,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;...$oo uljkwv uhvhuyhg 1r sduw ri wklv sxeolfdwlrq zklfk lv pdwhuldo surwhfwhg e\ wklv frs\uljkw qrwlfh pd\ eh uhsurgxfhg ru wudqvplwwhg ru xwlol]hg ru vwruhg

$Page 1: ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;...$oo uljkwv uhvhuyhg 1r sduw ri wklv sxeolfdwlrq zklfk lv pdwhuldo surwhfwhg e\ wklv frs\uljkw qrwlfh pd\ eh uhsurgxfhg ru wudqvplwwhg ru xwlol]hg ru vwruhg$
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;

gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)

fhiuf;Fb - 630003

vk;.V [jkpo;] Kjw; gUtk;

319 14

,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;tpay;

njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;

31914.indd 1 12/18/2018 9:52:56 AM

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Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-238/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 30.08.2018 Copies - 500

Author: Srinivasan Banumathi, Freelance Author

"The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University"

vk;.V [jkpo;] Kjw; gUtk;

jhs; 31914 - ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;

ghlj;jpl;lk;

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gk; Nehf;fKk; - jpwdha;thshpd; jFjpfs; - jpwdha;tpd; gad;

,yf;fpaf; fy;tp ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tj; njhlHGfs; - njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpo;j; jpwdha;tpd;

mbg;gilfSk; - jkpo;j;jpwdha;tpd; tsHr;rpAk; tuyhWk;

jpwdha;T tiffs; - tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T - kjpg;gPl;L Kiw jpwdha;T

xg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T - ghuhl;LKiw jpwdha;T ,tw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; mwpjy;

fw;gid - vd;w nrhy;ypd; tpsf;fKk; Ml;rpAk; - fw;gid gw;wp mbrd; tpy;ypak;ja;yH>

NtHl;]; xHj;> Nfhyphpl;[;> hpr;rHl;]; MfpNahhpd; tpsf;fq;fs;

fw;gidapd; tiffs; - tho;f;ifAk; fw;gidAk; - ,y;yd gilj;jy; - cyfpaw; fw;gid

- my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid

,yf;fpaKk; czHr;rpAk; - ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ey;y czHr;rpfs;

,yf;fpak; nebJ thOtjw;Fj; jf;f czHr;rpfs; - njhy;fhg;gpa nka;g;ghLfs;

fiyAk; tbtKk; - ,yf;fpaKk; fUj;Jk; xypeaj;jpd; rpwg;G

xypeaKk; czHr;rpAk; - czHr;rpf;Nfw;wgb tbt khw;wk;

jpwdha;T : Itifg; ghHitfs; - mwtpay; - r%ftpay;

cstpay; - njhy;gbkypay; - khdpltpay;

,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs; - elg;gpay; - Gidtpay; - nrt;tpay; - Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp mwpjy;

jkpo;Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;Jjy; - FwpaPl;by; - cUe;Njhw;wtpay;

31914.indd 3 12/18/2018 9:52:56 AM

ùTôÚ[PdLm

ghlk; 1 ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gk; Nehf;fKk; 1

ghlk; 2 jpwdha;thsd; gz;GfSk;> gzpfSk; 8

ghlk; 3 ,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifAk; 21

ghlk; 4 ,yf;fpaKk; nkhopAk; 30

ghlk; 5 fiy> fiyf;fhfth my;yJ tho;f;iff;fhfth 42

ghlk; 6 jpwdha;Tk; gpwJiwfSk; 52

ghlk; 7 jpwdha;tpd; tiffs; 64

ghlk; 8 jpwdha;tpd; tiffs;-II 71

ghlk; 9 jpwdha;T mZF Kiwfs;-I 81

ghlk; 10 jpwdha;T mZF Kiwfs;-II 95

ghlk; 11 jpwdha;T mZF Kiwfs;-III 109

ghlk; 12 jpwdha;T mZF Kiwfs;-IV 121

ghlk; 13 jpwdha;Tk; ciu kuGk; 130

jd; kjpg;gPL: tpdhf;fs; 139

khjpup tpdhj;jhs;;-I 146

khjpup tpdhj;jhs;;-II 148

khjpup tpdhj;jhs;;-III 150

31914.indd 4 12/18/2018 9:52:56 AM

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Self-InstructionalMaterial 1

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

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ghlk; 1

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gk; Nehf;fKk;

Kd;Diu

jpwdha;T vd;gJ> ,d;W tsHe;J tUfpw xU Jiw. ,yf;fpa tsk;

cila vy;yh nkhopfspYk; jpwdha;T Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

tsHr;rpf;Fk;> rpe;jid tsHr;rpf;Fk; jpwdha;T ngupa mstpy; Jiz

nra;J tUfpwJ. ,yf;fpak; vd;w g+Q;nrbf;F cukhfTk; ey;y ePuhfTk;

jpwdha;T ,Uf;fpwJ.

vdNt> nkhopiag; gw;wpAk; ,yf;fpak; gw;wpAk; gapy tpUk;Gfpw

khztHfs; jpwdha;T gw;wpAk; ed;whf mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

jpwdha;T

ek;ikr; Rw;wp> Gj;jfq;fshf mr;rpYk; kw;Wk; fzpdp-tiyg;gpd;dypYk;

,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;w ngaupy; VuhskhfTk; jhuhskhfTk; epiwa

vOj;J tbtq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ehk;> vy;yhtw;iwAk; gbf;f

KbAkh? KbahJ. gbg;gdtw;wpYk; vy;yhNk ekf;Fr; Ritahf

,Uf;fpwjh? ,y;iy. Ritahf ,Ug;gitAk; njhlHe;J rypf;fhky;

,Uf;fpd;wth? ,y;iy. RitahfTk; rypg;gpy;yhkYk; ,Ue;jhy;

vy;yhk; ey;ydthf> kdj;ijAk; ek; mDgtj;ijAk; tsHg;gdthf

,Uf;fpd;wdth? ,y;iy. mg;gbahdhy; mNjNghJ ey;ydtw;iwAk;

Ritahdtw;iwAk; gaDs;stw;iwAk; ehk; vg;gbj; njupe;J nfhs;tJ?

vg;gbj; NjHe;njLg;gJ?

,q;Nf jhd; jpwdha;T tUfpwJ.

jpwdha;T ,jw;Fj;jhd; ekf;F Kjypy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

jpwdha;Tk; ,yf;fpaKk;

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ xU fiy tbtk;. gilg;G my;yJ Mf;fk; vd;w

gz;ig cilaJ. jpwdha;T mj;jifa fiy tbtj;jpd; kPjhd

xU mwptpay; tprhuiz MFk;. ,yf;fpak;> Mf;fg; gLfpwNghNj

jpwdha;Tk; Njhd;wptpLfpwJ. ,jid vg;gb vOj Ntz;Lk;? gpwH vg;gb

vOjpapUf;fpwhHfs;? ehk; Vd; ,jid> ,g;gb vOjpapUf;fpNwhk;? vd;W

31914.indd 1 12/18/2018 9:52:56 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

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Self-Instructional 2 Material

,yf;fpaj;ij Mf;Ffpw gilg;ghsp epidf;fpd;w NghNj jpwdha;Tf;Fupa

kdg;ghd;ikAk; Njhd;wptpLfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfisAk;

gz;GfisAk; gw;wpj; njupahky;> ,yf;fpak; vOJgtd; ,y;iyÉ

mJNghy mtw;iwj; njupe;J nfhs;shky; jpwdha;T nra;gtDk;

,y;iy.

vdNt> ,yf;fpaKk; jpwdha;Tk; xd;iwnahd;W rhHe;Jk;

,ize;Jk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

jpwdha;T vd;w fiyr;nrhy;

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;w nrhy; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpwid Muha;tJ

vd;W tpupT gLfpwJ. ,jd; vLNfhs; my;yJ mbg;gilf; fUj;J

vd;d? ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fj; \jpwd;| ,Uf;fpwJ. mjidf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;

vd;W nrhy;YfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpwd; vd;gJ> mjd; tbtofpy;>

nkhop tsj;jpy;> cj;jpfspd; caHtpy;> nrhy;Yfpw nra;jpfspd;

Nkd;ikapy;> mjd; Nehf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nghUs;. mjidf;

fz;lwpe;J nrhy;tJ> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; MFk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpwid NkNyhl;lkhfr; nrhy;yf;$lhJ. Mokhfg;

ghHj;jpl (\Ma;T|) Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,r;nrhy; ekf;F czHj;JfpwJ.

jpwdha;Tf;F ,izahd Mq;fpyr; nrhy;> ‘criticism’ vd;gJ. ,jid xU fiyr; nrhy;yhf Kjypy; gad; gLj;jpatH [hd; biuld;

(John Dryden) (18 Mk; E}w;whz;L) vDk; Mq;fpyf; ftpQH MthH.

mjw;F Kd;dhy; (1605-,y;)> Critic vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpatH> rpe;jidahsH gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; (Francis Bacon) MthH.

jkpopy; criticism vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahf tpkHrdk; vd;w

nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH NguhrpupaH M.Kj;J rptd; MthH.

\tpkupir| vd;w tlnkhop tof;fpypUe;J te;j ,r;nrhy;Yf;Fg;> ghuhl;br;

nrhy;Yjy;> tpsf;fkhfTk; tpupthfTk; nrhy;Yjy; vd;W nghUs;.

jkpopy;> ,r;nrhy;Yf;F ,izahfj; \jpwdha;T| vd;w nrhy;iy

tof;fj;jpy; tpl;ltH> NguhrpupaH m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; MthH.

,d;W> fy;tpapayhsHfs; ,ilapy; jpwdha;T vd;w nrhy;

ngUtof;fhfTk;> vOj;jhsHfs;> gj;jpupf;ifahsHfs; ,ilapy;

tpkHrdk; vd;w nrhy; ngUtof;fhfTk; gad;gl;L tUfpwJ.

31914.indd 2 12/18/2018 9:52:56 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jpwdha;T: rpy nghJ tiuaiwfs;

,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpj; jpwdha;T vd;d nrhy;fpwJ vd;gjw;Fg; gy

tiuaiwfs; cs;sd. mit vz;zpylq;fh. jpwha;tpw;Fk; XH

mbg;gil cz;L.

tiuaiwfspd; tpsf;fk;

,yf;fpaj;jpd; kPJ my;yJ ,yf;fpak; gw;wp vOtJ jpwdha;T.

me;j ,yf;fpaj;ij> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gy;NtW gz;Gfisj; jpwdha;T

tpsf;FfpwJ. tpsf;Ffpd;w mNj Neuj;jpy; me;j ,yf;fpaj;ijg;

gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ. vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ> vg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W

nrhy;YtNjhL> mjDila jpwd;> me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkhj;jkhf

vt;thW ntspg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpwJ. mjd; %ykhf me;j

,yf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ. ,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifiag; NgRfpwJ

vd;why;> mj;jifa tho;f;ifia ,yf;fpak; vt;thW NgRfpwJ vd;W

jpwdha;T nrhy;YfpwJ.

fk;gH

fk;gDila uhkhazk; ,uhkd;-rPij-,uhtzd; vd;W ,tHfis

ikakpl;l tho;f;ifiar; nrhy;YfpwJ vd;why;> me;j E}y; gw;wp

t.Nt.R.IaH vOjpa Kamba Ramayanam - A study vd;w E}y;> mt;thW

tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupg;gjpy; fk;gd; vd;d vd;d tifahd cj;jpfisf;

fhl;bAs;shd;. mtw;wpd; NeHj;jpAk; rPHj;jpAk; vd;d vd;W NgRfpwJ.

mJ Nghy;> V.rp.ghy; ehlhH> b.Nf.rpjk;gu ehj KjypahH> K.K.

,];khapy;> g.[Pthde;jk;> v];.uhkfpU~;zd;> m.r.Qhd rk;ge;jd;>

r.NrhkRe;ju ghujpahH Kjypa mwpQHfSila E}y;fSk;> fk;gDila

,yf;fpaj;jpwd; gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wd. vdNt xNu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kPJ gy

jpwdha;Tfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU tifapy; tpsf;fk;

jUfpd;wdÉ mjd; jpwd;gw;wp Muha;fpd;wd.

ehk; ,Jtiu nrhd;d tiuaiwfs; kl;LNk> jpwdha;tpd;

tiuaiwfs; vd;W vz;zptplf; $lhJ. ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa tiuaiwfs;

vd;whYk;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T gw;wpa tiuaiwfs; vd;whYk; ,it

vz;zpy; mlq;fh. Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;> Fwpg;gpl;l

jpwdha;thsd;> Fwpg;gpl;l Njit. Nehf;fk; Kjypa gytw;iwr;

rhHe;Jjhd; jpwdha;Tk; mikfpwJÉ jpwdha;T gw;wpa tiuaiwfSk;

mikfpd;wd.

31914.indd 3 12/18/2018 9:52:56 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

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mbg;gil

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T gw;wpa mbg;gilahd tiuaiw vd;d?

,yf;fpaj;jpd; cw;w Njhodhf ,Ue;J mjid cz;ikahfTk;

epahakhfTk; ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W b.v];. vypal;> nuNd

nty;yf; Kjypa Nkiyehl;Lj; jpwdha;thsHfs; tw;GWj;JfpwhHfs;.

Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; rup> nghJthdnjhU ,yf;fpar;#oYf;Fk;

rup> jpwdha;T cz;ikahf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;É mjid NkYk;

tsHg;gjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpaj;ij NkYk; gbg;gjw;Fk;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; jpwdha;T xU “fpupah Cf;fpahf” (catalyst) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;.

,yf;fpaKk; jpwdha;Tk;

,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; gy tpsf;fq;fs; cs;sd. mit jpwdha;Tf;F

kpfTk; Njit. ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsDf;Fk;> ,yf;fpak; gbg;gtDf;Fk;

rupahd Kiwapy; mwpKfk; Njit. rpy Neuq;fspy; ,yf;fpaj;ijg;

gbg;gtDf;Fr; rpy rq;flq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwg; Nghf;Ftjw;Fk;

jpwdha;thsdpd; Nrit Njitg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fpak;

jpwdha;Tf;F mbj;jsk; ,yf;fpak;jhd;. vdNt> me;j ,yf;fpaj;ijg;

gw;wp ehk; Kjypy; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F xU

tpsf;fk;> my;y - gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,yf;fpak;> xU

fiy. ,yf;fpak;> nkhopahyhd xU fiy. ,yf;fpak;> moF cilaJ.

mofhd Kiwahd> rPHik nfhz;l tbtikg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. ,yf;fpak;>

nghUs;fis kiwj;J itf;fpwJÉ Mokhf itf;fpwJ> ,yf;fpak;

tho;f;ifiar; nrhy;YfpwJÉ tho;f;ifia tpkuprpf;fpwJÉ tho;f;ifia

czHTj; jskhf Mf;FfpwJ. ,yf;fpak; fhyj;jpd; Fuy;. ,yf;fpak;

xU fhyj;jpy; fhY}d;wp ,d;ndhU fhyj;jpy; ifgug;GfpwJ.

,yf;fpak;> mjidg;gilg;gtid ,dq;fhl;LfpwJ. ,yf;fpak;>

kdj;ijr; nrOikg; gLj;JfpwJ. kdj;jpw;F \,jk;| jUfpwJ. ,yf;fpak;

,dpikahdJ. xU nkhopf;Fg; ngUik my;yJ fTutk; jUfpwJ.

,t;thW ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Ff; $wg;gLk; tiuaiwfs; kpfg;gy.

31914.indd 4 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

fk;gH> ftpapd; gz;G gw;wpf; $WthH:

rtpAwj; njspe;J jz;nzd;W xOf;fKk; jOtpr;

rhd;NwhH ftpnadf; fple;j Nfhjhtup

(Muzpafhz;lk;> #Hg;gzifg; glyk;-1)

Mok;> njspT> FSik> xOf;fk; vd;w gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tw;whj

Mw;Wf;F ctikahff; ftpijiaf; $WfpwhH> fk;gH.

ftpijf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,g;gb vz;zw;w tiuaiwfs;

cz;nld;whYk;> ve;j tiuaiwAk; ,yf;fpaj;ij KOikahff;

fhl;Ltjpy;iyÉ fhl;l ,ayhJ vd;W nuNd nty;yf; vd;w mwpQH

$Wfpd;whH.

,yf;fpaKk; gbg;gtUk;

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ vOjg;gLtJ. vOJtJ vd;gJ> gpwH gbg;gjw;fhf>

my;yJ Nfl;L mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf. vdNt ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ cUg;

ngw;wTld; gbg;gtH (Reader) gf;fk; Nehf;fp efHfpwJ. ,yf;fpaKk;

gbg;gtUk;> Kuz;ghLfspd;wp> jkf;Fs; XusthtJ xj;JtUfpw

rkjsj;jpy; epd;why;jhd;> vOJtjhy; gad; fpilf;Fk;É gbg;gjdhy;

gad; fpilf;Fk;. gbg;gtH gy jpwj;jtH. xUtUf;Fg; gy ,yf;fpaq;fs;

gbj;Jg; gof;fk; ,Uf;fyhk;É ,d;ndhUtUf;F mj;jifa gof;fNk

,y;yhkypUf;fyhk;. xUtUf;Fg; gyJiwfspy; mwpTk; gapw;rpAk;

,Uf;fyhk;É ,d;ndhUtUf;F mJ ,y;yhkypUf;fyhk;. gbg;gtH>

jj;jk; Njitf;Fk; gpd;dzpf;Fk;> gapw;rpf;Fk; Vw;gNt ,yf;fpaj;ijj;

NjHe;njLf;fpwhHÉ ,yf;fpaj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhH. vdNt ,yf;fpaKk;

mjidg; gbg;gtUk; rupahdKiwapy; xUtUf;nfhUtH mwpKfkhfpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. gilg;ghspAk; gbg;ghspAk; ntt;NtW

jpirfspy; Kfk; jpUg;gpf; nfhz;bUf;f KbahJ.

gbg;gtH rpf;fy;fs;

Vw;nfdNt nrhd;dJ Nghy> gbg;ghspf;F vy;iyf;NfhLfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

mit> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; mtUf;Fk; FWf;Nf epw;fpd;wd. gbg;gtupd;

rq;flq;fs; gy. mtw;Ws; xd;W fhy NtWghL. ,yf;fpak; xU

fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;É ,uz;L %d;W jiyKiwfs; jhz;b

tUfpw gbg;ghspf;F> mjidg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; rq;flk; ,Uf;Fk;.

Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; NtWgl;l Nfhzq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;É

31914.indd 5 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

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mtw;wpy; gof;fkpy;yhj gbg;ghspf;F mtw;iwg; Gupe;J nfhs;StJ

rpukkhapUf;Fk;. gbg;ghsp Kjypy; xU RitQd; (urpfd;)É Fwpg;gpl;l

,yf;fpaj;jpy; mtDf;Fupa Rit fpilf;fhky; NghFkhdhy;> mtd;

rpukg; gLthd;. ,k; khjpupahd #o;epiyfspy; jpwdha;thsd; cs;Ns

Eiofpwhd;É mtDila Nrit> gbg;ghspf;Fj; Njitahf MfptpLfpwJ.

jpwdha;T

jpwdha;Tf;F> ,yf;fpak;jhd; \fsk;| Mfypd;> me;j ,yf;fpak; gw;wp

ePq;fs; vd;d - vg;gbg; - Gupe;J nfhs;fpwPHNfsh> mjdbg;gilapy;jhd;

cq;fs; jpwdha;Tk; mikfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l

tpsf;fk;> me;j ,yf;fpak; kPjhd jpwdha;Tf;F mbg;gilahd

fUJNfhshf my;yJ Nehf;fkhf mikfpwJ. cjhuzkhf \,yf;fpak;>

fhyj;jpd; Fuy;| vd;w tpsf;fj;ij Kd;itg;Nghkhdhy;> ghujpahiug;

gw;wpa jpwdha;tpy;> ghujpahupd; fhyj;ijg; gw;wp ehk; NgrNtz;btUk;.

ghujpahupd; fhyj;Jf;Fr; rw;W Kd;dhy; ,Ue;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

jd;ikfisAk; r%fr; #o;epiyfisAk; nrhy;yptpl;Lg; ghujpahupd;

rkfhyj;jpypUe;j murpay; tpLjiy ,af;fk;> md;iwa r%fj;jpd;

nghJthd epiyg;ghLfs; Kjypatw;iwg; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpd;

gpd;dzpapy;> ghujpahH me;jf; fhyj;ij vt;thW ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whH

vd;W Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;gPL>

mjDila jpwdha;Tf;F thapyhf mikfpd;wJ.

Kf;$l;L cwT

,yf;fpak; vd;w ngupa jsj;jpy; gilg;ghsp> thrfd;> jpwdha;thsd;

%tUk; ,ize;J nray; gl Ntz;Lk;.

ehk; Vw;nfdNt nrhd;dJ Nghd;W - ,yf;fpak;> vz;zpwe;j

tiuaiwfisAilaJÉ gy;NtW gz;Gfis cilaJ. thrfd;

vd;gtDf;Fg; gy vy;iyf;NfhLfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdÉ mNjNghJ mtDila

Njitfs; gy jpwj;jdthf ,Uf;fpd;wd. jpwdha;tpd; Ntiyfs;>

,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J njhlq;Ffpd;wdÉ thrfid Nehf;fpr; nry;Yfpd;wd.

jpwdha;thsH - xU KftH> xU JiztH

,e;j Kf;$l;Lwtpy;> gilg;ghspjhd; ikaj;jpypUf;fpwhH. jpwdha;thsH>

gilg;Gf;Fk; gbg;Gf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ,ilntspfis ePf;FfpwhH.

jpUf;FwSf;Fg; gupNkyofH> gupjpahH> fhypq;fH Kjy; K.tujuhrdhH

31914.indd 6 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

tiu te;j ciuahrpupaHfis epidj;Jg; ghUq;fs;. jpUf;Fws;

Njhd;wpa fhyk; ,d;W 18 E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l njd;why;>

,e;jf; fhy ,ilntspapy; jpUf;Fwisg; gbf;fÆ thrpf;f te;j

gbg;ghspfspd; rpukq;fis ,e;j ciufs; Nghf;fpapUf;fpd;wd. fhyk;

vd;w ,ilntspiaf; Fiwj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

gbf;fpwtHfSf;F my;yJ XusthtJ gbg;gjpNy MHtk;

cs;stHfSf;F> ,yf;fpaq;fisj; NjHe;njLf;fj; jpwdha;T cjTfpwJ.

mNjNghJ mtHfis> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gf;fkha; - ey;y ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

gf;fkha; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L NghfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;fisg; gbf;fpw

thrfHfSf;Fr; nrhy;Yfpd;w jpwdha;T> me;j thrfHfspd; jpwidAk;

tsHf;fpwJÉ mtHfspd; mwpitAk;> uridiaAk; tpuptilar; nra;fpwJ.

thrpg;gpd; juk; caHtilar; nra;fpwJ. vdNt> gilg;ghspf;Fk;

gbg;ghspf;Fk; ,ilapy; ghykhfp ,Uf;fpd;w jpwdha;thsd;> ,UtUf;Fk;

cw;w Njhodha; ,Uf;fpd;whd;.

njhFg;Giu

jpwdha;T gw;wpa ,e;j Kjy; ghlj;jpy;> ehk; jpwdha;T vd;why;

vd;d vd;W mwpKf epiyapy; njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk;. ,yf;fpak;

gy gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy jpwj;jd. gy

tpsf;fq;fisAk; gytiuaiwfisAk; nfhz;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

Njitf;Fk;> mjid thrpf;fpw thrfdpd; Njitf;Fk; Vw;gj; jpwdha;T

vd;gJ mikfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilf;fpwtH> mjidg; gbf;fpwtH.

mjidj; jpwdha;T nra;fpwtH vd;w %d;W gupkhzq;fs;> ,yf;fpak;

vd;w nghJthd jsj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. jpwdha;T> xU ghykhf

mika Ntz;Lk;. cw;w Njhodhf mika Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpaj;ijg;

gbg;gtupd; mwpitAk; uridiaAk; juj;ijAk; caHj;Jtjhfj;

jpwdha;T mika Ntz;Lk;.

31914.indd 7 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

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ghlk; 2

jpwdha;thsd; gz;GfSk;> gzpfSk;

,yf;fpaj;ijj; jpwdha;T nra;fpwtd;> mbg;gilapy; vj;jifa

gz;GfisAk;> jFjpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpg;

NgRfpwJ. jpwdha;thsupd; gz;G> jpwdha;Tf;Fg; g+Hthq;fkhfTk;

mNjNghJ mjid KOf;f topelj;JtjhfTk; mikfpwJ.

jpwdhspapd; gz;Gfis mwptjd; %yk; jpwdha;tpd; gz;GfisAk;

mwpayhk;. jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fj;ijAk;> mjpNy Kidg;ghfp ,Uf;fpw

jpwdhspapd; Ntiyj; jpwidAk; mwpayhk;.

Kd;Diu

jpwdha;tpd; nghJthd tpsf;fj;ijAk; mjd; mwpKfj;ijAk; nrd;w

ghlj;jpy; ghHj;Njhk;. ,g;NghJ jpwdha;thsd; ahH? mtDila gz;Gfs;

vd;d vd;W ghHf;fg; NghfpNwhk;. rupahd my;yJ xU ey;y jpwdha;T

mika Ntz;Lkhdhy;> jpwdha;thsd; mjw;Nfw;gg; nghUj;jKw

mikfpwhd;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;Jf;F mbahHf;F ey;yhH fpilj;jJ Nghy.

vt;top ey;ytH MltH mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd

vd;W mt;itahH nrhd;dJ Nghy> vt;top jpwdhsp> mt;top ey;iy

thopa jpwdha;Nt.

jpwdha;thsDk; thrfDk;

jpwdha;thsd;> Kjypy; xU thrfd;. thrfd;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU

,yf;fpaj;ijg; - gDtiy - thrpf;fpwhd;. jd;dstpy;> me;jg; gDtiyg;

Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhd;É urpf;fpwhd;É mDgtpf;fTk;> me;jg; gDtNyhL gofpf;

nfhs;sTk; nra;fpwhd;. xU <LghLk;> njhlHe;J thrpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

kdepiyAk; nfhz;ltdhf Mfpwhd;. ,J> Kjy;epiy. gapw;rp ngw;w

thrfd;> mLj;j epiyapy; cs;std; NjHe;njLj;Jg; gbf;fpw gapw;rpAk;

Njbg;Nghfpw kdepiyAk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjw;Fupa rupahd msTNfhy;

mtDf;Fj; njupahJÉ Mdhy;> njhlHe;J gbf;Fk; gapw;rp ,Ug;gjhy;>

xU NkNyhl;lkhd msTNfhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. ey;yJ - ty;yJ vd;w

mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; - fUj;Njhl;lq;fs; - mtDf;F Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,J

,uz;lhk; epiy mLj;J> mjw;Fk; Nky; epiyapy; cs;s thrfd;>

31914.indd 8 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jhd; thrpj;jtw;iwg; gw;wpj; jUf;f ePjpahd Vd;> vd;d> vg;gb vd;w

Nfs;tpfSf;F tuj; njupe;jtd;. kjpg;gpLtJ> tpsf;FtJ> xg;gpLtJ

Kjypa kdepiyfs; tha;f;fg; ngw;wtd;. Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;gpd; juk;>

Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;ghspapd; epiy Kjypatw;iw mDkhdpf;fj; njupe;j

,tidf; Fwpf;Nfhs; thrfd; vd;W nrhy;y KbAk;. %d;whtJ epiy

,J. jpwdha;thsd; ,tdpypUe;J njhlq;Ffpwhd;É gpwf;fpwhd;.

thrpg;G mDgtKk;> mjidj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g cs;thq;fpf;

nfhz;L mJgw;wpa fUj;Jfisg; gfpHe;J nfhs;Sk; kdepiyAk;>

mjid ntspg;gLj;Jfpw Mw;wYk; cilatd;> jpwdha;thsd;. thrfd;>

Fwpg;gpl;l rpy msTNfshL epd;WtpLfpwNghJ> gpw E}y;fs; gw;wpa

mwpitAk;> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; mJrhHe;j nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gw;wpa mwpitAk; nfhz;L> jd;Dila thrpg;G mDgtq;fis xU

Kiwikf;Fk; xU Njitf;Fk; Vw;g ntspg;gLj;Jfpwtd;> jpwdha;thsd;.

<LghL> thrpg;G> njhlHe;j thrpg;G - epd;WtpLkhdhy; kw;Wk;

fUj;JUf;fSk; ntspg;gLj;jpAiuf;fpd;w jpwDk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;

tpLkhdhy; - jpwdha;thsd; Kbe;JtpLfpwhd;. njhlHe;j <Lghl;NlhL>

thrpg;G xU gapw;rpahfTk; mDgtkhfTk; mikfpwNghJ> mJgw;wpa

tpsf;fk;> fUj;JUf;NfshL ntspg;gLfpw epiyNaw;gLkhdhy;> thrfd;>

jpwdha;thsdhf cUthfptpLfpwhd;.

jpwdha;thsDk; gilg;ghspAk;

gilg;Gkdk; vd;gJ> xU epfo;r;rpia my;yJ xU nghUis my;yJ

XH vz;zj;ij csq;nfhz;L czHe;J> ce;JzHNthL> mJNghd;w

xd;whfNth mjpypUe;J tpyfpr; nry;Yk; ,d;ndhd;whfNth> GjpaJ

Nghd;w FwpaPl;by;KilajhfNth ntspg;gLj;j VJthf ,Uf;fpw xU

kdepiyahFk;. ,J> xU gilg;ghspf;F ,Uf;fpw kpfKf;fpakhd

xUNjit. mJNghy;> jpwdha;thsDf;Fk; mbg;gilapy; ,j;jifanjhU

kdepiy ,Uf;fpwJ. gilg;Gkdk; ,Ue;jhnyhopag; gilg;gpidg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;gJ KbahJ. gilg;ghsp> mj;jifa gilg;G

kdj;ijf; fiy tbNthL Mf;Ffpwhd;É gilg;Gj; jpwd; mtdplk; Ke;jp

epw;fpwJ. mbg;gilahd gilg;G kdj;NjhL mwptpay; csg;ghq;Fk;

tprhuiz csg;ghq;Fk; $btUfpwNghJ jpwdha;thsd; cUthfpwhd;.

xUtd; fiyQd;É mLj;jtd; mwpQd;. xUtd; czHthy; vOJfpwhd;É

mLj;jtd; mwpthy; vOJfpwhd;. Mdhy; ,e;j ,uz;Lk; Kuz;ghL

31914.indd 9 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


nfhz;litay;y vd;gJk; vJ Kjd;ikahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJNk

Kf;fpak;.

\gilg;ghspahf Mf Kbahky; Njhy;tpAw;wtd;> jpwdha;thsdhfpwhd;|

vd;W Nkiy ehl;Lj; jpwdha;thsHfs; $WtJz;L. ,J> kpifahd

$w;WÉ vdpDk;> jpwdha;thsdpd; ,yf;fpa cs;sj;ij ,e;jf;$w;W

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

gilg;ghsp> xU moif my;yJ xU nghUis my;yJ mjd;

rhuj;ijj; jdJ gilg;gpy; nghjpe;JÆxspj;J itf;fpwhd;. jpwdha;thsd;

mjidj; Njb vLj;Jj;jUfpwhd;. gilg;ghsp> tpLfij NghLfpwhd;É

jpwdha;thsd; mjid tpLtpf;fpwhd;. gilg;ghsp> gy rkaq;fspy;

kTdkhfp epw;fpwhd;É jpwdha;thsd; me;j kTdq;fis cilf;fpwhd;É

me;j kTdq;fSf;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhd;.

xU gilg;ghsp> xU jpwdha;thsDf;Fs; kl;Lk; Kbe;J

tpLtjpy;iy. gyH tUfpwhHfs;É gy tpsf;fq;fs; je;JNghfpwhHfs;.

mJ NghyNt> jpwdha;T> xU gilg;Gf;Fs; kl;Lk; epd;WtpLtjpy;iy.

xU Neuj;jpy; xU gilg;Gg;gw;wpg; NgRtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> jpwdha;thsd;

Rje;jpukhf \ntspNa| nrd;W tUfpwhd;É gy nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L

tUfpwhd;.

jpwdha;thsDk; Jk;gpAk;

ghujpjhrd;> jkpo;nkhopia xU g+f;fhL vd;Wk;> jk;ik xU Jk;gp

vd;Wk; tUzpg;ghH:

jkpNo eP xU g+f;fhL

ehNdhH Jk;gp

jkpo; nkhoptsKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; rpe;jidtsKk; epuk;gpaJÉ

g+q;fh moFk; NeHj;jpAk; kzKk; epuk;gpaJÉ gytpjkhd Ritfs;. gy

tz;zq;fs;. ,jdhy; jkpo; xU g+q;fhthf - g+f;fhlhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

mjpNy jpisj;J kfpOk; xU Jk;gp - me;j mDgtj;ijg; gpwHf;Fr;

nrhy;Yk; NghJ - xU urpfdhf kl;Lky;y> xU rpwe;j jpwdhspahf

tpsq;FfpwJ. NjLtJk; NjHtJk; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilahd gz;G.

NjHe;jij> mDgtpj;jij mDgtpj;jthW tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wpr;

nrhy;YtJ mtDila flik. FWe;njhifg; ghly; xd;wpy; ,iwadhH

vd;w Gytupd; xU Ntz;LNfhs;:

31914.indd 10 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

nfhq;FNjH tho;f;if mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gp

fhkQ;nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh.........

,J jpwdha;thsidg; ghHj;Jr; nrhy;tJ Nghd;w Njhw;wKilaJ.

