding memberE) when I saw him behaving in such an irresponsible manner

11. ----, I don’t think it will be able to hold off an attack of the rebels.A) As the war in Bosnia is drawing to its closeB) Until more troops were mobilisedC) Wherever there are skirmishes along the frontierD) Since our allies had promised more reinforcementsE) Unless the peace keeping force gets adequate reinforcements

12. ----, we will not stray from the basic policies that our party has always upheld.A) When the polling, which had been heavy, was overB) Although we are bitterly disappointed at the outcome of the recent electionsC) Whichever party got the majority of the votesD) Even if he had a landslide victoryE) Since the results of the elections came in so slowly

13. ----, the judge would almost certainly have been more lenient towards him.A) Despite the fact that he forgot the title indeedB) If only we could bribe one of the witnessesC) Had he admitted his part in the affair from the startD) While our lawyer was negotiating the terms of settlement with their lawyerE) Because the legal procedures make this unavoidable

14. ----, such a restrictive policy is likely to cause a lot of damage.A) As soon as the new managing director took up his positionB) Should the monetary situation have deterioratedC) In case the receipts turned out to be forgeriesD) Just as the world economy was picking upE) As far as the long term interests of the company are concerned

15. ---- that most of the evidence submitted by the plaintiff could not be sustained.A) In his appraisal of the case the lawyer reminded usB) As was expected, the witnesses were brought into the courtroomC) The judge himself has been accusedD) The trial has lasted long enoughE) The final verdict has still to be given16. So long as certain countries continue to shelter terrorists, ----.A) the hope of preserving international security was shelteredB) the United Nations should have taken suitable action against themC) the government had taken the matter to the Helsinki ConferenceD) the chances of eradicating terrorism unfortunately remain silentE) their aims would have been publicly condemned throughout the West

17. However relentlessly they pursue this policy of austerity, ----.

A) we would be determined to withstand any political pressureB) the country would have benefited from it enormouslyC) the masses were deprived of the opportunity to improve their living conditionsD) the opposition had denounced it vehementlyE) they will never manage to put the economy onto a better footing

18. Cars entail a great many expenses, ----.A) so long as one doesn’t use them excessivelyB) unless one could get a sufficient loan from the bankC) in case a number of people cannot afford themD) so its worth thinking carefully before buying oneE) however essential they were thought to be in business life

19. Undoubtedly, the life style we have today differs radically from that ----.A) which our parents knew B) one which had been vividly described before by various authorsC) because the Industrial Revolution would have brought about a major social transformationD) as long as a majority of the people still work on the landE) if the government’s wage policy leads to an improvement in working conditions

20. Unemployment continued to rise during the first half of the decade ----.A) even if the workers could have received additional fringe benefitsB) as the rate of inflation will go up accordinglyC) while most companies would have been badly hit by the recessionD) but thereafter stabilized at about six per centE) despite the fact that the volume of exports cannot be increased

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST

01- (A) Burada ‘whether or not’ yapısı gereklidir.

02- (B) Bir 'relative' yapısı olup burada 'people' +'who' relative pronoun yapısı uyumu aranmalıdır.

03- (E) that+ noun clause yapısı gereklidir.

04- (C) Burada ‘once’ bağlacı ile yapılan bir cümlecik gerekir. Tense uyumuna dikkat etmek gerekir.

05- (B) ‘As: -dığı için’ bağlacıyla başlayan bir cümlecik olduğundan anlam ve zaman uyumu bakımından ‘B’ şıkkı en doğru cevap olur.

06- (D) Bir "which relative clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir

tamamlayıcı ana cümleciğe gerek vardır.İlgi zamir.(which"in tanımladığı bir isme gerek duyulmakta. "your bank + which" yapısı. Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

07- (E) Bir "noun clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı / yan cümlecik yapısına gerek vardır. "to find out +why -noun clause" yapısı. Tense" uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

08- (A) Bir "time clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı ana cümleciğe gerek vardır. "after+present+future" yapısı. Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

09- (C) Bir "if clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı cümlecik yapısına gerek vardır. "If energy can be+ then these methods should obviously be" yapısı." Tense" uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

10- (E) Birinci cümlecik “Simple Past” yapıda olduğundan zaman uyumu ve anlam bakımından yine bir “Simple past” yapı gelmelidir.

11- (E) ‘unless: if not’ ile yapılmış 1.tip koşul cümlesi.

12- (B) Bir "adverbial clause of contrast" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı neden

Cümleciğine (although) gerek vardır. Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

Örnek: He bought me a lovely gift, although he can't really afford it.

