Yearbook ICJ

8/12/2019 Yearbook ICJ

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Node vente: 1037ISSN 0074-445XISSN 978-92-1-170088-6


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Yearbook

2010-2011

No. 65

I.C.J. - THE HAGUE - 2011

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE


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PRINTED IN FRANCE


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In March 1947 the International Court of Justice instructed theRegistrar to publish a Yearbook providing general information concerningits organization, jurisdiction, activities and administration.

The present volume sixty-fifth of the series covers the period from1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.

Seeking to strengthen complementarity between the Yearbookand theCourts other informational media, in particular its website and AnnualReport, the Registrar ensures that the Yearbookis regularly updated andexpanded, notably in order to enhance its instructional and explanatoryrole.

The Yearbook is produced by the Registry and in no way involves theresponsibility of the Court; in particular, the summaries of judgments,advisory opinions and orders contained in Chapter VI cannot be quotedagainst the actual texts of those judgments, advisory opinions and ordersand do not constitute an interpretation of them.

Philippe C,

Registrar of the Court.


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VII

IntroductionPage

I. Basic texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1. Charter of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Statute of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

(a)Text of the Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

(b)States parties to the Statute. . . . . . . . . . 2

3. Rules of Court and Practice Directions . . . . . . . 2

(a)Rules of Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

(b)Practice Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4. Resolution concerning the Internal Judicial Practice of the

Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

II. Proceedings brought before the Court . . . . . . . . 4

1. New applications and requests . . . . . . . . . . 4

2. Public hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3. Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter I. Organization of the Court

I. Members of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1. Composition of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . 72. Changes in the composition of the Court in 2010-2011 . . 8

3. Former Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Court . . . 8

4. Former Members of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . 9

II. Judges ad hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

III. Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1. Chamber of Summary Procedure . . . . . . . . . 11

2. Chambers provided for in Article 26, paragraph 1, of the

Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3. Chambers formed under Article 26, paragraph 2, of the

Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4. Provisions in the Rules relating to Chambers . . . . . 12

IV. Assessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

IV. The Registrar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12VI. Privileges and immunities . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Chapter II. Biographies of judges

II. Members of the Court on 31 July 2011 . . . . . . . 14

II. Members of the Court who resigned during the period under

review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

III. Judges ad hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chapter III. Jurisdiction of the Court

I. Jurisdiction in contentious cases . . . . . . . . . 95

1. States entitled to appear before the Court . . . . . . 95

(a) States Members of the United Nations . . . . . . 95

(b) States, not Members of the United Nations, parties

to the Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100(c) States, not parties to the Statute, to which the Court

may be open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

2. Basis of the Courts jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . 103

(a) Special agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

(b) Cases provided for in treaties and conventions . . . 103

(c) Declarations recognizing the jurisdiction of

the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

(d) Forum prorogatum . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

(e) Remarks concerning jurisdiction . . . . . . . . 106

(i) The Court itself decides any question as to its juris-

diction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

(ii) Jurisdiction of the Court after a judgment . . . 106

(1)Interpretation of a judgment . . . . . . 106

(2)Revision of a judgment . . . . . . . . 106

II. Advisory jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

III. Texts governing the jurisdiction of the Court . . . . . 108

Instruments governing the relationship of organs of the

United Nations and international organizations with the

Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

1. United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

2. Specialized agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

3. Related organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Chapter IV. Functioning of the Court and its Registry

I. Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115II. Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

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(b) Official communications . . . . . . . . . 129

(c) Minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

(d) General List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

2. Procedure in contentious cases . . . . . . . . . 130

(a) Institution of proceedings and appointment of

agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

(b) Written proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . 130

(c) Oral proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

(d) Deliberations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

(e) Judgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

(f)Expenses and costs . . . . . . . . . . . 134

3. Occasional rules in contentious cases . . . . . . . 134

(a) Provisional measures . . . . . . . . . . . 134

(b) Joinder of proceedings . . . . . . . . . . 134

(c) Preliminary objections . . . . . . . . . . 135

(d) Counter-claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

(e) Intervention, presentation of information . . . . 136

(f) Default, settlement, discontinuance . . . . . . 136

(g) Execution, interpretation or revision of judgments . 136

(h) Special reference to the Court . . . . . . . . 137

4. Procedure in advisory proceedings . . . . . . . . 137

(a) Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

(b) Written and oral proceedings . . . . . . . . 138

(c) Deliberations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

(d) Advisory opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385. Practice Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

IV. Occasional functions entrusted to the President of the

International Court of Justice . . . . . . . . . 143

1. International instruments providing for appointment

of arbitrators, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

2. Other requests for appointment of arbitrators . . . 144

3. Other appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Chapter V. Work of the Court in 2010-2011

I I. Proceedings before the Court . . . . . . . . . . 145

A. Contentious cases . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

1. Gabkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 145

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2. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v.Demo-

cratic Republic of the Congo). . . . . . . . 146

3. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo

(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda). . 157

4. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v.

Serbia). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

5. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.Col-

ombia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

6. Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic

of the Congo v. France) . . . . . . . . . 173

7. Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) . . . . . . 175

8. Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) . 176

9. Application of the International Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

(Georgia v. Russian Federation). . . . . . . 177

10. Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September

1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

v. Greece) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

11. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v.

Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

12. Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute

or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) . . . . . 197

13. Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil

and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzer-

land) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

14. Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan). . 20515. Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Niger) 206

16. Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the

Border Area (Costa Rica v.Nicaragua). . . . 207

17. Requestfor Interpretation of the Judgment of 15

June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of

Preah Vihear (Cambodia v.Thailand) (Cambodia

v.Thailand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

B. Request for Advisory Opinion . . . . . . . . 223

Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of

the International Labour Organization upon a Comp-

laint Filed against the International Fund for Agricul-

tural Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

II. Peace Palace Museum . . . . . . . . . . . 227

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III. Visits and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

A. Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

1. Visit by H.E. Mr. Prasobsook Boondech, President

of the Senate of the Kingdom of Thailand . . . 227

2. Visit by H.E. Mr. Dag Terje Andersen, President

of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Norway . . 227

3. Visit by H.E. Mrs. Mary McAleese, President of

Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

4. Other visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

B. Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

1. Third Open Day at the Court . . . . . . 228

2. Exhibition The International Court of Justice:65 Years of Serving Peace Held in the Atrium of

The Hague City Hall . . . . . . . . . . 229

IV. Annual Reportand representation of the Court at the

seat of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . 229

V. Other speeches, conferences and publications on the

work of the Court. . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

VI. Action pursuant to decisions of the Court . . . . . 231

VII. Applications from private persons . . . . . . . 231

Annexes

Annex 1: Chronological survey of proceedings before the Court

since 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Annex 2: Former Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Court . 242Annex 3: Former Members of the Court . . . . . . . . 244

Annex 4: Cases in which judges ad hochave been appointed . . 247

Annex 5: Chambers formed under Article 26, paragraph 2, of the

Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Annex 6: Cases submitted by Special Agreement . . . . . 257

Annex 7 (A): Questions of consent: Prior to the introduction of

Article 38, paragraph 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Annex 7 (B): Questions of consent: After the introduction of

Article 38, paragraph 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Annex 8: Acceptance of the Courts jurisdiction in virtue of the

rule offorum prorogatum . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Annex 9: Requests for interpretation . . . . . . . . . 261

Annex 10: Applications for revision . . . . . . . . . . 262Annex 11: Advisory opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

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Annex 12: Instructions of the Registry (since 1946) and Staff

Regulations for the Registry (since 1947) . . . . . . . 264

Annex 13: Former Registrars and Deputy-Registrars of the

Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Annex 14: Revised budget for the biennium 2010-2011 . . . 266

Annex 15: Witnesses and experts . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Annex 16: Provisional measures . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Annex 17: Preliminary objections. . . . . . . . . . . 271

Annex 18: Questions of jurisdiction and/or admissibility . . . 273

Annex 19: Counter-claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Annex 20: Applications for permission to intervene under Arti-

cles 62 and/or 63 of the Statute . . . . . . . . . . 275

Annex 21: Judgments and orders delivered in the absence of

One of the Parties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Annex 22: Discontinuance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Annex 23: President Hisashi Owadas speech to the General

Assembly on 28 October 2010. . . . . . . . . . . 278

Annex 24: President Hisashi Owadas speech to the Security

Council on 27 October 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Annex 25: President Hisashi Owadas speech to the Sixth Com-

mittee of the General Assembly on 29 October 2010 . . . 299

Annex 26 (A): History (1996-2008) of the United Nations

General Assembly resolutions on Legality of the Threat of

Use of Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Annex 26 (B): Full text of General Assembly resolution A/RES/

56/76 of 8 December 2010 on the Advisory Opinion of the

International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threator Use of Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . 310

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1

INTRODUCTION

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), which has its seat in TheHague (Netherlands), is the principal judicial organ of the UnitedNations. It was established by the Charter of the United Nations in June1945 and began its activities in April 1946. Of the six principal organs ofthe United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York.

It had as its predecessor the Permanent Court of International Justice(PCIJ), which was instituted by the League of Nations in 1920 and wasdissolved in 1946.

