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DOSSIERThe Language of Law

Edgar Allan

POE& America’sfavorite poem

www.yes-mag.com YOUR ENGLISH SUPPLEMENT Volume 7 // 9.95€

ZOMBIESAn Obsession?

More than1 hour of audio

22 pagesof exercises

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SYMBOLSEach page-long article in the magazine has been created to be used more or less independently so that you can learn and practise even if you only have five or ten minutes free.

At the same time, the symbols below allow you to develop a theme you are interested in more extensively. Teachers can use these symbols to instantly prepare a class or classes around a common theme.

How to UseYour English Supplement

Exercise (at the end of the magazine). Test and consolidate what

you have learned.

Downloadable audio file (see also audio scripts). There are

recommendations on how best to use the audio files on p. 87.

Listening extension (Internet). Once you’ve

learned the basic vocabulary of a topic,

why not listen to further discussions?

Speaking extension. A question aimed at provoking a group discussion of the topic in question.

This arrow directs you to other related articles

in the magazine.

ABBREVIATIONS KEYThese are the only abbreviations you have to know to use this magazine:sb. = somebodysth. = somethingswh. = somewhere[U] = uncountable noun[C] = countable noun

Photo by GabboT

Photo by Humanrobo

YES 6 | 176, 22 p. 6 p.6

Technology

THE SINGULARITYThe fear now is that robots could bring about1 the demise2 of humanity. This is not just something that Hol-lywood scriptwriters3 think about. Such things worry computer-programming expert Jaan Tallinn, co-founder of Skype, Huw Price, professor4 of philosophy at Cambridge,

and Lord Rees, the astronomer royal and master of Trinity College, Cambridge. They have set up5 the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at Cambridge.

Part of the problem arises6 because the speed7 and capacity of computers doubles every 18 months. It is pre-dicted that around 2040 we will build our last machine. From then on8 machines will create other ever-more-in-telligent machines autonomously. At this point – known as ‘the Singularity’ – we will no longer be the most intelligent beings on the planet.

THE END OF USSome researchers and philosophers think that machines will be nice to us. There are two problems with this naïve9 idea: first, as we have seen, we have already created robots that kill. Secondly, artificial intelligence is created in our image – how do we treat10 the next most intelli-gent beings in our world? Chimpanzees, dolphins and octopuses? We destroy their habitat, keep them in zoos, experiment on them and eat them. Once robots can rep-licate themselves and control their own evolution, human-ity can be marginalized. This doesn’t have to be anything as dramatic as genocide. As we have seen, robots can simply make the majority of us unemployed, superfluous, obsolete. In such a scenario11 we will just gradually fade from view12 as an irrelevance. As T.S. Eliot wrote back in 1925, “This is the way the world ends // Not with a bang but a whimper13”14.

1 to bring about (bring-brought-brought) – cause

2 demise – end, decline 3 scriptwriter – sb. who writes the script (= text) of a movie

4 professor – (false friend) head

of department at a university, senior academic

5 to set up (set-set-set) – create, establish

6 to arise (arise-arose-arisen) – emerge, occur

7 speed – velocity 8 from then on – after that 9 naïve – unsophisticated, child-like 10 to treat – deal with, act towards 11 scenario – (false friend) hypo-

thetical situation

12 to fade from view – be margin-alized, become irrelevant

13 whimper – whine, pathetic pro-test, small noise of discomfort (like that made by a frightened dog)

14 in The Hollow Men

THE TECHNOCENE:THE AGE OF THE MACHINE

p. 40

4 | YES 7

Photo by NOAA NMFS

YES 6 | 132

Science | ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

THE TERMITE TELEPHONEAfrican termites (Macrotermes natalensis) send warning1 messages through their colonies at a speed of 1.3 metres per second, according to research from the University of Bochum in Germany. They do this by banging2 their heads on the ground 11 times per second. Each termite’s message travels only 20cm but it is immediately picked up3 and relayed4 by the nearest termite, a bit like mobile phone antennas. There is little danger of the message being garbled5 – as it is in the game of Chinese whis-pers6 – because it is so simple: “danger predator”.

NOT-SO-CARNIVOROUSCROCS7

Research from the US Fish and Wildlife Service in Charleston, South Carolina, has confirmed decades of anecdotal reports: over half the existing crocodilian species supplement their diet with fruit. It seems that at least 13 of the 23 species of crocodiles and alliga-tors in the world today eat fruit as well as meat.