13- (C) Bu cümle "3.tip koşul cümlesi"nin "inversion (devrik)" şeklidir.

"Had he admitted " = "If he had admitted, would (not) have + V3" gibi bir yapı bekleniyor. Doğru seçenek "C" şıkkıdır.

14- (E) Noun + to be V3… (-ilecek/-ılacak) yapısı: As far as the long term interests of the company are concerned……..

As far as I am concerned, I prefer the latter for the following argument.

15- (A) reminded us that……. “noun clause” yapısı.

16- (D) as long as/so long as (-diği sürece) yapısı.Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

17- (E) Burada zıtlık belirten bir bağlaca vardır. “However+adj (present) +future” yapısı gereklidir.

18- (D) Burada bir sonuç ifadesi gerekir.Bu da ‘so’ ile yapılır. 19- (A) Bir "which+ relative clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı ilgi cümleciğine

gerek vardır.

20- (D) ‘but …… bağlaç yapısı bileşik cümle yaparken uygundur.

6. VERİLEN DURUMA UYGUN DÜŞEN İFADE

İPUÇLARI1. Soru cümlesi genelde istenilen durumu anlatan bir yüklem, isim sıfat ya da zarf taşımaktadır. 2. Seçenekleri incelemeden önce, sizden ne istendiğini iyice belirleyin. Yani

A) Özür dileme, teklif etme, reddetme, kabul etme gibi durumlardan hangisine göre bir cümle üretmek gerekiyor?

B) Üretilecek cümle normal cümle mi, emir cümlesi mi yoksa soru cümlesi mi, rica cümlesi mi olabilir?3. Verilen şıklarda hangi belirgin yapılar/yüklemler/sıfatlar kullanılabilir? Örneğin, özür dileme ise sorry,

öneri ise Shall we / Let's / Why don't we / How about gibi.Seçenekleri inceleyin. İstenilen duruma uygun birden fazla cümle varsa, sorulan duruma en uygun olanını belirleyin.

4. Ifadelerin içinde en kibar, nazik ve verilen duruma uygun olanını seçiniz.

BU BÖLÜMDE SORULAN KONULAR

agreeing / disagreeing: fikir birliği / ayrılığıconsoling: teselli etmecriticizing: eleştirmedefending: savunmadisappointment: sıkıntıgiving advice/suggestions: tavsiye, önerigiving information: bilgi vermegiving instruction: talimat vermegiving permission: izin vermeinterrupting someone: birini engelleme / kesmeintroducing someone: birini tanıştırma

inviting: devet etmepersuading: razı etme, ikna etmerefusing: reddetmeregretting: pişman olmarequesting: rica etmestating opinions: fikir ileri sürmewarning: uyarıda bulunma….gibi.agreeing / disagreeing: fikir birliği / ayrılığıapologizing: özür dilemeasking for help: yardım isteme

SORU ÖRNEKLERİ:

1. Someone who is known to be rather unreliable in money matters comes to you asking for a loan. You refuse to give him a loan but want to do this in a kindly manner, making use of your family commitments. You say:

A) I do wish I could have helped out but I have to pay the children's school expenses this month and there will be nothing left over after that.

B) Yes, of course I will help you out; but you will have to pay me back at the beginning of next monthC) I thought I'd told you that I would never again lend you any moneyD) My father would be very angry if he knew what I was doingE) Why don't you ask your family to help you out? Surely they will

2. A friend has had a bad cough for several months. You think it is high time she consulted a doctor about it and you decide to impress on her the need to take the matter seriously. You say:

A) Do please go to the chemist's and get a bottle of cough mixtureB) You know as well as I do that a cough can be a sign of something more serious. Go and get it checked. C) Do what I do. Drink a glass of fresh grapefruit juice every morning. I'm sure it will do you goodD) The weather is getting warmer now so perhaps your cough will go awayE) I think you are coughing a bit less these days but I still think you should

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1

01. As an eminent scholar you have been invited to give a series of lectures in South America. Since recently you find you get tired easily, you feel the journey would be very exhausting for you; so, you decline the invitation, giving your reason at the same time. You say:

A) I’m afraid I cannot accept your kind invitation because, for a person at my age, the journey would prove too tiring.

B) I have to turn down the invitation since I understand it is unsafe to travel in your country.C) Thank you for the invitation but I no longer accept invitations that involve much travelling, as I cannot afford

the time.D) I would like to accept your invitation, but tell me first how much travelling is involved.E) Though I fear the journey will be rather tiring for me I will look forward to visiting South America.