Njid ehbg; NghtJk;> ey;y Njid tpUk;gpj; NjHtJk; Jk;gpapd;

- NjdPapd; tho;f;if. jpwdha;thsDf;Fk; ,JNt njhopy;É ,JNt

tho;f;if. Mdhy;> mJ> jhd; NjHe;j Njid cz;Lfhl;bahf ,Ue;J

gpwHf;Fr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mJTk;> jdf;F <LghL ,Uf;fpwJ

vd;gjw;fhf kpfTk; tpUg;gk; nfhz;L kpifahfr; nrhy;yf;$lhJ.

kpiftpUg;gk; (fhkk;) ,d;wp cs;sij cs;sthW nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

NjdP my;yJ Jk;gpaplk; njuptpf;fpd;w ,e;jr; nrhy;> jpwdha;thsid

Nehf;fpr; nrhy;Ytjhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

jpwdha;thsdpd; Mw;wYk; gapw;rpAk;

vy;NyhuhYk; jpwdha;thsdhf KbahJ. jpwdha;thsDf;nfd

rpy Mw;wYk;> mwpTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa jpwd;fs; ngw;NwhNu

jpwdha;thsdhf ,aq;f ,aYk;.

mwpthw;wy;

jpwdha;thsd;> mbg;gilapy; mwpthw;wy; tha;e;jtd;. mjhtJ>

Kf;fpakhf mwpthw;wy; %ykhfNt ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fz;L nrhy;fpwhd;.

mwpthw;wy; vd;gJ vd;d? xUnghUis czHr;rpf;Fl;gl;L -

mjhtJ mfta epiyapy; - ghHf;fhky;> Gwta epiyapy; epd;W

ghHg;gJ mwptpaypd; Kjy; NjitahFk;. mJNghy> fhuz - fhupak;

gw;wpajhfg; ghHitAk; Ngr;Rk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. NknyOe;j thupahf

mgpg;gpuhaq;fis cjpHg;gJ jpwdha;thfhJ. xU ,yf;fpag; gDty;

gw;wpg; NgRfpNwhk; vd;why;> mjpy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ - Vd; mt;thW

,Uf;fpwJ - mjdhy; Vw;gl;Ls;s gz;Gfs;> khw;wq;fs; vd;d vd;gijg;

gw;wpa ghHit mtrpak;. cjhuzkhfg; ghujpahupd; ghQ;rhyprgjk;

vDk; FWq;fhtpak;> ghujkhjhtpd; rgjNk vd;W nrhd;dhy;> mt;thW

nrhy;Yjw;Fupa #oy;> gpd;dzp> ,tw;NwhL ghQ;rhyprgjk; vDk;

gDtypy; mjw;Fupa jlaq;fs;> nrhy; tbtq;fs;> ghj;jputhHg;Gfs;

vt;thW ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W fz;lwpe;J nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> vLnghUs; gw;wpa fUJNfhs;>

jfTfs;> juTfs; Kjypad Njit. jUf;f uPjpahd fz;Nzhl;lKk;

rupahd topKiwAk; Njit. ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy; ghQ;rhyp vDk;

31914.indd 11 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

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ghj;jpuk;> rf;jpapd; tbtkhf tpsq;FtJ gw;wpAk;> mbiktpyq;nfhbj;J

vOr;rp ngWfpw rf;jp mjDila mk;rkhf tpsq;FtJ gw;wpAk;

vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwNghJjhd; me;jf; FWq;fhtpaj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij

ek;khy; nrhy;y KbAk;.

mwptpay; rhHe;j ,e;j mwpthw;wy;> cz;ikiaj; NjLtJ MFk;.

vq;fpUe;jhYk;> vg;gbapUe;jhYk;> ahUilajhapUe;jhYk; cz;ik

cz;ikjhd;. mjidj; jpwdha;thsd; fz;lwpfpwhd; - xU NjLjNyhL.

vg;nghUs; ahHahHtha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;

nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT

vg;nghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;nghUs;

nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT

vd;W ts;StH> (ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy;)> mwptpd; njhopy; cz;ikiaj;

NjLjy; vd;W nrhd;dNjhL> mjd; rupahd topiaAk; ,zq;fhl;LthH.

mjw;Nfw;g> cz;ikg; nghUis> nka;g;nghUis ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

Njbawpe;J nrhy;tJ jpwdha;thsdpd; gz;ghFk; vd;W mwpag;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

gue;j mwpTk; gapw;rpAk;

jpwdha;thsdplk; vjpHghHf;fj; jFe;j Kf;fpakhd gz;G> Mo;e;J

mfd;w mwpTk; mj;jifa mwptpd; tprhuizapy; njhlHe;J gapYfpd;w

gapw;rpAk; MFk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gug;G> MoKk; mfYk; cilaJ

vd;gjhYk; mstpYk; gz;gpYk; mjw;Fg; gy gupkhzq;fs; cz;L

vd;gjhYk;> jpwdha;thsDf;F ,j;jifa gz;G> NkYk; NkYk;

Njitahfpd;wJ.

,yf;fpak; nkhopahyhdJ. xU nra;e; NeHj;jpAlDk;> mofhd

XH xOq;fikTlDk; ,Ug;gJ. gilg;ghspapd; cs;sj;NjhL neQ;rkhf

,Ug;gJ. r%fj;NjhL> tuyhw;NwhL> murpaNyhL> gz;ghl;Lj;

jsj;NjhL> nghUshjhu mbf;fl;Lkhdj;NjhL ,yf;fpak; NeubahfTk;

kiwKfkhfTk; njhlHG nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa mwpTk;> ,e;jj;

JiwNfshL xU gapw;rpAk; jpwdha;thsDf;F kpfTk; mtrpkahFk;.

gy;JiwawpTk; gd;Kfkhd gapw;rpAk; ,y;iynadpy;> jpwdha;T>

typTk; nghypTk; ,y;yhJ NghFk;. cz;ikia mjdhy; NjlKbahJ

Ngha;tpLk;.

31914.indd 12 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

gpujhg KjypahH rupj;jpuk; (1879) vd;w ehty; gw;wpj; jpwdha;T

nra;fpwtDf;F mJ ve;jf; fhyj;ijr; NrHe;jJ> ve;jr; #oypyhdJ

vd;w mwpT ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mjidj; njhl;Lj; njhlu KbAk;É xNu xU

CupNy xNu xu uh[h..........! vd;gJ Nghy me;jf; fhyj;Jg; ghl;bkhH

fijg; ghzpapy; mJ nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; mg;gbf;

fij $Wjiyg; ghHf;f KbahJ. mJNghy Qhdhk;ghs; vd;w me;j

ehtypd; fijj;jiytpia ,d;iwa kugpy; ghHf;fKbahJ. me;j

ehty;> ngz;ikia xU mjPjg;GidT etpw;rpahfr; rpj;jpupf;fpwJ. ,d;W

mj;jifa GidT rhj;jpakpy;iy. Mdhy; ngz;zpak; vOr;rpngw;w

,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;zpaf; Nfhl;ghL gw;wpAk; GidT etpw;rp gw;wpAk;

Nghjpa gapw;rp ,Ue;jhy; (kl;LNk)> me;j ehtiyr; rupahfj; jpwdha;T

nra;a KbAk;. ,J XH cjhuzk;.

jpwdha;thsDf;Fr; rpy Nfhl;ghLfspyhtJ ey;y gapw;rp

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cstpay;> mikg;gpay; Kjw;nfhz;L khHf;fpak;>

r%ftpay; Kjypa Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa mwpT> kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

Nfhl;ghLfs;> jpwdha;Tf;F xspjUfpd;wdÉ ,yf;fpag; gDty;fspd;

kPJ xsp gha;r;Rfpd;wd.

ve;j ,yf;fpak; my;yJ ve;j MrpupaH gw;wpj; jpwdha;T

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwNjh> mJgw;wp kl;Lky;yhJ NtWgpw xj;j

,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa gapw;rpAk; gue;j ,yf;fpa mwpTk; jpwdha;thsDf;F

mtrpakhFk;. fk;gdpd; ,uhkfhij gw;wp Muha;fpwNghJ> thd;kPfp>

N`hkH> kpy;ld; gw;wpa mwpT ,Ue;jhy;> me;j Muha;r;rp vt;tsT

rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij vz;zpg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jpwdha;T> gy Neuq;fspy;> gy #oy;fspy; gyH nra;tJ. xU

jpwdha;thsDf;Fk;> gpwjpwdha;thsHfs; vd;d nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs;>

vt;thW xU E}iy mZfpapUf;fpwhHfs; vd;w mwpTk; Njit.

jd;Dila jpwdha;T vd;dthfp> vj;jifajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;F ,e;j mwpT> gad;gLk;.

fw;wwpe;jhH fy;tp tpsq;Fk; vd;gJ ts;Stk;. jpwdha;thsDf;Fk;

,J nghUe;Jk;.

jpwdha;thsd; gzp

tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wpr ; nray;gLfpd;w eLTepiyahsdhfTk;>

Fiwepiw ghHj;J jPHg;G toq;ff; $batdhfTk; nray;glNtz;baJ>

jpwdha;thsdpd; gzpfshFk;.

31914.indd 13 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


eLTepiyik

fhkQ;nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopfpd;wNghJ> jpwdha;thsDila fUj;jpy; -

nray;ghl;by; - ,ay;ghfNt eLTepiyik te;JtpLfpwJ. mfta

czHTfSf;F Ml;glhky;> mwptpayhsd; ghzpapy;> Gwtakhf epd;W

mZFtJ eLTepiyikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.

jpwdha;thsDf;F tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs; fhuzkhfg; gf;fr; rhHGfs;

Vw;glf;$Lk;É fho;g;Gk; frg;Gk; ghHitia Nkhrkhf;fp tplf;$Lk;.

,j;jifa gf;fr; rhHGfs; Vw;glf;$ba #o;epiyfs;: 1. rkar; rhHG

fhukzhf ,Uf;fyhk;. 2. jw;nrayhff; fpilj;jtw;wpd;Nky; my;yJ

gofpatw;wpd;Nky; my;yJ ehYNgH jpUk;gj;jpUk;gr; nrhd;dtw;wpd;Nky;

xU jdpj;j <LghL ,Uf;fyhk;. 3. rhjp> nrhe;j CH my;yJ tl;lhuk;>

el;G my;yJ ,JNghd;w rpy - ,Uf;fyhk;. 4. murpay; nfhs;if

my;yJ jdf;Fupa rpy jdpg;gl;l Njitfs; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa

#o;epiyfs;> gf;fr; rhHGf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.

jkpo;j; jpwdha;thsHfs; rpyuplk; ,e;jf; FiwghL cz;L.

Kf;fpakhf Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; Kjy; ,uz;Lk; gioa ,yf;fpaq;fis

Muha;NthuplKk;> gpd;ida ,uz;Lk;> mz;ikf;fhy Æ ,f;fhy

,yf;fpaq;fis Muha;NthuplKk; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,JNghd;w FiwghLfs;> jpwdha;Tf;Fj; jilf;fw;fs;. ey;y

jpwdha;thsDila gz;G> ,j;jifa Fiwfisj; jtpHj;Jtpl;Lj;>

Jyhf;Nfhy; (juhR) Nghy;> Ms;Kfk; ghHf;fhky;> nghUs;fspd;

,dgupkhdj;ij kl;Lk; nrhy;YtJ MFk;.

rkd;nra;J rPHJ}f;Fk; Nfhy;Nghy; mike;njhUghy;

Nfhlhik rhd;NwhHf; fzp

xUghy; NfhUjy; - xUgf;fr; rhHG - jpwdha;thsuhfpa rhd;NwhHf;F

moF my;y.

,UNtW ,yf;fpag; gDty;fis - E}y;fis - xg;gpl;L

Muha;NthHf;F> ,j;jifa rkd;Nehf;F> kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.

FzKk; Fw;wKk; ehb

kdpjd;Nghy ,yf;fpaKk;> Fw;wk; Fiw cilaJ. epiwfs; mjpfk;

,Ug;gpd; kdpjd; kjpf;fg;gLfpwhd;É Nghw;wg;gLfpwhd;. Mdhy;>

mwpthuha;r;rp cs;sk; nfhz;ltHfs;> epiwfisg; ghuhl;LtJ

31914.indd 14 12/18/2018 9:52:57 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

NghyNt> FiwfisAk; fz;lwpe;J Rl;bf;fhl;b mwpTiujUthHfs;.

,J rhd;NwhH gzp. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsDk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mjd;

vy;yhg; gz;GfisAk; ghHf;fpwhd;. epiwfis kl;Lk;> my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l

,yf;fpag; gDtypy; jdf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jijkl;Lk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b

Mfh> Xfh vd;W Gfo;e;jhy;> mJ Nghw;wpAiu ahFk;kapd;wpj;

jpwdha;thfhJ. Nghw;wpAiufs;> NkNyhl;lkhditÉ mit ,yf;fpaj;ij

vd;Wk; tsHg;gjpy;iy. mJNghyNt> Fiwfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjpNyNa

ftdk; nrYj;jpdhy;> jpwdha;thsDila vjpHepiyg; gz;ghfNt mJ

mikAkÉ NkYk;> ,yf;fpak; tsuhJÉ Nrjk; milAk;.

vdNt> jpwdha;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l xU E}ypDila ,uz;L

gf;fq;fisAk; kaf;fkpd;wpg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. vJ vg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ

vd;W fhzNtz;Lk;. vJ kpifahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijf; $wNtz;Lk;.

Fzk;ehbf; Fw;wKk; ehb mtw;Ws;

kpifehb kpf;f nfhsy;

jpwdha;thsDila gzp> thrfDf;F> ,Ug;gij> cs;ghij> cs;sthW

nrhy;Yjy; MFk;.

ey;y jpwdha;thsdpd; gz;G> Fzk; - Fw;wk; vd;w ,uz;ilAk;

ghHg;gJ. vJ mjpfNkh> mjidr; nra;tJ. Mdhy; mNjNghJ>

kw;wij> mjhttJ> Fiwthfp ,Ug;gijr; nrhy;yhkNy tpl;L tpLtJ

my;y. mg;gbr; nra;ahky; tpLtJ> ngUk; FiwahFk;. \,bg;ghH

,y;iynadpy;> nfLg;ghH ,y;iynadpDk; nfLk;| Gfo;e;J nrhy; -

Nghw;W - ghuhl;L Mdhy;> epjhdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epjhdkw;w

Gfo;nkhop> gilg;ghspiar; nrUf;Fk; jWf;Fk; cilatdhf Mf;fpf;

nfLj;JtpLk;. mNjNghJ> Fiwfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> rw;Wf; fzprkhfNt

,Ue;jhYk; $l - mtw;iw mlf;fkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. Xq;Fk; NghJ

ngupjhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; mJ mjid vwpfpwNghJ - tpOfpwNghJ -

nky;y tpoNtz;Lk;. \fbNjhf;fp nky;y vwpf|.

vdNt> epiw $WfÉ Fiw fhl;LfÉ mjd; kpif nrhy;YfÉ tsUk;

newp jUf. ,t;thW> jpwdhspaha;f; flikahw;Wf.

jpwdha;thsdpd; gq;F

gilg;ghsp - jpwdhsp - thrfd; vd;w Kf;$l;Lwtpy;> jpwdhspapd;

,lk; my;yJ gq;F my;yJ gzp> thrfidg; gilg;ghspapd;

gf;fkhf - mjhtJ gilg;gpd; gf;fkhf kpf neUq;fr; nra;jy; MFk;.

31914.indd 15 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


gilg;ghspapd; Nehf;fk; thrfidr; nrd;wiltJjhd;É mJNghy;>

jpwdhspapd; Nehf;fKk; thrfidr; nrd;wiltJjhd;. ,e;j cwtpy;

jpwdhsp> ve;j tpjj;jpYk; XH ,yf;F my;y. ,yf;F - xd;wpg; gilg;G

É my;yJ thrfd;. ,e;j ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa> jpwdhsp> thrfd; gf;fk;

nrd;W> jhd; ngw;w ,d;gk; nrhy;yp> ngw;wjd; KiwikAk; ty;yikAk;

nrhy;yp> top nrhy;ypg; gilg;gpd; jpwd; Nehf;fp mDg;Gfpwhd;. mjhtJ>

thrfidg; gilg;gpd; gf;fkhfj; jpwdhsp Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpwhd; vd;W

nghUs;.

Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;

ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwhmHf;F mwpTwP,r;

nrd;wgad; vjpur; (nrhy;Yjy;)

Mw;Wg;gilapd; ,yf;fzk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpaH $WthH. jpwdha;Tk;>

,JNghy;> Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpw nraiyr; nra;fpwJ.

thrfDf;F cWJiz

vdNt> jpwdha;thsd;> thrfDf;F gilg;igg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy;

cWJizahf mikfpwhd; vdyhk;. thrfDf;F top nrhy;yp>

thrfDf;F Vw;glyhFk; Iag;ghLfis a+fpj;jwpe;J jPHg;ghd;Nghy;

tpsf;fk; je;J> jfty;fs; je;J> Jizahf epw;fpwhd;> jpwdha;thsd;.

thrfDf;Fk; gilg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s jiyKiw

,ilntspfisf; - fhy NtWghLfisf; - Fiwf;fpwhd;. mJNghy

,lq;fs;> J}ue;njhiyTfs; vd;w epiyapy; Vw;gLfpw ,ilntspfisAk;

Fiwf;fpwhd;. cjhuzkhfg;> GJikg;gpj ;jd;> jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lj;Jf;fhuHÉ mtUila fijfspy; me;j tl;lhuj;Jr; nrhw;fs;>

nkhopeil> gof;ftof;fq;fs; Kjypait ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. Nfhit

khtl;lj;Jf;fhuHfSf;F mtw;Ws; rpy Gupahky; Nghfyhk; my;yJ

fbdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. jpwdha;thsd; thrfDf;F top je;J me;j

rpukq;fisf; Fiwf;fpwhd;.

,t;thW> jpwdha;thsd;> thrfDf;F cfe;j crhj;JizahfTk;

cw;w ez;gdhfTk; caHe;j topfhl;bahfTk; tpsq;Ffpwhd;. rpwe;j

thrfHfs; cUthtjw;Fk;> xU ey;y ,yf;fpar; #oy; miktjw;Fk;>

jpwdha;thsdpd; ,j;jifa gz;G ngupJk; cjTfpd;wJ.

31914.indd 16 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

nrtpyp kdg;ghd;ik

gilg;ghsp> jha; vd;why;> jpwdhsp> gilg;gpw;Fk; gilg;ghspf;Fk;

nrtpyp Nghd;wtd; Mthd;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU gilg;ghspf;Fk; me;jg;

gilg;Gf;Fk; kl;Lky;y - mj;jifa xU FOTf;Fk; nghJthd XH

,yf;fpar; #oYf;Fk; xU nryptpNghy; ,Ue;J NgZfpw gz;G>

jpwdha;thsdpd; gz;ghFk;. thrfDf;F XH crhj;Jizahf

,Ug;gJNghy> gilg;ghspf;Fk; - gilg;Gf;Fk; - xU ey;y gilg;Gr;

#oYf;Fk; - nrtpypahf ,Ue;J eyk; Ngzp tsHj;njLf;Fk; gzpiaj;

jpwdha;T nra;fpwJ.

Fw;wq;Fiwfisr; nrhy;ypAk; cjhuzg;gLj;jpAk; vOJfpw

jpwdha;T> vjpHepiyahfr; nray;glf; $baJ. ,J> gilg;ghspiar;

NrhHtilar; nra;fpwJ. cw;rhfk; Fd;WfpwNghJ gilg;ghsp> NkYk;

NkYk; vOjj;jaq;Ffpwhd;. mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy;> jkpopy; rpW (,yf;fpag;)

gj;jpupf;iffs; gytw;wpy;> FOkdg;ghd;ikAld;> fho;g;GzHTld;

gilg;ghspfis mZFk; Nghf;Fk; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jhf;Fjy;

tpOfpwNghJ> tYthd Æ mDgtk; cs;s gilg;ghsp XusT jg;gpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpwhd;É Mdhy; tsHe;J tUk; gilg;ghspfs;> jhf;Fjy;fisj;

jhq;fKbahky; NrhHe;J NghfpwhHfs;.

Njhoik

xU ey;y jpwdha;thsdpd; gz;G> gilg;ghspapd; cw;wNjhodha;

,Ug;gJÉ gilg;Gf;Fj; Njhoik czHitf; fhl;LtJ.

jpwdha;thsd;> ftpij> Gidfij vd;W ve;jtif ,yf;fpaj;ij

vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; my;yJ jdpg;gl;l xU Mrpupaiu my;yJ xU

E}iy vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhYk;> mjd; NeHj;jp> mjd; nghUs;> mjd;

fl;likg;G> mjd; Nehf;fk;> mJg; gpwtw;NwhL nfhz;Ls;s njhlHG

Kjypatw;NwhL mjDila Rit> mjDila jdpj;jd;ik> Fwpg;gpl;l

gilg;ghspapd; jdpg;gl;l jpwd; - MSik - Kjypatw;iwAk;

nrhy;Yfpwhd;. mt;thW nrhy;YfpwNghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w epahakhdÆ

NeHikahd mZfy;Kiwfs;> gilg;ghspapd; Kd;Nehf;fpa

ghHitfSf;F eyk; nra;fpd;wd. ,yf;fpag; gDty;fisNa mj;jifa

jpwdha;Tfs; thoitf;fpd;wd.

31914.indd 17 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,iwadhH fstpay; kpfr;RUf;fkhd E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

Mdhy; mjw;F vOjg;gl;l tpsf;fkhd ciujhd;> me;j E}w;ghf;fis

thoitj;Js;sJ. E}w;ghf;fisj; jOtp mtw;iw tpsf;Ffpd;w

mNjNghJ> xU nghJthd ,yf;fpar; #oiy me;j ciu Ngzp

tsHf;fpwJ. fstpay; E}w;ghf;fs;> jha;ik cilait nad;why;>

mjd; ciu> nrtpypahf ,Ue;J mjidg; Ngzpf; fhf;fpd;wjhf

mikfpwJ vdyhk;.

jpwdha;thsdpd; jFjpfs;

jpwdha;thsd;> gilg;ghspiatplTk;> thrfidtplTk; nghWg;ghfr;

nray;gl Ntz;batd; vdNt> mjw;F mtDf;Fr; rpy jFjpfs; Njit.

njspTk; jpwDk;

Mq;fpyj; jpwdha;thsH b.v];.vypal;> jpwdha;thsd;> jd;Dila

mZFKiwapYk;> Nehf;fj;jpYk; rupahd fz;Nzhl;lk; nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W mNjNghJ> jhd; nrhy;Ytjpy; Fog;gkw;w epiyAk;

njspTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;JfpwhH. rupahd ghHit -

rupahd Nehf;fk; - njspthd eilapd; milahsq;fs;.

,d;W jpwdha;tpy; Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfs; gy te;jpUf;fpd;wd.

mikg;gpay;> gpd;id mikg;gpay;> gpd;id etPdj;Jtk; Kjypad

mit. NkYk; mjw;F Kd;dhy; kpifelg;gpay;> FwpaPl;bay;> cstpay;

Kjypa ,rq;fSk; my;yJ ,yf;fpar; nry;newpfSk; te;jd.

,itnay;yhk; Nkiy ehl;bypUe;J te;jit. ,tw;iwj; jkpo;j;

jpwdha;thsHfs; gbj;jwpe;J jkpOf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu KaYfpwhHfs;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;NfshL nghUe;jpitj;Jg; ghHf;f KaYfpwhHfs;. Mdhy;

Nkiy ehl;L kuGfisr; ruptug; Gupe;J nfhs;shj NghJk;> ,q;Fs;s

#oy;fs; me;jf; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fr; ruptug; nghUe;jp epw;fhjjhYk;

,e;jj; jpwdha;Tfs; Fok;gp epw;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> mz;ikf;fhyk;

tiu Mq;fpy kughfpa image vd;w fiyr;nrhy;Yf;F cUtfk;> gbkk;>

FwpaPL vd;W khwpkhwpg; nghUs; ciuf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ijtplj; njsptw;w

epiy> flash back (gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jp) kw;Wk; stream of cousciousness (edNthil cj;jp) vd;w ,uz;ilAk; tpsf;Ftjpy; ,Ue;jJ - ,d;Dk;

$l ,Uf;fpwJ. edNthil> Kf;fpakhfg; gFg;gpay; cstpayhsuhfpa

rpf;kz;l; /gpuha;L tpsf;fpa mbkdk; gw;wpa fUj;J epiyiar; NrHe;jJ.

mjidg; Gupe;J nfhs;shjNghJ> edNthiliag; gw;wpa tpsf;fKk;

31914.indd 18 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

njsptw;Wg; Ngha;tpLk;. ,JNghyNt mikg;gpay; gw;wpj; jkpopy; vOjpa

gyH> mjid tpsf;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhff; Fog;gpapUf;fpwhHfs;.

jpwdha;tpd; mZFKiwapYk; mjidr; nrhy;YtjpYk;

njspT ,y;yhjNghJ> mjw;F Ml;gLfpw gilg;gpyf;fpaKk; ngUk;

Fog;gj;Jf;fhshfpwJ. gpd;id etPdj;Jtk; (Post Modernism) vd;w nfhs;ifia mbnahw;wp vOJtjhf Kide;j rpy jkpo; ehty;fs;

njsptw;Wg; Nghdijr; rkPgfhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ghHf;fKbfpwJ.

vdNt> jpwdha;thsd;> jd;Dila fUj;Jfisr; nrhy;Ytjpy;

njspTk; jpwDk; cilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahdhy; jhd;

mtDila fUj;Jfs; thrfiuaila KbAk;. gutyhd jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. jpwdha;T jd;Dila ghzpiar; nra;a KbAk;.

r%fg; nghWg;G

xU gilg;ghsp> jdpkdpjdhf ,Ue;J vOjpdhYk;> ,e;jr; r%fj;jpy;

Njhd;wpa xU r%f kdpjd;> mtd;. mtDila vOj;Jfs; r%fj;ij

Nehf;fpg; Nghfpd;wd. me;jr; r%fj;jpy; VNjDk; xU rydj;ij my;yJ

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vdNt gilg;ghspf;F xU r%fg;nghWg;G

,Uf;fpwJ. mJNghyNtjhd;> jpwdha;Tf;Fk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

jpwdha;T> Fwpg;gpl;l XH ,yf;fpaj;ijj; jskhff; nfhz;L

nra;ag;gLfpwnjd;whYk;> cz;ikapy;> ,yf;fpak; rhHe;j xU

r%fj;jsj;ij mJ jdJ jskhff; nfhz;L tpsf;FfpwJ.

,yf;fpa moF> nra;e;NeHj;jp kl;Lky;yhky;> ,yf;fpak; $Wfpd;w

kdpj tho;f;ifaDgtq;fisAk; kdpj r%f kjpg;Gfs; my;yJ

tpOkpaq;fisAk; jpwdha;T Muha;e;J nrhy;Ytjhy; mjw;F r%f

cwTfSk; jhf;fq;fSk; ,ay;ghfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. jpwdha;T thrfiu

Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJ. gbf;fpw gyiuj; jpwdha;T rpe;jpf;f itf;fpwJÉ

mtHfsplk; jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fs; kl;Lk; epw;gjpy;iy. gy r%ftpay;

Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> gy murpay; - gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; mJ

nfhz;bUf;fpwJÉ mit gw;wpnay;yhk; NgRfpd;wJ. vdNt r%f mf;fiw

,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nghUshfpwJ. mg;gbahdhy; mjw;Fupa nghWg;Gk;

mjw;F ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;W> cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; jpwdha;thsHfs;>

Gfo;ngw;w r%f rpe;jidahsHfshfr;> r%f epfo;Tfspy; jhf;fk;

Vw;gLj;jptUfpd;wdH. cjhuzkhfr; rpyngaHfs;> nly;yp <fps;ld;>

31914.indd 19 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


nlHuplh> NghjpyhH> /g+Nfh> ck;gHl;Nlh <f;Nfh> vl;tHl;nra;j;> /Ngdhd;>

fhaj;up ];igtf; KjypatHfs; (vy;NyhUk; mz;ikf;fhyj;jtHfs;).

r%fg;nghWg;G vd;gJ> jpwdha;itg; nghWj;j mstpy;> Kjypy;

ey;ynjhU ,yf;fpar; #oiyNaw;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ

MFk;. gpwF> nkhop kw;Wk; murpay; - r%f - gz;ghl;Lj; jsj;jpy;

Kiwahd rupahd - rpe;jidg; gug;igf; fl;likg;gJÉ GjpaGjpa

Nfhl;ghLfs; mwpKfkhFk;NghJ mtw;iwr; rupahfg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L>

r%ftpopg;GzHTld;> Njitahdtw;iwj; njspthfTk; jplkhfTk;

mwpKfg;gLj;JtJÉ r%fj;jpy; eilngWk; rPuopTfis vjpHepd;W

tpkuprpg;gJÉ nkhopia tsg;gLj;JtJ. ,t;thW jpwdha;thsDf;Fr;

r%fg; nghWg;Gfs; gy ,Uf;fpd;wd. xU ,yf;fpathjp vd;w KiwapYk;

xU rpe;jidahsd; vd;w KiwapYk; mtDf;F ,e;jf;flikfs;

fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

njhFg;Giu

jpwdha;thsDila gz;GfisAk; gzpfisAk; ghHj;Njhk;. mjd;topj;>

jpwdha;tpd; gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. jpwdha;thsdpd; Nehf;fKk;

Fwpf;NfhSk; - cz;ikiaj; NjLtjhFk;. ey;y mwpTk; gapw;rpAk;

nfhz;L> Gwtakhd ghHitNahL> ,yf;fpaj;ij mtd; mZfNtz;Lk;.

rupahdtw;iwj; NjHtjpYk; NjHtijr; nrhy;YtjpYk;> fho;g;G

,Uf;ff; $lhJÉ gf;fr; rhHG ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. eLTepiyik Ntz;Lk;.

Fzk; ehbf; Fw;wKk; ehlNtz;Lk;. gilg;Gf;Fj; NjhodhfTk;

crhj;JizahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ey;ynjhU ,yf;fpar;#oiy

tsHg;gtdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa Nfhl;ghLNfsh NtW vJNth

MapDk;> Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpYk;> nrhy;YtjpYk; njspT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

njspT ,Uf;Fk;NghJjhd; thrfiu mJ nrd;W mila KbAk;.

r%fg; nghWg;G vd;gJ gilg;ghspf;F kl;Lky;y> jpwdha;thsDf;Fk;

,Uf;fpwJ. Vndd;why; jpwdha;thsd;> xU rpe;jidahsdhfTk;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

31914.indd 20 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ghlk; 3

,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifAk;

Kd;Diu

,yf;fpaKk; jpwdha;Tk; xd;iwnahd;W rhHe;jpUg;git vd;W

Kd;dHf; $wpapUf;fpNwhk;. ,yf;fpak; ,d;Nwy; jpwdha;T ,y;iyÉ

,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhfj; jhNd jpwdha;T! vdNt> ,e;j ,yf;fpak;

vj;jifaJ> ,jd; mbg;gilfs; vd;d vd;gij ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s

Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. mt;thW mwpe;Jnfhz;L> jpwdha;T mjd;Nky;

vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; gpd;dhy; ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gz;G> mJ tho;f;ifNahL ,ize;J

fplf;fpwJ vd;gJjhd;. vdNt> ,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifAk; vd;gJ gw;wp

,e;jg; ghlj;jpy; ghHf;fyhk;.

,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifAk;

jpwdha;T> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nky; mf;fiw nfhs;fpwJ vd;why;> Kf;fpaf;

fhuzk; ,yf;fpak; vd;d nrhy;fpwJÉ mjid vg;gbr; nrhy;fpwJ vd;W

mwpa Ntz;Lk;É mt;thW mwpe;jijr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd;.

ehk; mwpe;j tho;f;ifNahL mJ njhlHG nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

ehk; mwpe;j tho;f;ifia mJ NgRfpwJ. ek;ik mJgw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f

itf;fpwJ. mt;thwpUf;Fk; NghJ> mJ nrt;itahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;W jpwdha;T tpUk;GfpwJ. nrt;itahf ,Uf;fpwjh vd;W ghHj;J

mJgw;wp tpsf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. jpwdha;tpd; flik ,Jthjyhy;>

,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifNahL vt;thW xd;wpize;J mJgw;wpg; NgRfpwJ

vd;W Muha;tjpy; jpwdha;T tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

jpwdha;thsDk; tho;f;ifAk;

jpwdha;T> Neubahf tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpg; NgRtjpy;iy. Mdhy;

,yf;fpaj;jpd; topahf mjid Ma;T nra;J kjpg;gpLtjd; topahf

tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpAk; mjd; rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; mwnewpfs; gw;wpAk;

jpwdha;T NgRfpd;wJ.

31914.indd 21 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,yf;fpak; vd;gJ tho;f;ifiaj; jl;ilahf> xU NeHKf

tHzidahfr; nrhy;tjy;y. mjw;nfd xU ghHit> xU Nehf;F> xU

tiuaiw> cj;jp Kjypa vy;yhk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw ntspf;nfhzu

Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpd; td;ik> nkd;ikfisg; Gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

tho;f;if gw;wp ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspf;F vt;thW gl;lwpTk;

(mDgtKk;)> Nehf;fKk;> rhHG epiyAk;> tpUg;gKk; ,Uf;fpd;wdNth>

mJNghy; jpwdha;thsDf;Fk; cz;L. NkYk;> thrfDf;F mj;jifa

tho;f;if vt;thW Ngha;r; NruNtz;Lk; vd;w xU ghHitAk; ,yl;rpaKk;

cz;L.

vdNt jpwdha;thsd;> ,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghHf;fpwhd;. mJ nrhy;Yk;

tho;f;ifiag; ghHf;fpwhd;É Vd;> vg;gbr; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gijg;

ghHf;fpwhd;. thrfDf;F ,it gw;wp tpsf;Ffpwhd;. jpwdha;Tf;Fk;

tho;f;iff;Fk; cs;s njhlHG ,e;j Kidapy; my;yJ ,e;jf;

Nfhzj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

gilg;ghspAk; tho;f;ifAk;

,yf;fpak; gilg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s gilg;ghspf;F

mjw;Fupa ce;Jjy;fshfr; rpy MHtepiyfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit>

(m) jd;Dila tho;f;ifaDgtk;> tpj;jpahrkhdJ> tpNrlkhdJ>

vd;W mtd;(s;) fUJfpwhd;(s;).

