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Year 12 exam questions

Organise your notes, summarise into dot points or mind maps, revise and then attempt the exam questions…

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Short cuts to remembering

Measurements of health status:

Madeleine Marie Chaplin

or

Mum doesn’t like ice-cream, mum buys healthy yogo pops instead.

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Groups at risk of ill health

• Jack and Jill went up the hill to meet an aboriginal. Jack fell down and lost his money and Jill’s assets came tumbling after.

• Determinants of health• BAGEL

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How do we measure health?• Measurements of health status• What is health• Health status• Mortality rates• Life expectancy• Healthy life expectancy• Health adjusted life expectancy• Years of life lost• Morbidity data• Prevalence• Incidence• Burden of disease• Dalys• Infant Mortality

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Health status – how do we measure health?

Who definition

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Definitions of health measurements

Mortality rates

Life expectancy

Healthy life expectancy

Health adjusted life expectancy

Years of life lost

Morbidity data

prevalence incidence Burden of disease

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Exam question1

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Answer plan question 1a and1b

• Draw a Venn diagram to show the differences between males and females on the graph.

• Why do more males than females suffer from some diseases?

• Why do more females than males suffer from some diseases?

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Answer to question 1a

• Males- high incidence of injury, e.g. traffic accidents, suicide, drug abuse, e.g alcohol and heroin. Also high in mental disorders, e.g. schizophrenia.

• Females – high incidence in depression, social phobia and eating disorders

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Answer to question1b

• Road traffic accidents are high for males because of their risk taking behaviour, eg. speed and drug use.

• Suicide and depression are high for males because men are less likely to communicate emotions, and more likely to hide feelings. Women seek help more often.

• Eating disorders for females are high because women are pressured to conform to unrealistic body images.

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What factors affect our health?

• The determinants of health• Biomedical factors – relate to the way the body works• Lifestyle and behavioural factors• Genetic factors• Environmental factors• physical environment• social environment• economic environment• political background• Education• attitudes

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Remembering the Determinants of Health

• B – biomedical factors

• A – attitudes, knowledge and beliefs

• G - genetics

• E – environmental and social factors

• L – lifestyle and behaviours

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Biomedical factorshow do they affect health?

High cholesterollevels

High bloodpressure

overweight

High blood Glucose

levels

Biomedical factors

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What are the lifestyle and behavioural factors that affect

health?

Add your own

Add your own

Add your own

Add your own

Add your own

Add your own

smoking

Add your own

Lifestyle andBehavioural

factors

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Exam question 3

a. Discuss the contribution of lifestyle and behaviour choices to burden of disease in Australia, as indicated in the graph above. (4 marks)b. Select an area of the National Health Priority Areas for Australia that is reflected by Statistics above. Outline a health promotion initiative that has focused on one of theserisk factor areas. (6 marks)

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answer plan 3a

Which factors are lifestyle choices?

Tobacco Physical inactivity

Overweight and obesity

Lack of fruit and vegIllicit drugsOccupationUnsafe sex

There are two factors that are affected by

lifestyle but are also Environmental.

These are hypertension and high blood cholesterol

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Answer plan 3a.

Factors influencingMen more than

women

TobaccoOverweight

obesity

Lack of fruit and veg

High bloodcholesterol

Illicit drugsOccupationUnsafe sex

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Answer to exam question 3

• a. Eight out of the ten risk factors are related to lifestyle choices. Hypertension and cholesterol are partly due to genetics.

• For men, drug use is markedly higher than for women, while females have higher risk from not exercising.

• b.NHPA areas include Cardiovascular health – an initiative would be the promotion of healthy foods in school canteens and sport participation in schools to reduce levels of obesity in children.

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Groups who are at risk of ill health in Australia

• Indigenous and Torres Strait Islanders

• Socioeconomically disadvantaged

• Rural and Remote population groups

• Men and women

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How to remember the four groups

• Jack and Jill (men and women)• Went up the hill (rural and remote)• To meet an aboriginal (Aboriginal and

Torres Strait Islanders)• Jack fell down and lost his money and Jill

came tumbling after (low socio economic/poor)

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Tick the boxFactors that influence

Health

Socio-economically disadvantaged groups

Rural and remote

population

Indigenous Australians

Males

Smoking

obesity

Physical activity

Lower

Excessive drinking

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Factors that influence health