The Court is composed of 15 judges elected for a nine-year term by

the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations.Independent of the United Nations Secretariat, it is assisted by a Registry,its own international secretariat, whose activities are both judicial anddiplomatic, as well as administrative. The official languages of the Courtare English and French.

Also known as the World Court, it is the only court of a universalcharacter with general jurisdiction. The Court has a two-fold role: first,to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submittedto it by States (its judgments have binding force and are without appeal);and, second, to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to itby duly authorized United Nations organs and agencies of the system.

I. BASICTEXTS

The basic texts of the Court are the Charter of the United Nations andthe Statute of the Court. Other texts are the Rules of Court and thePractice Directions supplementing them, as well as the resolutionconcerning the internal judicial practice of the Court.

These texts can be found on the Courts website, under the headingBasic Documents. They are also published in the volume I.C.J. Actsand Documents No. 6 (2007).

1. Charter of the United Nations

The International Court of Justice was brought into being by theCharter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco on 26 June 1945.The Charter deals with the Court in Article 7, paragraph 1, Article 36,paragraph 3, and Articles 92-96, which form Chapter XIV.


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INTRODUCTION2

2. Statute of the Court

(a)Text of the Statute

The text of the Statute was based upon that of the PCIJ. Themodifications, a list which can be found in the I.C.J. Yearbook 1946-1947(pp. 101-102), were few in number, most of them being formal adaptationsdesigned to take account of the replacement of the League of Nations bythe United Nations.

The text of the Statute, which was also signed in San Francisco on26 June 1945, is annexed to the Charter, of which it forms an integralpart. According to Article 69 of the Statute, amendments to thatinstrument can be made using the same procedure as is provided foramendments to the Charter (see Articles 108 to 109). It may also beamended in accordance with proposals made by the Court itself (seeArticle 70 of the Statute).

No amendments have so far been made to the Statute.

(b) States parties to the Statute

The question of the status as a party to the Statute of the Court isgoverned by Article 93 of the Charter. To date 193 States are parties tothe Statute (these are listed in Chapter III, pp. 95-100 of this Yearbook).

3. Rules of Court and Practice Directions

(a)Rules of Court

Article 30 of the Statute provides that the Court shall frame rules forcarrying out its functions. In particular, it shall lay down rules of

procedure.The first Rules of Court were adopted on 6 May 1946, and werepublished in the volume I.C.J. Acts and Documents No. 1(second edition,pp. 54-83). They were based on the latest text of the Rules of thePermanent Court, that of 11 March 1936, with certain changes, formaland substantive, a list of which was given in I.C.J. Yearbook 1946-1947(pp. 102-103).

Although the Rules remained unchanged from 1946 to 1972, a revisionwas undertaken by the Court in 1967. On 10 May 1972, the Courtadopted some amendments of immediate interest, involving, in particular,the partial renumbering of certain articles (a table of concordance waspublished in I.C.J. Yearbook 1971-1972, pp. 3-11). The amended andpartly renumbered Rules came into force on 1 September 1972 (publishedin the volume I.C.J. Acts and Documents No. 3,pp.93-149).

The work of revision was subsequently resumed, and culminated on

14 April 1978 in the adoption of a new set of Rules, which came intoforce on 1 July 1978. They were first published in I.C.J. Acts and


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BASICTEXTS 3

Documents No. 4 concurrently with the I.C.J. Background Note V, entitledNote by the Registry on the Revised Rules of Court (1978), indicatingthose articles modified and containing a table of concordance comparingthe new Rules to those of 1972 (published in the I.C.J. Acts and DocumentsNo. 3 (1972)). For additional background information, the reader isreferred to pages 111-119 of the I.C.J. Yearbook 1977-1978, whichcontains an analytical table comparing the structure of the new set ofRules to those of the 1946 and 1972 sets, and a table of concordancebetween the specific articles of the 1946, 1972 and 1978 Rules of Court.

It was not until 2000 that the Court amended the Rules of Court again.On that occasion, two articles were amended, namely Article 79, relatingto preliminary objections, and Article 80, relating to counter-claims1.

In 2005, the Court again amended the Rules, first Article 52 andsubsequently Article 43. That same year, the Court adopted a newprocedure for the promulgation of modifications to its Rules (see

I.C.J. Acts and Documents No. 6, p. 91).The text of the Rules of Court, as amended to date, can be found on

the Courts website under the heading Basic Documents. It is alsopublished in the volume I.C.J. Acts and Documents No. 6, pp. 91-159).

(b) Practice Directions

As part of the ongoing review of its procedures and working methods,in October 2001 the Court decided to adopt Practice Directions for useby the States appearing before it. In so doing, it wished to more effectivelydeal with the congested state of its List and the budgetary constraintsfacing it. These Practice Directions involve no alteration to the Rules ofCourt, but are additional thereto.

The original text was made up of six Directions (numbered I to VI).It was supplemented in 2002 by the adoption of Practice Directions VII

and VIII in February of that year and by Direction IX in April.In July 2004, wishing to further enhance its productivity, the Court

adopted Directions X, XI and XII. It also modified Direction V.Two years later, in 2006, two new Directions were adopted (numbered

IXbis and IXter) and two others were amended (IX and XI).Lastly, the Court adopted Practice Direction XIII in January 2009,

when it modified Practice Directions III and VI.These changes to the text of the Practice Directions are set out in detail

in the Yearbooks corresponding to the date of their adoption. The textof the Practice Directions currently in force can be found in Chapter IVof this Yearbook, p. 139 and on the Courts website under the headingBasic Documents (with a note of any temporal reservations).

1 They came into force on 1 February 2001. The Rules of Court as adopted in 1978 havecontinued to apply to all cases submitted to the Court prior to 1 February 2001, and all phasesof those cases.


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4. Resolution concerning the Internal Judicial Practice of the Court

In accordance with Article 19 of the Rules of Court, [t]he internaljudicial practice of the Court shall . . . be governed by any resolutionson the subject adopted by the Court. The resolution currently in forcewas adopted on 12 April 1976. It can be found on the Courts websiteunder the heading: Basic Documents/Other Texts. It can also be foundin the volumeI.C.J Acts and Documents No. 6,pp. 175-183.

It should nevertheless be noted that the Court remains entirely free todepart from the present resolution, or any part of it, in a given case, ifit considers that the circumstances justify that course.

II. PROCEEDINGSBROUGHTBEFORETHECOURT

The first case entered in the General List of the Court (Corfu Channel

(United Kingdom v. Albania)) was submitted on 22 May 1947.Betweenthen and 31 July 2011 the Court has had to deal with a total of 150 cases,i.e., 124 contentious cases and 26 advisory procedures (the full list of allthe proceedings is annexed to this Yearbook, Annex 1, p. 234). In total,the Court has rendered 107 Judgments and 26 Advisory Opinions.

1. New Applications and Requests

During the period under review in this Yearbook, the Court receivedseveral requests. Costa Rica instituted proceedings before the Courtagainst Nicaragua on 18 November 2010 and requested the Court toindicate provisional measures. In a request filed on 13 January 2011,Greece asked for permission to intervene in the case concerningJurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greeceintervening). Lastly, on 28 April 2011, Cambodia made a request for

interpretation of the Judgment rendered by the Court on 15 June 1962in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v.Thailand). At the same time, it requested the indication of provisionalmeasures.

2. Public Hearings

Between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011, the Court held publichearings in five cases. First, it held hearings in September 2010, on thepreliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation in the caseconcerningApplication of the International Conventionon the Eliminationof All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation).Then, in October 2010, it held separate hearings on the Applications forpermission to intervene submitted by Costa Rica and Honduras in thecase concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.

Colombia); thereafter, in January 2011, it held hearings on the requestfor the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica in


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the case concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in theBorder Area (Costa Rica v.Nicaragua).The Court also held hearings inMarch 2011 in the case concerning Application of the Interim Accord of13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v.Greece)and in May 2011 on the request for the indication of provisionalmeasures submitted by Cambodia in the case concerning the Request forInterpretation of the Judgment of 15June 1962 in the Case concerning theTemple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v.Thailand) (Cambodiav. Thailand).

3. Decisions

During the period between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011, the Courtdelivered four Judgments, one on the merits (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)), another onpreliminary objections (Application of the International Conventionon the

Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. RussianFederation)) and two on Applications to intervene (Territorial andMaritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application for Permission toIntervene by Honduras and Application for Permission to Intervene byCosta Rica).

Ten Orders were delivered, two following requests for the indicationof provisional measures (in the cases concerning Certain Activities CarriedOut by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)and theRequest for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Caseconcerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand)(Cambodia v. Thailand)); two others were Orders directing the removalof a case from the General List (Certain Criminal Proceedings in France(Republic of the Congo v. France) and Jurisdiction and Enforcement ofJudgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland)).

Another Order related to Greeces Application for permission to intervenein the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v.Italy: Greece intervening). The final five Orders, three of which weremade by the President of the Court, concerned the fixing or extension oftime-limits for the filing of pleadings.