02. You learn that a close colleague of yours in the Economics Department has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in economics. You feel thrilled for him and call immediately to congratulate him. He tells you that he doesn’t expect to receive the prize because there will almost certainly, be other candidates better than he is. Thereupon, to encourage him, you say:

A) You are probably right: You’ll just have to wait and see how it turns out.B) True. And after all one never knows how much the issue is affected by the politics.C) If I were you, I’d not raise my hopes too high.D) Surely you are one of the leading economists in the world and have as much chance as anyone else.E) You should have pleased that at least you’ve been nominated.

03. In the office there has been some criticism of the secretary on account of her manners. But you are more than satisfied with the quality of her work and so come to her defence, saying:

A) She may be sent off under the current disciplinary rules.B) She’s not as polite as may be expected of a perfect secretary, but as for efficiency she is superb.C) Obviously she lacks many of the qualities one looks for in a secretary.D) I know she always yells at people and does not behave herself.E) Her manners can be annoying and this makes her a difficult person to work with efficiently.

04. Your nephew has been offered several different jobs by various companies. He can’t make up his mind about which one to accept. So he comes to you for advice. You happen to know one of the companies well and feel sure it has a lot to offer. You say:

A) I don’t know much about the other companies but this one will give you excellent training and some useful benefits.

B) As far as I’m concerned all of the offers seem to be desirable. You can choose any one of them.C) With one exception, I feel they can all be recommended.D) I don’t think I’m in a position to advise you on all of the offers. But this I know should be avoided.E) I suggest you take the one that seems to offer better benefits.

05. As the chief organizer of a conference hosted by your university it is for you to introduce the first speaker who is a world famous scholar in his field, and happens also to be a former professor of yours. So in your introduction you say:

A) It gives me great pleasure to ask you to attend the conference and be the first speaker.B) I’m delighted you were able to join us, though not as a speaker, but of course we are hoping you will

participate in our discussion.C) This is great moment for me as I am privileged to welcome so many famous speakers.D) As your onetime student it is my privilege to welcome you as the most distinguished scholar in your field and

as the keynote speaker of the conference.E) What a surprise this is! It is wonderful to run into you here in this way.

06. A friend of yours, with excellent credentials, has not been offered the job he had applied for. You see that this has made him very discouraged and extremely upset. You want to help him regain his self-confidence, so you say to him:

A) If you can’t find anything better, I can probably try to take you into my company.B) I reckon you must have offended someone; after all, you aren’t very sensitive.C) This is not the end of the world; a person with your qualifications deserves better employment opportunities.D) After all, you ought to be more considerate of other people’s feelings.E) In this period of economic recession competition for executive posts is likely to continue for some time.

07. You’ve moved to a new house and are looking for a fairly large, original picture to hang near the front door. You have a friend whose taste you trust and who has a lot of friends in the art world. You think he can help you find something suitable, so you say to him:

A) I wish you’d keep an eye open for a picture that would look good on the wall by my front door.B) I don’t own a picture large enough to hang at the top of the stairs.C) The picture needn’t be large but it must be imaginative and colourful. I leave the rest to you.D) Should I commission someone to paint a picture to hang on that wall?E) How much would I have to pay for an original picture of the right size for this wall?

08. A neighbour is going to a big reunion dinner that you know your brother, who is a well-known local figure, will also attend. You think the two of them should meet, so you say:

A) My brother is sure to be there at the reunion, and I expect he’ll recognize you.B) If only I’d be going too, I would have introduced you to my brother.C) My brother is a lot like you, so it’s only natural that you should have got on well.

D) I’ve told my brother about your suggestion, and he seemed interested.E) My brother will also be there. Everybody knows him. So, do introduce yourself to him and give him my

greetings.

09. You are in charge of a team of scientists doing fieldwork in the mountains. However, your work has often been hampered by the wet weather, and you are worried that it may not be finished on time. As this cannot be permitted, you say to your team members:

A) Since the weather has been so bad, I don’t think it is wise to carry on with our work.B) Due to the adverse weather conditions, I’m afraid we are behind the schedule. We’ll have to make a much

bigger effort.C) Despite the bad weather, the work goes forward as planned.D) Given the weather conditions we have had so far, it is comforting to know that we have done a lot of work.E) Even though the weather has always been unsettled, it has affected our work very little.