(M) gpwUila tho;f;ifg; gw;wp> mDgtq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s

KaYfpwhd;> Nfl;lwpjy;> cw;wwpjy;> ca;j;jwpjy; vd;gtw;wpd;

%ykhf.

(,) jd;Dila tho;f;if gw;wpAk; gpwUila tho;f;if gw;wpAk;

mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; fUj;JfisAk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s MHtk;

nfhs;fpwhd;.

(<) ,tw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;y MHtk; nfhs;fpwhd;É my;yJ

,tw;wpw;F cs; mHj;jq;fs; fz;L mtw;iwr; nrhy;y MHtk;

nfhs;fpwhd;É my;yJ kiwj;J> NtW \gjpyp|fis Kd;dpWj;j

MHtk; nfhs;fpwhd;.

(c) vt;thwhapDk;> ,tw;iwf; fiyaoFld; gpwH kdq;nfhs;SkhW

nrhy;y MHtk; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.

31914.indd 22 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUSk; tho;f;ifAk;

,yf;fpak;> tho;f;if gw;wpajhfj;jhd; mika Ntz;Lk;É mjd;

ghLnghUs; (Theme) tho;f;ifNa vd;W nghJthfg; gyUk; $wpdhYk;>

jkpo; kuG ,jid typAWj;jr; nrhy;fpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;> vOj;J> nrhy;>

njhlH vDk; ,it gw;wp kl;Lky;yhky;> ,yf;fpak; gw;wpAk; NgRfpwJ

vd;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. nghUs; mjpfhuk; vd;w %d;whtJ mjpfhuk;

ftpijf; nfhs;if (Poetics) gw;wpaJ. ,jpy;> me;E}y; Kjy;nghUs;>

fUg;nghUs;> cupg;nghUs; vd;gd gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. ,e;j %d;Wk;

ftpijapy; ,lk; ngWtd. ,tw;Ws; KjYk; fUTk; ,aw;ifiaAk;

,aw;ifNahL xl;batw;iwAk; NgRfpd;wd. cupg; nghUs; vd;gJ fhjy;

my;yJ mftho;f;if gw;wpaJ. ,JNt ,d;wpaikahjJ. KjYk; fUTk;

,y;yhtpbDk; cupg;nghUs; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; mfk;> Gwk; vDk; ,uz;Lk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

ghLnghUs;fshFk;. ,t;iwg; gw;wpNa me;E}y; tpsf;fkhfg; NgRfpwJ.

mfk;> Gwk; vDk; ,e;j ,uz;bid ikakhff; nfhz;lJjhd;> md;iwa

,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if. vdNt> ,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jupg;gijNa

Nehf;fkhfTk; topKiwahfTk; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ mwpag; ngWfpd;wJ.

,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifapd; gupkhzq;fSk;

tho;f;if> xw;iwg; Gs;spapy; mike;jjy;y. xw;iwf; Nfhlhf

mike;jjy;y. xNu ghijapy; nry;tjy;yÉ xNu rPuhfTk; Nghtjy;y.

gy Nfhyq;fs;> gy Nghf;Ffs;> gy gupkhzq;fs; (Dimension) cz;L.

tho;f;if tpupthdJÉ MokhdJ njhlHr;rpAilaJ. tho;f;if ,t;thW

gd;Kf khfTk; gy Njhw;wq;fs; nfhz;ljhfTk; tpsq;Ftjhy;>

,yf;fpak; mj;jifa tho;f;ifiar; nrhy;YtJ vspjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJÉ

Vw;GilajhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

tho;f;if vd;gJ epfo;r;rpfshYk; epidTfshYk; czHTfshYk;

MdJ. ,yf;fpak;> tho;f;ifia \mg;gbNa| rpj;jupg;gjpy;iy.

tho;f;ifia mDgtkhf;fpj; jd;tag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ> ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

topKiw. jd;Dila tho;f;if mDgtk; kl;Lky;yhky; gpwUila

tho;f;ifapypUe;J ngwg;gLgtw;iwj; jd;tag;gLj;jpj; jd; mDgtkhf

Mf;fpf; nfhs;tJk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fupa tho;f;ifaDgtkhFk;.

vy;NyhUk; vy;yh mDgtq;fisAk; ngwKbAk; vd;gNjh jd;Dila

mDgtq;fisnay;yhk; my;yJ mtw;iw kl;LNk vOj KbAk;

31914.indd 23 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


vd;gNjh rhj;jpaky;y. vdNt> gpwUilatw;iwj; jd;Dilajhf

Mf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. $Ltpl;Lf; $L gha;tJ gilg;ghspapd;

gz;G.

,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifapd; cwTfSk;

,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifAk; neUf;fk; nfhz;lit. Mdhy; ,e;j xOf;fk;

vj;jifaJÉ cwTfs; vj;jifad vd;W ,dpNky; ghHg;Nghk;.

gjpTk; gpujpgypg;Gk;

,yf;fpak;> tho;f;ifiag; gjpT nra;fpwJ vd;W xU tpthjk;. \kpfr;

rpwe;j cs;sq;fspd; kpfr; rpwe;j gjpNtLjhd; caHe;j ,yf;fpak;|

vd;W xU fUj;J cs;sJ. gjpT vd;why;> tuyhw;Wg; gjpT Nghd;wJ

vd;whfptpLk;. cz;ikfis> jfty;fis mg;gbNa gjpT nra;tJ

,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;W ,J kWjypf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fpaj;jpy;> gilg;ghspapd; kdepiyf;Fk; cj;jpKiwf;Fk; Vw;g>

tho;f;ifapd; xU gFjp gjpthfpapUf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.

,yf;fpak;> tho;f;ifiag; gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;gJ xU thjk;.

Mdhy;> gpujpgypg;gJ vd;why; mg;gbNa NeHKfkhf (fz;zhbiag;

Nghy) gpujpgypg;gJ my;y. ,yf;fpak;> tho;f;if vDk; ,e;j

,uz;bw;Fk; eLNt gilg;ghsp ,Uf;fpwhd;. gilg;Gg; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL

,Uf;fpwJ. tho;f;ifapypUe;J tUk; xspf;fw;iw> gilg;ghsp gilg;Gf;

Nfhl;ghL vDk; Mb (Lens) topahf te;J ,yf;fpag; nghUshfpwJ. Neubahd Gwta cz;ik (external reality) vDk; tho;f;if> gilg;ghsp

gilg;Gf;Nfhl;ghL vDk; mfta epiyngw;Wf; fiyta cz;ikahf

(artistic reality) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; khWfpwJ. ,t;thW jhd; tho;f;if> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gjpthfpwJÉ gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;W nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

tpsf;fKk; tpkuprdKk;

Mq;fpy ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w ,yf;fpathjp khj;a+ MHdhy;l;> \,yf;fpak;

vd;gJ tho;f;if tpkuprdNk| (Literature is the criticism of life) vd;W $wpr; nrd;whH. rpyH> ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ tho;f;ifiag; Gyg;gLj;JtJ

(Expression of life) vd;wdHÉ ,d;Dk; rpyH ,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifia

tpsf;FtJ (Interpretation of life) vd;wdH.

tho;f;ifia mg;gbNa rpj;jupg;gJ ,yf;fpaky;yÉ mjd;

mDgtq;fisAk; mHj;jq;fisAk; nrhy;YtJjhd; ,yf;fpak;. vdNt

31914.indd 24 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

tho;f;ifia ntWkNd>tUzpf;fhky; mjd; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fisAk;

cs;kbg;GfisAk;> fhuz fhupaq;NfshL czHe;J tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzkhfj; jp.QhdNrfudpd; FUjpkiy vd;w Gjpdk;. ,J> ,yq;ifj;

Njapiyj; Njhl;l (,e;jpatkprh top) njhopyhsHfspd; tho;f;if

mtyq;fis elg;gpayhf tpsf;FfpwJ. mtHfs; gLfpw ghLfspd;

gy jd;ikfisAk; mtw;wpw;Ff; fhuzkhd rKjha nghUshjhug;

gpd;Gyq;fisAk; Kuz;ghLfisAk; tpsf;fpr; nry;fpwJ.

M.NtYg;gps;isapd; ,dpg; glkhl;Nld; vd;w Gjpdk; - ,J

,yq;ifapYs;s ,e;jpa tkprh topj; jkpoHfspd; tho;f;ifiaAk;>

,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gptpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Cryhl;l vz;zq;fisAk;>

,e;jpahTf;F te;J kPz;Lk; FbNaWtjpy; Vw;gLk; mtyq;fisAk;

tpkuprdk; nra;fpwJ. tho;f;if gw;wpa ,e;j tpkuprdg; ghHitjhd;

\,dpg; glkhl;Nld;| vd;w xU KbTf;F tur; nra;fpwJ.

,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifapd; gug;Gk;

,yf;fpak; rpj;jupf;fpd;w tho;f;if vj;jifa gug;Gf; nfhz;lJ vd;W

,g;NghJ ghHg;Nghk;. fhyk;> ,lk;> gz;ghL vd;w gy jsq;fspy; ,e;jg;

gug;G mike;Js;sJ.

,yf;fpaKk; fhyg; gug;Gk;

,yf;fpak; nrhy;Yfpw tho;f;if> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;> ,lk; Mfpa

mr;Rf;fis my;yJ jsq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. tho;f;ifr; rpj;jpuk;> xU

fzNeuj;Jr; rpj;jpukhf ,Ue;jhYk;> me;jf; fzNeuk; vd;gJ fle;j

fhyj;jpd; xU njhlHr;rp my;yJ xU gFjpNaahFk;É mJNghy tUq;

fhyj;jpd; xU Kd;$W my;yJ xU gFjpNaahFk;. jpwdha;thsd;>

,yf;fpak; nrhy;ypapUf;fpw tho;f;ifia ,t;thWjhd; xU gue;j

jsj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;.

cjhuzkhf> xsitahH> mjpakhidg; gw;wpg; ghba GwehD}

w;Wg; ghly;fisg; gw;wp vz;zpg; ghHf;fyhk;. mjpakhDila tho;f;if>

nfhilj;jpwd;> xsitahuplk; mtd; fhl;ba gupT Kjypait>

Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;jpidr; NrHe;jitnad;whYk;> me;jg; ghly;fs;

%ykhfj; njupatUk; jkpoHfspd; nfhil cs;sk;> GytHfs; Nky;fhl;b

te;j md;G cs;sk; Kjypait njhd;Wnjhl;L te;jitÉ mJNghy

gpd;dUk; ,e;j czHTfs;> fhyk;NjhWk; ghuhl;lg;gl;L tUgit.

31914.indd 25 12/18/2018 9:52:58 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,jidNa jpwdha;T fz;lwpe;J tpsf;FfpwJÉ fhyk; vDk; ciufy;ypy;

tho;f;ifia cuha;e;J ghHj;Jg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

tho;f;ifAk; ,lKk;

ve;j tho;f;ifAk; Fwpg;gpl;l XH ,lj;jpy; my;yJ njhlHe;J gy

,lq;fspy; fhY}d;wpj;jhd; ,aq;FfpwJ. vdNt me;j ,lk; my;yJ

,lq;fspd; gpuj;jpNafkhd gz;Gfs;> me;j tho;f;ifapy; gpize;J

fplf;fpd;wd. fp.uh[ehuhazd; vd;w vOj;jhsupd; Gidfijfspy;

fupry;fhL> fskhf mikfpwJ. MH.~z;KfRe;juj;jpd; Gjpdq;fspy;

nfhq;Fkz;lyk; fskhf mikfpwJÉ jp.[hdfpuhkd; Gjpdq;fspy;

jQ;irj; juzp fskhf mikfpwJ. vdNt ,j;jifa Gidfijfspy;>

me;j me;j tl;lhuq;fs;> ,lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;gpayhd

mk;rq;NfshL $ba tho;f;ifiaf; fhzKbAk;.

Mdhy;> tho;f;if ,t;thW> Fwpg;gpl;l XH ,lj;jpy; fhY}

d;wp apUe;jhYk;> ve;j ,lKk; jdpahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. khepyk;> ehL

vd;w gue;j vy;iyfspd; xU gFjpahfNt \,lk;| mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

NkYk;> ,yf;fpak;> mjd; nghJikj; jd;ik (Universality) kw;Wk; fiyNeHj;jp fhuzkhf> ,lj;ijg; ngUk; gug;gpd; xU gz;ghf XH

mk;rkhf Mf;fptpLfpwJ. jkpofj;J rpwpa fpuhkj;J tho;f;if ,e;jpa

tho;f;ifapd; xU gFjpahf MfptpLfpwJ.

tho;f;ifAk; gz;ghLk;

nghUshjhuk;> murpay;> r%fk;> gz;ghL vDk; ,tw;iwg; nghUshff;

nfhz;lJ tho;f;if. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cs;slf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;

tho;f;ifapy; ,it cs;shHj;jkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,yf;fpaj;ij Muha;e;J tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisg;

gFj;J tpsf;Fk; gpnuQ;R ehl;L mwpQH njapd; (H.A.Taine)> mj;jifa

,yf;fpaj;jpy; %d;W gupkhzq;fs; (Dimensions) ,Ug;gjhf tptupf;fpwhH.

(m) ,dk; (Race): kf;fspd;> ghuk;gupakhf tUk; / ntspg;gLk;

njhFg;G.

(M) gz;ghl;Lr; #oy; (Milieu): kdpjd; tho;epiyapy;> ,aw;if

Kjw;nfhz;L> r%f epiyfs;> murpay; epWtdq;fs; tiu gy

#oy;fspd; XH xl;Lnkhj;jepiy.

31914.indd 26 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(,) fhyj;jpd; kdk; (moment): Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa>

kw;Wk; mJ nrhy;Yk; tho;f;Fg; gpd;Gykhd fhyj;jpd;> Njrj;jpd;

nghJthd kdKk; czHTk;.

vy;yhUila tho;f;ifapYk;> tho;f;ifapd; rpW rpW $WfspYk;>

,e;j %d;W gupkhzq;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W $WfpwhH njapd;.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzf;$ba ,e;j epiyfis jpwdha;thsd; gFj;J

Muha;e;J $Wfpwhd;.

NkYk;> ,yf;fpak; $Wk; gy;NtWgl;l tho;f;ifapd; %yk;>

mt;tf;fhy r%f gz;ghLfis ,dk; fz;lwpe;J> tFj;Jk; njhFj;Jk;

jpwdha;thsd; $wyhk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpfspy; gy jkpo; mwpQHfs;

<Lgl;Lj; jkpo;g;gz;ghL gw;wp epiwa vOjpapUf;fpwhHfs;.

tho;f;ifr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

,yf;fpak;> Vw;fdNt Kd;dH ehk; nrhd;dJ Nghy tho;f;ifapd;

NeHKf tUzid my;y. mJ> tho;f;ifiaf; fiyAUtpy; jUfpwJ.

rpytw;iw tpLfpwJÉ rpytw;iwr; NrHf;fpwJÉ rpytw;iw kq;fyhf;FfpwJÉ

rpytw;iwg; g+jhfug;gLj;JfpwJ. ,j;jd;ikfisg; gw;wpg; ghHf;fyhk;.

kWjypg;Gk; khw;Wk;

ntspAyF tho;f;if gilg;ghspapd; kdj;jpy; mDgtkhfp> mtDila

Nehf;fpd; topahf ntspg;gLfpwJ. gilg;ghsp> tho;f;ifapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

gFjpia my;yJ mk;rj;ij ntWf;fyhk;É kWf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa

kWjypg;G> Neubahf ,lk; ngWtjpy;iyÉ kiwKfkhfNth> Gidfij

cj;jpfSld; tpj;jpahrkhd Nfhzq;fSlNdh ,it tUfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf> R.rKj;jpuk; vOjpa \ghiyg; Gwhf;fs;| vDk; Gjpdk;.

KOf;fTk; va;l;]; Nehahspfis kdpjhgpkhdj;Jld; mZfNtz;Lk;

vd;gij typAWj;Jk; xU Gjpdk;. mjw;F Vw;w khjpupahfg; gy

epiyfspypUe;J gy fij khe;jHfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. jw;nrayhf

xU tpgj;Jg; Nghy va;l;]; Neha;f;F Mshdtd;> mtDila kidtp>

lhf;lH> r%f Nrtfp> mtDf;F mDruizahf cs;s ,d;ndhU va;l;];

Nehahsp vd;W ,e;jg; ghj;jpuq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wdH. tho;f;ifapd;

ngUk; mtykhfpa ,e;j Neha; kWjypf;fg;gl;Lr; rpj;jpukhfpAs;sJ.

,JNghy; gy Gjpdq;fs;> tho;f;ifapd; vjpHepiyfis kWjypf;fpd;wd.

,t;thW> kWjypf;fpwNghJ> ,jw;F khw;W (Alternative) $WtJ cz;LÉ jPHT Nghd;W rpy fUj;J epiyfisf; $WtJk; cz;LÉ

31914.indd 27 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,uz;Lky;yhky;> kWjypf;fpw rpj;jpukhfNt Kbj;J tpLtJk; cz;L.

gilg;ghspf;F ,jpy; Rje;jpuk; cz;nldpDk;> jpwdha;thsd;> ,j;jifa

rpj;jpuq;fis> kpf Mokhff; fz;lwpe;J FiwfnsdTk;> epiwfis

epiwfnsdTk; nrhy;y Ntz;batdhfpwhd;.

NkYk;> tho;f;ifnad;gJ xNu rPuhdJ my;y. gy gpur;ridfs;

gy cUtj;jpy; cz;L. fijkhe;jHfisAk; mtHjk; tho;f;ifiaAk;

rpj;jupf;Fk;NghJ gpur;ridfs; gw;wpNah mtw;iw vjpHnfhs;tJ gw;wpNah

rpj;jupf;fhky;> kpifahd fw;gidfs;> myq;fhukhd nrhw;Nfhyq;fs;

Kjypatw;why; jpUg;jpaile;J rpj;jpuq;fis Kbj;JtpLtJ cz;L.

,j;jifa kdg;Nghf;F> eOty; my;yJ jg;gpj;Jr; nry;Yjy; (Escapes) vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,J> gyKidfspy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

jpwdha;Tf;F> ,ijawpe;J nrhy;tjpy; mf;fiwAz;L.

vjpHfhy Nehf;Fk; tho;f;ifr; rpj;jpuKk;

'ghUf;Fs;Ns rkj;jd;ik - njhlH

gw;Wk; rNfhuj; jd;ik

ahUf;Fk; jPik nra;ahJ - Gtp

naq;Fk; tpLjiy nra;Ak;”

'ngha;f;Fk; fypia ehd; nfhd;W

g+Nyh fj;jhH fz;Kd;Nd

nka;f;Fk; fpUj Afj;jpidNa

nfhzHNtd; nja;t tpjpap/Nj”

'vy;NyhUk; mkuepiy naa;Jk; ed;Kiwia

,e;jpah cyfpw;fspf;Fk; - Mk;

,e;jpah cyfpw;fspf;Fk;”

,t;thW kfhftp ghujpahH> ,e;jpah Rje;jpukiltjw;Ff; fhy; E}

w;whz;L Ke;jpNa vOjpdhH. ,jpy;> ghujpapd; tUq;fhyj;Jtk;

,Uf;fpwJ. epfo;fhyj;jpy; fhY}d;wpdhYk; tUq;fhyk; gw;wpa xU

njhiyNehf;Fg; ghHit> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhj;jpak;. vOj;jhsHfs; gyH>

tUq;fhy cyfk; gw;wpf; fdT fz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,jidj; jpwdha;T

vLj;Jr; nrhy;yf; flikg; gl;Ls;sJ.

31914.indd 28 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

,t;thW njhiyNehf;Fg; ghHit miktjw;Ff; fhuzk;>

gilg;ghspaplk; tho;f;ifg;gw;wp> ,e;jr; r%f tho;f;if gw;wp> xU

jPHf;fkhd fz;Nzhl;lKk; rhHG epiyAk; ,Ug;gJNtahFk;.

njhFg;Giu

jpwdha;Tf;Fj; jskhf ,Ug;gJ ,yf;fpak;. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fj;

jskhf ,Ug;gJ tho;f;if. ,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupf;fpwJÉ

tho;f;ifiag; gjpT nra;fpwJÉ tho;f;ifia tpsf;FfpwJÉ tho;f;ifia

tpkuprdk; nra;fpwJ.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gLk; tho;f;if FWfpa fhyg; gFjpahfTk;

FWfpa ,lk; gw;wpajhfTk; Njhd;wpdhYk;> cz;ikapy; mJ

mjDila fiyNeHj;jp kw;Wk; nghJikj;jd;ik fhuzkhf> fle;jJ>

epfo;tJ> tUtJ vd;w ePz;l fhyj;ijAk;> ngUk; epyg;gug;igAk;

cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gug;Gf;Fs; ,dk;>

gz;ghL> fhyk; Mfpatw;wpd; \kdepiy| ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,yf;fpak;> tho;f;ifapd; NeHKd; tUzid my;y. tho;f;ifiag;

gy cUtq;fspy;> gy epiyfspy;> gy topKiwfspy; nrhy;fpd;wJ.

jpwdha;T> ,j;jifa ,yf;fpak; $Wk; tho;f;ifiaf; fhuz

fhupaq;fSld; Mokhf cl;nrd;W Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

31914.indd 29 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


ghlk; 4

,yf;fpaKk; nkhopAk;

Kd;Diu

',yf;fpaKk; tho;f;ifAk;” vd;w ghlj;jpy; jpwdha;Tf;Fj; jskhf

,Ug;gJ ,yf;fpak; vdTk;> me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUshf

my;yJ cs;slf;fkhf ,Ug;gJ tho;f;if vdTk; fz;Nlhk;. mt;thW

tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jupf;Fk; NghJ> mJ> vjd; %ykhf my;yJ vjd;

Clhfr; rpj;jupf;fpd;wJ? vJTk; nkhopapd; topahfj; jhd;> nrhy;yg;

gLfpwJ.

,yf;fpaj;jpYs;s nkhopia - ,yf;fpakhfpapUf;fpd;w nkhopiaj; -

jpwdha;T kpf;f ftdj;Jld; kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ. vg;gb? ,dp> ghHg;Nghk;.

,yf;fpaKk; nkhopAk;

fiyfs; gy. fiyfs; ahTk; tho;f;if my;yJ tho;f;if gw;wpa

czHTfspd; kPJ jhd; mikfpd;wd. Mdhy;> vjd; %ykhf my;yJ

vjidf; fUtpahff; nfhz;L mikfpd;wd vd;W ghHf;Fk; NghJ>

mtw;wpd; rpy mbg;gil NtWghLfs; Gydhfpd;wd. rpw;gk;> fy;yhy;

MdJ. ,ir> Xirapd; tpfw;gq;fshy; MdJ. Xtpak;> tz;zf;

Fok;Gfsha; MdJ. ,yf;fpak;> xU fiy> mJ vjdhy; MdJ? mJ

nkhopahy; MdJ.

nkhoprhH fiy

\,yf;fpak;> nkhoprhH fiy| (Verbal art). Gfo;ngw;w nkhopahuha;r;rpahsH Nuhkd; aNfhg;rd; (Roman Jakobson) ,e;j tiuaiwiaj; jUfpwhH. \nkhopjhd; xU gilg;gpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhf vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;| vd;W

typAWj;jpf; $Wfpw fhd;];lhz;l; /ngbd; vd;w cUrpa ,yf;fpa

MrpupaH> ‘vOj;jhsDila gilg;Gj; jpwd; my;yJ nra;e;NeHj;jp

gw;wpa Ngr;R> vg;NghJk; nkhopapypUe;Nj njhlq;fg; gl Ntz;Lk;”

vd;W $wpdhH. gilg;ghspf;Fk; jpwdha;thsDf;Fk; jug;gLfpd;w xU

nghJthd tpjpKiw ,J.

,yf;fpaj;jpw;F cUtk; jUtJ> nkhop. nkhopia KiwahfTk;

jpwd;glTk; ifahSfpwNghJjhd;> nrhy;Yfpw nra;jp KiwahfTk;

31914.indd 30 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

rpwg;ghfTk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. nkhopNa rpe;jidapd; fUtp. njsptpd;wpr;

rpe;jpf;fg;gLtJ> vJTk; njsptpd;wpNa ntspg;gLfpwJ. nkhopia

Kiwaw;W ifahStJ> Kiwaw;Wr; rpe;jpg;gjhfNt KbAk;. ,t;thW

nkhopj; jpwd; ,t;thW Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.

nkhopj; jsk;

,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhop vd;d vd;d jsq;fspypUe;J nra;ag;gLfpwJ?

(m) Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;

(M) ,lk;

(,) ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tif (Genre and type)

(<) gilg;ghspapd; jw;$w;Wepiy

(c) fijkhe;jH gpd;Gyk; $w;W

(C) thrfHÆgilg;G ntspahFk; ,jo;.

fhyk;> ,lk; vd;gd Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa my;yJ

mt;tpyf;fpak; $Wfpw r%fr; #oYk; nra;jpAk; rhHe;jpUf;fpd;w

jsq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; tpsf;fj;ij ,e;jg; ghlj;jpd;

gpw;gFjpapy; ghHg;Nghk;.

,yf;fpa tiffSk; NtWghLfSk;

jdpepiyf; ftpij> tUzidf; ftpij> rpWfij> Gjpdk; Kjypa

,yf;fpa tiffs;> nkhopeilapd; NtWghLfSf;Ff; fhuzkhf

mikfpd;wd. jdpepiyf; ftpijapd; Kf;fpaj; Njit> czHTfis

Kd;dpWj;JtJk; ,iriaj; jOTtJk; Mfypd; nkhopapd; jsk;

mjw;Nfw;g ,Uf;Fk;. tUzidf; ftpij my;yJ fhg;gpa tifg;gl;l

ftpijapd; Nehf;fk;> epfo;r;rpfisr; rpj;jupg;gJk; fij khe;jHfisAk;

mtHjk; nray;fisAk; rpj;jupg;gJk; Mjypd;> me;jf; ftpijnkhop>

mjw;Nfw;g mike;jpUf;Fk;.

$w;W epiy

Gid fijfspy; fijkhe;jH $w;Wf;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

,k;khe;jHfspd; r%fg; gpd;Gyq;fs; NtWglyhk;É Mz; ngz; taJ

NtWghLfs; ,Uf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ> nkhopapd; jsKk; NtWgLk;.

ngUk;ghyhd #oy;fspy; gilg;ghspapd; (Neubahd) $w;Wepiyfs;

ntspg;gLfpd;wd. kw;Wk; fij khe;jHfs; $w;Wf;fspdpilNaAk; ,it

31914.indd 31 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,lk; ngWfpd;wd. fijkhe;jH $w;WepiyapypUe;J> ,j;jifa $w;W

epiy> nkhopeilapy; NtWgl;L mike;jpUf;Fk;.

nkhop eilAk; thrfUk;

,Wjpahf> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; ahUf;fhf vOjg;gLfpwNjh> mj;jifa

thrfHfis kdjpy; nfhz;L nkhopeil khWgLk;. fhl;lhff; Foe;ij

,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhopf;Fk; fw;NwhH nkhopf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL> thrfH

jsj;ijnahl;baNj. rpy gilg;ghspfs; gj;jpupifapd; Njitf;Nfw;gj;

jk; nkhopia mikg;gH. xNu MrpupaH> tzpfg;gj;jpupifapy;

vOJtjw;Fk; ,yf;fpa rQ;rpifapy; vOJtjw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L.

eilKiwapy; ,J fz;$L.

nrhy;

,g;gFjpapy;> nkhopf;F MjhukhfTk; milahskhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; \

nrhy;| gw;wpg; ghHf;fyhk;.

nrhy;tsk;

,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhopjy; jpwDf;F mb ,ioahf ,Ug;gJ> nrhy;.

kugpd; MSiff;F cl;gl;l nrhy;> capHj;jd;ikAilaJ. fhyk;> ,lk;

Kjypa #oy;fSf;Nfw;g khWjYk; tsHr;rpAk; miltJ nrhy;ypd;

rpwg;G.

nrhy;tsk; - tpsf;fk;

nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ epiwar; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ my;yÉ

,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghUSf;Fk; moFf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w nghUs;

cila - nghUs; MoKila nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gjhFk;.

,yf;fpa Mrpupad;> mfuhjpfisj; Njbg; Nghfpwtd; my;y. mfuhjpfs;>

,yf;fpaj;ijj; Njbg; Nghf Ntz;lhk;.

,uz;L gz;Gfs;

nghUs; jUk; epiyapy;> nrhy;Yf;F> my;yJ nkhopf;F ,uz;L

gz;Gfs; my;yJ nray;ghLfs; cz;L. Kjypy; Neubg; nghUs;

jUtJ (denotative / referential) ,J czHtha; my;yhky;> mwpthy;

Cl;lg;gLtJ. mwptpay;> rl;lk;> mwptpf;if Kjypatw;wpw;Ff; ,J

cfe;jJ. ,uz;lhtJ Fwpg;G epiyapy; (Suggestrue / connotative) nghUs; jUtJ. ,J ngupJk; czHthy; Cl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,J> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F

31914.indd 32 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

cfe;jJ. NkYk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; moF jUfpw nghUs; mLf;FfSf;F

cjTtJ> ,J. ,e;j ,Utifr; nray;ghLfisAk;> Gfo;ngw;w

Mq;fpyj; jpwdha;thsH I.V.upr;rHl;]; (I.A. Richards) mwptpay; rhHe;jJ

vd;Wk; czH mwpit (Emotive) rhHe;jJ vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.

nrhy;Yk; njhlUk;

nrhy; jdpj;J epd;Wk; nghUs; jUk;. gy nrhw;fshfr; NrHe;J epd;Wk;

nghUs; jUk;. nghUisr; nrhy;Ytjpy; XH Muk;gKk; KbTkhf xU

tud;Kiw ngWkhdhy; mjid thf;fpak; my;yJ njhlH vd;fpNwhk;.

nghUs; njhlHepiy vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w nrhw;nwhlH (Phrase) kw;Wk; thf;fpak; (Sentence) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Kf;fpakhff; ftpijapy;

jdpj;jd;ikAld; mikfpwJ.

nrhw;fspd; ,izjYk; nghUSk;

nrhw;fs; ,izfpw NghJ> nrhw;nwhlHf;F xU Gjpa Row;rp (twist) Vw;gl;LtpLfpwJ. nghUs; xU Gjpa gupkhzKk; rf;jpAk; ngWfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf MFyePu gpw (Fws;)> fw;gpd; fdyp (fk;gd;)> mf;fpdpf;FQ;R

(ghujpahH)> mofpd; rpupg;G(ghujpjhrd;) Kjypa nrhw;nwhlHfis vz;zpg;

ghUq;fs;.

milnkhop

milnkhop nrhy;Yf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlHf;Fk; fhuz fhupaj; Njhlhd

moifAk; Moj;ijAk; jUfpwJ. fhl;lhf> ts;StH fhjw;

rpwg;Giuf;fpwhH. fdp Kj;jk; jUk; fhjyDf;Fj; jd; fhjypapd;

fdpthapypUe;J CWk; ePH> ghnyhL Njd; fye;jjhfp ,Uf;fpwjhk;. \

vapW (gy;) Cwpa ePH| vd;w njhlH ,lk; ngWfpwJ. Mdhy; mJ

mg;gbNa mikAkhdhy; RitAk; ,y;iyÉ gaDk; ,y;iy. mjw;F

milnkhop Njitg;gLfpwJ. vapW-gy;- vj;jifaJ? fhtpNawpa

Cj;ijg;gy;yh? my;y> \thy; vapW - xsprpe;Jfpd;w ntz;ikahd

(J}a;ikahd) vapW. mJTk; ahUilaJ? fhjyp vg;gbg;gl;lts;?

FSikahd nkhop NgRk;> gzpthd nkhopf;Fupats;> \gzpnkhop

thnyapW Cwpa ePH| vd;fpwhH ts;StH. milnkhop> nkhopf;F moFk;

MoKk; ,d;RitAk; jUfpd;wjd;Nwh!

31914.indd 33 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


#oYk; njhlHfSk;

,dpj; njhlHfs; FWfpadthfNth> ePz;ldthfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.

NjitAk; #oUk; fUjp ehlf cj;jp> czHr;rpg; gPwy;> MizapLjy;>

mWjpapLjy; Kjypa #oy;fspy; rpwpa rpwpa njhlHfs; vDk; mikg;Gg;

ngupJk; cjTfpwJ. ts;Stuplk; epiwag; ghHf;fyhk;. \fw;f frlwÉ epw;f

mjw;Fj;jfÉ| ,J XH cjhuzk;. tUzid> fw;gid> ePz;l rpe;jid

Kjypa #oy;fspy; ePz;l njhlHfs; tUtJ ,ay;G. Gidfijfspy;

Kf;fpakhfg; Gjpdq;fspy; ,jid neLff; fhzyhk;.

nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;

xU nrhy;Yf;F xU nghUs;jhdpUf;Fk; vd;gNjh> xU nghUSf;F xU

nrhy;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd;Nwh $wKbahJ. ,J xU nghJg;gz;G. xU

nrhy; gy nghUs;> xU nghUs; gynrhy; vd;gd tof;fhw;wpypUg;gd.

fhl;lhfr; nrj;jhd;> ,we;jhd;> kha;e;jhd;> khz;lhd;> JQ;rpdhd;>

capH ePj;jhd;> kupj;jhd;> fhykhfpg; Nghdhd;> rptNyhf gjtp my;yJ

itFz;l gjtpaile;jhd;> ,iwab NrHe;jhd;> ,NaRTf;Fs; my;yJ

fHj;jUf;Fs; mlf;fkhdhd; ,itnay;yhk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;J te;j

gy nrhw;fs;. \khz;l| vd;w XU nrhy; jkpopy; cz;L. goe;jkpopy;

khl;rpikg;gl;lÆ ey;y vd;w nghUs; ,jw;F cz;L. 'khz;l vd;

kidtpNahL kf;fSk; epuk;gpdH” vd;gJ eiuapd;wp vd;gjw;Ff;

fhuzk; $Wk; gprpuhe;ijahH ghly;> ,d;iwa tof;fpay; ,r;nrhy;Yf;F

\,we;JNghd..| vd;gJ nghUs;. gioa tof;Ff;F khz;(G) vd;gJ

mbr;nrhy;É Gjpa tof;fpw;F \khs;| vd;gJ mbr;nrhy;. ,JNghd;W>

rhd;Nwhd;Ærhd;NwhH vd;gjw;F tPuH vd;w nghUs; gioaJ. rq;f

fhyj;jpNyNa ,jw;F mwpQH vd;w nghUSk; te;J tpl;lJ.