Socio-economically disadvantaged groups

Rural and remote populations

Indigenous Australians

Men and women

stress

Social isolation

Despair

Less likely to listen to health promotion messages

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Factors that influence health

Socio-economically disadvantaged groups

Rural and remote populations

Indigenous Australians

Men

accidents

Lower access to health care

Lack of fresh food, higher cost of food

Low income

Fewer employment opportunities

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Factors that influence health

Socio-economically disadvantaged groups

Rural and remote populations

Indigenous Australians

Men and women

Drought, floods and other environmental factors

Poorer housing and living conditions

discrimination

Poor nutrition

suicide

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Factors that influence health

Socio-economically disadvantaged groups

Rural and remote populations

Indigenous Australians

Men and women

Risk takers

Less health knowledge and less likely to adopt healthier lifestyle

Less likely to seek medical advise

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Nutrition status can be defined as the state of health of an individual or group in relation to their nutrient intake.

Nutrition status is measured by:-

• Food consumption surveys: These measure food being consumed or available to be consumed

• Nutrition surveys- measure food and drink intake of a population and analyse the nutrient content

• Body mass index – measures the amount of body fat on a person

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Nutrients required for hard and soft tissue, energy, blood and their food sources

• Put the information into a table so that you can look at the similarities and differences between the nutrients………………..

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nutrient protein calcium iron water Vit C

Hard tissue

nutrients

Essential component of cells

For hardening of bones

Soft tissue nutrients

Essential component of cells

Connective tissue

Nutrients required for blood

Haemoglobin and red blood cells

haemoglobin Major component of blood

Utilisation of iron for haemoglobin

Nutrients required for energy

Food sources

Stage of the lifespan required

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nutrient Folate Carbohydrates

Simple/complex

fat B group Vitamins

B12

Hard tissue

nutrients

Soft tissue nutrients

Development of genetic material in cells

Cell membraes

Nutrients required for blood

Formation of red blood cells

Formation of red blood cells

Nutrients required for energy

Food sources

Stage of the lifespan required

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nutrient Iodine Vit A phosphorus Vit D

Hard tissue

nutrients

Soft tissue nutrients

Nutrients required for blood

Nutrients required for energy

Food sources

Stage of the lifespan required

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Remembering nutrients

• Hard tissue Fine Dentists and chiro-• A Vit A practors cuddle patients• D Vit D• C Vit C• C Calcium • P Protein• P Phosphorus• F flouride

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Remembering nutrients

Soft tissue Fat people carry frogs across water orFat Funny Wet CAP• Protein • Vit C• Water • Folate• Fats• Vit A

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Remembering nutrients

Production ofBlood I can pick 12 wet frogs• Iron• Vitamin C• Protein• B12• Water• Folate

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Remembering nutrients

• Iron

• Water

• Carbohydrates

• Fats

• B group vitamins

• Protein

I want cereal for brekky please

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Exam question 5

• Andrew, aged 17 has come to spend the year with his aunt and uncle in another city. His aunt is surprised by how much Andrew eats compared to her own son, Richard aged ten.

a. Compare and contrast the nutrient requirements of Andrew and Richard (6 marks)

b. Briefly outline what differences there might be

in nutritional requirements for the two boys in 10 years time. (6 marks)

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Answer plan for 5a

• Draw a Venn diagram showing the similarities and differences between the nutritional requirements for both boys.

Answer plan for 5b

What are the factors that influence energy requirements?

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Answer for question 5.a) Changes in energy requirements in adolescence are

due to:Growth spurt – body size, height, weight and high activitylevels.b) Factors that influence energy requirements are:Gender – boys have higher BMR due to higher ratio of

muscle to fatGrowth – different rates between childrenHormones – variation in hormones regulating metabolismPhysical activity – variation in exercise levelsState of Health – high energy use required to fightinfection.Emotional well – being: stress levels affect energy use.

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What is the role of nutrients in the following diseases:-

• Cardiovascular disease

• Obesity (not a disease but a condition)

• Type 2 diabetes

• Anaemia

• Dental caries

• Osteoporosis

• Colo-rectal cancer (colon cancer)

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Match the nutrient with the disease

• Cardiovascular disease

• Anaemia• Obesity• Dental caries• Osteoporosis• Colo-rectal cancer

(colon cancer)• Type 2 diabetes

• Low Iron• Saturated fats• Low fibre• Sugar• Salt• Low Calcium• Lack of exercise