LUNATICSAND ELEPHANTS

Research from the University of Basel has con-firmed that people sleep worse when there is a full moon8. On average it takes five minutes longer to get to sleep, we sleep 20 minutes less and we spend 30% less time in deep sleep when there is a full moon.

Meanwhile9, a study from Anglia Ruskin Univer-sity has found that African elephants plan their raids10 on cropland11 to coincide with the new moon. Elephant raids are more frequent and more substantial when the nights are darkest. This suggests that they under-stand that darkness lowers the risk of being killed by farmers12. Or perhaps they know that humans sleep less and more lightly13 when there is a full moon!

MY NAME IS FLIPPERDolphins have a signature whistle14 which they use to identify themselves and to identify others. When they hear a familiar whistle they will repeat it back to their acquaintance15, which they don’t do for an unfamiliar whistle. Moreover, a study from the University of Chi-cago has now found that dolphins remember each other’s signature whistles14 after more than 20 years apart, sug-gesting they have the best memory in the animal world.

1 warning (adj.) – alarm 2 to bang – beat, hit3 to pick up – receive 4 to relay – resent 5 garbled – incoherent, meaningless

6 Chinese whispers (UK Eng-lish) – broken telephone (US English)

7 croc – (colloquial) crocodile 8 full moon – when the complete disc of the moon is visible

(associated with werewolves)9 meanwhile – at the same time 10 raid – surprise attack 11 cropland – arable farms 12 farmer – agriculturalist 13 more lightly – less deeply14 signature whistle – high-fre-

quency sound that identifies an individual

15 acquaintance – known indi-vidual, (in this case) friend

Photo by Ikiwaner

FOOTNOTESThe superscript numbers in the text refer to the footnotes at the bottom or at the side of the same page. The footnotes explain the difficult vocabu-lary as determined by our non-native proofreaders. Like you, these proof-readers are learners so they are able to identify the exact words you need to know to understand the sentence. Definitions are given in English, so that you learn to think in English and these definitions are then checked by the non-native proofreaders to ensure that you will understand them. Some words are defined by pictures: we use these visual stimuli when that is the best way to fix an idea in your memory. Read the definition or look at the illustration and then re-read the sentence in ques-tion. By working with English-language footnotes you will rapidly increase your vocabulary and learn how English words relate to each other, all of which will have a dramatic impact on your fluency and self-confidence1.

Some readers find it useful to put their finger next to the word in the article that they are looking for in the footnotes to make it easier to return to the text afterwards. Either way, it shouldn’t be difficult to find your place because the footnotes are numbered and the words are highlighted in bold. Notice that the syllables and words that should be stressed2 are underlined.

Red footnotes give extra cultural (rather than linguistic) information, or they refer you to other articles.

1 self-confidence – self-assurance (opposite of ‘self-doubt’, ‘hesitancy’)2 to stress sth. – emphasize, underline

Consonants/ʧ/ as in church, watch/ʃ/ as in wash, sure, action/ʤ/ as in judge, gesture/ʒ/ as in measure, vision/j/ as in yes/θ/ as in thick, path/ð/ as in this, breathe/ŋ/ as in sing

Pure Vowels/æ/ as in cat/ʌ/ as in cut/ə/ as in occur, supply,

aroma/ɜ:/ as in first, turn, earn/ɔ:/ as in court, warn

Dipthongs/iə/ as in ear, here/eə/ as in air, there

PHONEMICSYMBOLSHere are the phonemic symbols that we use which might cause you problems.

YES 7 | 5

CURRENTAFFAIRSThis section of the magazine offers short news stories organized thematically:

6 | YES 7

SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION

7 Watch a Daily Telegraph video about the Walkie Talkie building at:

http://goo.gl/D9uZmi

8 Speak: should videogames be censored for extreme violence?

13 Watch a news report from the 2013 Gikii Conference at:

http://goo.gl/mFwmuFE 7 Anecdotes - humorous stories from around the world.8 News - computer games and real-world violence.9 World News - stories from around the world.10 Language News - a light-hearted look at news about surnames.11 Science News - geological and zoological news. EXERCISE 3

12 Society: the Future of Justice - when law enforcement is done by machines13 Society: Planning a Legal Legacy - if you get lost in teleportation, is

it abduction or homicide? EXERCISE 6

14 Internet News: - Twitter & Trolls15 Internet News: - how to stop cyber-bullying

16 Technology: the Case for Fracking - will fracking save us from an energy crisis?17 Technology: Fracking Hell - the case against fracking EXERCISE 13