NkYk;> I.V.upr;rHl;];> nrhy;Yf;F ehd;F tifahd nghUl;gz;G

cz;L vd;fpwhH.

(m) mwpT Gyg;gLjy; (Sense)

(M) czHT Gyg;gLjy; (Feeling)

(,) njhdp my;yJ Fwpg;Gg; nghUs; (Tone)

(<) tpUg;gk; my;yJ Nehf;fk; (Intention)

,yf;fpaj;jpd; nrhy; nghUSf;F mfuhjpfisg; ghHg;gJ> nghUj;jkd;WÉ

Nghjpajd;WÉ #oikTg; nghUs; (contextual meaning)> Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;

31914.indd 34 12/18/2018 9:52:59 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(suggestive meaning)> rhHGilg; nghUs; (shades of meaning) vd;W

gy epiyfs;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cz;L. Kf;fpaj;ij Muha;fpwtHfs;>

nghUl;fis> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; #oikTfspNyNa Muha Ntz;Lk;.

cj;jpfSk; Gyg;ghl;Lj; jpwd;fSk;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkhop gapd;W tUfpw NghJ fhzf;$Lk; rpy

cj;jpfisAk;> Gyg;ghl;Lj; jpwd;fisAk; ,g;gFjpapy; ghHf;fyhk;.

mofpay; cj;jpfs;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; toq;Ffpw nkhop> jl;ilahf> Neubahdjhf

,Ug;gjpy;iy. ntspaPl;L Kiwapy; rpy mofpay; cj;jpfs; fhzg;

gLfpd;wd. xd;NwhL xd;W xt;Tjy; my;yJ xg;Gik Gyg;gLfpd;w

gz;G kpf Kf;fpak;. ctkk;mbehjkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. cUtfk;> gbkk;>

FwpaPL vd;gd ,d;iwa jpwdha;thsHfs; Nghw;Wk; cj;jpKiwfshFk;.

,tw;Ws; cUtfk; (Metaphor) vd;gJ ctk cUGfs; ePq;fpg;

Nghfr; nrupTila XH ctk tbtkhFk;. fhis Nghd;wtd; fhspag;gd;

vd;why;> mJ ctkk;. mNj NghJ> (fhspag;gd; fhis) fhis te;jhd;

vd;gJ cUtfk; MFk;. gbkk; (Image) vd;gJ ctkj;jpd; ,d;ndhU

Nfhyy;. nrhy;yg;gLk; nghUis Nfl;G my;yJ fhl;rp tbtpy;>

cUntspj; Njhw;wk; vd;w epiyf;F nfhz;LtUtJ> ,J. rhAq;fhy

Nkfk;> vq;Fk; tz;zf;Fok;G fiue;Jtpl;lJNghy; Nkfnky;yhk;

nrt;tz;zr; rhak;. jq;fj; jPTfs; Nghd;w Nkfk; vd;Nwh jq;fj;jPT

Nkfk; vd;Nwh nrhy;yhky;> ghujpahH (ghQ;rhyp rgjk;) \jq;fj;jPTfs;|

vd;fpwhH. ePyg; ngha;iffs;> fupa ngUk;g+jk;> nrOk;nghd; fha;r;rptpl;l

Xilfs; vd;W Nkq;fis tUzpj;Jr; nry;fpwhH.

,it cUtfq;fs;. mLj;Jf; FwpaPL (Symbol) vd;gJ xU nrhy;Nyh njhlNuh jdJ nghUs; jsj;ijj; jhz;ba xU nghUz;ikia

my;yJ fUj;J epiyiaf; Fwpj;J tUtJ. mf;fpdp my;yJ jP

vd;w nrhy;> jP vDk; Njhw;wj;ij czHj;jhky;> mj;jd;ik nfhz;l

,d;ndhU nghUz;ikia czHj;JfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> td;Kiw>

NgUzHT> Gul;rp vd;gtw;Ws; xd;iwj; jUkhdhy;> mJ FwpaPlhfpwJ.

ghujpapd; \mf;fpdpf;FQ;R| vd;w nrhw;nwhlH xU FwpaPlhFk;.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


Gyg;ghl;Lj; jpwd;fs;

nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpw tpjk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Gyg;ghl;Lj; jpwid

czHj;Jk;. Vw;fdNt nrhd;d mofpay; cj;jpfisAk; njhlH kw;Wk;

nghUs; epiyfisAk; ,j;jifa nkhopj;jpwd; gz;Gfshf ehk;

mwpfpNwhk;. md;wpAk; tpj;jpahrkhd nrhw;NrHf;iffSk; njhlupay;

mikg;GfSk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fitahf cs;sd.

ftpijapy;> nrhw;fis cilj;Jg; Nghl;L mjd; %yk; Gjpa

nghUis cUthf;Ffpw Kaw;rp eilngWfpwJ. \vtshtJ xUj;jp|

vd;gJ xU njhlHÉ ,J> ,ay;ghdJ. mjid tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jp \xUj;-

jP| (jp-jP vd;W MfpwJ) vdg;gpupj;J>

'vtshtJ xUj;

jP

tukhl;lhsh?”

vd;W ftpijahf;fpapUf;fpwhH> rp.kzp. \xUj;jp| vd;gjw;Fk; \xUj;-jP|

vd;gjw;Fk; czHtpd; jsj;jpy; ngUk;NtWghL cz;L. tof;fkhdij

tpj;jpahrg;gLj;JtJ (difference/ defermilarize) ,e;j nkhopeil.

,uT vd;gJ xU Neuj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ. ,J njhl;L czHjy; Nghd;w

Gyd;fSf;F mfg;glhjJ. mjhtJ Ez;ikahdJ. ,ij Ez;nghUs;

(abstract) vd;ghHfs;. njhl;L czUk; fbdj; jd;ikAs;s nghUSf;Fg;

gUg;nghUs; (concrete) vd;W ngaH. gUg;nghUs; cilj;jhy; cilAk;.

Ez;nghUSf;F me;jj; jd;ik ,y;iy. gUg; nghUspd; jd;ikahfpa

ciljy; Ez;nghUshfpa ,uTf;F ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W e.gpr;r%Hj;jp

vd;w ftpQH gilf;fpwhH. 'tpOe;Jile;j ,uT” vd;W ghLfpwhH.

'tpOe;Jile;j ,uT” ,J xU eilj;jpwd;. tpOe;Jile;j fz;zhb

vd;why; ,ay;ghdJÉ tpOe;Jile;j ,uT mjpypUe;J tpj;jpahrg; gl;L

xU Gjpa jsj;ijf; fl;likf;fpwJ.

,JNghd;W> ghujpahH Kuz;gl;l nrhw;NrHf;if %yk;>

tpj;jpahrkhd nkhopaikg;igf; fhl;LfpwhH. Njd; jputg; nghUs;É

nre;jkpo; ehL vd;W cr;rupg;gJ> xyp tbtk;. Njd;> nre;jkpo; vd;w

,uz;ilAk; xd;wpizf;fpwhH.

nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy - ,d;gj;

Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

fhJf;Fs; Njd; NghFNkh? eilKiwj; jHf;fk;> ftpijapy;

eilaofpw;fhf khWgLfpwJ.

fk;gH> nrhw;nwhlH mikg;G md;wpAk;> njhlupay; mikg;gpy;

tpj;jpahrkhd fl;likg;igf; nfhz;L te;J moF jUfpwhH> vOtha;

ñ nrag;gLnghUs; ñ gadpiy - ,JNt jkpopy; nrhw;nwhlH mikg;gpd;

kuG. Mdhy; Njit fUjp> nrhy;ypd; Mw;wiyAk; czHtpd; jpwidAk;

fhl;Lk; nghUl;L ehd;> fz;fshy; fw;gpDf;F mzpiaf; (rPijia)

fz;Nld; vd;W nrhy;tjw;Fg; gjpy;> ,e;j mikg;G Kiw khWfpwJ.

fz;lndd; fw;gpDf;fzpiaf; fz;fshy;

vd;W nrhy;ypd; nry;td; mDkd; $Wtjhff; fk;gd; fhl;LfpwhH.

,t;thW nrhy;tJ nkhopapd; Gyg;ghl;Lj; jpwDf;F mzp NrHf;fpwJ.

fhyKk; ,lKk;

fhyk;> ,lk; vDk; jsq;fis xl;b> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhop vt;thW

ftdpf;fj; jFe;jjhf cs;sJ vd;gijg; ghHg;Nghk;.

fhyKk; nkhopAk;

nkhop ntspg;gLfpd;w jsk; kw;Wk; mjdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jsk;

fhyk; MFk; (kw;nwhd;W - ,lk;). Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; ve;jf; fhyj;jpy;

Njhd;wpaNjh> me;jf; fhyg; gFjpapd; nkhopepiyia mJ rhHe;jpUf;Fk;.

fhl;lhfr;> rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ> fp.K.%d;whk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Ke;jpa

rq;f fhyj;J nkhopiar; rhHe;J ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;gbf; $Wtjpy; ehd;F

epiyg;ghLfs; cz;L.

(m) rpW rpW NtWghLfs; ,Ue;jhYk;> me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpd;

,yf;fpaq;fspYs;s nkhop epiyfisnay;yhk; Fwpg;gpl;l xNu

jsj;Jf;Fs; nfhz;L te;J tpLfpNwhk;.

(M) ,jdbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhopiaAk;

nkhop eiliaAk; nkhop tuyhw;iwAk; Muha;fpNwhk;.

(,) ,yf;fpa tuyhW fhzTk; ,j;jifa nghJthd nkhopj;jsk;

ekf;F cjTfpwJ.

(<) Fwpg;gpl;l GytH my;yJ ftpQHfspd; nkhopeilia my;yJ

nkhopj;jpwid MuhaTk; fhyj;ij ikakpl;l nkhopj;jsk; ekf;F

cjTfpwJ.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


mLj;J> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa fhyk; md;wpAk;> me;j

,yf;fpak; ve;jf; fhyj;jpd; r%fj;ijg; gw;wpa nra;jpiaf; $Wfpd;wNjh>

mjDila fhyj;J nkhopia> me;j ,yf;fpak; rhHe;jpUf;fpwjh vd;W

ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fy;fp vd;w Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;Wg;

Gjpd MrpupaH vOjpa \ghHj;jpgd; fdT|k; \rptfhkpapd; rgjKk;|

gy;ytH fhyj;ijj; jsq;fshff; nfhz;litÉ mJNghy;> \nghd;dpapd;

nry;td;| gpw;fhyr; NrhoH fhyj;ijj; jskhff; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy;>

,e;jg; Gjpdq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l me;jf; fhyq;fspd; nkhopia XusthtJ

rhHe;jpUf;fpd;wdth? fijkhe;jHfspd; Ngr;Rf;fs; %ykhfthtJ>

ntspg;gLfpd;wdth? vd;W ghHj;jhy; kpfr; rpy nrhw;fs; jtpu NtW

mwpFwpfs; ,y;iy. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T> ,e;j epiyfisnay;yhk;

ghHj;Jj;jhd; kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.

tl;lhu nkhop

,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhop> xU nghJthd juk; nfhz;l (standard and common language) nkhopiaNa> ngUk;ghYk; jdJ jskhff; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;>

cz;ikj; Njhw;wk; (appearance of reality) kw;Wk; eilj;jpwd; fhuzkhf

tl;lhu nkhopiaAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.

tl;lhu nkhop (dialect) vd;gJ> Kf;fpakhf ,lk; rhHe;jJ. Fwpg;gpl;l

,yf;fpak; rpj;jupf;fpd;w rKjhak;> ve;jg; gFjpiar; rhHe;jNjh> me;jg;

gFjpapy; toq;Ffpd;w my;yJ me;jg; gFjpia ,d;dnjd milahsq;

fhl;Lfpd;w nkhopiaNa mJ jdJ jskhff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. me;j

nkhopia tl;lhunkhop vd;fpNwhk;. ,J kz;zpd; thridNahL

(regional colour) NrHe;jJ> NkYk; jw;fhyj;jpy; rpy tl;lhuq;fs;>

tl;lhunkhopr; rpj;jupg;Gf;F cupadthff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghfr;

nrd;id (Kf;fpakhfr; Nrupfs; my;yJ mbj;js nrd;id thrpfs;)>

nfhq;F kz;byk;> jQ;ir> kJiu> jpUney;Ntypg; gFjp> nrl;behl;Lg;

gFjp> Nkw;Ff; Fkup khtl;lg; gFjp Kjypait. tl;lhur; rpj;jupg;Gf;F

cupadthff; fUjg; gLfpd;wd.

nfhq;Fkz;byj;jpd; MH.~z;KfRe;juk;> jQ;irj; juzpapd;

jp.[hdfpuhkd;> ney;iyr;rPikapd; GJikg;gpj;jd; KjypNahH

,t;tifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba tl;lhu nkhop gad;gLj;jp

vOjpatHfSs; rpyH.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

,lk; md;wpAk; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,dk; my;yJ rhjpAk; tl;lhu

nkhopapd; jsj;Jf;Fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. gpuhkzH> NtshsH>

efuj;jhH (nrl;bahH) fTz;lH> ehaf;fH> rTuhl;buH Kjypa ,dq;fs;

gw;wpa gilg;Gfspy; rhjp mbg;gilapyhd tl;lhu nkhopiag;

ghHf;fyhk;. jypj;jpa tho;f;ifr; rpj;jupg;Gfspy; jypj; nkhop (giwaH>

gs;sH> mUe;jjpaH) ,d;W czHTld; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

,Jtd;wpAk; ,d;W> Mq;fpyk; fw;NwhH kw;Wk; ghkuH vd;w

NtWghL> tl;lhu nkhop vd;w mikg;Gf;Fs; ngupJk; ,lk; ngw;W

tUfpwJ.

,d;iwa ,yf;fpaj;jpy; (Kf;fpakhf - elg;gpaiy - ikakpl;l) -

rpWfijapYk; Gjpdj;jpYk; (Mdhy; ftpijfspy; ,J> mupJ) tl;lhu

nkhop vd;gJ Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

nkhopapaYk; nkhopapd; vy;iyAk;

,g;gFjpapy; nkhopia Muha;fpd;w nkhopapay; gw;wpAk;> nkhopapd;

tPr;rpYk; vy;iyfs; cz;L vd;gijAk; ghHg;Nghk;.

nkhopAk; nkhopapaYk;

nkhopiag; gw;wpa mwptpay; Muha;r;rp> nkhopapayhFk; (linguistics). ,jpy; tpsf;fKiw> tuyhw;wpay;> xg;gPL Kjypa gy Kiwfs;

my;yJ Jiwfs; cz;L. b.rh#H Kjw;nfhz;L Gfo;ngw;w gy

nkhopapaywpQHfs;> nkhopahuha;r;rpf;F kpfr; rpwe;j gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;Js;shHfs;. ,e;j nkhopapay; mwpQHfspy; gyH> ,yf;fpaj;jpYk;>

,yf;fpak; mf;fiw nfhs;fpd;w gy rpe;jidj; JiwfspYk; MHtk;

cilatHfs;É Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhz;ltHfs;. ,yf;fpa nkhopia>

nkhopapay; Jizf;nfhz;L Muha;tJ nkhopapay; mZFKiw vd;Wk;

eilapay; (Linguistic Approach; stylistics) vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nuhkd; aNfhg;rd;> ];Bgd; cy;kd;> rhKNty; nytpd;> rhl;kd;> /gTyH>

up/ghj;NjH> vk;.V.Nf.`hypNl> vk;.vy;.gpuhj; KjypNahH ,j;Jiwapy;

Mokhf <Lgl;ltHfspy; rpyH.

,yf;fpaj;jpw;F mbg;gilahdJ my;yJ ,yf;fpak; vd;why;

,d;dJ vd;W ,dq;fhl;LtJ> ,yf;fpaj;jdk; my;yJ ,yf;fpag;

gz;Ng (Literariness) vd;W $WtH> NkYk; mJ nkhopapd; tpNrlkhd

gz;Gfspy; cs;sJ vd;Wk; nkhopapay; mwpQHfs; $Wfpd;wdH. ,e;jf;

fUJNfhNs> nkhopapay; topg;gl;l jpwdha;Tf;F mbg;gilahFk;.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


nkhop> nghJg; gz;Gfs; nfhz;lnjdpDk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk;

ngWfpwNghJ> mjw;F ,yf;fpakhf;Ffpd;w rf;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J

xyp> nrhy;> nrhw;nwhlH> thf;fpak; Kjypa $WfspYk; mtw;wpd;

tUif KiwfspYk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd rpwg;gpay; $Wfisg; ngw;W

tUfpwJÉ nghJnkhopapypUe;J tpj;jpahrg;gl;Lk; gpwo;e;Jk; tUfpwJ

(deviation / difference). Kd;dH Xuplj;jpy; nrhd;dJ Nghy> \ehd; vd;

fz;fshy; fw;gpDf;F mzpahk; rPijiaf; fz;Nld;| vd;gJ ,ay;G

nkhopnadpd;> ftpijf;nfdg; \gpwo;njhluhf|f; \fz;lndd; fw;gpDf;

fzpiaf; fz;fshy;| vd;W tUtJ Nghd;wJ ,J.

nkhopAk; mjd; vy;iyAk;

nkhopNa Fwpf;Nfhs; my;y. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; \vd;d| vd;gJjhd;

Kjd;ikahdJ. mjNdhL NrHe;jJ jhd; \vg;gb| vd;gJ. nrhy;Yk;

nghUs; ,d;wpr; nrhy;Yjw;Fupa nkhop ,y;iy. nghUSk; nghUs;

,d;wpr; nrhy;Yjw;Fupa nkhop ,y;iy. nghUSk; nkhopAk; cld;

epfo;T Mfyhk;. Mdhy;> Nehf;fk;> nkhop MfhJ. nrhy;y Ntz;ba

tho;f;ifNa Kjd;ik. nkhop Kd;dpWj;jpf; nfhz;L epw;Fkhdhy;

moFk; rpijAk;É ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;Fk; rpijAk;.

nkhopahy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; nrhy;yptpl KbahJ. nkhop - nkhopia

gad;gLj;Jk; gilg;ghsp - mjid cs;thq;f Ntz;ba thrfH> ,e;j

%d;W ,yf;Ffspd; ,ilapYk; vg;NghJk; jtpHf;f Kbahj ,ilntsp

,Uf;fpwJ. Nghjhik my;yJ ,ilntsp> nkhopapd; vy;iyahf

kl;Lky;yhky;> mjd; rpwg;ghd - Njitahd - xU gz;ghfTk;

,Uf;fpd;wJ. Vndd;why; jpwdha;thsDf;F mg;NghJjhd; NjLk;

Ntiy $LfpwJ.

nkhop my;yJ nrhy;ypd; vy;iyiaf; ftpQH rp.kzpapd; nrhy;ypy;

nrhy;ypg; ghHf;fyhk;É

nrhy;y tpUk;gpa njy;yhk;

nrhy;ypy; tUtjpy;iy.

Nfhl;il fl;bagbah

Foe;ij gpwf;fpwJ.

vd;Nwh vg;nghONjh xUKiw

thDf;F tpsf;fbf;Fk;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

thy; kPdhf

nrhy;y te;jJ nrhy;ypy; tUk;.

njhFg;Giu

,yf;fpak; vDk; gapHf;F epykhf ,Ug;gJ nkhop. rpe;jidf;F tbtk;

jUk; nkhop> mjd; njspitAk; mjd; gy;NtW Nfhyq;fisAk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhop> fhyk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l

gilg;G> gilg;ghsp Mfpa jsq;fspy; nray; gLfpwJ. ,e;jr;

nray;ghL mwpT vd;w epiyapYk; czHT vd;w epiyapYk; Mfpa

,UKiwfspYk; epfo;fpwJ. ,tw;NwhL Fwpg;GzHj;Jjy;> tpUg;gk;

czHj;Jjy; Mfpa nghUs; epiyfisAk; nfhz;lJ. nkhop> ,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;T> nkhopapd; ,j;jifa Mw;wiyj; jdpepiyapy; my;yhky;>

mjd; #oikitAk; gad; ghl;ilAk; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

nkhopapd; moF> mjd; xyp tbtk; Kjw;nfhz;L> nrhy;>

nrhw;nwhlH> thf;fpak; Mfpa mjd; $WfspYk;> me;jf; $Wfspd;

NrHf;iffspYk; Gyg;gLfpwJ. ctkk;> gbkk;> cUtfk;> FwpaPL

Mfpait ,t;thW Gyg;gLk; rpy cj;jpfshFk;. gilg;ghsp> nkhopf;

$Wfspd; rpy tpj;jpahrg;gl;l gz;GfisAk;> rpwg;gpay; $WfisAk;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ,e;j nkhopj;jpwid> nkhopapay; Muha;fpwJ.

,t;thW Muha;e;j nkhopapay; topj; jpwdha;thFk;. ,J mwptpay;

KiwNahL $ba xU jpwdha;thFk;.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

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ghlk; 5

fiy> fiyf;fhfth my;yJ tho;f;iff;fhfth

Kd;Diu

Ke;ija ghlq;fspy; ,yf;fpaKk; nkhopAk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaKk;

tho;f;ifAk; vd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy; nkhopAk; tho;f;ifAk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

xd;wpize;J nghjpe;J fplg;gijg; gw;wpg; ghHj;Njhk;. ,e;j ,uz;Lk;

,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fs;. ,t;thW ,Uf;f> ,j;jifa ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

nray;ghL my;yJ Nehf;fk; vd;dthfp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W ghHf;fj;

jpwdha;T flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy;> fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jFjp

my;yJ tpOkpak; (Value)> mjd; %ykhfp ek;khy; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

vdNt> fiy> fiyf;fhfth my;yJ tho;f;iff;fhfth vd;w Nfs;tp

my;yJ thjk; ,q;Nf itf;fg;gLfpwJ. thjk; gioaJjhd; vd;whYk;>

,jd; %yk; jpwdha;T xU rupahd Kidg;ig my;yJ Nfhzj;ijj;

jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;b ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gjhy;> ,J kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

fiy fiyf;fhfNt vd;w thjk;

fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;w Nfs;tpia ikaq;nfhz;l thjk;> gy

tbtq;fspy;> gilg;ghsHfspd; kdq;fspy; ciwe;J fplf;fpwJ.

Vd; vOJfpNwhk;> ehk; vOJtJ vd;d nra;fpwJ vd;w rpe;jid>

vOJfpwtDf;F ,Uf;Fk;É mt;thwpUe;jhy; jhd;> mtDila ,yf;F

rupahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;w thjk;> ek;Kd; rpy gpur;ridfis

Kd; itf;fpwJ. mtw;iw ,q;Nf ghHf;fyhk;.

(1) fiy> ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ mofhfTk; NeHj;jpahfTk; nra;ag;gLtNj

my;yhky;> mjw;F vd;W nray;ghL $WtJ rupahFkh: ,e;jf;

Nfs;tp> fiyapd; ,yf;Fg; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. ,yf;F> fiyNahL

Kbe;JtpLfpwjh my;yJ mjw;F mg;ghYk; nry;fpwjh.

(2) fiyfisf; fhz;gtH my;yJ Nfl;gtH my;yJ thrpf;fpwtH

me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l fiyapd; gf;fk; Vd; nry;YfpwhH? vd;d

vjpHghHj;Jg; NghfpwhH? vd;w Nfs;tp> Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. NkYk;

31914.indd 42 12/18/2018 9:53:00 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

mt;thW mt;thrfH> vjpHghHj;Jg; NghtJ> fpilf;fpwjh vd;w

Nfs;tpAk; ,jd;NghJ vof;$Lk;.

(3) fiyapd; Nehf;F my;yJ fiyQdpd; Nehf;F vd;W cz;ikapy;

,Uf;fpwjh? mg;gbahdhy; mJ vd;d? fiyQd; ,jid

ntspg;gilahfr; nrhy;Ytjpy;iyÉ fiyapd; %ykhfNt

ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhd;. mg;gbahdhy; mt;thW ntspg;gLtJ vd;d?

,e;jf; Nfs;tpfSk; cld; vOfpd;wd. ,tw;wpw;Fupa gjpy;fs;

jdpj;jdpahfr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iyÉ Mdhy; thjj;jpd;

gy epiyfspYk; ,it CLrulhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

nfhs;if tpsf;fk;

fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;w epiyg;ghL my;yJ nfhs;if

mbg;gilapy; jdJ epiyg;ghlhf vd;d nrhy;YfpwJ.

(1) fiyapy; cUtk; cs;slf;fk; vd;w ,UgFjpfs; cz;ly;yth

mtw;wpNy cUtNk gpujhdk; vd;W nrhy;YfpwJ> ,J.

cUtfj;jpd; my;yJ tbtj;jpd; moFk; NeHj;jpANk> fiyapd;

gz;igj; jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. fiynad;why; ,j;jifa fiyapay;

gz;NgahFk;. ,JNt fiyapd; jFjpiaAk; juj;ijAk;

jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW mf;nfhs;if $Wfpd;wJ.

(2) fiyapy; moifAk; mJ jUk; uridiaAk; jtpu> NtW

xd;iwAk; Njlf; $lhJ. vy;yhk; cs;Ns mfta epiyapy;

,Uf;fpwJ.

(3) vdNt> fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mJ $Wk; nra;jp gw;wpNah

mjDila jd;ik my;yJ jFjp gw;wpNah nghUl;gLj;jf; $lhJ

vd;Wk; ,J $WfpwJ.

(4) NkYk;> ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU tho;f;ifia> tho;f;if

epiyiar; rpj;jupf;fpd;wJ vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ my;yth

,f;nfhs;if mj;jifa fUj;jpDf;F tuf;$lhJ> ,lk; juf;

$lhJ vd;W nrhy;YfpwJ.

(5) fiy ,yf;fpak;> Fwpg;gpl;l kdepiy khw;wj;jpw;F cjTk; vd;w

fUj;jpidAk; ,J kWf;fpwJ. XH ,yl;rpak; tho;f;ifj; Njly;

Nghd;wtw;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ghHf;ff; $lhJ vd;Wk; ,e;jf;

nfhs;if $WfpwJ.

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(6) fiy caHthdJÉ mJ GdpjkhdJÉ NtW vjidAk; Ntz;lhjJ.

mjhtJ jd; mstpy; mJ KOikahdJ (Complete in itself)É fiyQDk; caHthdtd; vd;W ,e;jf; nfhs;if $WfpwJ.

RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; fiy (,yf;fpak;) mofhy; MdJÉ moif

mDgtpg;gjw;fhfNt fiy ,Uf;fpwJÉ mjpNy> tho;f;ifiaNah

mjhtJ tho;f;if gw;wpa rpj;jpuj;ijNah vjpHghHf;ff; $lhJ vd;gJ

,jd; mbg;gilahFk;.

vjpHepiyg; ghHit

fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;w nfhs;if> mfta epiyg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F

NeHkhwhd nfhs;if> gad;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if (utility or Pragmatism) MFk;. fiy> gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ePjp nrhy;Ytjw;fhfNt

,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ ,e;jf; nfhs;if. ,J> fiyapy; tbtk; my;yJ

cUtk; vd;w gFjpia myl;rpag;gLj;JfpwJ. moF> nra;e;NeHj;jp>

fiyapay; mDgtk; Kjypatw;iwg; Gwe;js;SfpwJ. Neubahf

ekf;F vJTk; mJ nrhy;Yfpwjh> gbg;gpid jUfpwjh> ek;Kila

eilKiwfSf;Fg; gad;tpisf;fpwjh vd;W ghHf;FkhW mJ J}

z;LfpwJ. Mrhuf; Nfhit> Vyhjp> jpupfLfk;> ,d;dh ehw;gJ>

,dpait ehw;gJ Kjypa ePjpE}y;fs; khjpup> ePjptpsf;fq;fis

ikakhff; nfhz;bUg;gij ,f;nfhs;if Nghw;WfpwJ. ,yf;fpak;

gf;jp ,yf;fpakhf> rka cz;ikfis> rka rlq;Ffis>

mtw;wpd; ngUikfis typAWj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W

fUJfpwJ. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isapd; E}y;fSf;Fk;

khzpf;fthrfupd; ghly;fSf;Fk; ,J tpj;jpahrk; ghHg;gjpy;iy. gf;jp

my;yJ rkak; vd;w msitf;Fs; rkkhf mtw;iwg; ghtpf;fpwJ.

vg;gbr; nrhy;yg; gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gijg; ghHg;gjpy;iy.

jkpopy; ,j;jifa E}y;fs; (Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk;) Kjw;nfhz;L>

gy cz;L. ciueil nry;thf;Fg; ngwhj fhyj;jpy; vy;yhtw;iwAk;

ahg;G tbtj;jpy; my;yJ nra;Aspy; nrhy;tJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ>

,it nra;Aspy; nrhy;yg;gl;ld. vdNt nra;Aspy; nrhy;yg;gl;ld

vy;yhk; ,yf;fpak; my;y vd;w ghHit ekf;F mtrpak;. jpwdha;Tf;F>

mj;jifa ghHit ,y;iynad;why; nray;glNt KbahJ.

,e;j ,Utifg;gl ;l vjpHepiyfisAk;> ngUk;ghyhd

jpwdha;thsHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. Kf;fpakhf> ,uz;lhtjhfr;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

nrhd;d fiy> gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhfNt my;yJ ePjp nrhy;Ytjw;fhfNt

vd;w fUj;J> tYtpoe;J Nghd xU fUj;J epiyNaahFk;.

,yf;fpak; jUk; ,d;gk;

fiyfs; gy tifg;gl;lit. fl;blf; fiy Kjy; rpw;gk;> Xtpak;>

,ir> ,yf;fpak; vd;W gy jpwj;jpy; fiyfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. vy;yhf;

fiyfSk; xNu khjpupahditay;y. ,tw;wpd; Nehf;fKk; xU

khjpupahdjy;y.

rpj;jd;dthry; Xtpaj;ijg; ghHf;fpNwhk;. jQ;irg; ngUTilahH

Nfhapy; NfhGuj;ijg; ghHf;fpNwhk;. fhUFwpr;rp mUzhryj;jpd; ehjRu

,ir Nfl;fpNwhk;. ghy ruRtjp my;yJ gj;khRg;gpukzpaj;jpd;

guj ehl;baj;ijg; ghHf;fpNwhk;. ekf;F vd;d fpilf;fpwJ? Kjypy;>

xU gpukpg;GÉ xU tpag;G. gpd;dH mtw;NwhL xU yapg;G. gpwF- xU

kfpo;r;rpÉ XH ,d;gk;É ftiyfisAk;> Rw;Wg;Gwq;fisAk; kwe;j xU

,jkhd czHT> ,it Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpak; gbf;fpw NghJk;

mNj tifahd kfpo;r;rpAk; ,d;gKk; fpilf;fpwJ vd;gJ cz;ikÉ

Mdhy;> Kd;dH nrhd;d fiyfspy; vjpHghHg;gJ khjpup> mNj tifahd

,d;gj;NjhL> ,yf;fpak; Kbe;J tpLfpwjh?