10. At three o’clock today, you have an appointment with your dentist. However, your manager has called you to say that, at the meeting at three o’clock today, the board of directors would like to hear your expert opinion on the reorganization of the company. So, as you are required to attend this meeting, you have to cancel your appointment and say to your dentist:

A) I just can’t attend a board meeting when I’m in such pain with this tooth. Don’t you agree?B) I know I cancelled my 3 o’clock appointment with you for today, but now I find I can come.C) As far as I know there is no board meeting today, so 3 o’clock should suit me fine.D) I’ll have to cancel this appointment with you if they call a board meeting at that our.E) I’m very sorry I can’t make it today at three o’clock, as I’m obliged to attend a meeting of the board at that

hour.

11. Upon the publication of your new novel, which is politically quite provocative, you have caught the attention of the public, and many journalists have been trying to do interviews with you. Yet you wish to keep a low profile, and so turn down your requests. Again, you have been approached by a journalist for an interview, but you say:

A) I could not have predicted that my new novel would catch the public attention to such an extent; I’ve no objection to being interviewed.

B) I am very grateful for everyone’s interest, and you will be given plenty of time to interview me.C) I have been thrilled by the public reception of my new novel, and I’m always delighted to meet the press.D) Thank you for your interest in my novel, but I want to keep out of the public eye.E) I have always had a very high respect for journalists; certainly it is a privilege for me to be interviewed by

them.

12. Today is the birthday of your thirty-year-old brother, who, with his family, lives in another town. You have always been very fond of him, but you have not seen him for quite a long time. So, you call him and say:

A) Many happy returns. I wish I were there with you and your family to celebrate your birthday. I’ve missed you a lot.

B) Congratulations to all concerned, You deserved itC) You must be feeling relieved. Now, take my advice and relax a bit.D) This is just to wish you many happy returns. I expect you and your family will come to see me when you are

on leave.E) I just wanted to wish you a happy birthday. I have the time and the means, I’ll drop by.

13. You are the sales manager of a housing company and, as such, have the task of promoting a new set of reasonably-priced villas in a pleasant setting. When approached by a prospective buyer for more information, you say:

A) That particular house was built ten years ago but is in remarkably good condition.

B) You may find the price of our villas somewhat exorbitant, but they are set in a lush green landscape and have breath-taking views.

C) No detail has been overlooked in our villas which have full resort amenities and are aimed at our privileged well-to-do clients.

D) These villas are charmingly placed, with mountains behind them and lovely views of the sea. Moreover, they are good value for your money.

E) At present house prices are falling, so it is a good time for making a purchase.

14. Recently you have seen the film version of Henry James’s celebrated novel The Portrait of A Lady. You have been much impressed by the quality of the film and in particular the vitality and force of the presentation, for you have found reading the novel very hard going. In conversation with a friend who has not seen the film you say:

A) It’s one of the best films I’ve seen for a long time, even though the story is rather superficial and tedious.B) I very rarely enjoy a film of a novel that has given me pleasure.C) I certainly enjoyed the film The Portrait of A Lady far more than the novel as it really brings the story alive.D) The film, The Portrait of A Lady, changes Henry James’s story beyond recognition.E) The film doesn’t follow the novel very closely but it is quite enjoyable to watch.

15. You have a vintage car which has to be handled with great care and really needs expert attention. You ask a friend of yours to advise you on where to take it. You say:

A) As you know, not every car repairer can serve a vintage car. Do you know anyone who can?B) You are good with cars. How about having a look at my vintage one?C) I am looking a new place for the servicing of my vintage car, since I am not satisfied with the present one.D) Have you ever dreamed of owning a vintage car? The only problem is getting them serviced.E) I am afraid I will have to get rid of this vintage car; it is so hard to get it served, and so expensive

16. At the executive committee meeting of the company, several members have voiced their unease at the adverse effect to the recession on profits. So, as the chairman you want to dispel this gloomy atmosphere, and say:

A) I also feel disappointed by the situation, but let’s not discuss it now.B) Are you trying to tell me that the recession will continue well into next year?C) I admit that sales as present are a little a lower than usual, but we have every reason to expect an increase

in the second half of the years.D) Are you quite sure that the figures you have been given by the several departments do really reflect what’s

happening?E) We must introduce stringent measures straightaway if we are preventing a worsening of the situation.

17. A few of your paintings are to be on show at an exhibition to be opened next week. You want to give an open invitation to all of your colleagues in the department, and say:

A) The exhibition I am holding next week is to raise money for charity. So I am hoping it will be very crowded.B) If anyone interested in the exhibition of my works, let me know and I will get you an invitation.C) There will be another exhibition, next week, of the works of amateur artists like myself. You will find it

enjoyable.D) I think you all know my paintings are going to be exhibited, starting Tuesday next week. I hope to see you all

there.E) This is the first time my works are going on exhibition, so, naturally, I am very excited.