18 Economics: zombie jobs - how flat-lining firms hurt the economy19 Economics: good management

and worker engagement - your most important work decision20 Economics: how to have a successful career - the secrets to job success EXERCISE 29

Workers at a fracking pump Photo by Joshua Doubek

16 | YES 713

Technology

WHAT IS ‘FRACKING’?The word ‘fracking’ is an abbreviation of ‘hydraulic frac-turing’. The term refers to the process of extracting shale gas. Shale gas is the name for methane – the worst of the greenhouse gases – when it is trapped1 in tiny2 pock-ets3 in shale-rock formations4. Although each bubble5 of methane is very small, the total quantity of gas can be vast. Fracking is the technique of forcing the gas out of the shale6 using pressurized water.

A BRIDGING FUELThe pro-fracking lobby7 argue that shale gas is a god-send8; it allows9 us to satisfy rising10 fuel demands while perfecting green energy and nuclear fusion. In other words, fracking buys us some time.

New technology such as horizontal drilling11 now means that shale gas is cheaper than coal12 in the USA and is rapidly replacing it as fuel for power stations13. A move away from coal would be a good thing. More coal is being consumed today than ever before and the coal deposits now being used are more contaminating than those used in the past. It is expected to overtake14 petro-leum as the world’s primary source of15 energy in three years’ time. China is the world’s biggest producer and con-sumer of coal12, relying on16 coal for 70% of its energy needs. As a result, the People’s Republic is the world’s greatest emitter of CO

2. Yet17, China is sitting on the

world’s largest18 reserves of shale gas and a shift away from19 coal mining to fracking in the People’s Republic could have a significant impact on global warming. The International Energy Agency predicts that more than a mil-lion shale-gas wells20 will be drilled21 around the world in the next two decades or so.

1 to be trapped – be stuck, be imprisoned

2 tiny /ˈtaini/ – minute, very small, microscopic

3 pocket – (in this case) concentration

4 shale-rock formation – stra-tum of fine-grained clastic sedi-mentary rock

5 bubble – (in this case) pocket3

of gas6 shale – fine-grained clastic

sedimentary rock7 lobby – (in this case) pressure

group 8 godsend – boon, bonanza9 to allow – permit, enable 10 rising – increasing, augmenting 11 drilling – boring (= making) a

hole

12 coal – 13 power station – electricity-gen-erating plant

14 to overtake (-take/-took/-taken) – exceed, pass

15 source of – way to obtain 16 to rely on – depend upon,

count on 17 yet – however 18 largest – biggest 19 shift away from – abandon-

ment of 20 well – deep hole in the ground

for the extraction of water, oil or gas

21 to drill – (in this case) bore, make

FRACK ATTACK:THE CASE FOR FRACKING

Illustration by Mike Norton

CULTUREThis section of the magazine offers...

YES 7 | 21

SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION

26 Watch an interesting Canadian report on why Jamaica generates so many great runners at:

http://goo.gl/hYDA7R Speak: are women still

second-class citizens in sports?

32 Listen to this interesting podcast about William Minor told by two young American women at:

http://goo.gl/M1a3xl

34 Watch this History Channel documentary about Thor (with spanish subtitles) at:

http://goo.gl/oUdECP

36 Watch this excellent BBC documentary about women in Nell Gwyn’s England at:

http://goo.gl/kUNNtl

40 View more of Mary Beale’s paintings at: http://goo.gl/i1lRDx and http://goo.gl/RFqchp There is also an interesting slide presentation at: http://goo.gl/UeP3ZS

54-55 Speak: Do you agree that we should be less isolated from death?

56-61 Speak: why are zombies so popular today? Do they have any special relevance to our times?

22-25 Travel: Rainy-day London EXERCISE 25

26-29 Sports: Shelley-Ann Fraser: a female Bolt? EXERCISE 31

30-31 Explorers: Mungo Park & the River Niger EXERCISE 7

32-33 Language: the OED – an unlikely alliance

34-35 Mythology: Thor through the Ages EXERCISE 11

36-39 History: Nell Gwyn – England’s Most Famous Courtesan

EXERCISE 28

40-42 Art: Mary Beale’s (Early) Modern Family EXERCISE 23

THE GOTHIC DOSSIER43-45 Literature: The Gothic Origins

and Modern Horror EXERCISE 2146-47 Bird Brain: As clear as a raven?48-53 Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven –

America’s favourite poem EXERCISE 33 54-55 Psychology: Learning to Live with Death 56 Social History: The Rise of the Zombies57 Cinema: Haitian Zombies & Caucasian Zombies58 Cinema: Zombies in US Movies59 Cinema: Zombies – a politically correct enemy60 Cinema: British Zombies61 Cinema: Very Modern Monsters EXERCISE 3462-63 Humour: Zombie Movie Titles EXERCISE 18

64 Music: Rod Musselman’s As I Reel

Self portrait by Mary Beale

40 | YES 723

Art

New OpportunitiesThe Restoration of the monarchy in1660 offered new opportunities towomen. Most famously, the theatreswere reopened and women – like NellGwyn1 – were allowed2 to performon the English stage3 for the firsttime. At the same time Aphra Behn(1640-1689) became England’s firstprofessional woman writer.4 How-ever, the new climate also enabled5an extraordinary woman, MaryBeale, to become the country’s firstfemaleprofessionalartist.A Family BusinessHowever, what is truly6 remarkable7 about Mary’sstory is her professional relationship with her husband,Charles, who was also an (amateur) artist. Despite allthe patriarchal values of the times, Charles was man enough8 to recognize that it was his wife who was thegifted9 painter and he worked as her assistant – pre-paring paints and canvases10 for her and keeping heraccounts11. However, Charles was no dullard12. He wasa keen13 experimenter constantly trying to develop

materials and techniques that would make the paint-ing process cheaper and more efficient. The Beales ran14their studio as a family business, with Mary as the talentandCharlesasthemanager.

Mary combined her career as a professional painterwith mothering15 three children, one of whom – Charles– grew up to be a painter in his own right16. Mary alsotaught other pupils to paint, including Sarah CurtisHoardly, who became a successful portraitist at the turn of the century17.

1 see pp. 36-392 to allow – permit 3 on the English stage – in the theatre in England

4 although there had been many women writers before – such as Julian of Norwich, Margaret Kempe, Anne Locke, the Countess of

Pembroke, Mary Wroth and Catherine Phillips – Behn was the first to earn a living from writing.

5 to enable – allow, permit 6 truly – really 7 remarkable – extraordinary, impressive

8 man enough – (in this case)

sufficiently mature 9 gifted – talented 10 canvas – the special textile on

which a picture is painted 11 accounts – financial records 12 dullard – blockhead, idiot 13 keen – enthusiastic 14 to run sth. (run-ran-run) –

organize, manage

15 to mother sb. – care for as a mother, give birth to sb. and bring him/her up

16 in his own right – by reason of one’s own ability

17 at the turn of the century – (in this case) around 1700

An (Early) Modern FamilyEngland’sfirstprofessionalwomanpainter.

Photo by L Kenny Louie

58 | YES 734 p. 21

Cinema

1 recurring – (false friend) repeated

2 knocking around – in 3 unchewed – not masticated, (in this case) not eaten by zombies

4 Injun – (North American) Indian (as pronounced in Westerns), stereotype of a Native American (as presented in Westerns)

5 first and foremost – to start

with, firstly 6 cuddly – lovable, adorable 7 unintelligible – impossible to understand

8 ineffectual – unsuccessful, incompetent

9 in droves – en masse 10 skilled – able, talented 11 earmarked – destined,

designated

12 so much so – to such an extent, to such a degree

13 to dawn on – register in 14 fairground – funfair, type of

itinerant market with diverse stands offering entertainment

15 shooting stall – stand at which you try to hit metal ducks using an air rifle

16 to put sth. forward

(put-put-put) – suggest 17 to be most likely to – have the

greatest probability of 18 to handle – (in this case) use 19 weapons – arms 20 to hunt – kill animals (for food)21 to grow sth. (grow-grew-

grown) – cultivate, produce 22 degree – university

qualification

The Zombie in US Cinema

O ne of the recurring1 ideas knocking around2 myfresh, unchewed3 brain is that the origin of zombies

asportrayedtodayismovieInjuns4.Pleaseletmeexplain.First and foremost5, I mean no disrespect to Native

Americans. I am not talking about real American Indiansnor am I talking about the nice cuddly6 Native Ameri-cansasportrayedbyHollywoodpost-Dances with Wolves.By ‘Injuns’ I am referring to the ‘Red Indians’ depicted inmoviesandonTVinthe1940sand1950s.