,yf;fpak;> nkhopahy; MdJ. nkhop> ntWkNd xypfshy; mike;jJ

my;yÉ nghUs;fshy; MdJ. ,e;jg; nghUs;fs; tho;f;ifapypUe;Jk;

tho;f;ifAzHT mDgtq;fspypUe;Jk; mwptpypUe;Jk; tUfpd;wd.

mj;jifa nkhopahy; Md ,yf;fpaf; fiyapy; ,d;gKk; kfpo;r;rpAk;

kw;Wk; mjw;Ff; fhuzkhd moFk; NeHj;jpAk; kl;Lk; ,y;iy>

tho;f;ifAk; mJ gw;wpa xU NjLjYk; ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt vy;yhf;

fiyfSk; xNu khjpahd Nehf;fk; nfhz;ld my;y. fiy> fiyf;fhfNt

vd;w nfhs;if> gpw fiyfSf;Fr; rpwpJ nghUe;jp tuf;$Lk;É Mdhy;

,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jp tuhJ.

fiyQDk; thrfDk;

fiyiag; gilf;Fk; ftpQd;> me;jf; fiyf;fhfNt kl;LNk

gilf;fpd;whdh? fiyAs;sk;> fw;gidj;jpwd;> ce;JzHT vDk;

,it kl;Lk; jhd; fiyia cUthf;ff; fhuzq;fsh? ,y;iy.

gilg;gijg; gpwUf;Ff; nfhz;L Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd;W jhd; vy;NyhUk;

tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. ehYNgH ghuhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Wjhd; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH.

jd;Dila vOj;J> rpe;jid> gpwUila kdjpy; VjhtnjhU rydj;ij>

31914.indd 45 12/18/2018 9:53:00 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

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mirit Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W jhd; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. rhHj;jH (Jean. Paul. Sartre) vDk; Gfo;ngw;w gpuQ;R vOj;jhsH kw;Wk; rpe;jidahsH>

\ehd; Vd; vOJfpNwd;| vDk; fl;Liuapy;> vOj;jhsd;> thrfdplj;jpy;

,j;jifanjhU vOr;rpia (appeal) cz;L gz;Zfpwhd; vd;W

nrhy;YfpwhH. fbdkhd my;yJ ,Wf;fkhd czHTila thrfd;

$l> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> mJ $Wk; tho;f;ifr; rpj;jpuj;NjhL

xd;wptpLfpwNghJ> kdk; frpe;J tpLfpwhd;É nef;FUfp tpLfpwhd;

vd;fpwhH. fiyf;F mj;jifanjhU rf;jp ,Uf;fpwJ.

gpf;fhNrhtpd; (Piccaso)> NghH mtyq;Fwpj;j etPd Xtpaq;fisf;

fz;ltHfs;> gyH NghiuAk; nfhûq;fisAk; ntWf;fpd;w kdg;gf;Ftj;ij

mile;jjhff; fiy tuyhWfs; $Wfpd;wd. ,jw;F khwhf> Nkhrkhd

jpiug;glq;fisg; ghHj;J> mtw;wpy; rpj;jpupf;fg; gLtJ Nghy; jpl;lkpl;Lf;

nfhs;isfs; mbj;jjhfTk;> ghypay; gyhj;fhuq;fspy; <Lgl;ljhfTk;>

nfhiyfs; nra;jjhfTk; gy Fw;wthspfs; thf;F%yk; je;jpUg;gij

mt;tg;NghJ nra;jpfs; %yk; mwpfpNwhk;.

ey;y fiyfs; ey;yd nra;aKbAk;É nfl;lit> nfl;lJ nra;a

KbAk;. Nfl;NghiuAk; ghHg;NghiuAk; fiyfs; ahjhDk; xUtifapy;

\ghjpg;G| nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ rhHj;jH Kjypa gy mwpQHfspd; fUj;J.

fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;gJ gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;

fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;w nfhs;if> NkiyehLfspy; jhd;

gupzkpj;jJÉ NkYk;> mq;Nfjhd; gyuhYk; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; Ngrg;

gl;lJ. Kf;fpakhff; ftpijf;F Kf;fpaj;JtKk; jdpr;rpwg;Gk;

nfhLf;fpwtHfshYk;> cUttpaypy; mf;fiw nfhz;NlhHfshYk;

,f;nfhs;if typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.

Nkdhl;lhH fUj;J

ftpijahuha;r;rpapy; <LghL nfhz;ltUk; N~f;];gpaupd; mty

ehlfq;fs; gw;wp Muha;e;jtUkhdV.rp.gpuhl;yp (A.C. Bradley)> ,e;j

nfhs;ifiag; gpugyg;gLj;jpdhH. mtH nrhy;fpwhH fiy xU jdp

cyfk;. mjid mDgtpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwNghJ> GwTyF epidNt

rpwpJk; tuyhfhJ. fw;gidapd; JizAld; ftpij> rpy mDgtq;fis

ntspapLfpd;wJ. mtw;iw ehKk; mg;gbNa gfpHe;J nfhs;syhNk jtpu>

NtW gad; Njlf; $lhJ. mt;thW Njbdhy;> ftpQd; vd;d fUjp

mjid Mf;fpdhNdh> mjid ehk; ,oe;J tpLNthk;. ,d;g mDgtk;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jtpu> NtW gpw vy;yhk; ,uz;lhk; epiyahditÉ Kf;fpakhditay;y.”

,t;thW mtH> \fiyiaf; fiyf;Fs;spUe;J ghHÉ fiyahfg; ghHÉ

Ntnwhd;iwAk; ghHf;fhNj| vd;fpwhH. [hd; ];^tHl; kpy;(J.S. Mill) vDk; mwpQH> 'ftpij vd;gJ XH czHTÉ jdpikahf ,Uf;Fk;

Neuq;fspy;> mJ jdf;Fs; jhNd Ngrpf; nfhs;fpwJ. ftpQdpd; thrfd;>

rhuhk;rj;jpy; xNu Mshfr; RUq;fp tpLfpwhd;. mj;jifa xNu thrfd;>

me;jf; ftpQd; jhd;” vd;fpwhH. (“The Poet’s audience is reduced to a single member, consisting of the poet himself”) ,k;khDNty; fhz;l; vd;w

mwpQUk; fiyapd; caHT Fwpj;J> ,j;jifa nfhs;ifAilatNu.

Mdhy;> \fiy> fiyf;fhfNt| vDk; nfhs;if> gy mwpQHfshy;

kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhff; ftpQUk; jpwdha;thsUkhfpa

khj;a+ mHdhy;L> \ftpijnad;gJ> mbg;gilapy; tho;f;if gw;wpa

jpwdha;NtahFk;| vd;Wk;> \xOf;fnewpfisg; Gwf;fzpf;Fk; ftpij>

tho;f;ifiaNa Gwf;fzpg;gjhFk;| vd;Wk; $WfpwhH. I.V.upr;rHl;];

vDk; Gfo; ngw;w jpwdha;thsH> \,yf;fpak; vd;gJ> kdpj rKjhaj;jpd;

kdr;rhd;W| vd;W tUzpf;fpwhH. \fiy> kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; kfpo;r;rpf;F

cjTkhdhy;> xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fis tpLjiy ngwr; nra;a cjTkhdhy;>

mJ rpwe;j fiyahFk;” vd;Wk; $WfpwhH. vdNt> fiy> fiyf;fhfNt

vd;w nfhs;if rupad;W vd;gJ jhd; gyUila fUj;Jk; MFk;.

jkpo; kuG

fiyia tho;f;iff;Fupa xd;whf> mjd; eyDf;FupajhfTk; mjidr;

rpj;jpupg;gjhfTk; nfhs;tNj jkpo; kughFk;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNy gy

,lq;fspy; ,j;jifa Fwpg;G cz;L. ftpij> kf;fs; tho;f;ifiar;

rpj;jpupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt \cupg;nghUs;| vd;gijf; $wp> mJ>

jpiz xOf;fj;ijr; nrhy;Ytjhf me;E}y; tUzpf;fpwJ. NkYk;>

“mwDk; nghUSk; ,d;gKk; vd;whq;F md;nghL GzHe;j Ie;jpiz”

vd;Wk; mJ typAWj;JfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpak;> vt;thnwy;yhk;

tho;f;ifg; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ vd;gJ njupAky;yth? \nrtpawpTW}c|

vd;w xU Jiw my;yJ ghly; tif cz;L. kd;dtHf;Fr; nrtpapy;

tpOk;gbahfg; Gj;jpkjp $WtJ> me;j tifahd ghly;.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; vDk; fhtpak; Vd; vOe;jJ? mjw;Ff; fhuzk;>

,sq;NfhtbfNs nrhy;YfpwhH.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwq;$w;W MtJ}ck;

ciurhy; gj;jpdpf;F caHe;NjhH Vj;jYk;

Co;tpid cUj;Jte;J Cl;Lk; vd;gJ}ck;

vDk; %d;W cz;ikfis epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf \ehl;LJk; ahk; XH

ghl;Lilr; nra;As;| vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs;$wpAs;shH.

kfhftp ghujpahH> \ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy ,t;itaj;ijg;

ghypj;jplNtZk;| vd;W nrhy;ypapUg;gUJ njupAky;yth? NkYk;>

'nrhy;yb rptrf;jp- vidr; RlHkpF mwpTld; gilj;Jtpl;lha;.

ty;yik jhuhNa ,e;j khepyk; gaDw tho;tjw;Nf” vd;W mtH

nrhy;ypapUg;gJk;> mjw;Nfw;g mtUila ftpijfs; moFk; ,dpikAk;

nfhz;l Njrpag; ghly;fshfg; gupzkpj;jd vd;gJk; ahtUk;

mwpe;jjy;yth? moifAk; RitiaAk; kl;LNk ghHf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;W nrhy;Yfpw kdg;Nghf;F jkpopy; ,d;iwj; jpwdha;thsHfs;

rpyuplk; cz;L vdpDk;> mJ gutyhfg; gyuhYk; epuhfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fpaj;ij tho;f;ifNahL xl;bajhfg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj

jkpo; kugpy; Mokhf Nt&d;wpAs;sJ.

jdpj;jd;ikAk; nghJj;jd;ikAk;

jdpj;jd;ik

vdf;fhd tpLjiy

vd; ftpij.

cdf;fhdij

eP vOjpf;nfhs;.

mz;ikapy; te;j xU ftpij ,J. ,g;gb> \vdf;fhdJ vd; ftpijÉ

ehd; ,jid vOjpf; nfhs;fpNwd;É cd; ftpij> cdf;fhdJÉ mjid

eP vOjpf; nfhs;” vd;W xt;nthUtUk; mtutHf;F vd;W vOjpf;

nfhz;bUf;f KbAkh? my;yJ> mtutH vOjpaJ> mtutHf;F kl;Lk;

jhdh? Vw;fdNt nrhd;dJ khjpup> ,J rhj;jpaKk; ,y;iyÉ mt;thW

fUJtJ Vw;GilaJky;y. xUtUf;fhd ftpij> xt;nthUtUf;FkhdJÉ

xt;nthUf;Fkhd ftpij> vy;NyhUf;FkhdJ.

nghJj;jd;ik

jukhd my;yJ ey;y fiyf;F my;yJ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fj; jdpj;Jtg;

gz;GfSk; cz;LÉ jd;ndhj;j gpwtw;NwhL mjw;Fg; nghJj; jd;ikfSk;

31914.indd 48 12/18/2018 9:53:00 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

cz;L. vOjpatH tho;f;ifiar; nrhy;Ytjhfj; Njhd;Wk;É mtHf;Nf

cupajhfTk; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy;> mJ vy;NyhUila czHTfSf;Fk;

nghJthdJ jhd;. jdpepiyg; ghly;fs;> gf;jpg; ghly;fis Mfpatw;iwg;

ghUq;fs;> cz;ik njupAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfr; rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;

xd;W.

mw;iwj; jpq;fs; mt;ntz; zpytpy;

ve;ijAk; cilNak; vk;Fd;Wk; gpwHnfhshH

,w;iwj; jpq;fs; ,t;ntz;zpytpy;

ntd;nwwp Kurpd; Nte;jHvk;

Fd;Wk; nfhz;lhH ahk;ve;ijAk; ,yNk

jk; je;ijiaAk;> jk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk;> Rfq;fisAk; ,oe;J epw;Fk;

ghupkfspH ghbajhf cs;s ghly; ,J. Mdhy; ,e;j mtyKk;

Mw;whikAk; mtHfSf;F kl;LNk cupajh? vy;yhk; ,oe;J> jdpikg;

gl;L epw;Fk; mtyj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l xUtupd; czHTk; ,Uf;fpwJÉ

vy;NyhUk; czuf; $ba czHTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt fiy>

fiyf;FupajhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU fiyQHf;Nf cupajhfTk; ,y;yhky;>

vy;NyhUf;Fk; cupajhf cs;sJ. Kfyhag; Nguurd; ~h[fhd;

jh[;k`hiyj; jd;Dila fhjyp Kk;jh[{f;fhf> mts; epidTf;fhff;

fl;bdhd;É Mdhy;> mNjhL mJ epd;Wtpl;ljh?

gilj;jtNdhL gilg;G epd;W tpLtjpy;iy. murpay;

Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf kl;Lkd;wpr; r%f tpLjiyf;fhfTk; Nghuhba

fhe;jpabfSf;F> mj;jifa kdepiyf;F vOr;rpa+l;baJ vJ?

[hd;u];fpd; vOjpa \filf;Nfhb kf;fSf;fhf| (Unto the last) vd;w E}y; my;yth? mJNghy> Urpa ehtyhrpaupaH> ypNah lhy;];lha; vOjpa

\NghUk; mikjpAk;| Kjypa ehty;fs; mtUf;F kdvOr;rp je;jd.

etPd ,e;jpah cUthtjw;F mauhky; ghLgl;l [tfHyhy; NeUTf;F>

uhgHl; /gpuh];l; (Robert frost) vd;w Mq;fpyf; ftpQupd; ftpijfs;>

vOr;rp je;jd vd;W ghHf;fpNwhk;. ,JNghy;> cjhuzq;fs; gy cz;L.

,J> vjidf; fhl;LfpwJ? fiy> ,yf;fpak;> tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupf;ff;

$baJÉ tho;f;ifapd; kd vOr;rpfSf;F cjTtJ vd;gijj;jhd;

fhl;LfpwJ.

31914.indd 49 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


Nehf;fKk; gz;Gk;

fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> fiyf;fhf> mjd; mofpidf;

fhl;Ltjw;fhf vd;w thjk;> nghUj;jkpy;yhjJ vd;W fz;Nlhk;.

cUtk; kl;Lk; NeHj;jpahf ,Ue;J> cs;slf;fk;> rPHFiyT juf;

$bajhfTk; jtwhd xOf;fj;ij czHj;JtjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy;>

me;j ,yf;fpaNk gpiogl;ljhfj; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. mJ Nghy;> caHe;j

fUj;Jfisr; nrhy;Yfpw ce;Jjypy;> mjid moFgl NeHj;jpahfr;

nrhy;ytpy;iynad;why;> me;j ,yf;fpak; rf;jpapoe;jjhfTk;

Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w KbahjjhfTNk ,Uf;Fk;.

Nehf;fk;

fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupg;gJÉ tho;f;ifapd;

Nkk;ghl;bw;F XusthtJ cjTtJ MFk;. Mdhy;> mNjNghJ

nrhy;Ytij kdq;nfhs;SkhW nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;É czHj;Jtij

NeHj;jpgl czHj;j Ntz;Lk;É mwk;> mwpTiuahf mikAk; NghJ>

mJ moFgl mika Ntz;Lk;. ePjpAk; mwKk;> jpUf;Fws; Nghy>

fiyapay; $WfSld;> gbg;NghH Ritj;jwpAkhW mika Ntz;Lk;.

mJNt fiyapd; gz;Gk; Nehf;fKk; MFk;.

gz;G

cUtk;> cs;slf;fk; vDk; ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpaNk. Mdhy; ,uz;Lk;

xd;widnahd;W rhHe;J> jkf;Fs; Kuz;ghLfsd;wp ,ire;J ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. fiyapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; ,ize;J mikfpwNghJ jhd;>

fiyapd; Nehf;fk; ntw;wp ngWk;. NkYk;> fiyfs; vy;yhk; xNu tifapd

my;y. fl;blf; fiy> rpw;gf; fiy> Xtpaf;fiy vDk; ,tw;wpd; gz;Gk;

nray;ghLk; NtW. ,irf;fiy> fUtp ,irahfTk;> ghlyhfTk;

mikfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; nray;ghLfSk; NtW. ,yf;fpak;> nkhopahy; Md

fiy. ,jDila gz;Gk; nray;ghLk;> Vida fiyfspDk; NtWgl;lJ.

jpiug;glf; fiy kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ,d;W kpfTk; gpurpj;jkhdJ.

gy E}whapuk; kf;fisj; jpdKk; re;jpf;Fk; me;jf; fiy> nkhopNahLk;>

,irNahLk;> fhl;rp tbtj;NjhLk;> fzpdp cj;jpNfshLk; mike;jJ.

xt;nthU fiyf;Fk; xt;nthU tifahd rf;jp my;yJ jpwd; cz;L.

fiyfs;> jk;Kila rpwg;gpay; gz;Gfisf; iftplhky;> mNjNghJ>

caHe;j Nehf;fq;fisAk; iftplhky; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fiy> tho;f;iff;fhfNt vd;W nrhy;YtJ> tho;f;if czHTfspd;

31914.indd 50 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

NeHj;jpfSf;F mjDila fiyapay; NeHj;jpfs; mDruizahf

my;yJ Jizahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;YtijAk; NrHj;Nj

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

njhFg;Giu

fiyapd; Nehf;fk; vj;jifajhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gjidr; rhHe;J

fiyg;gilg;gpDila gz;Gk; mikaf; $Lk;. vdNt> fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

Nehf;fj;ij mwptJk; mJ gw;wpa XH mZFKiwiag; ngw;wpUg;gJk;

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tf;F mtrpakhFk;. fiy fiyf;fhfNt vd;w

nfhs;if> xU rhuhuplk; cz;L. fiyapy; mjd; moifAk; mJ jUk;

urid mDgtj;ijAk; kl;LNk ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; É gpwtw;iwg; ghHf;ff;

$lhJ vd;W ,f;nfhs;if $WfpwJ.

,jw;F khwhf ePjp newpfisAk;> murpay;> rkak; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;

gpur;rhuk; nra;tjw;Fj; jhNd fiy tbtk; vd;W fUJfpw fUj;Jk;

cz;L. ,J> moifAk; NeHj;jpiaAk; Gwe;js;sp kWf;fpwJ. fiy>

tho;f;iff;fhfNt vd;w nfhs;ifNa gutyhfg; gyuhYk; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiy Kf;fpakhf ,yf;fpaf;fiy> tho;f;ifiar;

rpj;jpupf;Fk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lJ vd;Wk; kdpj tho;f;if gw;wpa kd

vOr;rpfSf;F mJ JizahfTk; ce;JjyhfTk; ,Uf;fpwnjd;Wk;

,f;nfhs;if $WfpwJ.

fiy> tho;f;iff;fhfNt vd;w nfhs;ifNa jkpo; kugpy;

Nt&d;wpAs;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;> rpyk;G Kjy; ghujpahH tiu ,e;jf;

nfhs;if typAWj;jg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. cUtKk; cs;slf;fKk;

mjhtJ fiyaoFk; fiyapd; Nehf;fKk; ,uz;lw NtWghbd;wpf;

fye;J ntspg;gLtNj caHe;j fiyahFk;. fiy> tho;f;iff;fhfNt

vDk; fUj;J> ,jid KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.

31914.indd 51 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


ghlk; 6

jpwdha;Tk; gpw JiwfSk;

Kd;Diu

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ mwpT rhHe;j xUJiw. mJ jdf;Fs;

gy Jiw ,ay;fisAk;> ghHitj; jsq;fisAk; mZFKiwfSk;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mjhtJ> jpwdha;T> gy Jiwfs; rhHe;jjhfTk;>

mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fisg; ngw;wjhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

jpwdha;Tf;Ff; fskhfTk; ,yf;fhfTk; ,Ug;gJ vJ?

,yf;fpak;.

jpwdha;T gy Jiwfisr; rhHe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;why;> ,yf;fpaKk;

mt;thW rhHe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W jhNd nghUs;. vdNt> ,it vt;thW

gpwJiwNfshL rhHe;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W ghHg;gjd; %ykhf ,tw;wpd;

mbg;gilahd rpy gz;GfisAk; ehk; mwpa Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fpak; jtpHe;j NtW gpw fiyNfsh> fiyfs; md;wp NtW gpw

JiwNfsh> jpwdha;tpNyh ,yf;fpaj;jpNyh mg;gbNa gbe;jpUf;fpd;wd

my;yJ gjpe;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W KbT gz;zptplf; $lhJ. mtw;wpd;

rpy gz;GfSk; rpy nray;KiwfSk; ,tw;wpy; kl;LNk cs;sd

vd;W nrhy;tNj nghUe;Jk;. \jpwdha;Tk; gpw JiwfSk;| vDk; ,e;jg;

ghlj;jpy; ehk; ,J gw;wpg; ghHf;fyhk;.

,yf;fpaKk; fiyfSk;

,yf;fpak; xU fiy. fiynad;why;> nrhy;Yfpw my;yJ nrhy;y

tpUk;Gfpw nra;jpfis moFk; NeHj;jpAk; glr; nrhy;tJÉ fhz;ghH>

Nfl;ghH my;yJ gbg;ghH kdjpy; RitglTk;> mtHfs; kdk;

nfhs;SkhWk;> mtHfs; rpe;ijapy; my;yJ czHtpy; XusthtJ

miritAk; jhf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JkhWk; miktJÉ NkYk; NkYk;

fhZkhWk; Nfl;LkhWk; gbf;FkhWk; XH MHtj;ijj; J}z;LtJ

gilg;ghw;wy; gz;G> fiyfspd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gk; mJNt MFk;.

fiyfs;

fiyfs; gy. mWgj;J ehd;F vdr; nrhy;YtJ xU kuG. ,yf;fpak;>

mtw;Ws; jiyaha fiy. ,J> nkhoprhH fiy vd;W Vw;fdNt ehk;

31914.indd 52 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwhk;. NkYk;> nkhopia Cbioahff; nfhz;L mikAk;

,e;jf; fiy> Ez;fiy (Fine Art) vd;Wk; gad;fiy (Useful Art) vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

fiyfisg; gy tifahfg; gFg;ghHfs;. Ez;fiy> gad;fiy>

gUz;ikf; fiy (Plastic Art)> ftpd; fiy (Aesthetic Art)> epfo;j;Jfiy (Performing Art) vd;gd ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit.

Ez;fiy

Ez;ikahd cWg;Gf;fisAk;> Ez;zpa jpwd;fisAk; Ez;zpa

czHTfisAk; nfhz;lJ Ez;fiy. ftpij> ,ir> Mly;> Xtpak;

Kjypad> ,jDs; mlq;Fk;.

gad;fiy

gad;fis Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf;ff; nfhz;lJ gad;fiy. ,yf;fpak;

,jDs;Sk; mlq;Fk;. fl;llf; fiy> mz;ikapy; Njhd;wpa jpiug;glf;

fiy Kjypait> gad;fiyfs;.

gUz;ikf; fiy

gUz;ikf; fiy vd;gJ gUg;nghUshyhd CLnghUs;fisf; nfhz;L

miktJ. fl;llf; fiy> rpw;gf;fiy Mfpait> ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;.

ftpd; fiyfs;

Xtpak;> xg;gid Kjypa fiyfs;> ftpd; fiyfshFk;. mjhtJ>

mofhd Njhw;wj;ij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L miktJ.

epfo;j;J fiy

epfo;j;J fiy vd;gJ> ghHitahsH (Audience) kj;jpapypUe;J epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk; fiyahFk;. Mly;> $j;J (ehlfk;) Mfpait> Kf;fpakhd

epfo;j;J fiyfshFk;. ,irAk; ,t;thW epfo;j;jg;gLfpw fiyNaahFk;.

fiyAk; EfHTk;

fiyapd; gz;GfSk; tiffSk; fz;Nlhk;. fiy vjd; %ykhf

Efug;gLfpwJ? Ik;Gyd;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; mbg;gilapy; fz;> nrtp Mfpa

,uz;bdhNyNa ngUk;ghYk; fiyfs; Efug;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rpy>

fz;zhy; kl;LNk Efug;gLfpd;wd. mit> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;blk;

31914.indd 53 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


Nghd;witahFk;. rpy fiyfSf;Fr; nrtpNa> gpujhdk;. ,irf;fiy

mj;jifaJ. rpy fiyfSf;Ff; fz;> nrtp ,uz;LNk Kf;fpak;.

Mly;> $j;J Mfpait ,j;jifad. ePq;fs;> rikay; vd;gij xU

fiyahff; nfhs;fpwPHfsh? mg;gbahdhy; EfHTf;Fupa Gyd;fs;

vd;ndd;d? epr;rak; nrtp ,y;iy. rup. Ntnwd;d?

,irAk; ,yf;fpaKk;

ftpij> ,yf;fpaf; fiyapd; murp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;

mJNt> Vida ,yf;fpa tiffSs; %j;jJÉ ikakhdJ.

ftpij

ftpij vd;gJ> mbg;gilapy; ghly; vd;Nw mwpag;gLfpwJ. nrhw;fspd;

Xir xOq;FKiwNahL> ,ir jOtp miktJ> ghly; my;yJ

ftpijahFk;.

%d;W fiyfs; (Kj;jkpo;)

goe;jkpopy; rpyk;G Kjw;nfhz;l gy E}y;fspy; Mly;> ghly;> ,ir

my;yJ ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;W %d;W fiyfs; xd;NwhL xd;W

,ize;Jk; jOtpAk; tUgitahff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,ay; vd;gJ

ghly; my;yJ ftpijiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j %d;W fiyfSk; NrHe;J

Kj;jkpo; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;Ws; ,ir eLj;jukhdJ. mJ

ftpijf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;É Mly; my;yJ $j;Jf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;.

'Mly;> ghly;> ,irNa> jkpNo” vd;W muq;Nfw;W fhijapy;

(khjtp> muq;Nfw;Wtij tUzpf;Fk; ,ay;) ,sq;Nfh mbfs; ,e;j

%d;W fiyfisAk; ,izj;Jf; fhZfpwhH. NkYk;> ghly; vDk;

fiy> ,irNahL NrHe;J miktijAk; mtH $WfpwhH.

ahOq; FoYk; rPUk; kplWk;

jho;Fuy; jz;Zik ghlnyhL ,tw;wpd;

,ire;j ghly; ,irAld; gLj;J

............................................

ftpaJ Fwpg;Gk; Mly; njhFjpAk;

gFjpg; ghlYk; nfhSj;Jk; fiy....

(muq;Nfw;Wfhij 26-34)

31914.indd 54 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

rpyk;gpd; ,e;j tupfs;> %d;W fiyfSk; NrHe;J ,aq;FtijAk;

mNj NghJ> ghlYf;F ,ir xU gFjpahf miktijAk;> NkYk;

ftpQDila Fwpg;G my;yJ Nfhl;ghLk; mjpNy cs;sJ vd;gijAk;

nrhy;Yfpd;wd.

,ir> kdij nefpo;tpg;gJÉ nkhopf; fle;J nghJikj;jd;ik

(Universal) nfhz;lJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpak; ,jd; rpwg;igj; njhlHe;J

NgRfpd;wJ. jpwdha;T> ,j;jifa ,yf;fpak; gw;wpag; Ngr

Ntz;bapUg;gjdhYk;> fiyawpT ,y;yhky; ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fhz

KbahJ vd;gjdhYk;> jpwdha;thsDf;F ,ir gw;wpa mwpTk; mJ

gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lKk; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

$j;J my;yJ ehlfk;

Kj;jkpopy; $j;J vd;gJ xd;W. ,J Mly; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLk;.

Mly;> jdpahshfTk; my;yJ FOthfTk; epfo;j;jg;gLtJ. mjw;Ff;

fij vd;gJ mtrpakpy;iy. $j;J vd;gJ> ehlfk; vd;W gpd;dH

nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. ,J> FOthf> xg;gid> ebg;G Kjypatw;WlDk; fij

epfo;r;rpfSlDk; epfo;j;jg;gLtJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; muq;Nfw;W fhijapy; khjtpapd; Mlw;fiyAk;

mjw;Fupa Kd;Ndw;ghLfSk; tpupthfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. $j;J>

epfo;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; czHTg; gpd;dy;fshy; fl;likf;fg;gLk; mikg;ig

cilaJ. ,j;jifa fl;likg;G> rw;W ePskhd tUzidf; ftpijapYk;

(Narrative Poem) fhtpaj;jpYk; fl;lhakhff; fhzg;gLtNjahFk;.

NkYk;> ehlfk; epfo;j;jg;gLtjhf kl;Lky;yhky;> vOjg;gLtjhfTk;

mikfpwJ. jtpuTk;> Nfhapy;fspYk; jpUtpohf;fspYk;> njUf;fspYk;

$j;Jf;fs; my;yJ ehlfq;fs; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpak;> Guhzk;>

fhg;gpak; Kjypatw;wpypUe;J fijfisAk; fijr; #oy;fisAk; ,e;jf;

$j;Jf;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJz;L. mNj Nghy;> $j;Jf;fs; my;yJ

ehlfq;fspypUe;J ,yf;fpak;> gy $Wfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJKz;L.

cjhuzkhfg; ghujpapd; ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;gJ xU rpwpa fhg;gpak;>

,J> 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk; mjd; gpwFk; gpurpj;jkhf ,Ue;j

'jpuTgjp> t];jpuhguzk;” vd;w njUf;$j;ijg; gpd;gw;wp vOe;jjhFk;.

mJNghy> Nfhghy fpU~;zghujpvd;ghupd; ee;jdhH rupj;jpu fPHj;jidfs;

fjhfhyl;Nrgk; vd;gJ md;iwa gpurpj;jkhd fPHj;jid tbtj;jpyhd

fjhfhyl;Nrgk;. ,J> Nrf;fpohupd; jpUehisg; NghthH Guhzj;ijg;

gpd;gw;wpr; rpy khw;wq;fSld; cUthf;fg;gl;lNjahFk;.

31914.indd 55 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,t;thW> $j;J my;yJ ehlfk;> ,yf;fpaj;NjhL neUf;fkhf

cs;sJÉ mikg;G KiwapYk; xj;J tpsq;FfpwJ. vdNt jpwdha;T>

,j;jifa $Wfisf; fz;lwpe;J nrhy;y Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.

,yf;fpaKk; XtpaKk;

Xtpaak;> kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpa xU fiy. xd;widg;

Nghy; ,d;ndhd;W - mjhtJ xt;Tjy; vDk; nghUisAilaJ

Xtpak;. ctkk; vd;w nrhy;Yk; mjNdhL cwTilaJ. xt;Tjy; -

Xtk; - Xtpak;. fhl;rpastpy; ghHj;jw;Fupa ,e;j Ez;fiy> Gide;J

nra;ag;gLtJ. Gidah Xtpak; vd;W rq;fg; ghly; $WfpwJ.

\Xtpak;> Ngrhj ftpij (Silent Poetry)É ftpij> NgRfpw Xtpak; (Speaking Picture) vd;W gpuhd;R ehl;L XtpaH rhHy;]; /gpu];neha;

(Charles A.D. Fresnoy) vd;gtH $WfpwhH. ftpijf;Fk; Xtpaj;Jf;Fk; vt;tsT neUf;fk; cz;L vd;gij czHj;JfpwJ ,jd; fUj;J MFk;.

NguhrpupaH vDk; njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupaH ,jidNa NtnwhU

tifapy; nrhy;YfpwhH. nka;g;ghL gw;wpg; NgRfpw NghJ> nka;g;ghL

vDk; czHr;rp tbtk;> ftpijapy; fhl;rp tbtkhf Mf;fg;gLfpwJ

vd;fpwhH mtH. 'ftp> fz; fhl;Lk;” vd;gJ mtUila $w;W.

rq;f fhyg; GytHfs;> mofhfg; Gide;J nra;ag; gl;Ls;s

nghUl;fis - mit tPL my;yJ ,y;ykhapDk;> CuhapDk; -

Xtpakhff; fhZfpd;wdH.

Xtj;jd;d ,lDil tiug;gpy; (Gwk; - 251)

Xtj;jd;d cUnfO neLefH (gjpw;Wg;gj;J - 88)

vd;gd rpy tupfs;.

kzpNkfiy> mofpa g+q;fh xd;iw Xtpakhff; (rpj;jpukhf)

fhZfpwJ.

tpj;jfupaw;wpa tpsq;fpa iftpidr;

rpj;jpur; nra;ifg; glhk; NghHj;jJNghy;

xg;gj; Njhd;wpa cttdk;.

,t;thW Xtpak; fhl;rpg;gLj;jiyr; nra;fpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ ctkk;> cUtfk;> gbkk; Kjypait %ykhfTk;

eilngWfpd;wJ.

31914.indd 56 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jpwdha;Tk; mwptpaYk;

jpwdha;T> xU fiyah? my;yJ> mwptpayh? ,g;gbnahU Nfs;tpia

ehk; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.

fiyj;jd;ik

jpwdha;tpy; gilg;ghw;wy; jd;ik> XusT ,Uf;fpwJ. NkYk; jpwdha;T

vd;gJ RitahfTk; kdq;nfhs;SkhWk; nra;ag;gLtJÉ NeHj;jpahfr;

nra;ag;gLtJ. vdNt> ,j;jd;ikfisf; nfhz;L mjidf; fiy>

vdyhkh? Mdhy; jpwdha;itf; fiynad;W nrhy;Ytjw;F ,e;jg;

gz;Gfs; Nghjhjit.

mwptpay; jd;ik

mg;gbahdhy;> jpwdha;it mwptpay; vd;W nrhy;yyhkh? ,aw;gpaNyh>

NtjpapaNyh Nghd;w XH mwptpayhf ,J ,Uf;f KbahJ. Mdhy;>

mwptpaYf;Fupa rpy Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfisj; jpwdha;T ngw;wpUf;fpwJ

vdyhk;. jUf;fk; (Logic)> mftar; rhHG mw;w> Gwtaepiyf;Fl;gl;l

kdepiy (objectivity)> fhuzfhupa Kiwapyike;j fz;lwpjy; Mfpa

topKiwfs; my;yJ gz;Gfs; jpwdha;tpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy;>

,aw;gpay; Kjypa mwptpay;fspy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W ,it jpwdha;tpy;

ikakhfTk;> epiwthfTk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. gy rkaq;fspy; ,tw;iw

kPwpAk; NtWgl;Lk; jpwdha;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

ey;y jpwdha;T

xU ey;y jpwdha;T vd;gJ> mwptpaypd; gz;GfisAk; mjd;

$WfisAk; ,ad;w msT nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kdg;gjpthf> me;j

me;j Neuj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisnay;yhk; jpwdha;T vd;W

nrhy;y KbahJ. vdNt> mwptpaNyhL jpwdha;T neUq;f Ntz;Lk;É

mNj rkaj;jpy; gilg;ghw;wy;> NeHj;jp Kjypa fiyg; gz;GfisAk;

jpwdha;T xJf;fptpl KbahJ.

jpwdha;tpd; nkhop

nkhopia Ms;tjpy; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;nfd;W \xU| nkhop ,Uf;fpwJ.