*

Proceedings pending before the Court during the period under review:

Title Dates

(a) Contentious

GabkovoNagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1993-

Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. DemocraticRepublic of the Congo) 1998-

PROCEEDINGSPENDING 5


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Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo(Democratic Republic of the Congo v.Uganda) 1999-

Application of the Convention on the Prevention andPunishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v.Serbia) 1999-

Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.Colombia) 2001-

Certain Criminal Proceedings in France(Republic of the Congo v.France) 2003-2010

Maritime Dispute (Peru v.Chile) 2008-

Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v.Colombia) 2008-

Application of the International Convention on theElimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination(Georgia v.Russian Federation) 2008-2011

Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995(the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v.Greece) 2008-

Jurisdictional Immunities of the State(Germany v.Italy: Greece intervening) 2008-

Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite(Belgium v.Senegal) 2009-

Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civiland Commercial Matters (Belgium v.Switzerland) 2009-2011

Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v.Japan) 2010-

Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010-

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaraguain the Border Area (Costa Rica v.Nicaragua) 2010-

Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear

(Cambodia v.Thailand) (Cambodia v.Thailand) 2011-(b) Advisory

Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of theInternational Labour Organization upon a Complaint Filedagainst the International Fund for Agricultural Development 2010-


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CHAPTERI8

The Members of the Court are elected for nine years, one-third of thetotal number of judges being elected every three years; they may bere-elected (Statute, Art. 13). In the event of a vacancy, an election is heldand the new judge holds office for the remainder of his predecessorsterm (Statute, Arts. 14 and 15). Though replaced, Members of the Courtfinish any cases they have begun (Statute, Art. 13, para. 3).

As required by Article 7 of the Statute, the Secretary-General of theUnited Nations prepares for each election a list of the persons nominatedin accordance with Articles 5 and 6. The Members of the Court areelected by the General Assembly and the Security Council of the UnitedNations, proceeding independently of each other and simultaneously(Statute, Arts. 8-12). The States parties to the Statute of the Court whichare not Members of the United Nations take part in the election by theGeneral Assembly in the same manner as Members of the United Nations(General Assembly resolution 264 (III) of 8 October 1948; see Chap. III,p. 100, below).

Members of the Court elected during the same session of the GeneralAssembly whose terms of office begin on the same date take precedenceaccording to seniority of age; Members elected at a previous session takeprecedence; in the event of immediate re-election a Member retains hisformer precedence (Rules, Art. 3, paras. 2-4).

The Court elects its President and Vice-President; they are both electedfor three years and take precedence over the other judges (Statute, Art. 21,para. 1; Rules, Art. 3, para. 5, Arts. 10-14, Art. 18, para. 2, and Art. 32).

2. Changes in the Composition of the Court in 2010-2011

Judge Thomas Buergenthal resigned with effect from 6 September 2010.A seat thereby having fallen vacant, the General Assembly andthe Security Council of the United Nations on 9 September 2010 electedMs Joan E. Donoghue (United States of America) as a Member of the

Court with immediate effect. Pursuant to Article 15 of the Statute of theCourt, Judge Donoghue will hold office for the remainder of JudgeBuergenthals term, which will expire on 5 February 2015.

Judge Donoghue was sworn in officially, along with Judge Xue, at apublic sitting which took place on Monday, 13 September 2010. It is tobe recalled that Mrs. Xue Hanqin was elected on 29 June 2010. SeeI.C.J. Yearbook 2009-2010, pp. 19-20.

3. Former Presidents and Vice-Presidentsof the Court

A full list of all former Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Court,including their terms in office, can be found in Annex 2, p. 242 of thisYearbookand on the ICJ website under the heading: The Court/Membersof the Court/Presidency.


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ORGANIZATIONOFTHECOURT 9

4. Former Members of the Court

A full list of all former Members of the Court, including theirnationalities and terms in office, can be found in Annex 3, p. 244 of thisYearbookand on the ICJ website, under the heading: The Court/Membersof the Court/All Members.

II. JUDGESADHOC

If in a case the Court, or a chamber of the Court, includes upon theBench a judge of the nationality of one of the parties, any other partymay choose a person to sit as judge; similarly, if the Court or the chamberincludes upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of the parties, eachof these parties may choose a judge (Statute, Art. 31; Rules, Arts. 7-8,Art. 17, para. 2, Arts. 35-37, Art. 91, para. 2, and Art. 102, para. 3,

Practice Direction VII). Should there be several parties in the sameinterest they are reckoned for this purpose as one party only (Statute,Art. 31, para. 5; Rules, Art. 36 and Art. 37, para. 2).

A judge ad hocdoes not necessarily have to have (and often does nothave) the nationality of the designating State.

The following list contains the names of the judges ad hocappointed tocases currently pending before the Court (unless otherwise indicated, theyheld the nationality of the appointing party). The full list of all judges adhoc can be found in Annex 2, p. 247 of this Yearbook and on the ICJwebsite, under the heading: The Court/Judges Ad Hoc/All Judges Ad Hoc.

Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic ofthe Congo). Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui (Algeria) was chosen by theRepublic of Guinea and Mr. Auguste Mampuya KanunkA-Tshiaboby the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Following the resignationof Mr. Bedjaoui, on 10 September 2002, Mr. Ahmed Mahiou (Algeria)was chosen by the Republic of Guinea.

Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic ofthe Congo v.Uganda). Mr. Joe Verhoeven (Belgium) was chosen bythe Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mr. James L. Kateka(Tanzania) was chosen by Uganda.

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of theCrime of Genocide (Croatia v.Serbia).Mr. B. Vukas was chosen byCroatia and Mr. M. Krea by Serbia.

Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). Mr. YvesL. Fortier (Canada) was chosen by Colombia and Mr. MohammedBedjaoui (Algeria) by Nicaragua. Following the resignation of

Mr. Fortier, Colombia chose Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot (France). Following theresignation of Mr. Bedjaoui, Nicaragua chose Mr. Giorgio Gaja (Italy).


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Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v.France).Mr. Jean-Yves De Cara (France) was chosen by the Republic of theCongo. Judge Abraham having recused himself under Article 24 of theStatute of the Court, Mr. Gilbert Guillaume was chosen by France.

Maritime Dispute (Peru v.Chile). Mr. Gilbert Guillaume (France) waschosen by Peru. Mr. Francisco Orrego Vicua was chosen by Chile.

Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia). Mr. Ral EmilioVinuesa (Argentina) was chosen by Ecuador. Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot(France) was chosen by Colombia.

Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Formsof Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation). Mr. GiorgioGaja (Italy) was chosen by Georgia.

Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former

Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece). Mr. Budislav Vukas(Croatia) was chosen by Macedonia and Mr. Emmanuel Roucounaswas chosen by Greece.

Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v.Italy: Greece intervening).Mr. Giorgio Gaja was chosen by Italy.

Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgiumv. Senegal). Mr. Philippe Kirsch (Belgium/Canada) was chosen byBelgium and Mr. Serge Sur (France) was chosen by Senegal.

Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matter(Belgium v. Switzerland). Mr. Fausto Pocar (Italy) was chosen byBelgium and Mr. Andreas Bucher was chosen by Switzerland.

Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v.Japan). Ms Hilary Charlesworthwas chosen by Australia.

Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger). Burkina Faso chose Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot and Niger chose Mr. Ahmed Mahiou.

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (CostaRica v. Nicaragua). Costa Rica chose Mr. John Dugard and Nicaraguachose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume.

Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Caseconcerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand)(Cambodiav. Thailand).Cambodia chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaume andThailand Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot.


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III. CHAMBERS

1. Chamber of Summary Procedure

The Statute (Art. 29) provides that, with a view to the speedy despatchof business, the Court shall form annually a Chamber composed of fivejudges which, at the request of the parties, may hear and determine casesby summary procedure. The Court also selects two judges for the purposeof replacing judges who find it impossible to sit in the Chamber. UnderArticle 15 of the Rules of Court, the President and Vice-President aremembers of this Chamber ex officio, the other members and the substitutesbeing elected. The Chamber of Summary Procedure has never as yet beencalled upon to meet.

The Chamber of Summary Procedure is at present composed as follows:President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Simma andSeplveda-Amor, Members; Judges Skotnikov and Greenwood, Substitute

Members.

2. Chambers Provided for in Article 26, Paragraph 1,of the Statute

The Statute (Art. 26, para. 1) provides also that the Court may fromtime to time form one or more chambers, composed of three or morejudges, as the Court may determine, for dealing with particular categoriesof cases: for example, labour cases and cases relating to transit andcommunications. Cases are heard and determined by these chambers ifthe parties so request.

In 1993, the Court established a Chamber for Environmental Matters,which was periodically reconstituted until 2006. In the Chambers 13 yearsof existence, however, no State ever requested that a case be dealt withby it. The Court consequently decided in 2006 not to hold elections tore-elect a Bench for the said Chamber.

3. Chambers Formed under Article 26, Paragraph 2, of the Statute

The Statute (Art. 26, para. 2) provides that the Court may form achamber to deal with a particular case, the number of judges consti tutingsuch a chamber being determined by the Court with the approval of theparties.

