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YESHA PATEL
GENERAL • What is it?
• Highly contagious viral infection that can lead to paralysis • What causes it?
• poliomyelitis virus that targets motor neurons • Who gets it?
• Young and vulnerable • Clinically suspected in those with
• Acute onset of flaccid paralysis • Absent tendon reflexes
CLASSIFICATION• Symptomatic
• Nonparalytic polio • Paralytic polio (~0.1 – 2% of case)
• Spinal polio • Bulbar polio • Bulbospinal polio
• Asymptomatic (~95% of cases)
SYMPTOMSGeneral
• Headache• Sore throat • Fever• Vomiting• General
discomfort
Non-paralytic• Abnormal
reflexes• Difficulty
swallowing • Joint stiffness• Muscle
tenderness
Paralytic • Loss of reflexes• Severe spasms
and muscle pain• Floppy limbs• Sudden paralysis• Deformed limbs
TREATMENT• No cure for polio
• Goal of treatment: relieve symptoms
• Antibiotics
• Analgesics
• Long term rehabilitation
• Occupational and physical therapy
• Corrective braces, shoes
• Surgery
TRANSMISSION• Highly contagious
• Primarily spreads via the fecal-oral route.
• Occasionally oral-oral route • Most infectious 7-10 days before and after appearance of
symptoms
• Immune deficiency, malnutrition, and injury increase risk of transmission and infection
• Can cross maternal-fetal barrier
PREVENTION• Passive immunization
• Purified gamma globulin from survivors• Vaccines
• 3 types • Inactivated poliovirus vaccine
• Salk Vaccine • Live and attenuated poliovirus vaccine
• Sabin Vaccine • Oral polio vaccine
POLIO 1996
POLIO TODAY
Proportion of children seroconverting to each serotype after 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), plotted against age at administration.
Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014
© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Proportion of children seroconverting to each serotype after 2 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), plotted against age at administration of the first dose.
Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014
© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
REFERENCES • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Global Health – Polio. Web.
Accessed 20 March 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/polio/
• Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014
• Johnson, Shannon. Polio. Healthline 2012. Web. Accessed 20 March 2014.
• Poliomyelitis (2011). PubMed Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002375/
• Smithsonian. How the Poliovirus Works. Web. Accessed 26 March 2014. http://amhistory.si.edu/polio/virusvaccine/how.htm
• World Health Organizaiton. Health Topics – Poliomyelitis (Polio). Web. Accessed 20 March 2014. http://www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en/