,jDila rpy rpwg;gpay; jd;ikfis \,yf;fpaKk; nkhopAk;| vd;w

ghlj;jpy; Vw;fdNt $wpapUf;fpNwhk;. NkYk;> mjd; cs;Sk; mjd;

mjd; tifik> Nehf;fk;> #oy;> nrd;W NrUk; ,yf;F Kjypatw;wpw;F

31914.indd 57 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


Vw;g ,e;j nkhop mike;jpUf;Fk;. jpwdha;tpYk; nkhopapd; ,j;jifa

$Wfs; jdpr;rpwg;Gj; jd;ik ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

nkhopeil

jpwdha;T vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;ijr; rhHe;Jk;> mjidj;

jskhff; nfhz;Lk; miktJ. Mdhy;> mjDila nkhop MSif>

me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhop eiliaNah> nkhop mikg;igNah

nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. khwhff; Fwpg;gpl;l me;j ,yf;fpak; vd;d

tifahd nra;jpiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwNjh> mjw;Nfw;w eiliaAk;

kw;Wk; jpwdha;T nra;fpw MrpupaDila gapw;rp kw;Wk; ghzpiaAk;

NjitiaAk; nfhz;L mike;jpUf;Fk;. NkYk; ahUf;Fj; jpwdha;Tg;

gw;wpa nra;jpfs; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpwdha;thsd; fUJfpwhNdh

mjw;F Vw;wthWk;> NkYk; (,d;iwaf; fhyj;ijg; nghWj;j mstpy;)

jpwdha;T gpuRukhfTk; Clfj;jpd; jd;ikf;F Vw;wthWk; jpwdha;tpd;

nkhop mike;jpUf;Fk; vd;W fUjyhk;.

nkhopeil NtWghLfs;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ek;kho;thupd; jpUtha; nkhopf;Fg; ngupathr;rhd;

gps;is KjypNahUila <l;Liufis Nehf;FNthk;. ,tw;iw> md;iwa

jpwdha;Tfs; vdf; nfhz;lhy;> jpUtha;nkhopapd; ,yf;fpar; Ritf;F

Vw;wjhfTk;> mjDila nra;jpahfpa itzt jj;Jtj;ijf; nfhz;L

tUfpwjw;F cjTtjhfTk;> NkYk;> ciuahrpupaupd; gapw;rpiaf;

fhl;LtjhfTk; me;j ciufspd; nkhopeil mike;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W

$wyhk;. urid Kiwj; jpwdha;thsuhfpa b.Nf.rpjk;guehj Kjypahupd;

nkhopeil> vspikAk; njspTk; moFk; nfhz;L> mtUila uridf;F

Vw;w khjpupahfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. gpd;dhy; jkpo;j; jpwdha;thsHfs; gyH>

Nkiyehl;L E}y;fisAk; nfhs;fisAk; gpd;gw;w epidg;gtHfs;É

Mjyhy; mtHfspd; nkhopeil> Mq;fpy nkhopj; jhf;fKila xU

fyg;G eiliaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

jpwdha;tpd; eil> thrpg;gjw;Fk; mjid mg;gbNa Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw;Fk; Vw;w tpjj;jpy; vspikAk; njspTk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jpwdha;thsdpd; \Nkjhtpj; jdj;ijf;| fhl;Ltjy;y> jpwdha;Tk; kw;Wk;

mjd; nkhopAk; ey;y nkhop vd;gJ ey;y rpe;jid mwpFwp.

31914.indd 58 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jpwdha;Tk; r%ftpaYk;

,yf;fpak;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU r%fg; gpd;Gyj;jpy; Njhd;wp> me;jr; r%fj;ijf;

fhl;LtjhfTk; mjd; XH mq;fkhfTk; tpsq;FtJ. mJNghd;wJjhd;>

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tk;> rKjhaj;NjhL neUf;fKwg; gpize;jpUf;fpwJÉ

gpize;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why;> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gilg;Gj; jsk;>

jpwdha;tpd; Ma;Tj; jskhfTk; ghHitj; jskhfTk; mikfpwJ.

r%fg; gpd;Gyk;

jpwdha;thsDila r%fg; gpd;Gyk;> r%fj; Njit kw;Wk; r%f Nehf;fk;

Kjypait mtDila jpwdha;tpy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wdÉ mtDila

jpwdha;tpd; Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd mZFKiw fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> t.uhkrhkp> g.[Pthde;jk; ng.J}ud;> rpjk;gu uFehjd;>

fyhepjp ifyhrgjp KjypNahHf;Fj; Njrpa ,af;fk;> tpLjiy> r%f

khw;wk; Kjypait Fwpj;j r%fj; NjitAk; Nehf;fKk; cz;L.

vdNt> ghujpahH gw;wpa mtHfSila jpwdha;TfspNy> mj;jifa

ghHitAk; mZFKiwAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J Nghy>k.ngh.rptQhdk;.

,tH xU NjrpathjpÉ XH murpay; jiytHÉ mNj Neuj;jpy; jkpo;

,dtopj; Njrpaj;ij Kd;dpWj;jpatH. ,e;jr; r%fg; gpd;GyNk> rpyk;G

gw;wpa mtUila E}y;fspYk; kw;Wk; tpy;ypghujk;> fypq;fj;Jg; guzp

Kjypait gw;wpa fl;LiufspYk; ghHitj; jskhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij jkpo;j; Njrpa vOr;rpapd; FwpaPlhfTk; ,yl;rpakhfTk;

mtH fhZfpwhH.

Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; gpd;dzpNahL> mjpNy ey;y mwpTk; <LghLk;

nfhz;l xUtH> me;j tifahd r%f tho;NthL $ba ,yf;fpaj;ijg;

gilf;f KbAk; my;yth? mJNghyNt> nghUj;jkhd r%fg; gpd;GyKk;

mJ gw;wpa Nghjpa mwpTk; <LghLk; nfhz;l jpwdha;thsNu> mj;jifa

,yf;fpaj;ijr; ruptug; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk; vd;Wk; mJgw;wp Mokhf

vOj KbAk; vd;Wk; ehk; vjpHghHf;fyhk; my;yth?

r%fg; nghWg;G

xU ey;y jpwdha;thsDila jFjpfspy; Kf;fpakhdJ> r%ftpay;

gw;wpa mwptpidr; rupahfg; ngw;wpUg;gJ MFk;. mj;jifa

jpwdha;thsNd r%fj;ijAk;> ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; kw;Wk; r%fk;

rpj;jupf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; Gupe;J nfhz;L Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhd;.

31914.indd 59 12/18/2018 9:53:01 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspf;Fr; r%fg; nghWg;G ,Ug;gJ NghyNt>

jpwdha;thsDf;Fk; r%fg; nghWg;G ,Uf;fpwJ.

jpwdha;Tk; tuyhw;wpaYk;

fhyq;fspd; njhlHr;rpapy; #oy;fshYk; gpwtw;whYk; rKjhaKk;

gz;ghLk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. mJNghy> fiy> ,yf;fpaKk;

Fwpg;gpl;l Nghf;FfisAk; khw;wq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gJ

,ay;G. khw;wq;fisAk; tsHr;rpfisAk; fzf;fpnyLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ>

mwpthuha;r;rpfspd; eilKiw. mk;Kiwapy;> jpwdha;T> tuyhw;wpaiy

mwpe;jpUg;gJ vd;gJ mjd; Kf;fpakhd NjitahFk;.

tuyhw;W mwpT

,d;W ehk; nra;aj; njhlq;Ffpw jpwdha;T> ve;jj; jd;ikfisg;

ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> ve;j Kiwapy; tpj;jpahrkhfTk; GjpjhfTk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> ve;j tifahd Fiwfisj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;W ekf;F ehNk jPtpukhf mDkhdk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

mg;gbahdhy; jhd; mLj;jij Nehf;fp mbnaLj;J itf;f KbAk;.

vdNt jpwdha;thsDf;Fj; jpwdha;tpd; tuyhW njupe;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhfg; GJf;ftpij gw;wp ,d;W jpwdha;T nra;fpw

xUtH> ty;ypf;fz;zd;> eh.thdkhkiy> rp.fdfrghgjp Kjypa

jpwdha;thsHfs; vd;d nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gijg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghYzHT> me;epakhjy;> tpuf;jp> tf;fpuk; Kjypa kdepiyfSk;>

Gjpjhf vOJjy;> ahg;Gf;fisj; jisfshff; fUjp mtw;wpypUe;J

tpLgl;Lr; Rje;jpukhf vOJjy;> gupNrhjid Kjypa topKiwfSk;

GJf;ftpijapy; fhzg;gLtij mtHfs; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhHfs;.

ehk; mtw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpNwhkh - kWj;J Ntnwhd;W nrhy;yg;

NghfpNwhkh vd;W KbT nra;a> ekf;Fg; GJf;ftpijj; jpwdha;tpd;

tuyhW njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk;> Kf;fpakhf> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhw;iwj; jpwdha;thsd;

mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhyk;> ,lk; vd;w jsq;fis itj;J

,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghHf;ftpy;iyahdhy;> ngUk;gpiofs; te;J NrUk;.

vdNt ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW mwptJ> jpwdha;tpd; Kf;fpakhd

flikahFk;. mJNghd;W> r%f tuyhWk;> gz;ghl;L tuyhWk;

jpwdha;Tf;Fj; Njit. tuyhw;Way; ,y;iyahdhy;> jpwdha;T jdJ

mbg;gilg; gz;ig topKiwia ,of;fNtz;Lk;.

31914.indd 60 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jpwdha;Tk; jj;Jt newpAk;

Kjypy; jj;Jk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W ghHg;Nghk;.

jj;Jtk;

,e;j cyfj;jpw;Fk; kdpjDf;FKs;s cwTfs;> kdpj tho;f;ifapd;

eilKiw mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; mtDila cs;shw;wy;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>

gaq;fs;> Mirfs; Kjypa czHT epiyfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J

nghJikg;gLj;jp XH xOq;F Kiwahfr; (System) nra;ag;gLtJ

jhd; jj;Jtk; MFk;. jj;Jtk; vy;yhk; rkar; rhHGilaJ my;y.

tho;f;ifapd; \NjLjy;|jhd; jj;Jtj;jpd; rhuhk;rk;. tho;f;if kPjhd

xU Nfhl;ghL jhd; jj;Jtj;jpd; eilKiw.

,yf;fpaKk; jj;JtKk;

,yf;fpaKk; tho;f;if kPjhd XH vjpHtpid jhd; (Response). tho;f;if gw;wpa gy fUj;jpay;fisf; fyhg+Htkhf ntspg;gLj;JtJ jhd;>

,yf;fpak;. NkYk;> gy jj;Jt newpfis ,yf;fpak; cs;thq;fpf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. vdNt ,j;jifa epiyapy;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T>

jj;Jt newpfis mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.

NyhfhAj thjk;

NyhfhAj thjk; (Materialism) vd;gJ xU jj;Jtk;. ,jpy; nghUs; (Matter) jhd; Kjd;ik. nghUs; gw;wpa rpe;jid my;yJ vz;zk;

(Idea) mjidaLj;J tUtJjhd; vd;W ,e;jj; jj;Jtk; NgRfpwJ.

,uz;lw;FKs;s cwitAk; tpsq;FfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ijj;

jpwdha;T nra;fpw NghJ Kf;fpakhf ,e;jj; jj;Jtk; Jiz nra;fpwJ.

ek;kho;thH> jpUtha;nkhop vDk; ,yf;fpak; ,aw;wpdhH. mJ>

rkak; rhHe;jJjhd;. mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; te;j ,uhkhDrH Kjw;nfhz;L

eQ;rPaH> kzths khKdpfs; Kjypa gyH> ek;kho;thH ghly;fspypUe;J

itzt> tprp~;lhj;itj - jj;Jtq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J tpsf;FfpwhHfs;.

vdNt> ,yf;fpaj;ij Ma;T nra;fpwtHfSf;Fj; jj;Jttpay; gw;wpa

mwpT Njitg;gLfpwJ.

jpwdha;Tk; jj;JtKk;

NkYk;> gy Neuq;fspy; jpwdha;Nt $lj; jj;Jtk; jUtjhf my;yJ

mjd; rhaiyf; nfhz;ljhf mike;J tpLfpwJ. Nkiy ehl;by;>

31914.indd 61 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,k;khDNty; fhz;l; (Immanuel Kant)> [hH[; rz;lahdh (George Santayana) KjypNahUk;> ,d;iwaf; fhyj;ijr; NrHe;j nlHuplh

(Derrida)> /g+f;Nfh (Foucoult) KjypNahUk; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T

Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfshfTk; mNjNghJ> jj;Jt tpayhsHfshfTk;

fUjg;gLfpwhHfs;.

njhd;kq;fSk; jj;JtKk;

,yf;fpaj;jpy;> FwpaPLfs; (Symbols)> njhd;kq;fs; (Myths) ,lk;

ngWfpd;wd. cjhuzkhfg; \gj;jpdp| vd;gJ xU njhd;kk;. fz;zfp>

,e;jj; njhd;kj;ij Kjd;ikahfg; gpujpepj;Jtg; gLj;JfpwhH. mJNghy;>

gpd;dH GdpjtjpahH(fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH)> Fz;lyNfrp KjypNahUk;

rq;f fhyj;jpa - g+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;Lk;(Gwk; -

246) (,ts;> fztd; ,we;jTld;> jhNd typar; nrd;W> ngha;ifAk;

jPAk; xd;Nw vd;W nrhy;ypj; jPg;gha Kide;jts;) \gj;jpdp| vDk;

njhd;kj;jpw;FupatHfs;. \gj;jpdp| vDk; ,e;jj; njhd;kj;ijj; jj;Jt

epiyapy; nfhz;Lte;J \gj;jpdpj; nja;tk;| vd;w topghL te;jikia

tpsf;Ftjw;Fj; jpwdha;tpy; ,lk; cz;L.

njhFg;Giu

,yf;fpak;> tho;f;ifia> mjd; gy;NtW JiwfSld; rhHe;J

rpj;jupf;Fk; xU fiytbtk;. mjd;kPJ mJgw;wp mike;j jpwdha;Tk;

gy JiwNfshL cwT nfhz;Lk; mtw;iwr; rhHe;Jk; mikfpwJ.

,yf;fpak;> ,ir> $j;J> Xtpak; Kjypa gyfiyfspd;

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. NkYk; mf;fiyfs; gw;wpa gy

nra;jpfisAk; nrhy;fpwJ. jpwdha;T> mj;jifa fiyfisg;

gw;wpa mwpT ngw;wpUe;jhy; jhd;> mj;jifa ,yf;fpaq;fisr; ruptu

tpsf;fKbAk;.

fiyg;gz;G nfhz;l mwptpay;

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T> fiyah? mwptpayh? nrhy;Yfpw NeHj;jp> moF>

gilg;ghw;wy; gz;G Kjypad ,Ug;gjhy; fiyg;gz;G mjpNy cz;L.

MdhYk; jUf;fk;> Gwtaj;jd;ik> fhuz fhupa Kiwapyhd ghHit>

jpwdha;Tf;F mtrpak;. Mjypd; mwptpay; vd;w epiyAk; mjw;Fz;L.

RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy;> jpwdha;T fiyg;gz;G nfhz;l XH mwptpay;

KiwahFk;.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

tuyhw;W mwpT

jpwdha;Tf;F tuyhw;wpay; mwpT kpfTk; mtrpak;. Kjypy;> jpwdha;tpd;

tuyhW njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

tuyhWk;> NkYk; mJ $Wk; nra;jpfs; my;yJ r%fk; gw;wpa

tuyhw;wwpTk; jpwdha;Tf;F Ntz;Lk;.

r%ftpay; mwpT

jpwdha;Tf;Fr; r%f gpd;Gyk;> r%fj; Njit> r%fg; nghWg;G> ,yf;F

Kjypad cz;L. vdNt rKjhatpay;> jpwdha;thsDf;F kpfTk;

Njitahd njhlHGila xU JiwahFk;.

nkhopapay; mwpT

jpwdha;Tf;F nkhopapay; gpd;Gyk; cz;L. jpwdha;T> jhd; nrd;W

NrHfpd;w ,yf;fpidAk; KiwapidAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. Mjyhy;

mjw;Fupa jdpr;rpwg;ghd nkhop eilAk; NeHj;jpAk; Ntz;Lk;.

jj;Jttpay; mwpT

jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;jpYs;s jj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk;

jpwdha;Nt> gy nfhs;iffisAk; rpe;jidKiwfisAk; rhHe;J

,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt> jpwdha;Tf;Fj; jj;Jttpay; kpfTk; njhlHGila

xU JiwahFk;.

31914.indd 63 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


ghlk; 7

jpwdha;tpd; tiffs;

Kd;Diu

kdj;jhYk; mwpthYk; mwpag;gLk; xU nghUis> moFw czHj;Jk;

gilg;ghf;fk; my;yJ fiyj; jpwd; vd;gJ ,yf;fpak; vdg;gLfpwJ.

,J Nehf;fk;> Njit Kjypatw;wpd; rhjdkhf cs;sJ. ,j;jifa

,yf;fpak; jd;dfj;Nj gy gz;GfisAk;> gy nry;newpfisAk; gy

fUj;J epiyfisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mtw;iw MuhaTk; tpsf;fTk;

jpwdha;T cUthfpwJ.

,j;jpwdha;T gy mZFKiwfisAk; > tiffisAk;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,tw;iwf; fz;lwptJ> jpwdha;tpd; Mokhd

gz;GfisAk; gue;Jgl;l ghijfisAk; mwptjw;Fj; Jiz nra;Ak;.

Vnddpy; jpwdha;T vd;gJ xw;iwj;jd;ik my;yJ xw;iwg; Nghf;Ff;

nfhz;ljd;WÉ gd;Kfkhd gz;GfSk; top KiwfSk; nfhz;lJ. vdNt

Kjypy; jpwdha;tpd; tiffis ,q;Nf mwptJ kpfTk;mtrpakhfpwJ.

jpwdha;T tiffs;

jpwdha;tpd; tiffs; vd;git> jpwdha;T nra;ag;gLtjw;Fupa

topKiwfs; ,d;dpd;d vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhfg; gy ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J mtw;wpd; rpy gz;Gfisr;

rhuhk;rkhd gz;Gfshfg; gpope;njLj;J milahsq; fhl;LtJ xUtif.

Fwpg;gpl;l xU nfhs;if> my;yJ xU gz;G epiyia msTNfhyhff;

nfhz;L mjidg; gy ,yf;fpaq;fNshL nghUj;jpg; ghHj;jy;

vd;gJ ,d;ndhUtif. mjhtJ jpwdha;T nra;tjw;Fupa topKiw

(Method) my;yJ nra;Kiwiag; NgRtJ> jpwdha;tpd; tif vd;W

mwpag;gLfpwJ.

jpwdha;tpd; tiffs; gy. vdpDk; mtw;Ws; kpf mbg;gilahdit

my;yJ Kf;fpakhdit vd;git gpd;tUkhW:

(1) ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T

(2) KbGKiwj; jpwdha;T

(3) tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(4) nrYj;Jepiy my;yJ gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;T

(5) tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T

(6) kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T

(7) xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T

(8) gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;T

,tw;wpy; Kjy; ehd;F jpwdha;T tiffisg; gw;wp ,g;ghlj;jpy;

fhz;Nghk;.

ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T

'vjidg; Nghw;Wfpd;NwhNkh mJ tsUk;” vd;W ghujpahH nrhy;thH.

NkYk;> ghuhl;Ljy; vd;gJ xU ey;y kdpjg; gz;G. Ngrg;gLk;

nghUisg; Nghw;wpAiug;gJ vd;gJ nrhy;Yfpd;w topKiwapd; xU

gz;G MFk;. vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUisAk;> ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; Fiw

fhzhky;> me;jf; Fiwfisf; fz;lhYk; mtw;iwg; gw;wp mjpfk;

Ngrhky; epiwfis kl;LNk tpje;J NgRtJ ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T

(Appreciative Criticism) MFk;.

(1) ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T> mbg;gilapy; tpsf;f Kiwahf

mikaf; $Lk;. Mdhy; ghuhl;Ljy; vd;gJ tpsf;fKiwapd;

Nehf;fky;y.

(2) tpsf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ mjidg; Nghw;Wfpw tpjj;jpy;

gz;GfisNa $wpr; nry;tjhy; mj;jifaijg; ghuhl;LKiwj;

jpwdha;T vd;fpNwhk;.

(3) ,d;W> ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopthsHfs;> fy;tpahsHfs;

KjypatHfsplk;> ghuhl;L Kiw gutyhff; fhzg;gLtijf;fhzyhk;

.rpytifahd NkilAj;jpfs;> rpy tpUg;gq;fs; fhuzkhf ,e;jg;

ghuhl;LKiw epiwaNt ,lk; ngWfpwJ.

(4) ,urid Kiwapy; <Lghl;Lld; ghuhl;Lfpd;w Ma;Tfs; jkpopy;

epiwaNt cz;L. cjhuzk; fk;gidg; Gfo XH FOtpdNu

cz;L. mtHfs; gy jug;gpdH. n[ftPughz;bad;> b.Nf.

rpjk;guehj KjypahH> V.rp. ghy;ehlhH> fk;gdbg;nghb rh.fNzrd;>

g.[Pthde;jk;> v];.uhkfpU~;zd;> NguhrpupaH m.r. Qhd rk;ge;jd;>

ePjpgjp K.K.,];khapy;> nj.QhdRe;juk; ,g;gbg; gyH cs;sdH.

ghuhl;LKiwapd; vy;iy

31914.indd 65 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


jpwdha;T vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpsf;fq;fisAk;>

jdpj;jd;ikfisAk; thrfH kdjpy; gjpAk;gb nfhz;L nry;y

Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwj; jtpuf; Fiw my;yJ epiw vd;w xd;widNa

fz;L mjidNa tpje;Jciug;gij Nehf;fkhff nfhs;sf;$lhJ. mJ

mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; gytpjkhd my;yJ NtWgl;l gz;Gfis xJf;fp

tpLtJ MFk;. ghugl;rk; my;yJ gf;fr; rhHGf;Fj; jpwdha;T ,lk;

juyhfhJ.

NkYk;> vJTk; msNthL nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jpwdha;tpy;

ntw;W ciufs; Kf;fpaky;y vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. ghuhl;Lf;fshy;

myq;fupg;gJk;> Fiwfisg; ngupJgLj;JtJk; ,uz;LNk cz;ikia

cjhrPdg;gLj;jp tpLk;. Mifahy; jpwdha;Tf;F cz;ik vd;gJ

Kf;fpak;.

KbGKiwj; jpwdha;T

KbGKiwj; jpwdha;T (Judicial criticism) vd;gJ mbg;gilahd rpy

tiuaiwfisAk; tpjpfisAk; msTNfhyhff; nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l

,yf;fpak; gw;wpa KbGfis my;yJ jPHTfisr; nrhy;YtJ MFk;.

nfH

cjhuzkhfj; jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk; ngUq;fhg;gpak;> rpWfhg;gpak; vd;w

fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk; nfhz;Nlh> rhl;tpf; (Chadwick)> nfH (W.P.Ker)> gTuh (C.M.Bowra) Nghd;w Nkdhl;lhH $Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; nfhz;Nlh

xU fhg;gpaj;jpd; mikg;igAk; gz;igAk; fzpg;gJ> KbGKiwj;

jpwdha;T MFk;.

jd;dpfupy;yhj; jiytidf; nfhz;ljhff; fhg;gpak; mika

Ntz;Lk; vd;W jz;bayq;fhuk; nrhy;fpwJ. ,t;thNw Nkiyehl;L

mwpQHfs; rpyUk; $Wfpd;wdH. Mdhy; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; mj;jifa

jiytd; (Nfhtyd;) ,y;iy vd;gjw;fhf mjidf; fhg;gpak; md;W

vd;W $wp tpl KbAkh?

jd;Dila ,ay;ghd Nghf;fpy; Vw;Gila gy cs;fl;likg;Gfs;

ngw;Ws;s rpyg;gjpfhuk;> cyff; fhg;gpaq;fspd; tupirapy; itj;J

vz;zj; jFe;jJ my;yth?

NkYk;>,sq;Nfhtbfspd; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> fk;gdpd; ,uhkfhij

Mfpa nrt;tpay; fhtpaq;fis Kd;Djhuzq;fshff; nfhz;L>

31914.indd 66 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ngupa Guhzk; Kjypa gpw jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fisg; ghHg;gJk; ,jd;

mbg;gilapy; mJ rupahd fhg;gpaNk vd;Nwh fhg;gpak; md;W vd;Nwh

kjpg;gpLtJk; KbGKiwj; jpwdha;T MFk;.

KbGKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; gz;Gfs;

xNu msTNfhy; my;yJ xNutpjkhd tiuaiw nfhz;L xd;ww;F

Nkw;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fisg; nghUj;jpg; ghHg;gJ ,jd; gz;G MFk;.

,jdbg;gilapy; xd;wd; rpwg;G my;yJ juk; caHe;jJ vd;W KbT

$Wtjw;F ,e;j tifahd jpwdha;T KaYfpwJ. ,J> Vw;nfdNt

vOjg;gl;l tpjpfSf;Fk; mtw;wpd; tpsf;fq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g ePjpgjp

jPHg;G toq;Ftijg; Nghd;wJ MFk;. vdNt ,q;Ff; ftdk; kpfTk;

mtrpak; MFk;. ,j;jpwdha;tpy; KbGfs; vd;gJ rkd;epiyapy; rPHJ}

f;Fk; Nfhy;Nghy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpapay; gl;lk; rhHe;j Ma;NtLfs; gy> KbG Kiwfisr;

rhHe;Nj mike;Js;sd. jkpopy; cs;s Kd; khjpupfisNah

tiuaiwfisNah ,it gpd;gw;whtpl;lhYk; my;yJ mtw;iwg;

gw;wp ,it mwpe;jpuhtpl;lhYk;> Nkiyehl;lhH nfhs;iffisAk;

Nkw;Nfhs;fisAk; tiuaiwfshff; nfhz;L ,e;j Ma;NtLfs; jkpo;

,yf;fpaq;fSf;F KbG nrhy;y KaYfpd;wdÉ mtw;iw kjpg;gpl

KaYfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,q;Nf tpjpfs; mt;tpyf;fpaq;fspypUe;J

vLf;fg;glhky;> ntspNa Gwj;Nj ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mifahy;

,it vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;W vjpHghHf;f KbahJ.

KbGKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; vy;iy

MapDk; rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisg; Nghw;Wtjw;F ,J XusT cjtf;

$baNjahFk;. rpy nghJikfspd; gpd;dzpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l xd;iwf;

fhz;gjw;F ,J cjtf; $bajhFk;. Gjpa tbtq;fis> Nrhjid

Kaw;rpfis ,J Gwf;fzpj;J tpLfpwJ. ,d;iwa jkpopYk; ,J

,Uf;fpwJ. goe;jkpopYk; ,J ,Ue;jJ.

jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpaq;fs; Gjpa ghijfspy; gazpf;f top

kWg;gJ my;yÉ top tFg;gJ> top jUtJ MFk;.

tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T

KbGKiwj; jpwdha;Tf;Fk; tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;Tf;Fk; (Prescriptive criticism) ngUj;j NtWghL ,y;iy. ,uz;Lk; neUf;fkhd cwTilait.

31914.indd 67 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


KbGKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ rpy msTNfhy;fisf; nfhz;L>

Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa KbGfisAk; kjpg;GfisAk; toq;FtJ

MFk;. tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ> tpjpfisAk; msTNfhy;fisAk;

mg;gbNa XH ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nghUj;jpf; fhz Kw;gLtJ. Mdhy; ,jd;

%yk; KbGfisNah jPHTfisNah nrhy;Ytjw;F Kw;gLtjpy;iy.

khwhff; Fwpg;gpl;l XH ,yf;fpaj;ijr; rpy tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;L

tpsf;Ftjw;F ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,J> \,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; vd;gjw;F khwhf

,yf;fzq; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fpaq; fhzy;| vd;w kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;lJ.

,g;ghHit ciuahrpupaHfsplk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLtijg; ghHf;f

KbAk;.

neLey;thil mfkh? Gwkh? vd;w Nfs;tpia vOg;gpatH

er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH vd;Dk; ciuahrpupaH MthH. ,tH neLey;thil

Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpw;Fg; gy E}w;whz;Lfs; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpatH.

neLey;thilapy; Gwr;nra;jpfs; neLfg; Ngrg;gl;lhYk;> ,Wjp epiyapy;

rhuhk;rkhf mfNk Ngrg;gLfpwJ.MapDk; njhy;fhg;gpaupd; tpjpg;gb>

mJ mfk; ,y;iy vd;fpwhH er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH.

md;gpd; Ie;jpizapy; \jiytNdh jiytpNah Rl;b xUtHg;

ngaH nfhsg; ngwhmH| - ,J njhy;fhg;gpaH $w;W. neLey;thilapy;

jiytdpd; ,aw;ngaH Rl;lg; ngwtpy;iyjhd;É Mdhy;> Ntk;G jiyahj;j

Nehd;fho; v/fk; vdg; ghz;ba kd;dHfspd; milahsg; g+thfpa

Ntg;gk;g+itf; $wpaikahy; ,J mfk; my;y vd er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH

$WfpwhH. ,jd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w

neLQ;nropaNd vd;W mtH cWjpahff; $WfpwhH.

Mdhy;> mjw;Fupa rhd;W me;j neLey;thilapy; ,y;iy. NkYk;

ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ,aw;ngaH Rl;lg;ngwhj NghJ njhy;fhg;gpaH

topepd;W $l mjidg; Gwk; vd;W $wKbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;

er;rpdhHf;fpdpahH tpjp Kiwj; jpwdha;it kdjpw; nfhz;L mt;thW

mjid mfk; vd;W $Wtij kWj;Jg; \Gwk;| vd;W $WfpwhH.

,t;thW> Kd;NdhH nkhope;j nghUisg; nghd;Nd Nghw;nfhz;L>

mjid tpjpKiwahff; nfhs;fpd;wijAk; mjw;fhf type;J

nghUs; nfhs;tijAk; ghHf;f KbfpwJ. Mdhy;> ,jid ,d;iwa

jpwdha;thsHfs; jpwdha;T Kiwahf- tifahff; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

MapDk; tpjpfisg; nghUj;jpf; fhZfpw ghHit> jpwdha;thsHfs;

31914.indd 68 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

gyuplk; ,y;yhkypy;iy. Fwpg;ghff; fy;tpahsHfsplk; ,J ngupJk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ cz;ik.

nrYj;Jepiy my;yJ gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;T

tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;Tk; KbGKiwj; jpwdha;Tk; nrYj;Jepiy my;yJ

gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;tpypUe;J khWgl;lit. Kw;$wpa ,uz;Lk;

,yf;fzj;jpypUe;J ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; NghfpwJ. gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;T

,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fr; nry;YfpwJ.

nghJ tpjpfisNah tiuaiwfisNah itj;Jf; nfhz;L>

mtw;wpd; topahf ,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghHg;gjpYs;s FiwghLfis

kdjpw; nfhz;L mt;iwj; jtpHf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; me;j me;jg; gilg;gpd;

topahfNt mjdjw;Fupa tpjpfis tbj;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

nrhy;tJ> nrYj;Jepiy my;yJ gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;T (Inductive Criticism) MFk;.

tiuaiwfis KbGKiwfshf itj;J xd;W caHe;jJ> kw;wJ

jho;e;jJ vd;W $Wk; jPHT KiwapypUe;J (Judicial Method) ,J khWgLfpwJ. xU gilg;G kw;wjpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ vd;W (kl;LNk)

,J nrhy;fpwJ. nghJ KbTfSf;Fk; nghJthd tpjpfSf;Fk; cs;s

msTNfhy;fisg; Gwf;fzpf;fpw ,j;jpwdha;T> Fwpg;gpl;l fiyf;F

cupa tpjpKiwfis mt;tf; fiyQHfspd; topKiwfspypUe;Nj

ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;É NtW tifapy; ghHg;gJ> mjw;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ vd;W

$WfpwJ. xd;wd; tiuaiwia my;yJ xU fiyQdpd; topKiwia

NtnwhU gilg;gpNyh> NtnwhU fiyQuplNkh nghUj;jpg; ghHf;ff;

$lhJ vd;W ,J tw;GWj;JfpwJ. jPHTKiwia kl;Lkpd;wp> kjpg;gPl;L

KiwiaAk; xg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; ,J jtpHf;fpwJÉ kWf;fpwJ.

nrYj;Jepiyj; jpwdha;tpd; rpwg;G

gilg;ghspfspd; xt;nthU gilg;Gf;Fk; (,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk;) jdpj;jdpahf

mikg;G tpjpfs; cz;L vd;fpwJ ,j;jpwdha;T. gilg;ghspfisg;

gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ mtutupd; topKiwfis xl;bNa NgrNtz;Lk;

vd;W $WfpwJ. NkYk;> mtHfSf;fpilNa NtWghLfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd

vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. Mapd;> me;j NtWghLfspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

fhuzKk; gw;wpNah> mtHfspd; juKk; jFjpAk; gw;wpNah ,J Ngr

kWf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; jpwdha;T> ,tw;wpy; mf;fiw fhl;lhkypUf;f

KbahJ Vnddpy; ,J jpwdha;tpd gzp. Mdhy; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tsH

31914.indd 69 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


epiyiaAk;> jdpj;jd;ikfisAk; ,e;jr; nrYj;Jepiyj; jpwdha;T

ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ. NkYk; tpjpKiwfisAk; tiuaiwfisAk;

cUthf;Ftjw;Fr; nrYj;J epiyahfpw topKiwapd; gq;fspg;Gk;

Njitahd xd;NwahFk;.

njhFg;Giu

,yf;fpak; jd;dfj;Nj gy gz;GfisAk;> gy fUj;JfisAk;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mtw;iw MuhaTk; tpsf;fTk; jpwdha;T tiffs;

Njitg;gLfpd;wd. jpwdha;T tiffspy; xd;whff; fUjg;gLk; ghuhl;L

Kiwj; jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;jpd; epiw> Fiwfisr; rkkhf mwpe;J

kjpg;gPL nra;ahky;> epiwfis kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; $wp mtw;iwg; Nghw;Wk;

jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lJ MFk;. xU jpwdha;thsd; jhNd NjHe;njLj;Jf;

nfhz;l rpy tpjpKiwfisAk;> fUJNfhs;fisAk; msTNfhyhff;

nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa KbGfis my;yJ jPHTfisr;

nrhy;YtJz;L. ,jid KbGepiyj; jpwdha;T vd;fpNwhk;.

tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T xU epiyapy; KbGKiwj; jpwdha;T Nghd;W

,Ue;jhYk;> ,j;jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tiuaiwfis Kd;$l;b

,d;dit vd vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> ,yf;fzk; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fpak;

vd;W NgRfpwJ. nrYj;Jepiyj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ tpjpKiwapy; epd;W

,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghHg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfis kdj;jpw; nfhz;L

mtw;iwj; jtpHf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; miktJ. xt;NthH ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;

jdpj;jdpahf mikg;G tpjpfs; cz;L vd;gJ Nghd;w Nehf;fj;jpy;

miktJ ,j;jpwdha;T tif.