Chambers of this kind have been formed at the joint request of theparties to deal with six cases. For the full list of these cases, including anindication of the date on which the respective Chamber was constituted,the names of its members and the dates that the Chambers were dissolved,please see Annex 5, p. 255 of this Yearbook.


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4. Provisions in the Rules relating to Chambers

Articles 15-18 and 90-93 of the Rules of Court contain the provisionsrelating to chambers.

IV. ASSESSORS

Article 30, paragraph 2, of the Statute and Article 9 of the Rules ofCourt provide that the Court may, eitherproprio motu or upon a requestmade not later than the closure of the written proceedings, decide, forthe purpose of a contentious case or request for advisory opinion, toappoint assessors to sit with it, without the right to vote. The chambersalso have the power to appoint assessors.

These provisions have so far never been applied.

V. THEREGISTRAR

The Court appoints its Registrar (Statute, Art. 21, para. 2; Rules,Art. 22).

The present Registrar is Mr. Philippe Couvreur (see Chap. IV, p. 116,below).

VI. PRIVILEGESANDIMMUNITIES

Article 19 of the Statute provides: The Members of the Court, whenengaged on the business of the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privilegesand immunities.

In the Netherlands, pursuant to an exchange of correspondencebetween the President of the Court and the Minister for Foreign Affairs,

dated 26 June 1946, they enjoy, in a general way, the same privileges,immunities, facilities and prerogatives as Heads of Diplomatic Missionsaccredited to Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands (I.C.J. Acts andDocuments No. 6, pp. 205-211). In addition, in accordance with the termsof a letter dated 26 February 1971 from the Minister for Foreign Affairsof the Netherlands, the President of the Court takes precedence over theHeads of Mission, including the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, who isimmediately followed by the Vice-President of the Court and thereafterthe precedence proceeds alternately between Heads of Mission and theMembers of the Court (ibid., pp. 215-217).

By resolution 90 (1) of 11 December 1946 (ibid., pp. 211-215), theGeneral Assembly of the United Nations approved the agreementconcluded with the Government of the Netherlands in June 1946 andrecommended that . . . if a judge, for the purpose of holding himselfpermanently at the disposal of the Court, resides in some country other

than his own, he should be accorded diplomatic privileges and immunitiesduring the period of his residence there and that


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14

CHAPTER II

BIOGRAPHIES OF JUDGES

Biographies of judges who held office in the period 1 August 2010 to31 July 2011 will be found below.

I. M C 31 J 2011

President Hisashi O

(Member of the Court since 6 February 2003;President of the Court since 6 February 2009)

Born in Niigata, Japan, on 18 September 1932.B.A., University of Tokyo (1955). LL.B., Cambridge University (1956).

D. Phil. (honoris causa), Keiwa University, Japan (2000). LL.D. (honoriscausa), Banaras Hindu University, India (2001), Waseda University,Japan (2004) and Groningen University, the Netherlands (2009).

Honorary Professor, Leiden University. Professor and AcademicAdviser, Hiroshima University. Professor, New York University GlobalLaw School. Membre, Institut de droit international (2001). Member,Permanent Court of Arbitration. Honorary Member, American Societyof International Law. Former President and Honorary President, AsianSociety of International Law. Member Emeritus, Japanese Society ofInternational Law. Member, Executive Council, International LawAssociation. Honorary Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge.

Entered the Foreign Service of Japan, Legal Department, Ministry ofForeign Affairs in 1955. Private Secretary to the Minister for Foreign

Affairs of Japan (1971-1972). Private Secretary to the Prime Minister ofJapan (1976-1978). Director General, Treaties Bureau (Principal LegalAdviser), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1984-1987). Ambassador,Permanent Representative of Japan to the OECD (1988-1989). DeputyMinister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1989-1991). Vice-Minister forForeign Affairs of Japan (1991-1993). Ambassador, PermanentRepresentative of Japan to the United Nations (1994-1998). SpecialAdviser to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan (1998-2003).President of the Japan Institute of International Affairs (1999-2003).Senior Adviser to the President of the World Bank (1999-2003).

Adjunct Professor of International Law, University of Tokyo (1963-1988). Visiting Professor of International Law, Harvard Law School (1979-1981, 1987, 1989, 2000-2002). Inge Rennert Distinguished Visiting Professorof International Law, New York University Law School (1994-1998).Adjunct Professor of International Law, Columbia Law School (1994-1998). Professor, the Hague Academy of International Law (1999). Professor

of International Law, Waseda University Graduate School (2000-2003).Visiting Fellow Commoner, Trinity College, Cambridge (2002).


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Member of the Japanese delegation to the Second United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea (1960). Alternate Representative ofJapan to the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties (1968-1969). Head of the Japanese delegation to the Committee on PeacefulUses of the Sea Bed and Ocean Floor (1968-1972). Head of the Japanesedelegation to the Legal Sub-Committee of the United Nations Committeeon Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (1968-1970). Head of the Japanesedelegation to the United Nations Special Committee on Friendly Relations(1968-1970) and Chairman of the Drafting Committee (1970). Rapporteurof the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, Twenty-Fifth Session (1970). Member of the Japanese delegation to the UnitedNations General Assembly, Twenty-Third to Twenty-Fifth Sessions(Sixth Committee) (1968-1970). Alternate Representative of Japan to theUnited Nations General Assembly, through Twenty-Seventh to Twenty-Eighth Sessions (1972-1973). Alternate Representative of Japan to the

Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973-1982).Adviser to the Japanese delegation to the United Nations GeneralAssembly, Thirty-Ninth to Forty-First (1984-1986) and Forty-Fourth toForty-Fifth Sessions (1989-1990). Representative of Japan to the UnitedNations General Assembly, Forty-Ninth through Fifty-Third Sessions(1994-1998). Representative of Japan to the World Summit for SocialDevelopment in Copenhagen (1994). Representative of Japan to theFourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (1995). Representativeof Japan to the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, Organizationof African Unity, 31st to 33rd Sessions (1995-1997). Representative ofJapan to the General Assembly of the Organization of American States(1996). Representative of Japan to the United Nations Security Council(1997-1998), and its President (1997-1998). Representative of Japan tothe Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (1997-1998).Representative of Japan to the Summit Meeting of the Non-Aligned

Movement (1998). Head of the Japanese delegation to the United NationsDiplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International CriminalCourt (1998).

Honours: Humanitarian Studentship in International Law, CambridgeUniversity (1958-1959). Al-Istiqlal Order, First Degree, Hashemite Kingdomof Jordan (1990). Officier, Lgion dhonneur, France (1992). Grand Crossof the Order of Merit, Federal Republic of Germany (1994).

Major publications include: The Practice of Japan in International Law1961-1970, edited by Shigeru Oda and Hisashi Owada with the assistanceof Kozuya Hirobe, University of Tokyo Press, 1982; From Involvementto Engagement The New Direction of Japanese Foreign Policy, (ToshiShuppan Publishers), 1994 (in Japanese); Diplomacy, NHK Press, 1996 (inJapanese); For Peace and Scholarship A Message from The Hague2008(in Japanese), and other numerous articles on international law andinternational organizations.


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Vice-President Peter T

(Member of the Court since 6 February 2003; Vice-President of theCourt since 6 February 2009; Acting President in the cases concerning

Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)(2009-2010) andWhaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan)(since June 2010))

Born in Bansk Bystrica, Slovakia, on 1 June 1956.LL.M. (summa cum laude), Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague

(1979). Doctor juris (International Law), Charles University (1981). Ph.D.in International Law, Charles University (1985). Faculty of InternationalLaw and International Relations, Kiev, Ukraine (1982). Institut du droitde la paix et du dveloppement, Nice, France (1984-1985). Institute ofInternational Public Law and International Relations, Thessaloniki,Greece (1985). Hague Academy of International Law (1988).

Assistant Legal Adviser (1986-1990); Head of the Public International

Law Division (1990-1991), Ministry of Foreign Aff

airs, Prague. Counsellorand Legal Adviser (1991-1992), Permanent Mission of Czechoslovakia tothe United Nations. Ambassador, Deputy Permanent Representative(1993-1994), and Ambassador, Acting Permanent Representative ofSlovakia to the United Nations (1994-1997). Legal Adviser and Directorof the International Law Department (1997-1998); Director General forInternational Legal and Consular Affairs and Legal Adviser (1998-1999),Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bratislava, Slovakia. Ambassador, PermanentRepresentative of Slovakia to the United Nations (1999-2003).

Chairman of the United Nations Committee on the Applications forReview of the Judgements of the Administrative Tribunal (1991). Vice-Chairman of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the United Nations GeneralAssembly (1992). Chairman of the Working Group on the United NationsDecade of International Law (1995). Chairman of the Meeting of theStates Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(1996). Vice-President of the Sixth Meeting of the States Parties to theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1996). Chairman ofthe Sixth (Legal) Committee of the Fifty-Second Session of the UnitedNations General Assembly (1997). Vice-Chairman of the PreparatoryCommittee for the International Criminal Court (1998). President of theNinth Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Conventionon the Law of the Sea (1999). Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee onthe International Convention against the Reproductive Cloning ofHuman Beings (2002). Member of the Ambassadorial Panel of Expertsto advise the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (2002).