What were the characteristics of these Injuns? Well,there were a lot of them. They were unintelligible7 andunintelligent. They attacked the good guys but wereremarkably ineffectual8 in their attacks. They weredestined to die in droves9, shot down and cut down bypeople who were infinitely more skilled10 at defendingthemselves. In other words, the Injuns were destined tobe exterminated. Modern zombies are also earmarked11fordeath,so much so12infactthattheyarealreadydead.

As genocide became unfashionable post-1945 it slowlydawned on13 the US conscience that the exterminationof the original inhabitants of North America was not such

a good thing after all. Others gradually took the place ofNative Americans in movies. Sometimes they were mem-bersoftheWehrmacht.Watcha1960sWorldWarIImoviesuch as The Dirty Dozen and you will see how Germansoldiers play exactly the same role as American Indiansdid before. The same is true of Southeast Asians (Viet-namese?)inRambomovies.Thepointisthatyouhaveaninept but multitudinous enemy who has to be shot andcutdownlikeducksatafairground14shooting stall15.

Steven King made the connection between zombiesandNativeAmericansexplicitinPet Sematary(1983).

ZOMBIE JOBSTorieBoschput forward16theideainSlate.comthatzombieculturereflectstheanxietyofthemiddleclassintherecession.Thehumanswhoare most likely to17survivearethosewhocanhandle18weapons19,hunt20,grow21food,andrepaircarsandgenerators.Inotherwords,adegree22isnouseinthecurrenteconomicclimate,justasitisnouseagainstzombies.

YES 7 | 65

GRAMMARThis section of the magazine offers...

SPEAKING EXTENSION

72 Watch a video on the language of contract law at:

http://goo.gl/W8wNNo The English is far from natural, but at least

it’s clear.

AUDIO SCRIPTS EXTENSION

Track 1 Conversation point: should boxing be banned?

Track 2 Conversation point: are you losing your ability to concentrate on a long text?

Track 3 Conversation point: are threats and insults on the internet as serious as those in our daily lives?

EXERCISE 10

Track 4-5 Conversation point: is there anything you feel you need to do while you still have time?

EXERCISE 24

Tracks 6-10 Conversation point: how do you relax? EXERCISE 32

Track 11 Conversation point: when was the last time you lied for somebody else?

EXERCISE 20

Track 13 Conversation point: what do the concepts of ‘heaven’ and ‘hell’ mean to you?

66 Metaphorical phrasal verbs EXERCISE 17

69 Translation: error detectives – illiterate Anglos EXERCISE 26

THE LANGUAGEOF LAW DOSSIER70 English in Context: courtroom dramas EXERCISE 2372 Grammar Focus: the language of law EXERCISE 674 Collocation: merisms EXERCISE 575 Word Building: from heretofore to thereinafter EXERCISE 3076 US vs. UK: lawyers EXERCISE 1277 Legal false friends EXERCISE 1978 Legal idioms EXERCISE 1482 Etymology: foreign terms in legalese EXERCISE 6

84 Phonetics: length marks and macrons

85 Subscription Information86 Picture Description

Photo by Mark Wallheiser

Photo by Vandyk

76 | YES 712

US vs. UK

A person with a law degree is a lawyer. When such a person is rep-resenting a client in the USA he or she is an attorney /əˈtɜ:rni/ (at law).

In Britain the term ‘attorney’ isn’t used to refer to a lawyer, but ‘the Attorney General’ is the chief legal officer in England and the USA. The next in rank is ‘the Solicitor Gen-eral’, who can prosecute on behalf of1 the government.

Solicitors & BarristersIn Britain, Canada and Australia his-torically solicitors take on2 cases for clients and handle3 the out-of-court work. Barristers(-at-law) are called to the bar4 to plead5 the case in court. However, in recent years the distinction between solicitors and barristers has been reduced and solicitors can act in most courts now. Don’t confuse a barrister /ˈbæristə/

with a barista /ba:ˈrista/ – who is simply a barman or barmaid in a fashionable coffee shop; the sort of person who calls white coffee ‘latte’.

Within6 the court itself, a barrister is referred to as ‘counsel’. In the US an attorney in court is also referred to as ‘counsel’. In Canada he or she is referred to as ‘counsellor’.

In the USA a door-to-door sales-person can be referred to as a ‘solicitor’!

Advocates & AvocadosIn Scotland and South Africa barris-ters are called ‘advocates’. An avo-cado is a fruit and has nothing to do with7 the law.8

Outside the legal context ‘advo-cate’ exists in all varieties of English in the expression “the dev-il’s advocate” a calque9 from Latin advocatus diaboli.

