Years of Crisis

Chapter 151919-1939

I. Post-War Uncertainty

After Word War I Many people were uncertain of the future Also a time of great invention, creativity

and new ideas that transformed society

Changes in Science and Literature

Science Albert Einstein – offered radically different

views in the field of physics Sigmund Freud – new ideas about the

mind Literature

Suffering caused by WWI leads many people to doubt old beliefs Uneasiness of postwar years No universal meaning of life

Revolution in the Arts Traditional Art

Changes Introduction to cubism

and surrealism Cubism – natural

shapes into geometric forms

Surrealism – links dreams with real life

Music Introduction to Jazz

“Three Musicians”

Pablo Picasso – Cubism

“Guernica”

Salvador Dali – Surrealism

“The Persistence of Memory”

“Geopoliticus Child”

Salvador Dali Painting - Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bumble

bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening

The Role of Women

Women’s Rights Movement Women win the right to vote

US, UK, Germany, and others

Adopt freer clothing and hair styles “Bobbed” hair Began to smoke in public

More career opportunities as well Medicine, education, and journalism

Technology Improves Life The Automobile

Cars improve and become cheaper Development of suburbs and travel for pleasure

Airplanes Long-distance air travel available to the rich Amelia Earhart – first women to fly solo across the

Atlantic Ocean (1932) Radio and Movies

Broadcast news, entertainment, etc. Created a sense of community and collective art

Amelia Earhart

II. World Wide Depression Post-war Germany New government was the Weimar

Republic It was a coalition government

Temporary, multi-party alliance Had serious weaknesses Inflation due to reparations Signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact with France

Pledging no more war

The Stock Market Crash Post-war United States

Economy booms in the 1920s Wealth is distributed unevenly Factories cut back on production and workers Farmers produce too much food and cannot

pay mortgages Stocks bought on credit (now illegal) Investors sell stock – lowers the price October 29, 1929 – Market collapses as prices

fall very low

Post-War England & France

Great Britain Coalition governments Avoid political extremes Slow and steady economic recovery

France Establishes a self-sufficient economy Preserves democracy despite problems

III. Fascism Rises in Europe What is Fascism?

Describes any authoritarian government that is not communist

Basic Fundamentals of Fascism Rooted in extreme nationalism Glorified action, violence, and discipline Blind loyalty to the state Glorified warfare as a necessary and

noble struggle for survival

What is Fascism? (Cont) Fascism can be described as totalitarian

rule Single party dictatorship State control of the economy Use of police, spies & terror to enforce the will of

the state Strict censorship & government monopoly of the

media Use of schools & the media to indoctrinate &

mobilize citizens Unquestioning obedience to a single leader

Why did it appeal to Italians? Promised a strong

stable government End to political

feuding Sense of power and

confidence at a time of disorder and despair

Fascism vs. Communism

Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communists Communists had hopes for international

change Fascists pursued nationalist goals

Fascism in Italy

Italy’s democratic government seemed helpless after WWI Plagued by many problems

Politician Benito Mussolini promised to rescue Italy Promised strong leadership King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in

charge in 1922

BenitoMussolini

Fascism in Italy Mussolini as “Il Duce”

Abolished democracy and political parties

Took control of the economy

Workers were forbidden to strike

Government became a “corporate state” Fascist Party controlled

industry, agriculture & transportation

Fascism in Germany German government had many problems

Very weak coalitions Many small parties Blamed republic for Versailles Treaty Inflation was out of control

Great Depression in Germany led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party The Nazi Party

Ideas of the Nazi Party Stressed the failures of

Communism Democracy Stressed the "racial purity

of the German people“ Used the Jews as

scapegoats

The Nazi Party Adolf Hitler was an

excellent organizer and speaker Allowing him to gain

power in the Nazi Party

Allowing him to gain popularity with the German people

Rise of the Nazi Party in GermanyFederal election results

Date Votes % of vote Seats in Reichstag

Background

May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison

December 1924

907,300 3.0 14 Hitler is released from prison

May 1928 810,100 2.6 12  

September 1930

6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis

July 1932 13,745,800

37.4 230

November 1932

11,737,000

33.1 196

March 1933 17,277,000

43.9 288 After Hitler had become Chancellor

Nazi Political Propaganda

“The people are voting for list 1, the Nazis, at the Reichstag election.”

"We demand freedom and bread"

The Rise of Hitler Hitler and the Nazis planned to

overthrow the government in 1923 Arrested and put in jail for less than one

year In jail, he wrote “Mein Kampf”

It became a handbook for Nazism Discussed racial purity Declared the need for more German “living

space” Lebensraum

Hitler Becomes Chancellor Conservative

members of the Nazi Party urged President Paul von Hindenburg to name Hitler chancellor in 1933 Thought they would be able to “control” him

Hitler Becomes Chancellor Once in power, Hitler

quickly established a totalitarian regime Used the Gestapo –

secret police Use the SS – elite

protection squad Used propaganda

Nazi Propaganda

Hitler Achieves Totalitarianism

Hitler gains control by: Targeting young people

Hitler Youth programs Numerous speeches Limits the roles of women Launched large scale public works programs

Helps the economy Began to rearm the German military Controlled all mass media and educational

institutions

Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews

Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germany’s problems Led to a huge wave of anti-Semitism Laws were passed to limit Jews rights beginning

in 1933

Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews

Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass” November 9th, 1938 Nazi-led mobs

attacked Jewish stores, synagogues, and communities

Jewish Emigration in Germany

IV. Aggressors Invade Nations

Japanese Aggression Japan seeks to solve its economic problems

thru foreign expansion Takes over Manchuria, China in 1931 League of Nations protests

Japan withdraws from the League

Japan invades the rest of China in 1937

Aggressors Invade Nations Italian Aggression

Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935

Ethiopian Leader Haile Salassie appeals to the League of Nations

League of Nations does not stop aggression

Aggressors Invade Nations Civil War in Spain

General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion in 1936 Receives aid from

Hitler and Mussolini Wins the war in 1939

– becomes Fascist leader

Leads to the massacre at Guernica

http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/guernica/glevel_1/1_bombing.html

“Guernica”

Aggressors Invade Nations German Aggression Hitler plans to expand the Third Reich –

German Empire Hitler begins a series of steps that would lead

to war Built German military against the Versailles

Treaty People of Germany hated the Treaty The West gave into his demands =

appeasement – giving in to demands to keep peace

Why Appeasement?

Many nations did not want another World War

Many thought Communism was the bigger threat

Great Depression “sapped” energy of western democracies

US neutrality acts; the average American agrees with Isolationism

Steps Towards War 1936-German troops in the Rhineland 1936-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers)

Agreed to Fight communism Not interfere with each other’s expansion

1938-Invasion of Austria 1938-Invasion of Sudetenland area of

Czechoslovakia Munich Pact – Hitler promises no further

expansion

Nazis in the Rhineland

Steps Towards War 1939–Hitler takes the rest

of Czechoslovakia 1939-Hitler demands port

city of Danzig from Poland

1939-The Nazi – Soviet Pact Hitler & Stalin agree

Not to fight each other Split up Poland

The Beginning of World War II 1939- Germans

invade Poland (9/1) Britain & France

declare war on Germany Promised to protect

Poland World War II Begins

THE END