Member (1999-2003), Second Vice-Chairman (2000), Chairman of theDrafting Committee (2001), United Nations International LawCommission.

Delegate of Czechoslovakia to the XXVth International Conference ofthe Red Cross, Geneva (1986).

Representative of Czechoslovakia to the Preparatory Commissionfor the International Sea Bed Authority and the International Tribunal


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for the Law of the Sea (1987-1992). Alternate Representative ofCzechoslovakia in the United Nations General Assembly, Forty-Sixthand Forty-Seventh Sessions, and Adviser at the Forty-Fifth Session(1990-1992). Representative of Czechoslovakia in the Sixth Committee(1990-1992). Head of the delegation of Czechoslovakia to the Meeting ofthe States Parties to the Antarctic Treaty, Madrid (1991). Head of thedelegation of Czechoslovakia to the CSCE Meeting of Experts on thePeaceful Settlement of Disputes in Europe, Valletta, Malta (1991).Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations General Assembly,Forty-Eighth to Fifty-Seventh Sessions (1993-2002), and Deputy Head ofdelegation at the Forty-Ninth to Fifty-First and Fifty-Fourth to Fifty-Seventh Sessions. Representative of Slovakia in the Sixth Committee(1993-2002). Representative of Slovakia to the Preparatory Commissionfor the International Sea Bed Authority and the International Tribunalfor the Law of the Sea (1993-1994). Head of the delegation of Slovakia

to the Assembly of the International Sea Bed Authority (1994-1996).Alternate Head of the delegation of Slovakia to the DiplomaticConference on the Establishment of the International Criminal Court(1998).

Agent of Slovakia before the International Court of Justice in the caseconcerning the Gabkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) (1993-2003).

Expert of Slovakia in the ICSID case No. ARB/97/4, eskoslovenskobchodn banka (CSOB) v. Slovak Republic before the InternationalCentre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (Jurisdiction) (1997-1999).

Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (since 1994). Arbitratorin the Iron Rhine (Belgium/Netherlands) case (2003-2005) and the Requestfor Interpretation of the Award of the Arbitral Tribunal (2005).

On the list of arbitrators nominated under Annex VII to the United

Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (since 2004) and at theInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (since 2005).Member or President of several ad hoc annulment committees and arbitraltribunals. Member of the Court of Arbitration in the Indus WatersKishenganga Arbitration(Pakistanv. India)(2010-).

Chairman of the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public InternationalLaw, Council of Europe (2001-2002); Vice-Chairman (1999-2000).

Legal Adviser of the Czechoslovak delegation at the negotiations onthe withdrawal of Soviet military forces from Czechoslovakia (1989-1990). Legal Adviser of the Czechoslovak delegation at the negotiationsconcerning the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact (1991).

Lecturer (1980-1984), Senior Lecturer (1984-1991), Public InternationalLaw, Charles University, Prague. General Course on Public InternationalLaw, Institute of International Relations, Comenius University, Bratislava(1998-1999).

Member (1981-1992) and Secretary (1986-1991) of the CzechoslovakSociety of International Law. Member (1988-2001) and Secretary (1988-


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1991) of the Czechoslovak Branch of the International Law Association(ILA). Member (since 1982) and Honorary President (since 2003) of theSlovak Society of International Law. Member of the American Societyof International Law (since 2000). Member of the European Society ofInternational Law (since 2004). Member of the International ArbitrationInstitute (since 2005). Member, Board of Editors of the journal Prvnk(The Lawyer), published by the Czechoslovak Academy of Science(1990-1991).

Member of the Supervisory Board of Telders International Law MootCourt Competition (since 2006). Member of the Board of ActaUniversitatis Carolinae-Iuridica (since 2008). Member of the AdvisoryBoard of the International Institute of Air and Space Law, LeidenUniversity (since 2008).

Member of the Advisory Board of the Czech Yearbook of InternationalLaw(since 2009). Member of the Scientific Council of Charles University

Law School (since 2010).Author of a doctoral thesis on the Codification of International Law(Charles University, Prague, 1984) and of a series of articles in Slovakand Czech on forms of codification of international law, the InternationalCourt of Justice, the peaceful resolution of international disputes inEurope, the establishment of the International Criminal Court, the DraftCode of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind; co-authorof a collection of Documents for the Study of the Law of the EuropeanCommunities (1991). Publications in English and French: The FirstSite Visit of the International Court of Justice in Fulfilment of Its JudicialFunction, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 92, 1998(co-author with S. Wordsworth); Major Complexities Encountered inContemporary International Law-Making, Making Better InternationalLaw: The International Law Commission at 50, 1998; The Special Agree-ment, Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda (N. Ando, E. McWhin-

ney and R. Wolfrum, eds.), Vol. I, 2002; La Cour internationalede Justice en tant que lOrgane judiciaire principal des NationsUnies, Commentaire sur larticle 92 de la Charte, La Charte des NationsUnies, Commentaire article par article (J.-P. Cot and A. Pellet, eds.),3rd ed., Vol. II, 2005; Comment on the Unity and Diversity of Inter-national Law in the Settlement of International Disputes, Unity andDiversity in International Law (A. Zimmermann and R. Hofmann, eds.),2006; Are States Liable for the Acts of Their Instrumentalities?, StateEntities in International Arbitration (E. Gaillard, ed.), 2008. Elettron-ica Sicula case (United States of America v. Italy), Max PlanckEncyclopedia of Public International Law (R. Wolfrum, ed.), OxfordUniversity Press, online edition, 2008. Fisheries Jurisdiction cases (UnitedKingdom v. Iceland; Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland), Max PlanckEncyclopedia of Public International Law (R. Wolfrum, ed.), OxfordUniversity Press, online edition, 2008. Frontier Dispute case (Burkina

Faso/Republic of Mali), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public InternationalLaw (R. Wolfrum, ed.), Oxford University Press, online edition, 2008.


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Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land case (Belgium/Netherlands), MaxPlanck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (R. Wolfrum, ed.),Oxford University Press, online edition, 2008.

Judge Abdul G. K

(Member of the Court since 6 February 1994; re-elected as from6 February 2003)

Born in Freetown, Sierra Leone.LL.M. (Honours), Kiev State University; Master of Philosophy

(International Law), Kings College, University of London; Hon. LL.D.,University of Sierra Leone; Barrister-at-Law, Honorary Bencher,Honourable Society of Lincolns Inn, London; Honorary Professor,Gujarat National Law University, Gujarat, India.

As a Barrister and Legal Practitioner of the High Court of Sierra

Leone, was appointed Special Adviser to the Attorney-General andMinister of Justice. Served as Legal Adviser to the Permanent Missionof Sierra Leone to the United Nations. Served as AmbassadorExtraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Sierra Leone to the United Nations,New York, while concurrently accredited as High Commissioner ofSierra Leone to Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, and Ambassador tothe Republic of Korea (Seoul) and Cuba (1981-1985).

Served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Belgium,France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands while concurrently accreditedto the European Communities and to the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (1985-1988). Served asAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Sierra Leone to theOrganization of African Unity (OAU ) with concurrent accreditation toEthiopia, Kenya, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia (1988-

1992); also accredited to Republic of Korea (Seoul) and HighCommissioner to Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago (1988).As delegate to the General Assembly, served on the Sixth Committee

(Legal) from 1977 to 1994 and was elected Chairman. Also served asdelegate of Sierra Leone to the following United Nations bodies: theSpecial Committee on the Review of the Charter and on the Strengtheningof the Role of the Organization; the United Nations Commission onInternational Trade Law (UNCITRAL); the United Nations Committeeon the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space; the United Nations Programme ofAssistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciationof International Law; served as Chairman of the United Nations SpecialCommittee on the granting of independence to colonial countries andpeoples (Committee of 24); headed various United Nations missions onthe observance of the exercise of the right of self-determination in variousnon-self-governing territories. Served on the Bench of the International

Court of Justice since 1994.Represented Sierra Leone at many plenipotentiary conferences, inclu-


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International Institute of Humanitarian Law, San Remo; Member of theInstitute of International Law; Member of the Committee of Experts onthe Application of Conventions and Recommendations, InternationalLabour Office (Geneva); Member of the Advisory Board of the ManchesterJournal of International Economic Law; Member of the Scientific AdvisoryBoard of the Cologne Commentary on Space Law, Institute of Air andSpace Law, University of Cologne; Member of the Advisory Board ofthe Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies (JIHLS) sinceMay 2009.

Awarded the Order of the Commander of the Rokel by the Governmentof Sierra Leone for outstanding professional service (1991), the InternationalInstitute of Humanitarian Law Prize for the Promotion, Disseminationand Teaching of International Humanitarian Law (2005) and the Orderof Grand Officer of the Republic of Sierra Leone (the highest nationalaward) in recognition of his service to the nation in the field ofinternational law and international justice as a judge at the InternationalCourt of Justice (2007).