Informal TermsLawyers like to refer to them-selves as ‘legal eagles’ because it makes them sound energetic and sexy. The general public in the USA tend to refer to lawyers as ‘ambulance chasers’10.

1 on behalf of – in the name of, for 2 to take on (take-took-taken) – accept 3 to handle – deal with, look after, manage 4 to be called to the bar – become a bar-

rister, obtain a licence to argue cases in a high court

5 to plead – (in this case) argue, present 6 within – inside, in 7 to have nothing to do with (have-had-had) – be unrelated to

8 the English ‘avocado’ was a mispro-nunciation of the Spanish aguacate. However, several European languages reinterpreted the English term as

‘advocate pear (producing, for exam-ple, French avocat, German Advoga-to-Birne and Dutch advocaatpeer). The Oxford English Dictionary still insists that the English word comes “from Spanish avocado (= advocate)”, even though no such word exists in Spanish.

9 calque – loan translation, word-for-word translation

10 ambulance chaser – lawyer who follows ambulances hoping to find a potential client inside

Lawyers

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AUDIO SCRIPTSThe following pages contain the transcriptions of what is spoken on the audio files.

SPOKEN-ENGLISH TIPSSpoken English is significantly different from the written language: A more limited vocabulary is generally used and it is, by definition, more colloquial.Moreover1, spoken English uses many more incomplete or badly constructed sentences. On the other hand, intonation and stress can be used in speech.

HOW TO USE THE AUDIO SCRIPTSFollow our eight-step process to get the most out of the audio scripts:

Before you listen we recommend that you read through the relevant section of the footnotes2 (not the text itself). This should give you some idea of the subject3 and help you to understand the more difficult vocabulary as you listen.

When you listen the first time, don’t expect to understand everything; listening practice should not be a painful4 process. Simply see how much meaning you can extract from the recording.

Listen more times going back to the footnotes to integrate the information you have.

Once you understand reasonably well, do the relevant exercise.

Finally, read the audio scripts as you listen again.

Stop each time you get lost or encounter a structure that interests or confuses you.

Repeat words or phrases whose pronunciation surprises you.

Two or three days later, listen to the text again without reading to see if your understanding has improved5.

This process is intense and time-consuming. However, it will eventually6 solve the problem most learners have of relating7 the spoken word to the written. Once you’ve done that, the rest is easy!

1 moreover – what’s more, furthermore2 footnotes – notes at the bottom of the page (in this box)

3 subject (n.) – (in this context) theme 4 painful – (in this context) arduous, unpleasant5 to improve – get better 6 eventually – (false friend) in the end 7 to relate – associate, connect, link

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

YES 7 | 87

YES NO. 7 TRACK LIST

Mini-debates (31m14s)1. Should boxing be banned? (8m05s)

2. Reading Habits (10m44s)3. Anonymity on the Net (12m24s)

4. Interview withRod Musselman (10m40s)

5. Song: As I Reel (2m25s)

Monologues: Relaxing (10m49s)6. Monologue 1 [US English] (3m36s)

7. Monologue 2 [Scottish English] (1m52s)8. Monologue 3 [US English] (2m34s)

9. Monologue 4 [British English] (2m45s)

10. TV Courtroom-DramaEnglish (1m05s)

11. Improvisation:Sibling Secrets (6m08s)

12. The Raven (10m38s)

13. Picture Description (2m41s)

Total time: 1h15m50s

Bare-knuckle boxing

88 | YES 7

AUDIO SCRIPTS

10 p. 65

Englishman (EM): So, don’t you think boxing should be banned1?Scotsman (SM): No.American man (AM): I don’t either.EM: Your macho stance2 here.AM: Obviously, we are talking about the studies that’ve come out3 recently about brain damage4, right? If you start to look at brain damage in sports – I mean5 – it’s not only in boxing, you have to look at American football; you have to look at rugby.EM: OK, boxing is the only sport in which damaging6 the brain is the specific objective of the sport.AM: That is not the specific objective.EM: You are meant to7 be hitting8 the person in the head.AM: That’s not the specific objective of boxing to damage someone’s brain.EM: You are trying to knock them out9. Knocking somebody out is dam-aging their brain.SM: Yeah, but I think the main10 point here it is the boxer’s choice. It’s an individual choice. And you know there’s no passive boxing. It’s not like smoking where you damage other