31914.indd 70 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ghlk; 8

jpwdha;tpd; tiffs; - IIKd;Diu

,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfspd; jd;ikfSk;> mtw;wpd; gy;NtW cj;jpfSk;>

kw;Wk; cs;slf;ff; $WfSk; vt;thW mike;Js;sd vd;W $w

Ntz;LtJ jpwdha;tpd; gz;G MFk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; fhyk;> ,lk;

vd;w gupkhzq;fspd; ,ilntspia epug;gpg; Gupe;J nfhs;SjYf;Fj;

jpwdha;T Jiz epw;fpwJ. NkYk; jpwdha;T> ,yf;fpaj;ij

tpsf;FfpwJÉ kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ. ,j;jifa jpwdha;T gytifahd

topKiwfisAk; nra;KiwfisAk; nfhz;lJ. jpwdha;Tf;F

mZFKiwfs; ,d;wpaikahjd vd;gJ Nghy> jpwdha;T nra;fpw

top KiwfSk; Kf;fpakhf cs;sd. nrd;w ghlj;ijj; njhlHe;J

,g;ghlj;jpy; jpwdha;tpd; Vida ehd;F tiffisf; fhz;Nghk;.

tpsf;f Kiwj; jpwdha;T

fhyk;> ,lk; vDk; jsq;fisAk; thrfHfspd; mwpjpwd;fs;>

Vw;GKiwfs; Kjypatw;iwAk; vjpHnfhz;L tho;fpw jpwid ,yf;fpak;

ngw;Ws;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fiyQdhy; ,yf;fpak;

gilf;fg;gLtNjnadpDk;> mJ GjpJ Gjpjha; capHf;fpw mw;Gjg;

gz;gpidg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa jpwk; mjd; cs;shHe;j

gz;GfspYk; #oikTfspYk; nghjpe;J fplf;fpwJ. mt;thW nghjpe;J

fplg;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpw NghJjhd; fiyg; nghUs; njhlHe;J

Efug;gLfpwJÉ tho;fpwJ.

,yf;fpak; EfHjpwDk;

,yf;fpak; kl;Lky;yÉ ve;jg; nghUSk; rupahd EfHjpwd; ngw;wpUe;jhy;

kl;LNk thOk;. rupahd gad;> rupahd EfHjpwd; ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy;>

mJ EfHNthdhy; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s my;yJ tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. \xU nghUisr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sNth> NkYk;

mjidf; $Ljyhf mwpe;J nfhs;sNth cjTfpw tifapy; me;jg;

nghUis NtWnrhw;fspy; (re-phrasing) kPsTk; nrhy;Yjy;| vd;gNj

tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gil MFk;.

31914.indd 71 12/18/2018 9:53:02 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


mwpQH tpsf;fk;

tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gjid tpsf;FfpwNghJ ypNahd;nytp

vd;gtH \xU nghUs; my;yJ XH mDgtk;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU Kiwapy;

my;yJ nkhopaikg;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fkhdhy;> mjd;kPJ xsp gha;r;rp>

mjd; cz;ikiaAk; gy;NtW gz;GfisAk; NtW nrhy; tbtq;fspy;

my;yJ nkhopaikg;gpy; ntspg;gLj;JtNj tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T

vdg;gLfpwJ| vd tpsf;FfpwhH.

NkYk;> ,ijj; njspTgLj;j Ntz;Lkhdhy; xU gDtYf;F

(Text) tpsf;fkhfNth my;yJ mjw;F khw;whfNth rhHe;jjhfpa

,d;ndhU gDtiy (Alternative text) jUtJ tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T

vdg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzk; :

nrUf;FQ; rpdKk; rpWikA kpy;yhH

ngUf;fk; ngUkpj ePHj;J

,J Fw;wk; fise;jtHfspd; nry;tk; gw;wpa jpUf;Fws; thrfk;. VO

my;yJ vl;L E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dH te;j thrfHfSf;F ,f;Fwspd;

fUj;J ruptug; Ngha;r; NruhJ vd;W fUjpa gupNkyofH> fhyj;jpd;

mj;jifa ,ilntspia epug;Gk; nghUl;L 'kjk; - nry;tf; fspg;G

rpwpNahH nrayhfypd; mstpwe;j fhkk; \rpWik| vdg;gl;lJ. ,it

ePjpay;yd nra;tpj;jyhd;> ,tw;iwf; fbe;jhH.

nry;tk;> ey;topg;ghLk; epiyNgWk; cilikapd; kjpg;Gilj;

njd;gjhk;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. jkpopy; ciuahrpupaHfspd; gq;fspg;G>

tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;itr; rhHe;jjhf mikfpd;wJ.

#j;jpuj; Jl;nghU sd;wpAk; ahg;Gw

,d;wp aikahJ ,iagit nay;yhk;

xd;w Tiug;g Jiunadg; gLNk

vd;W njhy;fhg;gpaH kugpay; E}w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,jdbg;gilapy;

tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpag; gDtypd;

cl;nghUisAk;> mjNdhL ,ize;j> nghUj;jkhd gpw trjpfisAk;

Vw;Gilajhfr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;gjhf tiuaiw nra;ayhk;.

31914.indd 72 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

tpsf;f Kiwapd; jsq;fs;

tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T xd;wd; Kiwapy; epd;WtpLtjpy;iy mJ

tsHepiyj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

(1) gilg;gpd; gz;Gfs;

(2) tpsf;fk; $w Kay;Nthupd; Nehf;fk;

(3) gapw;rp

(4) nkhoptsk;

(5) tpsf;fk; ahUf;fhf vd;Dk; ghHit

,e;j Ie;J tiff; fhuzq;fshy; my;yJ jsq;fspdhy; tpsf;fq;fs;

tsHepiy ngw;W mikfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfr; nrhy;tjdhy;> fk;gDila ,uhkfhijf;F

vOe;j gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fis ,q;Nf Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;. itzt

rk;gpujhaj;jpy; Mo;e;j gw;WilatHfs;> ,uhkfhijiar; ruzhfjp

jj;Jtj;jpd; rhukhf tpsf;fpf; fhl;LtH. moF> urid> eak;

Mfpatw;wpy; <LghLk; gapw;rpAk; cilatHfs; fk;gDila ghly;fspy;

<Lgl;L mtw;wpd; ctk eaj;ijAk;> nrhw;nghUs; jpwidAk;> ,ir

NeHj;jpiaAk; tpsf;fp kfpo;fpd;wdH. rkaj;ij kWf;fpd;w gFj;jwpTf;

nfhs;ifapdH> fk;gDila ghly;fspy; ntWkNd ghYzHTk;> MupaH

Nkk;ghl;L czHTk; ,Ug;gjhf tpsf;FtH. tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T

,t;thW gytifahd tpsf;fq;fSf;F ,lk; juf;$Lk;.

kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T

jpwdha;tpd; gzp> ,yf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gPL (Evaluation) nra;fpw

gz;gpid mbnahw;wpaJ MFk;. ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gFj;jha;tJk;

tpsf;fpAiug;gJk; mjDila rKjha epiyfisNah> cstpay;

gz;GfisNah mstpl;Liug;gJ kl;Lky;yÉ mNj jsq;fspypUe;J

mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gpl;Liug;gJk; MFk;. cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gpl;l

XH ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rKjhak; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; vt;tsT MokhfTk;>

cz;ikahfTk;> jpwk;glTk; nrhy;yg; gl;bUf;fpd;wd vd;w mbg;gilapy;

mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gplyhk;. ,t;thW kjpg;gpl;Liug;gJjhd; kjpg;gPl;L

Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilf; fUJNfhs; MFk;.

jpwdha;tpd; gy mZFKiwfspd; Nghf;fpYk; Nehf;fpYk;> kjpg;gPl;L

Kiw vd;gJ mbehjkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. fhl;lhfg;> GJikg;gpj;jdpd;

31914.indd 73 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


rpWfijfspy; xd;whd fapw;wuT vDk; fijapy; mj;Jitj jj;Jtk;

,Uf;fpwJÉ mjidj; jj;Jt Nehf;fpy; Muha;fpw NghJ> mjd;top

me;jf; fij kjpg;gplTk;gLfpwJ.

kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; Nehf;fk;

kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; juk;> jFjp> rpwg;G>

rPHik vd;gtw;iwg; NgRtNjhL> mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;

$WfSk;> gz;GfSk;> cz;ikfSk; gpwTk; ,yf;fpa kjpg;G (Literary value) cilait vd;gijAk; NgRfpwJ. ,yf;fpa kjpg;G vd;gJ

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l $WfSk; gz;GfSk;> gpwTk; ,yf;fpakhfpapUf;fpd;w

fiyNeHj;jp gw;wpaJ MFk;.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; epiw Fiwfisf; fz;L> Fzk;

ehbf; Fw;wKk; ehb> mtw;Ws; kpif ehb kpf;fd nfhz;L mJ

,j;jifaJ vd kjpg;gPL nra;jy;> kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fk;

MFk;.

,yf;fpa kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhy;

gy ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; nghJthfTk;> gyuhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;

jf;fjhfTk;> mNjNghJ> Fwpg;gpl ;l ,yf;fpaj;jpw ;F kpfTk;

Vw;GilajhfTk; rpwg;GilajhfTk; fUjg;gLtJ ,yf;fpa kjpg;gPL

vdg;gLk;. nrhy;fpw nra;jp> nrhy;yg;gLfpw cj;jp> cs;slf;f tPr;R>

nra;e;NeHj;jp Kjypatw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;Yk;gbahd rpwg;Gf; $W

my;yJ gz;G mike;jpUg;gJ> ,yf;fpa kjpg;G vdg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa

kjpg;gpid ,dq;fz;lwpaTk;> jpwdwpe;J $wTk; topj;Jizahf

,Ug;gNj kjpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;. ,JNt ,jd; msTNfhy; MFk;.

XH vLj;Jf;fhl;L

kjpg;Gg; gw;wpa fzf;fPLk;> jfty; gupkhw;wk; gw;wpa fzf;fPLk;

jpwdha;Tf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ,uz;L J}z;fs; vd;W kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj;

jpwdha;T gw;wp I.V.upr;rHl;]; $WthH. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J ehk;

XH vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; juyhk;.

“RlHj;njhB, fNsha;” vdj; njhlq;fp “eiff; $l;lk; nra;jhd; mf;fs;td; kfd;” vd KbAk; fgpyupd; FwpQ;rpf;fypg; ghly; (gh.51)>

jhd; fhjYw;w nra;jpapidj; jiytp> Njhopaplk; $Wtjhf mike;jJ.

,g;ghlypy; jiytdpd; FWk;G> jiytpapd; nkd;ikahd ciug;ghq;F>

31914.indd 74 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jhapd; gupT> mtHfs; thOk; rKjhaj;jpd; xOf;fk; Mfpait

MokhfTk; cz;ikahfTk; nrhy;yg; gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,g;ghlypy;

cs;sike;j kjpg;G vd;d?

“NjhoP! Nfl;ghahf. md;idAk; ahDk; ,y;ypd;fz; ,Ue;Njhk;.

\,y;yPNu! cz;ZePH Ntl;Nld;| vdr;nrhy;yp thapy; Kd; te;J

epd;wtDf;F> md;id> \nghw;Ftisapy; thHj;J cz;ZePH Cl;bth|

vd;whs;. ahDk; vd;id mwpahky; nrd;Nwd;. nrd;w gpd;dH mtd;

vd;Dila tisay; mzpe;j Kd;ifiag; gw;w> ahNdh mr;rj;jhy;

eLq;fp> \md;dha;! ,td; xUtd; nra;jJ fhz;| vd;wJk;> cs;spUe;j

md;id mywpf;nfhz;Nl Xbte;jhs;. mjw;Fs;> mtd; nra;jij

kiwj;J> md;idaplk; \cz;ZePH tpf;fpdhd;| vd;W XH ngha;iar;

nrhd;Ndd;. md;idAk; mtDila KJif ePtpf; nfhLf;f> mtNdh

vd;idf; filf;fz;zhy; nfhy;thd; Nghy Nehf;fp eiff;$l;lk;

nra;jhd;.”

,g;ghlypd; mikg;gpy;> fij nrhy;Yfpd;w ghzp> ehlfg; ghq;F

kw;Wk; eif> ,tw;NwhL nky;ypa J}a;ikahd fhjy; czHTfs;

Mfpait ,yf;fpa kjpg;Gfsha; mike;Js;sd.

xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T

,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l nghUs;fis xU Nru itj;J>

mtw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s xg;GikiaAk;> Ntw;WikiaAk; ghHg;gJ

kdpj ,ay;G. mJNghyNt> fiy ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNa xd;Wgl;l

gz;Gfisg; ghHg;gJ vd;gJ gbg;gtupd; kd ,ay;G. xg;gpLtJ vd;gJ

rpy $Wfspy; NtWgl;Lk; rpytw;wpy; xd;Wgl;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;w ,uz;L

nghUl;fspd; Nky; epfo;j;Jfpd;w xU nray;. xg;Gikf;F NeHkhwhd

nghUs; rhj;jpak; ,y;iy. ,uz;L nghUs;fspd; xj;j jd;ikfs;

xg;gPl;L Kiwf;F tha;g;ghf mikAk;. xg;gpLtjd; Nehf;fk;> xd;widtpl

,d;ndhd;W rpwg;ghdJ> caHthdJ vd;W NgRtJ my;y. xt;nthd;wd;

rpwg;igAk; jdpj;jdpNa mwptjw;F xg;gPL vd;gJ xUtopKiw my;yJ

cj;jpNa MFk;.

xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;tpd; fUJNfhs;

(1) xj;j rKjha tuyhw;Wr; #oy;fspy; my;yJ gpd;Gyj;jpy; gpwf;Fk;

,yf;fpaq;fs; xj;j jd;ikfisg; ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk;.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


(2) Vw;Gj; jpwidr; rhHe;J> XH ,yf;fpak; ,d;NdhH ,yf;fpaj;ijj;

jdJ nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gLj;jf;$Lk;.

(3) nkhopahYk;> ,dj;jhYk; murpay;-Gtpapay; gug;ghYk;

NtWgl;lhYk; mj;jifa tiuaiwfis kPwp> ,yf;fpaq;fs;

jkf;Fs; xd;Wgl;l gz;GfisAk; gad;fisAk; ngw;wpUf;ff;

$Lk;.

(4) xd;Wgl;Lk; NtWgl;Lk; mikfpw gpd;Gyq;fspypUe;J ghHf;fpwNghJ>

Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;GfSk; $WfSk; njspthfTk;

tpsf;fkhfTk; fhzf;$Lk;.

,e;jf; fUj;J epiyfNs xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;tpd; fUJNfhs;fs; MFk;.

xg;gpLtjw;Ff; fhuzk;

(1) xd;wid xd;W xg;gpLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

gz;Gfis NkYk; rupahfTk;> epiwthfTk; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;

gpwHf;F tpsf;fTk; cjTk;.

(2) xU Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy;> ,yf;fpag; nghJikg; gz;Gfspd;

gpd;dzpapy; xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T nra;fpd;w NghJ> me;j ,yf;fpak;

Vw;Gila jsj;jpy; itj;Jj; jpwdha;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

(3) ,J kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

(4) ,e;j xg;gPl;bd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; ngw;wpUf;fpd;w

Fwpg;gpl;l jsj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ.

jkpopy; xg;gpyf;fpak; tsHe;j epiy

(1) jkpo; ciuahrpupaHfsplk;> jhk; $Wk; ciuf;Fk; E}Yf;Fk;

,izahd gpw ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz Nkw;Nfhis xg;gPl;L

Kiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w Nghf;F ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk;

xg;gPl;L Kiw> goq;fhye;njhl;Nl ,Uj;jiy mwpa KbfpwJ.

(2) xg;gPl;L Kiw> Nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tp kw;Wk; me;j ehl;L

,yf;fpaq;fspd; tuT Kjypait fhuzkhf 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;

NkYk; tsHe;jJ.

(3) fpNuf;f ,yf;fpaKk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; cUtj;jpYk;

cs;slf;fj;jpYk;> rKjha epiyapYk; ngUk; xw;Wikfs;

ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd vd;W f.ifyhrgjp tpsf;fpf; $WfpwhH.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(4) NguhrpupaH v];.itahGupg;gps;is> fhtpa fhyk; vd;Dk; jdJ

E}ypy; fpNuf;ff; fhtpak;> fhtpaf; $Wfs;> gz;Gfs;> mikg;G

epiwTfs; Kjypait jkpo;f; fhtpaq;fNshL xj;Js;sdÉ

NtWgl;Lk; cs;sd vd;W $WfpwhH.

(5) t. Nt. R. Iaupd; ‘Kamba Ramayana - A Study’ vDk; E}y; fk;gid

thy;kPfpAlDk; kpy;lDlDk; xg;gpLtJ> xg;gPl;Lj;Jiwf;F

NkYk;xUey;y cjhuzk; vd;W $wyhk;.

(6) njh.K.rp. uFehjd;> v];.uhkfpU~;zd;> f.nry;yg;gd; it.

rr;rpjhde;jd;> KjypamwpQHfs; jkpo;f; ftpQHfis n~y;yp>

fPl;];> igud;> thy;l;tpl;kd; Kjypa Nkiy ehl;Lf; ftpQHfNshL

xg;gpl;L Ma;T nra;Js;sdH.

(7) fy;fp> GJikg;gpj;jd;> n[afhe;jd;> jp.[hdfpuhkd; Kjypa

jkpo;g; Gidfij MrpupaHfis> ];fhl;> b.vr;.yhud;];> khg;grhd;

Kjypa Nkiyehl;L MrpupaHfNshL xg;gpl;Lg; gy Ma;NtLfs;

ntspte;Js;sd.

Nkiy ehl;by; xg;gpyf;fpak;

(1) nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; /gpuhd;R ehl;bd; rpe;jid kugpy; ,J

njhlq;fpaJ. NkYk; rpy khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;L ,J

mnkupf;fhtpy; tsHr;rp ngw;wJ.

(2) gpuhd;rpy; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpd; XH mq;fkhf ,J fUjg;gl;lJ.

(3) mnkupf;fhtpy; gue;j epiyapy; tsHe;jJ.

(4) xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T> ,d;W tsHr;rp ngw;W xg;gpyf;fpak;

(Comparative literative) vd;w jdp mwpTj; Jiwahf tsHe;Js;sJ.

xg;gpyf;fpak; vd;gjw;F mnkupf;fh - ,e;jpahdh gy;fiyf;fofg;

NguhrpupaH n`r;.n`r;.uPkhf; (H.H.Remack) $wpa tiuaiwNa ngupJk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

\xg;gpyf;fpak; vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; ,yf;fpaj;ij ,d;ndhU ehl;L

,yf;fpaj;NjhL xg;gpLtJÉ ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNaahd cwTfis

xU gf;fKk;> rKjhatpay; jj;Jtk; Nghd;w Jiwfis ,d;ndhU

gf;fKkhf xg;gpl;Lf; $WtJÉ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;> ,ir> Xtpak;> $j;J

Nghd;w fiy tbtq;fSf;FkpilNaahd cwTfisf; $WtJ| vd;W

uPkhf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

31914.indd 77 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


xg;gpyf;fpak; - ,d;iwa epiy

(1) ,d;W gpnuQ;R xg;gpyf;fpaf; nfhs;if> ,yf;fpaq;fNshL gpw

fUj;J epiyfisNah> gpw fiyfisNah xg;gpl;Lf; $Wtij

Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

(2) ,d;W xg;gpyf;fpak; jdpj;Jiwahf> Mdhy; jpwdha;NthL

njhlHGilajhf tsHe;Js;sJ.

(3) xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ> ,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLtjpy; kl;LNk

ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. xNu nkhopapYs;s ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; xNu

gilg;ghspapd; ntt;NtW ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> mJNghy xNu

ehl;bYs;s ntt;NtW nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; vd;w jsq;fspy;

,yf;fpa xg;gPL epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;T

kdpj mwpTfspy; mbg;gilahdJ> gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy; Mfpa mwpT

MFk;. cyfj;Jg; nghUs;fis xw;Wik fUjpAk;> mtw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s

rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; nfhz;L Ntw;Wik fUjpAk;> gFj;Jk;> njhFj;Jk;

ghHg;gJ mwpjypd; gz;G MFk;. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpw;Fk; ,J

Ntz;lg;gLfpd;w gz;ghFk;.

gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;T (Analytical Criticism) vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; my;yJ $Wfis ahjhapDk; XH msTNfhy;

my;yJ Nehf;fk; nfhz;L gFj;Jf; fhz;gJ MFk;. ,t;thW gFj;jha;T

nra;Ak; NghJ> Ma;T nra;ag; gLfpd;wtw;wpd; KOik my;yJ

njhFjpf;F KuzhdjhfNth> mijr; rpijg;gjhfNth ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

cz;ikapy; ,jd; Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;why; KOikapd; rpwg;gpid my;yJ

gz;gpid mjd; $WfisAk; cl;$WfisAk; nfhz;L Muha;tjhFk;.

xd;Wgl;Lk;> NtWgl;Lk; ,Uf;fpw jd;ikfisf; fz;Lnfhs;tJ vd;gJ

mt;tpyf;fpaq;fspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfshy; Gyg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa

gFg;GKiw> mbg;gilahd xU top Kiwahjyhy; jpwdha;Tf;F

Ntz;lg;gLfpd;w xU topKiwahf cs;sJ.

gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;Tf;F xH vLj;Jf;fhl;L

jpwdha;thsHfspy; rp.R. nry;yg;ghtplk; ,j;jifa jpwdha;T

fhzg;gLfpwJ. nksdpapd; kdf;Nfhyk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOj;J vDk;

,jopy; te;j mtUila fl;Liufs;> nksdpapd; rpWfijfspYs;s

31914.indd 78 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

cj;jpfisAk; cz;ik epiyfisAk; NtWgLj;jp tptupf;fpd;wd.

,jd; %ykhfj; jkpo;r; rpWfijfspd; gz;GfisAk; rpwg;GfisAk;

mtH Muha;fpwhH. ,jid \myry; Kiwj; jpwdha;T| vd;W md;iwa

jpwdha;thsHfs; mioj;jdH. NkYk;> mtUila jkpo;r; rpWfij

gpwf;fpwJ vd;Dk; E}y;> t.Nt.R.Iaupd;

Fsj;jq;fiu murkuk; Kjw;nfhz;L gy rpWfijfs; vg;gb

xd;wd;gpd; xd;whff; fij$Wk; gz;Gfspy; khw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;

ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd vd;W tptupf;fpd;wJ.

,d;iwa Muha;r;rpj;JiwAk; gFg;GKiwAk;

gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;T> fy;tpapay; rhHe;j Muha;r;rpfspy;>

Ma;NtLfspy;> trjp fUjpg; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf>

xU gilg;ghspapd; Gidfij cj;jpfs; vd;why; ghj;jpug; gilg;G>

Nehf;Fepiy> fijg; gpd;dy;> njhlf;fKk; KbTk;> tUzpg;G> nkhop

eil vd;W Nky; mstpy; gy gFg;Gfisf; nfhz;L Muha;fpd;wdH.

,j;jifa Nghf;fpy; ghj;jpug; gilg;G vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;> xUepiyg;

ghj;jpuk;> khWepiyg; ghj;jpuk;> jiyikg; ghj;jpuq;fs;> Jizikg;

ghj;jpuq;fs;> cldpiy - vjpHepiyg; ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;>

ngz;> ,isNahH> KjpNahH vd;w cl;gFg;GfisAk; nfhz;L Ma;T

nra;fpd;wdH. Mdhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhj;jkhd fl;likg;Gj;

jpwidAk; ghj;jpug; gilg;Gfspd; r%f ,Ug;GfisAk; nka;g; gLj;jhky;

ntWkNd gFj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; ,j;jifa Nghf;F ,ae;jpuj;jdkhfTk;>

gy rkaq;fspy; kpifahfTk; mikaf; $Lk;. mjd; NghJ rypg;Gk;

nrhy; tpuaKk; cilajhf Mfp tpLfpwJ. Njitawpe;J mstwpe;J

gad;gLj;JfpwNghJ jpwdha;Tf;F mJ mzpNrHf;fty;yjhf mikAk;.

njhFg;Giu

jpwdha;T tiffs; vd;gJ jpwdha;T nra;ag;gLfpw topKiwfs;

my;yJ nra;Kiwfs; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,J tpsf;fKiwj;

jpwdha;tpypUe;J gy tiffshf mikfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpa kjpg;gPL

vd;gJ> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; juk;> jFjp> rpwg;G> rPHik vd;gtw;iwg;

NgRtNjhL> mtw;wpd; $WfSk;> gz;GfSk; ,yf;fpa kjpg;G

cilatdth vd;gijAk; NgRfpwJ.

xU nghUis> ,d;ndhU nghUNshL nghUj;jp itj;Jr; rhHG

epiyapy; xg;gpl;Lg; ghHg;gJ vd;gJ mbg;gilahd xU ghHitahFk;.

31914.indd 79 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


mk;Kiwapy; mJ xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T nra;tjhf mikfpwJ. ,J

gpd;dH> xg;gPl;L ,yf;fpak; vd;w jdp Ma;Tj; Jiwahf tsHe;Js;sJ.

,yf;fpaq;fspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; fUjp> mtw;iwg; gFj;Jk;>

njhFj;Jk; ghHg;gJ gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;thFk;. cjhuzkhf>

Fwpg;gpl;l xU jiyg;gpy; gy;NtW cs;jiyg;Gfis MuhAk; NghJ

mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;ghd gz;Gfs; njupa VJthf mikAk;.

31914.indd 80 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ghlk; 9

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs; - IKd;Diu

,yf;fpak ; > xU fiyahf> xU rhjdkhf> xU rf;jpahf

tUzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ NeubahfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; gytw;iwg;

nghjpe;J itj;Jk; NgRfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mj;jd;ikfisAk;>

mjDila rhj;jpaq;fisAk; topfisAk; Muha;tJ jpwdha;T.

,j;jifa jpwdha;it Nkw;nfhs;sg; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; topKiwNa

mZFKiw vdg;gLk;. ,it gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,g;ghlj;jpy; njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

mZFKiw

xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;ij my;yJ gy ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fz;L

neUq;fp mJ gw;wpr; nrhy;tjw;F xU topKiw Njitg;gLfpwJ.

mjidNa ehk; mZFKiw vd;fpNwhk;.

mZF(k;) ñ Kiw ® Kiwahf neUq;Fk; Kiw vd;Wk;>

mZf;fk; vd;gJ neUf;fk; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. NkYk;> mZFjy;

vd;gJ neUq;Fjy; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; Fwpg;gpl;l

,yf;if Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. NkYk; mZFKiw

vd;gjw;F ,yf;fpaj;NjhLk; ,yf;fpaj;ij thrpg;gNjhLk;> thrpf;fpd;w

thrfNdhLk; neUq;fpapUg;gJ vd;Wk; nghUs; $wyhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU kdpjid ,d;ndhU kdpjd; fhz;gjw;Fk;>

ed;F NgRtjw;Fk;> fhupaq;fis <Nlw;Wtjw;Fk;> mtd; xU rpy

topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wthd;. mt;topKiwNa mZFKiw vdg;gLk;.

NkYk; mZFKiw vd;gJ nfhs;if my;yJ Nfhl;ghLfNshL

,Ug;gJÉ cjhuzkhf khHf;rpak; vd;w nfhs;ifNahL $baJ my;yJ

mjd; topfhl;Ljypy; miktJ khHf;rpa mZFKiw vdg;gLk;.

mZFKiwapd; ,d;wpaikahik

XH ,yf;fpaj;ijr; Ritg;gJ vd;gJ NtWÉ jpwdha;T nra;tJ vd;gJ

NtW. Ritg;gjw;F mZFKiw Njitapy;iy. Mdhy; jpwdha;tjw;F

mZFKiw vd;gJ ,d;wpikahjjhfpd;wJ.

31914.indd 81 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


jpwdha;T xU mwpTj;Njlyhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wnjd;why;

mjw;F mbg;gilahf ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU nfhs;ifNahL $ba

mZFKiwahFk;. rupahd ghijiaj; NjHe;njLf;fhtpl;lhy; rupahd

,yf;if Nehf;fpg; Nghf KbahJ. mJNghyNt rupahd mZFKiw

mike;jpUg;gJ jpwdha;T rpwg;ghf miktjw;F mtrpakhFk;. rpy

Ntisfspy; mZFKiw jtwhdjhf ,Ue;jhy;> jtwhd fUj;Nj

Kbthff; fpilf;Fk;.

Ma;Tf; fliyf; flf;Fk; kuf;fyk;

mZFKiwapd; ,d;wpaikahik vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nra;e;NeHj;jpia>

fiyaoif> mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;ig vd vy;yhtw;iwAk;

mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; topNa nrd;W fz;ltwptjhFk;. mJNghyNt

,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUs; kw;Wk; mjd; r%ftpay;> cstpay;>

tuyhw;wpay; $Wfisr; rupahd topKiw ,y;yhky; fhz KbahJ.

,tw;iwf; fhz mZFKiw ,d;wpaikahjhfpd;wJ. NkYk;>

mZFKiw vd;gJ jpwdha;Tf;Fk;> jpwdha;thsDf;Fk; kl;Lkpy;yhky;>

,yf;fpa Muha;r;rp nra;Ak; vk;/gpy; kw;Wk; KidtH gl;l Ma;TfSf;Fk;

,d;wpaikahjjhfpd;wJ. RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; Ma;T vd;w flypidf;

flf;f cjTk; kuf;fyk; Nghd;wJ mZFKiw vdyhk;.

Ma;Tg; nghUSk; mZFKiwAk;

jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kPJ miktJ. Mdhy; ,yf;fpak;

vd;gJ kf;fspd; tho;f;if kPJk; gilg;Gj; jpwd; kPJk; miktJ.

tho;f;if vd;gNjh tprhyKk;> MoKk; nfhz;lJ. GjpHfSk; nfhz;lJ.

mJNghyNt ,yf;fpaKk;. ,yf;fpak; NkYk; fiyaoFk; El;gKk;

nfhz;lJ. ,jpy;> jpwdha;tpd; gzp me;El;gj;ijAk; fiyaoifAk;

ntspf;nfhzHtJ MFk;.

,t;ntspf;nfhzHTf;F topfhl;ly; mZFKiwahFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l

mZFKiw Fwpg;gpl;l XH ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F kpfTk; Vw;Gilajhf

,Uf;fyhk;. mNjNghy ,d;NdhH ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhky;

Ngha;tplyhk;. Vnddpy; Ma;Tg; nghUs; xU jpwj;jjhdJ my;yÉ gy

jpwj;jjhdJ. ,e;jj; jpwdha;Tg; nghUl;fisr; rupahd mZFKiwapd;

%yk; fz;lwpa Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. NkYk; mZFKiw vd;gJ>

(1) jpwdha;thsDila mwpTg;gug;G> mtDila gapw;rp> mtdJ

mDgtk;> Njit> Nehf;fk; Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;jJ.

31914.indd 82 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(2) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Uf;fpd;w mjd; gz;G> Nghf;F>

mjd; mtrpak;> mjd; nfhs;if Kjypatw;iwAk; mbnahw;wp

mikfpwJ.

,j;jifa mZFKiwapy; ,t;Ma;Tf;F vJ kpfr; rupahfg;

nghUe;Jk; vd;w fzpg;G kpf mtrpak;. cjhuzkhf> fw;Gepiy gw;wpg;

Ngrte;j nghd;dfuk; vd;Dk; GJikg;gpj;jDila fijf;F Vw;Gila

mZFKiw> fhjy; gw;wpAk; mJ rhHe;j cstpay; gw;wpAk; NgRk;.

,J F.g. uh[NfhghyDila fijfSf;F mg;gbNa nghUe;Jtjhf

mikahJ.

xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy tif mZFKiwfs;

NkYk; fhjy; vd;gJ Ma;thsd; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s XH Ma;Tg;nghUs;

vd;W nfhs;NthNkahdhy;> mjid cstpay; KiwapYk; mZfyhk;.

rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapd; %yKk; mjDila gy;NtW jsq;fis

mwpayhk;. tuyhw;wpay; mbg;gilapy; fhjypd; gy gupkhzq;fisAk;

mwpe;J $wyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhjy; ghLnghUshf

,lk;ngw;Ws;sijAk; ,d;iwa rpWfijfs; kw;Wk; ehty;fspy; fhjy;

,lk;ngWtijAk; mjw;Fupa #oiyAk; Muhayhk;. vt;thwhapDk;>

Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tg; nghUis> Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpYk; Fwpg;gpl;l

nfhs;ifahYk; fz;L tpsf;Ftjw;F mZFKiw gad;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fpaKk; mZFKiwAk;

XH ,yf;fpaj;ijj; jpwdhAk;NghJ> Ma;Tg;nghUs; vd;d vd;gjw;F Vw;g

mZFKiw khWk;. fhl;lhf> jpUf;Fws; vd;gJ XH ,yf;fpak;. Mdhy;

mjDs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Ma;Tg;nghUs;fs; cz;L. jpUf;Fwisj;

jpwdha;e;j rhd;NwhHfs; jpUf;Fwspy; Muha;e;J fz;l vz;zpwe;j

Ma;Tg;nghUs;fSf;Fk; mtw;wpw;Fupa mZFKiw vd;gJ cz;L.

mNjNghy> mfk;> Gwk;> mwk;> gf;jp> fhtpak;> rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;w

xt;NthH ,yf;fpa tiff;F Vw;gTk; Ma;tpd; mZFKiw khWk;.