Author of a thesis on the Settlement of Territorial and BoundaryDisputes in Africa (University of London). Among articles published:Humanitarian Intervention and Contemporary International Law,Swiss Review of International and European Law, No. 4 (1995); ThePeaceful Settlement of International Disputes, Netherlands InternationalLaw Review, Vol. XLIII, 1996-1997; 50th Anniversary of the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights: Human Rights and InternationalHumanitarian Law, International Review of the Red Cross, 1998; TheInfluence of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Africa FiftyYears after Its Adoption A Legal Perspective, Africa Legal AidQuarterly, 1998; International Justice in Relation to the InternationalCourt of Justice, Thesaurus Acroasium, Vol. XXVI, Thessaloniki;Implementation of the Law of the Sea Convention through ItsInstitutions: An Overview, in D. Vidas and W. streng (eds.), Order forthe Oceans at the Turn of the Century; The Humanitarian Consequencesof Small Arms Proliferation, Paper delivered under the auspices of theHenry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue; The Future of theCommon Heritage of Mankind, 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea,published by the Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu;Provisional Measures in Disputes between African States before theInternational Court of Justice, in The International Legal System inQuest of Equity and Universality, Liber Amicorum Georges Abi-Saab , ed.by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Vera Gowlland-Debbas, 2001;Social Justice and the Role of an International Judge, Paper deliveredat the Colloquium on Social Justice and International Law in Honour ofProfessor Georges Abi-Saab, 2001; Book Review on Human Rights inAfrica Series, ed. Professor Christof Heyns, Leiden Journal of InternationalLaw, 2001; Africas Place in the International Justice System, Paperdelivered at the 643rd Wilton Park Conference: Justice in Africa, 2001;

Refugees: A Continuing Challenge, Paper delivered at the 25th RoundTable on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, Inter-


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Member of the Arab International Law Commission (1982-1989).Member of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Prevention of

Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1984-1993). Chairman ofthe Sub-Commission (1993).

Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on thehuman rights dimensions of forcible population transfer.

Chairman of Commission IV, UNESCO General Conference (1993).Member of the International Law Commission (1986-1999).Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (since 1999).Arbitrator in the Government of Sudan/The Sudan Peoples Liberation

Movement/Army (Abyei Arbitration) (2008-2009).Member of the International Law Association, Chairman of the

Committee on Islamic Law and International Law (since 2003).Member of the Board of Editors, Palestine Yearbook of International

Law.

Member of the Council of the Centre of Islamic and Middle EasternLaw at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Lectured and participated widely in academic seminars at various

universities, including Oxford, Cambridge, London, Geneva, Abu Dhabi,Zanzibar and universities in Jordan.

Publications: Three reports on the human rights dimensions of forciblepopulation transfers, to the Sub-commission on Prevention ofDiscrimination and Protection of Minorities (1993-1997); GeneralPrinciples and Methods for Executing a New Convention, in Environ-mental Protection and the Law of War, London, New York, 1992; TheInternational Law Commission and Middle East Waters, in Water inthe Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, London,New York, 1995.

Honours: Istiqlal Order, First Class (1993); Kawkab Order, First Class(1996); Nahda Order, First Class (1996) (Jordan). Lgion dhonneur,

Grand Officier (1997) (France).

Judge Bruno S

(Member of the Court since 6 February 2003)

Born in Quierschied (Saar), Germany, on 29 March 1941.Doctorate of Law, University of Innsbruck, Austria (1966). Doctorate

honoris causa of the University of Macerata, Italy (2006) and of theUniversity of Innsbruck (2011).

Practice at the Bar in Innsbruck (1967). Assistant at the Faculty ofLaw, University of Innsbruck (1967-1972). Universittsdozent (venialegendi) for International Law and International Relations, Innsbruck(1971). Professor of International Law and European Community Law,Director of the Institute of International Law, University of Munich(1973-2003). Lecturer for International Law at the Training Centre for

Junior Diplomats, German Federal Foreign Ministry (1981-1989).Visiting Professor at the University of Siena, Italy (1984-1985). Visiting


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Professor (1986 and 1995), Professor of Law (1987-1992), Member of theAffiliate Overseas Faculty (since 1997) and William H. Cook Global LawProfessor of the University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, UnitedStates (on leave during tenure at the International Court of Justice).Lecturer (1995), Director of Studies (1976 and 1982) at the HagueAcademy of International Law. Dean of the Munich Faculty of Law(1995-1997).

Member of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social andCultural Rights (1987-1996). Member of the United Nations InternationalLaw Commission (1996-2003). Member of the Advisory Boards onInternational Law and on United Nations Issues of the German FederalForeign Ministry (until 2002).

Was actively engaged in the following cases before the InternationalCourt of Justice: Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon andNigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) as counsel

for Cameroon (1994-2002); LaGrand (Germany v. United States ofAmerica) as Co-Agent and counsel for Germany (1999-2001); and CertainProperty (Liechtenstein v. Germany) as counsel for Germany (2001-2002).

Arbitrator in the Iron Rhine Arbitration between Belgium and theNetherlands (2003-2005); and in the Kishengangacase between Pakistanand India (2011). Presiding Arbitrator and Member of arbitral tribunalsin a number of international investment and commercial arbitrations(ICSID, UNCITRAL/PCA, NAFTA, ICC).

Expert Consultant in a boundary dispute between Eritrea and Ethiopia.Expert Consultant in an arbitration based on the BIT between Germanyand Russia (Sedelmayercase). Member of the Cairo Regional Centre forInternational Commercial Arbitration.

Member of the Court of Arbitration for Sport and employed innumerous sports law cases.

Expert at the Council of Europe (Directorate of Legal Affairs) (1972).Expert for the Human Dimension Mechanism of the OSCE and forConflict Prevention Activities of the Secretary-General of the UnitedNations. Consultant in cases before the European Commission and theEuropean Court of Human Rights. Consultant on international law tovarious governments.

Co-founder and first President of the European Society of InternationalLaw (2004-2007). Associate Member of the Institut de droit international.Member of the International Council of Environmental Law. Member ofthe Council (since 1987) and Vice-President (1989-1993) of the GermanSociety of International Law. Member of various other professionalassociations.

Member of the Advisory Boards of the Heidelberg Max Planck Institutefor Comparative Public Law and International Law and the WaltherSchcking Institute of International Law at the University of Kiel.

Member of the Advisory Council of the British Institute of Internationaland Comparative Law.


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Co-founder and co-editor of the European Journal of InternationalLaw. Member of the advisory boards of various international legaljournals and yearbooks.

Certificate of Merit awarded by the American Society of InternationalLaw (1996). Distinguished Global Law School Fellow of New YorkUniversity Law School (2005).

Visiting lectures at around 60 universities and other academic insti-tutions worldwide.

Principal publications: Das Reziprozittselement in der Entstehung desVlkergewohnheitsrechts, 1970; Das Reziprozittselement im Zustande-kommen vlkerrechtlicher Vertrge. Gedanken zu einem Bauprinzip derinternationalen Rechtsbeziehungen, 1972; Universelles Vlkerrecht. Theorieund Praxis (together with Alfred Verdross), 1st ed., 1976, 2nd ed., 1981,3rd ed., 1984; Territoriale Souvernitt und Gebietshoheit. Zur vlkerrecht-lichen Lage der Oder-Neie-Gebiete (together with Alfred Verdross and

Rudolf Geiger), 1980; Europarecht in Fllen (together with WaldemarHummer and Christoph Vedder), 1st ed., 1991, 2nd ed., 1994, 3rd ed.,1999; Kompetenzen und Grundrechte: Beschrnkungen der Tabakwerbungaus der Sicht des Europarechts (together with Joseph H. Weiler andMarkus Zckler), 1999; Restitution und Entschdigung im Vlkerrecht:Die Verpflichtungen der Republik sterreich nach 1945 im Lichte ihrerauenpolitischen Praxis (together with Hans-Peter Folz), 2004; Inter-national Protection of the Environment. Treaties and Related Documents(together with Bernd Rster and Michael Bock), 30 Vols., 1975-1983,continued in loose-leaf format 1990 ff.; Zwischen Intervention und Zusam-menarbeit. Interdisziplinre Arbeitsergebnisse zu Grundfragen der KSZE(together with Edda Blenk-Knocke), 1979; Jus humanitatis. Festschriftzum 90. Geburtstag von Alfred Verdross (together with Herbert Miehsler,Erhard Mock and Ilmar Tammelo), 1980; United Nations Codification ofState Responsibility (together with Marina Spinedi), 1987; Charta der