people.AM: Exactly.EM: If we could pay people to do gladiators’ fights, you’d be happy with gladiators’ fights?SM: If it’s really their option. Gladia-tors’ fights… the trouble11 is that glad-iators didn’t have the choice. If people really want to do it and that’s what they like doing that’s their problem as far as I’m concern12.EM: So, you can exploit people…

whatever. I mean5, by that token13, you can… any type of exploitation is…American woman (AW): Yeah, how is that different from prostitution?SM: But is it more exploitation than any other work? And if someone finds out14 they’re better at boxing than accountancy15, then yeah.EM: But – I mean5 – you have… he mentioned the case of American football. The NFL16 is being sued17 by thousands, literally thousands, of former18 players because they say that the NFL knew about the danger to people’s brains and didn’t say any-thing to anybody.AM: Well, I’ll give you that. I’m all for19 them telling the players, telling the boxers that, look there is a risk, there is an inherent risk if you play this sport, or if you box, that you will most likely20 suffer…EM: No, there’s not ‘a risk’. There is almost21 a direct certainty that it will happen22.AM: Fine, OK. We tell them.EM: They’ve now chronicled23 the process.SM: I think it depends on what weight of boxing we’re talking about, how long someone’s boxing. There are a lot of factors in this. I think there are some interesting studies. Certainly, yes, if somebody’s punched24 too many times in the head they could

Mini-debates (31m14s)

1. Should Boxing be Banned?(8m05s)

1 to ban – prohibit 2 stance – position, point of view 3 to come out (come-came-come) – (in this case) be published

4 brain damage – cerebral lesions 5 I mean – (pause filler) y’know, like, sort of, kind of

6 to damage – hurt, harm 7 to be meant to – be supposed to

8 to hit (hit-hit-hit) punch

9 to knock sb. out – leave sb. K.O., cause sb. to lose consciousness

10 main – principal, primary 11 trouble – problem, difficulty 12 as far as I’m concerned – in my opinion 13 by that token – by the same reasoning,

according to that logic 14 to find out (find-found-found) – discover 15 accountancy – bookkeeping, keeping

companies’ financial records 16 NFL – US National (American) Football

League

17 to sue sb. – take legal action against sb. 18 former – ex- 19 to be all for sth. – be strongly in favour of

sth. 20 most likely – (in this case) most probably 21 almost – nearly,

practically 22 to happen – occur 23 to chronicle – doc-

ument, register in detail

24 to punch –

EXERCISES

YES 7 | 111

PAGE EXERCISE

112 1. Illustrations round-up: see if you can identify most of the objects and actions illustrated in the footnotes of this issue.

2. Phonetics: fill the gaps in the chart of long-vowel symbols from p. 84.

113 3. Title Tag: can you match these alternative titles to the news and science articles on pp. 7-13?

4. Reading comprehension: answer the questions about the article on Living with Death (pp. 54-55).

5. Merisms: a matching exercise relating to the binomial expressions on p. 74.

114 6. Word Search: find words relating to the law (pp. 12-13, 72-73 and 82-83).

115 7. Homophones: replace the homophones so that this excerpt from Mungo Park’s travelogue makes sense (pp. 30-31).

116 8. Crossword for general vocabulary revision.

117 9. Sentence transformation for general syntax revision of structures in this issue.

118 10. Debates: listening comprehension for audio tracks 1-3 (pp. 88-96).

119 11. Too many words: find the unnecessary words in this extract from the Mythology article (pp. 34-35).

12. US vs. UK: practise what you learned on p. 65. 13. US vs. UK: fill the gaps in the chart.

This relates to the whole magazine.

120 14. Idioms: complete the sentences to form law-related expressions from pp. 78-81.

15. Pronunciation round-up: review the difficult words from the footnotes.

121 16. Word game: test your vocabulary and understanding of English morphology.

122 17. Phrasal Verbs: how many new phrasal verbs have you learned this month? This exercise tests both the article on pp. 66-68 and the phrasal

verbs in the footnotes in the rest of the magazine 18. Cinema: a quiz relating to zombie

movie titles (pp. 62-63).

123 19. False Friends: test how well you have understood p. 77. Then, see if you remember the false friends marked in the foot notes throughout the magazine.

20. Improvisation: an open-question listening comprehension on audio track 11.

124 21. Prepositions: replace the prepositions so that this excerpt from The Castle of Otranto (p. 43) makes sense.

22. Internet Listening: test your listening comprehension of this talk about legalese and plain English (pp. 16-17).

125 23. English in Context: complete these clichéd exchanges from courtroom dramas (pp. 70-71).