18. You have just returned for international conference. Frankly, you were rather dissatisfied with the quality of many of the papers presented. As your return, when your colleagues inquire about the conference, you admit to being disappointed and say:

A) Had you been there, you would have been as enthusiastic about proceedings as I was.B) I was really shocked by the lack of interest shown by the great majority of participants.C) It was thrilling experience just to be with so many specialists in our field.D) Like any other international conference, this turned out to be extremely exhausting.E) Actually, several of the presentations fell short of my expectations.

19. As a professor of management you have been approached by the director of a bank for your opinion of a candidate who was formerly one of your students. So, you want to reassure him and say:

A) Though he has a calm manner which may be misleading, he is actually dynamic, creative and resourceful.

B) Yes, he has shortcoming; but you have a good in-training programme, don’t you?C) As far as I recall, in my courses, I expected more from him than he was late to give.D) It seems to me that the post on offer really requires very special skills.E) I suggest you screen a wide range of candidates before deciding on anyone.

20. You managed a fairly large supermarket and feel you have lost customers recently due to the late delivery of the goods you have ordered. You are extremely angry at this negligence and write a stiff note of complaint to the wholesalers. In the note you say:

A) This is to inform you that, if I am to keep my customers, you must deliver goods at least twice a week. B) If only you’d sent to goods in time, my customers would have had far more choice.C) I feel you should be warned that customers are not at all satisfied with the quality of the goods delivered.D) Your irresponsibility in this matter has damaged my trade. Just make sure it doesn’t happen again.E) Your delivery system is no longer as efficient as it used to be; you really must do something to improve it.

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1

01- (A) Davet edildiğiniz uzak bir konferansa gitmemek için en uygun cevap yaşınızı ve yolun uzaklığını mazeret olarak bildirmek olacaktır.

02- (D) Nobel ödülüne aday olan bir arkadaşınıza moral vermek için söyleyebileceğiniz en uygun ifade “D” şıkkındadır.

03- (B) Sekreterinizi savunmak için söyleyebileceğiniz söz “B” şıkkındaki ifadedir.

04- (A) Yeğeninize tanıdık bir firmada iş ayarlamak için ona söyleyebileceğiniz teklif cümlesi “A” şıkkındaki gibi olacaktır.

05- (D) Konferansta bir sunucu olarak meşhur bir konuşmacı aynı zamanda kendi hocanız olan bir profesörü tanıtıyorsunuz. Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "D" şıkkıdır.

06- (C) Çok iyi özellikleri olan bir arkadaşınız başvurduğu işe kabul edilmiyor. Kendine güvenini kazanması için ne söylersiniz. Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "C" şıkkıdır.

07- (A) Yeni taşındığınız eve bir tablo arıyorsunuz. Bu konuda bilgili bir arkadaşınızın yardımını istiyorsunuz. Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "A" şıkkıdır.

08- (E) Bir komşunuz bir ziyafet verecek ve tanınmış biri olan erkek kardeşinizin de onunla tanışmasını istiyorsunuz. Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "B" şıkkıdır.

09- (B) Arazide yaptığınız bir çalışmanın kötü hava şartları nedeniyle bitirilmesi zorunluluğunu en iyi şekilde üyelere ‘B’ şıkkında verildiği gibi ifade edilir.

10- (E) Dişçinize olan randevunuzu erteleme zorunluluğunuzu en iyi şekilde üyelere “E” şıkkında verildiği gibi ifade edersiniz.

11- (D) Kamu oyunda yer almamak için bir gazetecinin mülakat teklifini reddettiğinizi “E” şıkkında verildiği gibi ifade edersiniz.

12- (A) Uzakta olan erkek kardeşinizin doğum gününü kutlamak için telefonda söylenebilecek sözleri en iyi “A” şıkkında verildiği gibi ifade edersiniz.

13- (D) Uygun fiyata satacağınız villalar için bir müşteri adayını ikna etmek için en uygun ifade “D” şıkkında verildiği gibi olacaktır.

14- (C) Ünlü bir romanın filmini kendisinden daha fazla beğendiğinizi bir arkadaşınıza en iyi “C” şıkkında verildiği gibi ifade edersiniz.

15- (A) Eski antika bir arabayı tamir ettirmek için arkadaşınızdan bilgi istiyorsunuz. En kibar ifade “A” dır.