Vereinten Nationen: Kommentar, 1991; The Charter of the United Nations:A Commentary, 1st ed., 1995, 2nd ed., 2002; Neues europischesVlkerrecht nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konfliktes? (together withHanspeter Neuhold), 1996; Reflections on Article 60 of the ViennaConvention on the Law of Treaties and Its Background in GeneralInternational Law, sterreichische Zeitschrift fr ffentliches Recht,Vol. 20, 1970; Vlkerrechtswissenschaft und Lehre von den Inter-nationalen Beziehungen. Erste berlegungen zur Interdependenzzweier Disziplinen, sterreichische Zeitschrift fr ffentliches Recht,Vol. 23, 1972; Das Kernkraftwerk an der Grenze: Eine Ultra-HazardousActivity im Schnittpunkt von internationalem Nachbarrecht undUmweltschutz (together with A. Randelzhofer), Festschrift fr FriedrichBerber zum 75. Geburtstag, 1973; Der Grundvertrag und das Recht dervlkerrechtlichen Vertrge, Archiv des ffentliches Rechts, Vol. 100, 1975;Methodik und Bedeutung des Arbeit der Vereinten Nationen fr

die Fortentwicklung des Vlkerrechts, Die Vereinten Nationen imWandel, 1975; Zur bilateralen Durchsetzung vertraglich verankerter


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Menschenrechte. Aktivlegitimation und zulssige Mittel nach allgemeinemVlkerrecht, Autoritt und internationale Ordnung. Aufstze zumVlkerrecht (Christoph Schreuer, ed.), 1979; GrenzberschreitenderInformationsflu und domaine rserv der Staaten, Berichte derDeutschen Gesellschaft fr Vlkerrecht, Vol. 19, 1979; Der Beitrag vonAlfred Verdross zur Entwicklung der Vlkerrechtswissenschaft (incollaboration with Michael Bock, Jennifer Clayton and Joachim Krau),Jus humanitatis. Festschrift fr Alfred Verdross zum 90. Geburtstag, 1980;Vlkerrecht in der Krise?, sterreichische Zeitschrift fr Auenpolitik,Vol. 20, 1980; Zur vlkerrechtlichen Bedeutung von Resolutionen derUN-Generalversammlung, Fnftes deutsch-polnisches Juristen-Kolloquium,Vol. 2: Die Bedeutung der Resolutionen der Generalversammlung derVereinten Nationen (Rudolf Bernhardt, Jost Delbrck and Ingo vonMnch, eds.), 1981; Droit international coutumier et droit interne selonla loi fondamentale, Vlkerrecht und Landesrecht. Deutsch-argentinisches

Verfassungsrechtskolloquium in Buenos Aires (Michael Bothe and R. E. Vin-uesa, eds.), 1982; Consent: Strains in the Treaty System, The Structureand Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy, Doctrineand Theory (R. St. J. Macdonald and D. M. Johnston, eds.), 1983; LegalAspects in Intra-(East-West) German Relations, Maryland Journal ofInternational Law and Trade, Vol. 9, 1985; Self-contained Regimes,Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 16, 1985; TheAntarctic Treaty as a Treaty Creating an Objective Regime, CornellInternational Law Journal, Vol. 19, 1985-1986; Grundfragen derStaatenverantwortlichkeit in der Arbeit der International LawCommission, Archiv des Vlkerrechts, Vol. 24, 1986; La immunidad delos Estados, Derecho Comparado (Buenos Aires), 1987; The Court ofArbitration for Sport, Vlkerrecht. Recht der InternationalenOrganisationen. Weltwirtschaftsrecht. Festschrift fr Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern (K.-H. Bckstiegel, H.-E. Folz, J. M. Mssner and

K. Zemanek, eds.), 1988; Grenzberschreitende Auswirkungen vonKernkraftanlagen und Vlkerrecht (together with Gnther Handl),sterreichische Zeitschrift fr ffentliches Recht und Vlkerrecht,Vol. 39, 1988; Bilateralism and Community Interest in the Law of StateResponsibility, International Law at a Time of Perplexity, Essays inHonour of Shabtai Rosenne (Y. Dinstein and M. Tabory, eds.), 1989;International Crimes: Injury and Countermeasures. Comments onPart 2 of the ILC Work on State Responsibility, International Crimesof States (J. H. H. Weiler, A. Cassese and M. Spinedi, eds.), 1989;Wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte im Vlkerrecht. DerInternationale Pakt von 1966 und sein Kontrollverfahren (together withSabine Bennigsen), Festschrift fr Ernst Steindorff zum 70. Geburtstag am13. Mrz 1990, 1990; A Hard Look at Soft Law, Proceedings of the82nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, 1991;The Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights, Die Durchsetzung wirtschaftlicher und sozialerGrundrechte (Franz Matscher, ed.), 1991; The Sources of Human Rights


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Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, General Principles (together with PhilipAlston), The Australian Year Book of International Law, Vol. 12, 1992;Does the UN Charter Provide an Adequate Legal Basis for Individualor Collective Responses to Violations of Obligations erga omnes?, TheFuture of International Law Enforcement: New Scenarios New Law?(Jost Delbrck, ed.), 1993; International Human Rights and GeneralInternational Law: A Comparative Analysis, Collected Courses of theAcademy of European Law, Vol. IV, Book 2, 1994; Die Erzeugungungeschriebenen Vlkerrechts: Allgemeine Verunsicherung klrendeBeitrge Karl Zemaneks, Vlkerrecht zwischen normativem Anspruchund politischer Realitt. Festschrift fr Karl Zemanek (K. Ginther,G. Hafner, W. Lang, N. Neuhold and L. Sucharipa-Behrmann, eds.),1994; Countermeasures and Dispute Settlement: A Plea for a DifferentBalance, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, 1994; FromBilateralism to Community Interest in International Law, CollectedCourses, the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 250, 1994-vi;The Contribution of Alfred Verdross to the Theory of InternationalLaw, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, 1995; HumanRights, The United Nations at Age Fifty: A Legal Perspective (Ch. Tom-uschat, ed.), 1995; The International Community: Facing the Challengeof Globalization (together with Andreas Paulus), European Journal ofInternational Law, Vol. 9, 1998; The Impact of Nuremberg and Tokyo:Attempts at a Comparison, Japan and International Law, Past, Presentand Future (N. Ando, ed.), 1999; Human Rights Considerations inDevelopment Co-operation Activities of the European Community(together with Jo Aschenbrenner and Constanze Schulte), The EuropeanUnion and Human Rights (Ph. Alston et al., eds.), 1999; The Responsibilityof Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A PositivistView (together with Andreas Paulus), American Journal of InternationalLaw, Vol. 93, 1999; NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: LegalAspects, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 10, 1999; Le rlerelatif des diffrentes sources du droit international (dont les principesgnraux de droit) (together with Andreas Paulus), Droit internationalpnal, 2000; Reciprocity, Encyclopedia of Public International Law(Rudolf Bernhardt, ed.), Vol. IV, 2000; International Adjudication andU.S. Policy Past, Present, Future, Democracy and the Rule of Law(N. Dorsen and P. Gilford, eds.), 2001; Peaceful Settlement of BoundaryDisputes under the Auspices of the Organization of African Unity andthe United Nations: The Case of the Frontier Dispute between Eritreaand Ethiopia (together with Daniel Khan), Liber Amicorum JudgeShigeru Oda, Vol. 2 (N. Ando, E. McWhinney and R. Wolfrum, eds.),2002; Reports on the Work of the International Law Commission at its49th to 54th sessions, Nordic Journal of International Law, 1997-2003;Staatenverantwortlichkeit und Menschenrechte im ILC-Entwurf 2001,Verhandeln fr den Frieden Negotiating for Peace: Liber AmicorumTono Eitel (Jochen Abr. Frowein, Klaus Scharioth, Ingo Winkelman

and Rdiger Wolfrum, eds.), 2003; Article 37 (together with DaphneRichemond), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A


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Commentary (A. Zimmermann, Ch. Tomuschat and K. Oellers-Frahm,eds.), 2006; Eine endlose Geschichte? Artikel 36 der WienerKonsularkonvention in Todesstrafenfllen vor dem IGH undamerikanischen Gerichten, Vlkerrecht als Wertordnung. Festschrift frChristian Tomuschat (P.-M. Dupuy, B. Fassbender, M. N. Shaw andK.-P. Sommermann, eds.), 2006; Of Planets and the Universe:Self-Contained Regimes in International Law (together with Dirk Pulkowski),European Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, 2006; From LaGrandand Avena to Medellin A Rocky Road toward Implementation(together with Carsten Hoppe), Tulane Journal of International andComparative Law, Vol. 14 (2005-2006); The LaGrand Case: A Story ofMany Miscommunications (together with Carsten Hoppe), InternationalLaw Stories (J. E. Noyes, L. Dickinson, M. W. Janis, eds.), 2007; HumanRights and State Responsibility, The Law of International Relations Liber Amicorum Hanspeter Neuhold (A. Reinisch and U. Kriebaum,eds.), 2007. Der Einfluss der Menschenrechte auf das Vlkerrecht: einEntwurf, International Law between Universalism and Fragmentation.Festschrift fr Gerhard Hafner (I. Buffard, J. Crawford, A. Pellet,S. Wittich, eds.), 2008. Harmonizing Investment Protection andInternational Human Rights: First Steps towards a Methodology(together with Theodore Kill), Festschrift fr Christoph Schreuer, 2009;How Has Article 36 (2) of the ICJ Statute Fared?, A Wiser Century?(A. Zimmermann, ed.), 2009; Universality of International Law fromthe Perspective of a Practitioner, European Journal of International Law,Vol. 20, 2009; Genocide and the International Court of Justice, TheGenocide Convention at Age Sixty (C. Safferling, ed.), 2009; GeneralCourse at the Hague Academy of International Law on The Impact ofHuman Rights on International Law, summer of 2009; Exercise andLimits of Jurisdiction (together with Andreas Mller), CambridgeCompanion to International Law (2011); Legal Consequences of anImpermissible Reservation to a Human Rights Treaty: Where Do We

Stand? (together with Gleider I. Hernndez), Essays in Honour ofProfessor Giorgio Gaja(2011); Human Rights before the InternationalCourt of Justice: Community Interest Coming to Life?, Festschrift frRdiger Wolfrum (2011); Foreign Investment Arbitration: A Place forHuman Rights? (Grotius Lecture 2011), International & ComparativeLaw Quarterly, 2011.