24. Listening comprehension relating to the interview with Rod Musselman (audio track 4, pp. 100-103).

126 25. Travel: answer these questions about Rainy-day London with Kids (pp. 22-25).

26. Translation: correct this real example of broken English (p. 69).

127 27. Internet: a varied exercise relating to pp. 14-15. 28. History: a vocabulary exercise in relation

to the article on Nell Gwyn (pp. 36-39) 29. Wordplay: another word game relating

to the Economics articles on pp. 18-20.

128 30. Word Building: complete these sentences with pronominal adverbs from p. 75.

31. Sports: complete these sentences with expressions from the article on pp. 26-29.

129 32. Listening comprehension for the monologues (audio tracks 6-9, pp. 104-107).

33. Poetry: use the rhyme scheme to complete these stanzas from the poem analysed on pp. 48-53.

130 34. cloze exercise: fill the gaps in this article about zombies (pp. 56-61).

131-133 ANSWERS

PAGE EXERCISE

YES 7 | 127

27. Internet. Read the articles on p. 14 and fill the gaps in the following text:

The ________________________ is going to replace _________________________ on the £5 note with ________________________. In three years’ time it will replace __________________________ on the £10 note with __________________________. Two men have been arrested for sending threatening Tweets to __________________________________.

Now read the article on p. 15. Try to answer the following questions without referring back to the article:

1. What proportion of British children have allegedly been bullied on the internet?2. How many users does Ask.fm have?3. How old was Hannah Smith when she committed suicide?4. How many people in the British Isles have committed suicide over the last 12 months allegedly as a result of bullying

on Ask.fm?5. How old is Paige Chandler?

28. History. Read the article on pp. 36-39. Then, see if you can complete these sentences with expressions from the article:

1. The city streets were a_______________ with Christmas lights.2. Apparently, the drink he had poured her had been d_____________________ and she woke up in a field with no idea at

all about what had happened. 3. Our house b__________________ onto a cricket ground so we occasionally get balls flying into the garden!4. She has been s____________-s______________ since she was a little girl and her ambition was always to be an actress. 5. The corridors of parliament were a______________ with rumours about the Prime Minister’s imminent resignation. 6. If she manages to pass this exam she will be a f____________-f________________ engineer.7. He’s well known within the field but he’s hardly a h________________________ name.8. Her husband has a r_________________ eye and he will try to flirt with anything in a skirt. It’s almost pathological!9. I refuse to play second f__________________ to such an incompetent manager. Either you move me to another

department or I’m quitting. 10. He became s______________________ the first time he saw her and I think he’s been secretly in love ever since.

29. Wordplay. Read the Economics article on pp. 18-20. Then, without looking at the article, find six words from the article. Use the clues and the numbers; each number represents a letter:

take possession of mortgaged property

(adj.) unemployment, unemployed

16 2 10 5 14 4 2 6 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 6

14 7 10 5 5 10

professional trajectory

5 8 21 7 21 5 20 5 8 13

commitment, dedication

7 14 17 18 5 19 5 20 5 8 13

3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

accomplishment

insolvency

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STAFFAnglo Files, S.L. (publisher)

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photography, proofreading)marina@yes-mag.com

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WRITERS, VOICES, INVALUABLE SUPPORT & HELPING HANDSDouglas Jasch, Prof. Raoul Franklin, Colman Keane, Almudena Cáceres,

Susannah Jones, Rod Musselman, Lois Humphrey, Hamish Binns, Irene Tremblay, Howard Brown, Bea Alzona, Saskia Eijkins.

PHOTOGRAPHYCover photos:

‘Zombie’ by Gianluca Ramalho Misiti (grmisiti.businesscatalyst.com);

‘Dossier’ by A Vjoska; ‘Poe’ by Cuatrok77.

Irene Sanz, Sian Griffiths, Almudena Cáceres,

Sara L. Carresi, David Osado

Photo by Bblvc

Photo by Zaminamina

Interview with James McDonald about his book Beyond Belief

In the Next Volume ofYour English Supplement

RELIGION SPECIAL

TravelNepal: Buddhism on top of the world

PoliticsIslam’s Impending Civil War

FeatureBible Facts & Bible Fictions

HistoryThe Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)England’s Catholic Revolution

PoetryThe Windhover by Gerard Manley HopkinsBritain’s genius Jesuit poet

TechnologyGraphene: Should you be excited?

TranslationPitfalls in Bible Translation

False FriendsReligious false friends

SocietyLet’s get creative in the war over niqabs