16- (C) Bir tartışma ortamını gevşetmek için en uygun ifade “C” olur.

17- (D) Arkadaşlarınızı kendi serginize davet etmek için en uygun ifade “D” olur.

18- (E) Beğenmediğiniz bir konferans hakkında yapacağınız en uygun yorum “E” şıkkındaki ifade olacaktır.

19- (A) Bir öğrencinizi bir göreve uygun gördüğünüzü en iyi “A” şıkkındaki ifadeyle söyleyebilirsiniz.

20- (D) Burada bir şikayet etme ifadesi yer alacaktır. En uygunu “D” olur.

Most people can prepare lettuce salad or other foods (1) ---- written directions. But many foods, including cakes and sauces, (2) ---- well (3) ---- prepared according to a recipe. Many cookbooks with a wide variety of recipes are available. Recipes also appear on food packages and in many magazines and newspapers. This article discusses basic principles of planning meals and preparing food. Some cookbooks give general tips on (4) ---- topics in addition to providing recipes. A beginner should first try simple recipes and meals and (5) ---- go on to more difficult ones.

1. A) without B) for C) by D) on E) about

2. A) won’t turn out B) won’t ask for C) won’t make for D) won’t put out E) won’t put up

3. A) as B) sinceC) even D) unless E) if

4. A) for B) one C) ones D) other E) both

5. A) after B) before C) then D) early E) later

Many people oppose the death penalty, chiefly (6) ---- they consider it cruel. Critics also warn (7) ---- the risk of executing mistakenly convicted people. Supporters of capital punishment believe

that, in certain circumstances, people (8) ---- take human life deserve to lose their own lives. Many supporters argue that the threat of death discourages crime more (9) ---- than the threat of prison does. But studies have shown no unusual increase in murders (10) ---- the death penalty is abolished.

6. A) because B) although C) as if D) though E) even

7.A) forB) of C) out D) in E) over

8. A) what B) who C) why D) whose E) where

9.A) honestlyB) effectively C) nervouslyD) hesitantlyE) hurriedly

10.A) whileB) when C) since D) for E) If

Inflation has many causes. It may result if consumers demand (11) ---- goods and services than businesses

1 - 5. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

6 - 10. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

11 - 15. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

can produce. Inflation may also occur (12) ---- employers grant wage increases that exceed gains in productivity. The employers pass most or (13) ---- the cost of the wage increase along to consumers by charging higher prices. A government can try to control inflation by increasing taxes, raising interest rates, decreasing the money supply, reducing government spending, (14) ---- setting limits on wages and prices. But the government's task is difficult, chiefly (15) ---- it may trigger a recession when it attempts to reduce inflation.

11. A) most B) many C) more D) much E) as many

12. A) if B) unless C) while D) since E) lest

13. A) neither B) both C) some D) all of E) either

14. A) and

B) or C) for D) so E) since

15. A) because of B) though C) even if D) despite E) because

Taxes are as old as government. The general level of taxes (16) ---- through the years, depending on the role of the government. In modern times, many governments--especially in advanced industrial countries--have rapidly expanded their roles and taken on new responsibilities. (17) ----, their need for tax revenue has become great. Through the years, people have (18) ---- protested against tax increases. In (19) ---- situations, taxpayers have favored keeping services at current levels or reducing them. Voters have defeated many proposals for tax increases (20) ---- state and local governments.

16. A) varied B) has varied C) varies D) is varied E) will be varied

17. A) Such as B) That is C) For D) As a result E) In any case

18. A) frequently B) essentially C) collectively D) physically E) aimlessly

19. A) that B) the C) so D) these E) some

20. A) with B) by C) through D) across E) for

Astronomy is an ancient science. Like today's researchers, ancient scholars based their ideas of the universe on (21) ---- they observed and measured and on their understanding of why objects move as they do. (22) ----, the ancients developed some incorrect ideas (23) ----the relationships between Earth and the objects they saw in the heavens. One reason for their errors (24) ---- that they did not understand the laws of motion. For example, they did not know that a force--which we

16 - 20. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

21 - 25. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

know as gravitation--controls the movements of the planets. (25) ---- reason was that their measurements did not reveal the movements of the planets in sufficient detail.

21. A) where B) how C) whose D) whom E) what

22. A) Owing to B) However C) Because D) In spite of E) Since

23. A) about B) on C) upon D) over E) towards

24. A) were B) is C) are D) has been E) was

25. A) That B) For C) Others D) Once E) Another