Judge Ronny A

(Member of the Court since 15 February 2005;re-elected as from 6 February 2009)

Born in Alexandria, Egypt, on 5 September 1951.Diplme dtudes suprieures de droit public (Diploma in Advanced

Studies in Public Law), University of Paris I (1974). Diploma of the

Institut dtudes politiques of Paris (1973). Alumnus of the Ecole nationaledadministration (1976-1978).


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Professor of International Law, Institut dtudes politiques of Paris(until 1998). Associate Professor, University of Paris X-Nanterre (1997-2003). Associate Professor, University of Paris II, Panthon-Assas (publicinternational law, human rights) (2004-2005).

Judge sitting in administrative courts (1978-1985 and 1987-1988).Assistant Director of the Office of Legal Affairs of the Ministry ofForeign Affairs (1986-1987). Matre des requtes in the Conseil dEtat(1988-2000), Conseiller dEtat (from 2000), Commissaire du gouvernement(advocate gnral) before the judicial organs of the Conseil dEtat (1989-1998).

Director of Legal Affairs at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs(1998-2005). From 1998 to 2005, as head of the Legal Affairs Directorateat the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in charge of advising the Governmenton legal matters in the fields of general international public law, EuropeanUnion law, international human rights law, the law of the sea and theAntarctic.

From 1998 to 2004, Agent for France in many cases before inter-national and European courts, as follows: International Court of Justice:Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) (request forthe indication of provisional measures, 1999, and on preliminaryobjections, 2004); Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic ofthe Congo v. France) (request for the indication of provisional measures,2003); Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the OccupiedPalestinian Territory (request for an Advisory Opinion) (written statementof the French Republic, 30 January 2004); European Court of HumanRights; Court of Justice of the European Communities; Internationalarbitral tribunals: Tribunal formed by France and the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the caseconcerning the tax regime applicable to pensions paid to retired UNESCOofficers residing in France, award issued on 14 January 2003; Tribunalformed by the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the French Republic inthe case concerning the final settlement of accounts pursuant to theadditional protocol to the Convention concerning the Protection of theRhine against Chlorides Pollution, award issued on 12 March 2004.

Member and Chair of the Committee of Experts of the Council ofEurope for the Improvement of Procedures for the Protection of HumanRights (Member 1986-1998; Chairman 1987-1989). Chair of the JointConsultative Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operationand Development (1994-1998).

Member of the French delegation to the General Assembly of theUnited Nations (1998-2004). Head of the French delegation to the SixthCommittee of the General Assembly (1998-2004).

Head of the French delegation to the Assembly of States Parties to theRome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2002, 2003, 2004).Head of the French delegation in the Working Group on JurisdictionalImmunities of States and Their Property (2004). Head of the French

delegation to the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine(1998-2005), Chairman of the Commission (2002-2003).


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Member of the Board of the Socit franaise pour le droit international.Member of the European Group of Public Law. Member of the Boardof Editors of the Annuaire franais de droit international.

Publications: Droit international, droit communautaire et droit franais,1989; Les magistrats des tribunaux administratifs et des cours admin-istratives dappel, Revue franaise de droit administratif (RFDA), 1988,March-April, No. 2; Comptence des juridictions internes pourinterprter un trait international, Actualit juridique droit administratif,September 1990; Revue gnrale de droit international public, 1990;Lapplicabilit directe de la Convention europenne des droits delhomme devant la juridiction administrative, Revue universelle desdroits de lhomme, 1991, September, Vols. 7-9; Les incidences de laConvention europenne des droits de lhomme sur le droit constitutionnelet administratif des tats parties, Revue universelle des droits de lhomme,1992, Vols. 10-11; Commentary on Articles 25 and 46 of the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights, in La Convention europenne des droitsde lhomme, L. E. Pettiti, E. Decaux and P. H. Imbert, eds.; La rformedu mcanisme de contrle de la Convention europenne des droits delhomme; le Protocole No. 11 la Convention, Annuaire franais dedroit international, 1994; Les principes gnraux de la protectionjuridictionnelle administrative en Europe: linfluence des jurisprudenceseuropennes, Revue europenne de droit public, Vol. 9, No. 3, Autumn1997; La notion deffet direct des traits internationaux devant le ConseildEtat, Recueil Dalloz, 1998, jurisprudence; Les normes du droitcommunautaire et du droit international devant le juge administratiffranais, presented at the Symposium of the Socit franaise pour ledroit international, held at Bordeaux, ed. Pedone, Paris, 2000; Lesprocdures incidentes devant la Cour internationale de Justice, presentedat a workshop of the School of Law of the University of Rennes I, ed.Pedone, Paris, 2001; La France devant les juridictions europennes,Pouvoirs, 2001, No. 96; Le rle du jurisconsulte au Ministre des affairestrangres, presented at the symposium of the Socit franaise pour ledroit international held at Geneva, ed. Pedone, Paris, 2004; Le principe ducontradictoire devant les juridictions internationales, presented at thesymposium organized by the University of Paris I, ed. Pedone, 2004; Droitdes immunits et exigences du procs quitable, presented at a symposiumorganized by the University of Paris XII, ed. Pedone, Paris, 2004.

La Cour internationale de Justice, juge constitutionnel?, in La Chartedes Nations Unies, Constitution mondiale?, symposium organized by theUniversity of Paris X, ed. Pedone, Paris, 2006; Lapplication des traitsinternationaux et loffice du juge des rfrs administratifs, MlangesLabetoulle, ed. Dalloz, 2007; Larticulation du droit interne et du droitinternational, La France et le droit international, Cahin, Poirat, Szurek(dir.), ed. Pedone, Paris, 2007.

Numerous conclusions (opinions) in the Conseil dEtat published inActualit juridique, droit administratif, Revue franaise de droit

administratif, Revue gnrale de droit international public and Revuecritique de droit international priv.


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Member of the Board of Editors of the Public Law Review (Melbourne),New Zealand Law Review (Auckland), Commonwealth Law Bulletin(London), Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, New ZealandJournal of Public and International Law (Wellington) and New ZealandYearbook of International Law.

President of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs (2000-2007); Counsellor of Honour and International Humanitarian LawConsultant, New Zealand Red Cross; Member of the Public and Admin-istrative Law Reform Committee (1972-1986), the Committee on OfficialInformation (1978-1980), the Royal Commission on the Electoral System(1985-1986) and the Legislation Advisory Committee (1986-1996); andMember (2003-) and associ (1997-2003) of the Institut de droitinternational.

Member, American Law Institute; Honorary Member, Society ofLegal Scholars (England); Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple;

Fellow, Legal Research Foundation (New Zealand); Member, AmericanSociety of International Law; British Institute of International andComparative Law; Australian and New Zealand Society of InternationalLaw; International Institute of Strategic Studies; International LawAssociation.

Publications on international law include: New Zealand TreatyPractice: The Executive and the Legislature, New Zealand UniversitiesLaw Review, Vol. 1, 1964; International Law and New ZealandMunicipal Law, in J. F. Northey (ed.), A. G. Davis Essays in Law, 1965;Succession to Bilateral Treaties by Seceding States, American Journal ofInternational Law, Vol. 61, 1967; The Role of Law in the UnitedNations, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, Vol. 4, 1967;The Extent of the Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Court ofJustice, 1971; Defence Perspectives: Papers Read at the 1972 OtagoForeign Policy School, 1972, editor and introduction; Land and Sea

Frontier Problems in South-East Asia, in Hedley Bull (ed.), Asia and theWestern Pacific: Towards a New International Order, 1975; The NuclearTests Cases after Ten Years, Victoria University of Wellington LawReview, Vol. 14, 1983; A New Zealand Perspective on Globalisation,in Alston and Chiam (eds.), Treaty-Making and Australia Globalisationversus Sovereignty?, 1995; The Advisory Jurisdiction of the InternationalCourt of Justice: Some Comparative Reflections, Australian Year Bookof International Law, Vol. 17, 1996; Application of International HumanRights Law in New Zealand, Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 32,1997 (also published in Developing Human Rights Jurisprudence JudicialColloquium in Georgetown, Guyana, 3-5 September 1996, Vol. 7, 1998);The I