NkYk; Njit> Nehf;fk;> nfhs;if Kjypatw;wpw;F Vw;gTk; ,J khWk;

jd;ikAilaJ.

,yf;fpa mZFKiwf;Fg; gpd;Gykhf cs;s nfhs;iffs;>

Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpait xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; topKiw> cj;jpfs;

KiwapaYf;F cupa fUtpfs;> fUJNfhs;fs;> KbGfs; NtWghlhf

31914.indd 83 12/18/2018 9:53:03 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,Uf;fyhk;. vdNtjhd; ftpijj; jpwdha;T> ehty; my;yJ rpWfijj;

jpwdha;T vd;W NtW NtW Kiwfspy; jpwdha;T mike;Js;sJ.

rupahd mZFKiwiaj; NjHe;njLg;gNj rupahd jpwdha;Tf;F

toptFf;fpwJ. nghUj;jkhd mZFKiwapypUe;Jjhd; jpwdha;tpd;

ntw;wp njhlq;FfpwJ vdyhk;.

mZFKiw tiffs;

mZFKiw vd;gJ ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa kw;Wk; r%fk; gw;wpa ghHitf;

Nfhzj;ij mbj;jskhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. me;j mbg;gilapy;

mZFKiwfs;> gy tiffshf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. NkYk; XH

,yf;fpaj;jpw;Nf $l mjd; NjitiaAk; gz;igAk; xl;b> xd;wpw;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l mZFKiwfs; Njitg;glf; $Lk; vd;W ntapd; g+j; vd;w

mwpQH $WfpwhH. ,f;$w;wpd; %yk;> mZFKiwfs; gy tiffshf

mike;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;w nra;jpia czuKbfpd;wJ.

gy;NtW mZFKiwfs;

tpy;gH ];fhl; (Wilbur scott) vDk; mwpQH> jpwdha;tpy; Ie;J

mZFKiwfis ,dq;fz;lwpe;J nrhy;fpwhH. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd;

Ie;J mZFKiwfs; (Five Approaches of literature.) vd;gJ mtuJ

Gfo;ngw;w E}y;. mjpy; mtH $Wk; Ie;J mZFKiwfs; gpd;tUtd :

(1) mwptpay; mZFKiw (mwptpay; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; ,yf;fpaKk;)

(2) cstpay; mZFKiw (cstpay; Nfhl;ghl;L ntspr;rj;jpd;

,yf;fpak;)

(3) rKjhatpay; mZFKiw ( rKjhaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

,yf;fpaKk;)

(4) cUttpay; mZFKiw (mofpay;> mikg;Gg; ghHitapy;

,yf;fpak;)

(5) njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw (njhd;kq;fspd; xspapy; ,yf;fpak;)

,t;thW tpy;gH ];fhl;> Ie;J mZFKiwfisg; NgRfpwhH. Mdhy;

,t;ite;J Kiwfs; kl;LNk mZFKiwfs; vd;W nrhy;yKbahJ.

,tw;iwj; jtpuTk; gy mZFKiwfs; cz;L. ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

Njitf;Nfw;g ,it mikfpd;wd. mit:

(1) tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiw

(2) ,yf;fpa tifikapay; mZFKiw

31914.indd 84 12/18/2018 9:53:04 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(3) khDltpay; mZFKiw

(4) khHf;rpa mZFKiw

(5) jj;Jttpay; mZFKiw

(6) mofpay; mZFKiw

(7) nkhopapay; mZFKiw

(8) gFg;gpay; mZFKiw

(9) xg;gpay; mZFKiw

(10) mikg;gpay; mZFKiw

(11) gpd;id mikg;gpay; mZFKiw

(12) gpd;id etPdj;Jt mZFKiw

(13) jypj;jpa mZFKiw

(14) ngz;zpa mZFKiw

Nkw;$wpa tiffs;> mZFKiwfis tpupthfg; NgRgit MFk;.

jpwdha;tpd; NjitiaAk; tsHe;J tUfpd;w fhyj;jpd; #oiyAk;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,tw;wpy; rpy Fiwayhk;É $lyhk;.

mZFKiw mikAk; tpjk;

jpwdha;Tf;F mZFKiw ,d;wpaikahjnjd;why;> me;j

mZFKiw nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhf

mikatpy;iy vd;why; mJ gpiogl;l KbTfisNa jUk;.

mt;thwhdhy; nghUj;jkhd mZFKiw vjdbg;gilapy; mikAk;

vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;.

(1) ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghJthd jd;ikfSk;> ,yf;fpak; vOe;j

#oyikTfSk;

(2) Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nghf;F my;yJ nry;newp

(3) ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUs;

(4) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ikakhf ,Uf;fpd;w Fwpg;gpl;l nfhs;if my;yJ

Nfhl;ghL

(5) ,yf;fpaj;jpd; fiy kw;Wk; cUttpay; cj;jpfs;

,tw;iwj; jtpu> jpwdha;T nra;fpd;wtDila rpy gz;Gfs; my;yJ

jpwd;fs; mtDila mZFKiwj; NjHTf;Fg; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.

mit:

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


(1) jpwdha;thsDila NjitAk;> Nehf;fKk;

(2) jpwdha;thsDila NjHr;rpAk;> gapw;rpAk;

(3) jpwdha;thsd; mwpe;Js;s ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

(4) jpwdha;thsDila cyff; fz;Nzhl;lk;

vd;gdthFk;.

jpwdha;thsdpd; fz;fs;

NkYk; mZFKiwapd; NjHT kl;Lkpy;yhky;> jpwdha;Tf;Fupa

,yf;fpaj; NjHTk; ,jdbg;gilapNyNa mikfpwJ. nghUj;jkhd

,yf;fpak;> nghUj;jkhd mZFKiw ,t;tpuz;Lk; jpwdha;thsDila

,uz;L fz;fshFk;.

ifyhrgjpapd; mZFKiw

rhd;whf> fyhepjp ifyhrgjp mtHfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ij Muha;tjw;F

mwptpay; g+Htkhd rKjhatpay; mZFKiwia kpfg; nghUj;jkhd

Kiwapy; NjHe;njLj;jhH. ,jd; fhuzj;jpdhy;> md;iwj; jkpoHjk;

tho;f;ifia ,Jtiu ahUk; nrhy;yhj tifapy; Gyg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhH.

mJNghy mtH jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpaj;ij mjd; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fs;

ntspg;gLk; tifapy; tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiw %yk; Muha;e;jpUf;fpwhH

vd;gijr; Rl;lyhk;.

mZFKiwAk; jpwdha;Tk;

rupahd mZFKiwiaj; NjHe;njLg;gNj rupahd jpwdha;Tf;F

mbNfhYfpwJ. jpwdha;tpd; ntw;wp> Vw;fdNt ehk; nrhd;dJ Nghd;W

nghUj;jkhd mZFKiwapypUe;Jjhd; njhlq;FfpwJ. mZFKiwfs;

gy jpwj;jd vd;W nrhy;Nthk;. mtw;iw ,dp> tpupthfg; ghHf;fyhk;.

mofpay; mZFKiw

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy;> mofpay; mZFKiw (Aesthetic Approach) Gfo;ngw;wJk; gioikahdJkhd XH mZFKiwahFk;. NkYk;>

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ve;jtpjf; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fk; cl;glhky; kduPjpahd

uridfisAk;> mtw;wpd; ntspg;ghl;ilAk; gjpT nra;tjhy;> gyuhYk;

,t;tZFKiw> MHtk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> gy mZFKiwfisg;

gw;wpg; NgrtpUf;fpw ehk;> Kjypy; mofpay; mZFKiw gw;wp ,q;Nf

tpupthfg; ghHf;fyhk;.

31914.indd 86 12/18/2018 9:53:04 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

mofpay;

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpw;F mofpay; vd;gJ mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.

mofpay; vd;gjid urid vd;Wk; Fwpf;fyhk;. xU rhjhuz kdpjDf;Fj;

jpwdha;Tj; jpwd; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;> xU gilg;ig urpf;Fk; jpwdhtJ

,Uf;Fk;É ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j uridNa gy;NtW jpwdha;TfSf;F

mtid ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. ,J nkhopahy; miktjy;y: kdjhy;

miktJ.

,q;qdk; mofpay; vd;gJ> fiyg;gilg;gpd; mofpid mDgtpf;Fk;

xt;nthU thrfUf;Fs;Sk;> xU kdkfpo;T> kd mikjp> urpg;Gj; jd;ik

cUthfpapUg;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

gbg;gtupd; gq;fPL

uridKiw> mofpay; ,uz;LNk mbg;gilapy; xd;Wjhd;. mofpay;

mZFKiwahdJ gilg;gtiu tplg; gbg;gtupd; gq;fPl ;il

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> gbg;gtupd; tho;f;if mDgtq;fs;>

mtH gbf;Fk; gilg;gpNy re;jpf;Fk; mDgtq;fNshL xj;Jg;NghtJjhd;

vdyhk;. thrfH xUtH jd; ep[ tho;f;ifapy; eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfis>

gilg;ghsp xUtH jk; gilg;gpy; gilj;Js;shH vdpy;> mijg; gbf;Fk;

thrfH XH ,dpa mDgtj;ijg; ngWthH vd;gjpy; tpag;gpy;iy.

mofpay; - tiuaiw

mofpaiy Nkiyehl;L mwpQHfs; gyH tiuaiw nra;Js;sdH.

mofpay; mZFKiwf; Nfhl;ghl;by; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfOk;

,k;khDNty; fhz;l; vd;w mwpQH 'Gydpd;gKk; moFk; xd;NwhL xd;W

,ize;jit” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. NkYk;> 'moF vd;gJ jw;nrayhd

kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Gyd; ,d;g EfHr;rpfistpl Nkd;ikahdJ. kdpj

mq;fPfhuj;jpd; kPJ caHthdnjhU cupikAk; ,jw;F cz;L. ,e;j

moif mDgtpg;gJ vd;gJ ,aw;ifiaAk;> ,aw;if tbtj;jpYs;s

KiwiaAk; mwpjy; vd;gNjhL cwT nfhz;lJ” vd;fpwhH. NkYk;>

mofpay; mZFKiw \Rahjpf;fkhdJ| (Autonomy) vd;gJk; mtH

fUj;jhFk;.

tho;f;if vd;gJ midtUk; xNu khjpupahf Urpf;fj;jFe;j

xNu tifg; gz;lky;y. mtutUf;Fj; jdpj;jdpahd mDgtq;fSk;>

uridfSk;> tpUg;G ntWg;GfSk; cz;L. gyUf;Fk; xj;j czHTfs;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


Vw;gl top cz;nldpDk; mit ePbf;Fk; jd;ik cilad my;y.

,q;qdkhd tho;tpy; jdpg;gl;l xUtuhy; mspf;fg;ngWk; gilg;G>

gyuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; xd;whfTk; my;yJ ntWf;fg;gLk; xd;whfTk;

fUj topAz;L. ,J mofpay; mDgtj;jpy; ,aw;ifahfTk; jtpHf;f

KbahjjhfTk; mikfpw xd;W. ,t;thW mnkupf;ff; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;

(Encyclopedia Americana) mofpay; gw;wp tiuaiw nra;fpwJ.

mofpay; mZFKiw tpthjk;

jpwdha;tpy; Vw;gLk; ngupa gpur;rpidfspy; xd;W> cUtk; - cs;slf;fk;

gw;wpajhFk;. ,tw;Ws; vJ Kjd;ikahdJ vJ Kf;fpakhdJ - vd;gJ

ePz;l fhykhf ,Ue;J tUk; tpthjk; MFk;. ,uz;Lk; xd;iwnahd;W

rhHe;jitÉ ,uz;Lk; jj;jk; mstpy; Kf;fpakhditNa vd;W gyuhYk;

nrhy;yg;gl;L te;jhYk;> ,e;jg; gpur;rpid ,d;Dk; Ngrg;gl;Lj;jhd;

tUfpwJ.

nrhy;Yk; tpjk;

cUtNk Kjd;ikahdJÉ mJNt ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Ff; fiyaoifj;

juf;$baJ vd;gJk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vd;d nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ

vd;gijtpl vg;gb nrhy;yg; gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gijg; ghHf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;gJNk mofpay; jpwdha;T gw;wpa tpthjj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;.

kuj;ij kiwj;jJ khkj ahid

kuj;Js; kiwe;jJ khkj ahid

guj;ij kiwj;jJ ghHKjw; g+jk;

guj;Js; kiwe;jJ ghHKjw; g+jk;

vd;w jpU%yH ghlypy;> cUtj;ijg; gpujhdg;gLj;JgtHfs;> kaf;fk;

jUk; ,e;eilapid urpj;jNy ,jpy; Kf;fpak; vd;gH. cs;slf;fj;jpid

ikag;gLj;jpf; fhz;fpd;wtHfs; ,jpy; nghjpe;Jfplf;fpd;w jj;Jtj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;LtH. Mdhy;> cUtNk gpujhdk; vd;W thjpLNthH> ,jd;

nghUspy; Mo;e;J tplhkYk; mf;fiw nrYj;jhkYk; ftpij mofpYk;>

eilaofpYk; ftHe;J Nghfpd;wdH.

cs;slf;fKk; cUtKk;

cUtj;ijAk; mjd; moifAk; ikag;gLj;Jk; mofpay; mZFKiw

cs;slf;fj;jhy; rpwg;Gg; ngWk; mwE}y;fis - ePjp nrhy;Yk;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

,yf;fpaq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj; jaq;FtH. ePjp nrhy;git

fiyj;jd;ikAilad my;y vd;why; FwSk; ehybahUk; fiyj;jd;ik

cilad my;y vd;whfptpLNk. Mdhy;> mg;gb mit Mtjpy;iy.

mtw;wpy;> ctikAk;> cUtfKk;> FwpaPLk;> nrhy;Yk; XirAk; rupahd

mstpy; fye;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. vdNt> cs;slf;fk;jhd; fl;Lkhdg;

gzpf;fhd mikg;igj; jUfpwNj jtpu cUtj;jpw;fhf ahUk;

cs;slf;fj;jpidg; GFj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,J> Foe;ij gpwe;j gpwF

mjw;F capiu Cl;LtJ vd;W nrhy;tJ NghyhFk;.

xU fiyg;gilg;G> nghUspy;yhJ ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mJ capuw;w

clk;Gjhd;. ntWk; clk;gpdhy; vd;d gad;? capH ,y;yhj clk;gpd;

cWg;Gfis vj;jidf; fhyk;> vd;d fUj;jpw;fhf urpj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;>

ghuhl;bf; nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fKbAk;? ,itnay;yhk; cs;slf;fj;jpdH

thjk; MFk;. NkYk;>

jj;jpj;jh J}J}jp jhJ}jpj; jj;Jjp

Jj;jpj; Jijjp Jijj;jjh J}J}jp

jpj;jpj;j jpj;jpj;j jhnjJ jpj;jpj;j

njj;jhNjh jpj;jpj;j J}J

vd;Dk; nra;Aspy;> jfu nka; tpisahLfpd;wJ. xNu xU rpW

nra;jpiaf; $Wk; ,ij ve;j kjpg;gPl;bw;fhfg; ghuhl;l KbAk;?

cUtj;jpd; gpukpg;gpy; vj;jid ehs; Mo;e;J Nghf KbAk;.

fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd;

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf

vd;w Fwspy; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; FiwT tutpy;iy. mjid vLj;Jr;

nrhy;Yk; ftpijaofpYk; Fiwatpy;iy.

vdNt> cUtk;-cs;slf;fk; ,tw;Ws; vJ Kjd;ikahdJ

vd;gjy;y gpur;rid. cz;ikapy; ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;iwnahd;W

rhHe;jit. jj;jk; mstpy; Kf;fpakhdit. cUtKk;> cs;slf;fKk;

mofpaypd; gFjpfshFk;. cUtj;jpy; nrhy;ypYk; XirapYk;

fhzf;$ba czHr;rp tbtq;fs;> ctk> cUtfq;fs;> MHtj; J}

z;ly;fs; Kjypait mofpay; $Wfshf mikfpd;wd .Mapd;>

mofpay; my;yJ uridKiwj; jpwdha;T> cs;slf;fj;jpy; ftdk;

nrYj;jhky;> cUtj;jpd; NeHj;jpapNyNa ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


mofpaYk; ftpijAk;

ftpijiag; nghWj;jkl;Lk;> vd;d vd;gijtpl vg;gb vd;gJjhd;

rpwg;ghdJ. kdpj mDgtj;ijNa kdpjDf;F vLj;Jr; nrhd;dhYk;

mofhd nkhopapy;> mtDf;Fg; GupAk; nkhopapy;> mtDf;Fg; gpbj;j

Kiwapy;> vd;nwd;Wk; mtd; neQ;rj;jpy; mf;ftpij cy;yhrkhf

cyhtpj; jpupAk;gb nra;aty;y Mw;wy; ftpijf;F cz;L. ,r;rpwg;G>

ftpijf;F tha;j;jpUg;gjhy; vy;NyhUk; mijg; ghuhl;Lfpd;wdH.

ghl;ilg; gbj;jhy; vj;jid Rfk;! vj;jid ,d;gk;! re;j xypapd;

ngUKof;fj;jpy; nrtp eidfpd;wJ.

fiyaoF

rhjhuzkhf> ,ay;ghf xU nra;jp nrhy;yg;gLkhdhy;> mjidf;

Nfl;gtH tpUk;gpf; Nfl;gjpy;iy. Nfl;gtiu> vOe;jpUf;ftplhky;

<LghL nfhs;sr; nra;tJ mjDila moF rhHe;j gFjpahFk;.

ftpijf;F my;yJ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F me;j ,ay;G cz;L. ,yf;fpak;>

,yf;fpak; my;yhjJ (Non-literary) vd;w Ntw;Wikf;Ff; fhuzk;>

fiyaoNf ahFk;. vdNt mofpay;> ftpijf;Ff; ftpijj; jd;ikiaj;

(Poeticalness) jUfpwJ.

toq;fg;gLk; Kiw

ehk; ntspg;gilahd cz;ikr; nra;jpiag; gbf;f kl;Lkh ftpijia

thrpf;fpNwhk;. mJ toq;fg;gLfpd;w Kiw> mjd; eak; kw;Wk;

,d;gj;jpw;fhfTk;jhNd thrpf;fpNwhk;. ghly;fspy; gapd;W tUk; re;j

tpisahl;LfisAk;> Xirapd;gq;fisAk; ftdpj;jhy;> vj;jid Kiw

Ntz;LkhdhYk; tha; rypahJ> nrtp rypahJ> kdKk; rypahJ

gbj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fyhk; Nghyj; njupfpwJ. ,J mofpay;

mZFKiw my;yJ uridKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; FuyhFk;.

Nf.rpjk;guehjdhUk; uridAk;

'ftpf;F tp~aky;y - cUtNk gpujhdk;”> ,J uridKiwj; jpwdha;tpd;

Kd;NdhbAk;> mjid XH ,af;fk; NghyNt elj;jpatUkhd b.Nf.

rpjk;guehj Kjypahupd; mwptpg;G. NkYk; mtH> urid KiwfspNyNa

,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghHj;jhH> NgrpdhH> gilj;jhH. ,jdhy;jhd; urpfkzp

b.Nf.rp. vd;w ngUikAk; ngw;whH.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ftpijapd; moF

,yf;fpa uridf;Ff; \ftpijNa| cfe;jjhf ,tUf;Fg; gl;lJ. vspik>

re;jk;> jhsk;> yak;> czHT ,itNa> ,tUila urid Kiwf;F

mbg;gilfshFk;. ,tw;wpw;nfy;yhk; ftpijNa ,lk; jUtjhf

,tUf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ. NkYk; ftpijapd; mofpy; yapj;Jg;Ngha;g;

nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUtJk; ,tuJ tof;fkhFk;. b.Nf.rp. tp~ak;>

czHr;rp Mfpatw;iw cUtj;jpd; fhupaq;fNs vd;fpwhH. rhkhdpakha;

my;yJ fhupak; xd;iwf; fz;l khj;jpuj;jpy;> cs;sj;jpy; vOfpw

czHr;rpia mw;Gjurkhf mtH tUzpf;fpwhH. ,t;thW mw;Gj urk;

vOfpd;wNghJ mjw;F cUtk; Vw;gl;Lf; fiy gpwf;fpwJ vd;fpwhH.

ftpijapy; vspik

urid Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd; ,d;ndhU Kf;fpakhd gz;G vspikahff;

ftpijfs; mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. urpg ;gjw;Fr; rpukk;

,Uf;ff;$lhJ. cldbahfg; Gupe;JtpLk; gb mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;

msTNfhiyNa b.Nf.rp nfhz;bUe;jhH. ,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa rq;f

,yf;fpaj;ij ,tH Gwf;fzpj;jhH. ePz;l fhyq;fspd; ,ilntsp

fhuzkhfr; rq;f ,yf;fpar; nrhw;fs; fbdkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. nghUs;

GupjypYk; rpukk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ ,tH thjk;. NkYk;> jhsk;>

yak;> re;jk; Kjypad ,y;yhtpl;lhy; Fuy; vOg;gp urpj;Jr; Ritf;f

KbahJ vd;gJ ,tUila fUj;jhFk;.

mofpaypy; kdg;gjpT

mofpay; mZFKiwapy; gjpe;Js;s cs;Njhw;wk;> kdg;gjpT MFk;.

,J> fiyQdpd; mDgtq;fs; xd;W kl;Lk;> mjpfkhf mDgtpf;fg;gl;L>

Rf mDgtk; ngWfpw epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLfpd;w xU epiy vdyhk;.

Vd;> vg;gb vd;w fhuz fhupaq;fSf;F cl;glhjJ. ,J> jdpg;gl;l

xUtupd; kdijg; nghWj;jJ. kdg;gjpT Kiw vd;gJ Neupilahd xU

gilg;gpd; kPjhd nghUisj; jfHj;J NtnwhU jsj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L

nry;yTk; nra;fpwJ. \jdpnahUtDf;F cztpy;iynadpy; [fj;jpid

mopj;jpLNthk;| vd;fpw ghujpapd; Nfhgj;ijg; gRikg;Gul;rpg; gf;fk;

jpUg;gp tpl;ltHfSk; ,j;jifatHfNs. mtHfs; ghujpapd; $w;iw

itj;J> [fj;jpid mopf;f Kw;gl;lhy; jpdKk; my;yJ xt;nthU

nehbAk; cyfj;ij mopj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;baJjhd; vd;W

fpz;ly;Ngrp> ghujp nrhd;dJ> [fk; vd;w fhl;il mopj;Jg; gapHfis

31914.indd 91 12/18/2018 9:53:04 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


cz;L gz;zpg; grpj;jtHfSf;Fr; NrhW NghlNtz;Lk; vd;gJNt vd;W

GJg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; mspj;jhHfs;. ,g;Nghf;F> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpidAk;

tpl;Litf;ftpy;iy. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpiz vd;gJ> mbg;gilapy;

epyKk;> nghOJk; ,aw;ifAnkdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,aw;ifapd; gjpT

jhNd jtpu> jiytd; jiytpf;Ff; $wpaJ> jiytp Njhopf;Ff; $wpaJ

vd;gnjy;yhk; gpd;dhy; te;jtHfspd; jiyaPL vd;whHfs;.

NkYk;> jhsk;> yak;> vspik vd;w msTNfhy;fisAk; nrhe;j

tpUg;G ntWg;GfisAk; nfhz;L ,tHfs; jpUf;Fws; vd;gJ ,yf;fpaNk

my;y vd;W $Wtjw;Ff;$lj; jaq;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,q;qdk;

Fwpg;gpl;lJ fho;g;GzHNthL $ba rpyuJ kdg;gjpT KiwNa ahFk;.

mofpay; jpwdha;tpy; Kd;Ndhbfs;

mofpay; jpwdha;tpd; Kd;Ndhbfs; gyH. mtHfisg; gw;wp ,dpg;

ghHg;Nghk;.

b.Nf.rpAk; FOtpdUk;

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,j;jifa urid gw;wpg; NgRgtHfs; urpfkzp

b.Nf.rp kw;Wk; mtHFOitr; NrHe;jtHfs; MtH. mtHfSs; fy;fp>

uh[h[p> NguhrpupaH m.rPdpthruhftd;> NguhrpupaH M.Kj;Jrptd;> gp.=.>

ePjpgjp v];.kfhuh[d;> njh.K.gh];fuj; njhz;ilkhd;> tpj;Jthd;

y.rz;KfRe;juk; KjypatHfs; Kf;fpakhdtHfs;. ,tHfs; urpfkzpapd;

,yf;fpa tl;lj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs;. ,tHfsd;wpAk;> ,tHfSf;Fg;

gpd;dhy;> gyH ,e;j mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdhHfs;.

t. Nt. R. ma;aH

Nkiyehl;Lj; jpwdha;tpd; mwpKfj;Jld; jkpo;r;#oiy mZfpatH

t.Nt.R.ma;aH. ,tuJ ghHit> mofpaYf;F cl;gl;lJ. mtH

Kjypy; Rit my;yJ NgUzHr;rp vd;w msTNfhypid tiuaWj;Jf;

nfhz;lhH. urid gw;wpa mtH fUj;J vd;dntdpy; “fijapd; Xl;lj;ijAk;> fk;guridfspd; mikg;igAk; urpfd; ,Ujaj;jpw;Fs;

jpUg;jp mspf;Fk;gb nghUj;jkhfr; NrHj;J itj;J vOJtNj

uridahFk;” vd;gjhFk;.

f. eh. Rg;gpukzpak;

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ nfhs;if> Nfhl;ghLfis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; thfdky;y.

mJ cs;nshsp cilaJ. XH ,yf;fpaj;jpdplk; mftakhd

31914.indd 92 12/18/2018 9:53:04 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

thrpg;Gld;jhd; njhlHGnfhs;s KbANk jtpu> Gwtakhd thrpg;Gfshy;

my;y vd;gJ mofpay; thjj;jpdH Kd; itj;j fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.

,jpy; f.eh.Rg;gpukzpak; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH. mtH jd; ftpijfisg;

gw;wpg; NgRfpw NghJ “tho;f;if rpf;fy; epiwe;jjhf ,Ug;gJ NghyNt vd; ftpijAk; rpf;fYk; rpLf;Fk; epuk;gpajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNj

vd; Mir. njspT njhdpf;f Ntz;Lk Mdhy; rpf;fy; tpLtpf;ff;

$bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ftpij eak; vJ vd;W vLj;Jr; nrhy;yf;

$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gupatpy;iy Nghy ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mNj

rkak; g+uhTk; Gupahky; ,Ue;Jtplf;$lhJ. jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; gbj;Jg;

ghHj;J> gpd; cs;sj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Fzk; nfhz;ljhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W NgRfpwhH.

jsq;fs;

mofpay; jpwdha;tpid Nkiyehl;L xspapy;> xU nfhs;ifahfr;

nra;jtHfs; f.eh.Rg;gpukzpaKk; kw;Wk; mtH top te;jtHfSk;

MtH. kdg;gjpT Kiwj; jpwdha;T ,tHfspd; Kiw. b.Nf.rp

KjypatHfs;> mofpay; mZFKiwf;F cupa jskhff; ftpijiaj;

NjHe;njLj;jhHfs;. gpd;dhy; te;jtHfs; etPdthjpfs;. ,tHfs;

ciueil ,yf;fpaj;ijj; jskhff; nfhz;lhHfs;. rpWfijAk; ehtYk;>

,tHfshy; mofpay; mZFKiwf;Fj; jsq;fshapd.

b.Nf.rp jd;Dila uridf;F mjpfkhf cl;gLj;jpa ,yf;fpak;>

fk;guhkhazNk ahFk;. fk;gid kpfTk; Ritgl urpj;Jr; nrhd;dtH mtH.

jhsk;> yak;> re;jk; vd;W fk;gd; ftpijia mtH urpj;Jr; nrhd;dhH.

Mdhy; fk;gDila vy;yhg; ghly;fisAk; ,tH Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

mJNghyf; fk;gDila itztj; jj;Jtj;ijNah fk;gd; fz;l

rKjhaj;ijNah ,tH Ngrtpy;iy. ,tiug; gpd;gw;wp vOjpatHfSk;

ngUk;ghYk; fk;gidg; Gfo;e;J vOjpdhHfs;. Kj;Jrptdpd; mNrhftdk;>

gp.=apd; rpj;jpu uhkhazk;> V.rp.ghy; ehlhupd; fk;gidg; gw;wpa Mq;fpyf;

fl;Liufs; Kjypadtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yyhk;.

njhFg;Giu

,yf;fpak; fhyj;jpd; ngl;lfkhFk;. ,t;tpyf;fpag; Ngioapy; gy

mw;Gjq;fs; kiwe;Js;sd. mg;Ngioia Kiwg;gb mZfpdhy; kl;LNk

mt;tw;Gjq;fisg; ngwKbAk;. mjw;F mZFKiw vd;w jpwTNfhy;

mtrpakhFk;. ,J XH mwpTj; Njlypd; Cd;WNfhyha;> ,Uz;l

31914.indd 93 12/18/2018 9:53:04 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,lj;jpy; xU Jsp xspaha;g; ghij fhl;Lk; ,ay;GilaJ. ,yf;F

Nehf;fpa gazj;ij mZFKiw ntw;wpailar; nra;fpwJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fz;L neUq;fp> mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpy;

vd;d rpwg;G ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Kiwg;gbahdnjhU mZFKiwahy;

fz;L mwptpg;gNj mZFKiw vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwfspy; mofpay; vd;w

mZFKiw Kf;fpakhdJ. ,jd; %yk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s

cUtNeHj;jp> cj;jpfs; Nghd;Ws;s moiff; fz;L nrhy;yyhk;.

jkpopy;> b.Nf.rpAk; mtUila ,yf;fpa tl;lj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfSk;

,t;tZFKiwiag; ngupJk; gpd;gw;wpdhHfs;.

31914.indd 94 12/18/2018 9:53:04 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ghlk; 10

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs; - IIKd;Diu

,yf;fpaj;ij xU jpl;lkpl;l KiwNahL jpwdha;e;J fhz;gjw;Fg;

gy tifahd mZFKiwfs; cz;L vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> mtw;Ws;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whfpa mofpay; mZFKiw vd;gJ gw;wpAk; fle;j

ghlj;jpy; ghHj;Njhk;. ,g;ghlj;jpy; cUttpay; mZFKiw> jj;Jttpay;

mZFKiw> mwnewp mZFKiw vd;Dk; %d;W tifahd jpwdha;T

mZFKiwfisg; gw;wp tpupthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; ghHg;Nghk;.

cUttpay; mZFKiw

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T mZFKiwfspy; kpfg; gutyhfr; nry;thf;Fg;

ngw;wpUg;gJ cUttpay; mZFKiwahFk;. gilg;G ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

tbtj;ijAk;> mjd; NeHj;jpiaAk; Muha;fpd;w cUttpay;>

NkiyehLfspy; Njhd;wp tsHe;jJ. Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; cUtj;jpd;

moifAk; cj;jpfisAk; gw;wpg; ghHf;fpd;w ghHit ePz;l ehshf

,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. mit gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.

cUtk; (Form) vd;gJ tbtk; my;yJ Njhw;wk; MFk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpw;F tbtj;ijAk; mjd; %ykhf mjw;F XH moifAk;

jUtJ ,J. ,yf;fpaj;ij thrpg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ Muha;tjw;Nfh

Eiofpd;w NghJ Kjypy; vjpHg;gLtJ cUtNk MFk;. cUtj;jpd;

%ykhfNt mjidr; Ritf;fj; njhlq;FfpNwhk;. ,q;qdk;> cUtj;ijNa

gpujhdkhff; nfhz;L cUtj;ijNa ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mZFtJ

cUttpay; mZFKiw vdg;gLk;. mofpay; ghHit my;yJ urid

Kiwg; ghHit vd;gjid Kd;itj;j b.Nf.rpjk;guehjd; mtHfSk;>

mtH rhHe;j ,yf;fpaj; njhl;bf; FOtpdUk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cUtj;jpd;

moF gw;wpNa NgrpdhHfs;. Mdhy; NkiyehLfspy; Njhd;wpa

cUttpay; Muha;r;rp> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,j;jifa mofpay; ghHitf;F

Kiwahd fl;Lf;Nfhg;igAk;> nfhs;ifiaAk; tbtikj;jpUf;fpwJ.

cUtk; vd;gJ> xU gilg;gpy; nray;ghl;lstpy; xd;wpize;j

gy cWg;Gfspd; (Functional Constituents or organs) xU nkhj;j

tbtNkahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpaupd; nra;Aspay;> nra;As; vd;gJ khj;jpiu>

31914.indd 95 12/18/2018 9:53:04 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


vOj;J> mir> rPH Kjypa ,Ugj;jhW cWg;Gfspd; xd;wpize;j xU

tbtNk vd;W NgRfpwJ. Mdhy; ,tw;wpy; jpiz> ifNfhs; Kjypa

cs;slf;ff; $WfSk; cz;L. ,it midj;Jk; jk;Ks; xd;NwhL

xd;W ,ize;J xd;ww;F mLj;J xd;W vd tsHe;J xU KOikia

cUthf;Fk;. cs;slf;fj;jpw;F xU Njhw;wKk; tbTk; jUk;. ,j;jifa

cwTfisAk; nray;fisAk; cUttpay; Muha;fpwJ.

cUttpay; tiuaiw

\fiy- XH cj;jpahf| vd;W Urpa mwpQH ~;f;Nyht];fp 1916,y;

fl;Liu xd;W vOjpdhH. 'fiy vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; xH cj;jpjhd;.

cj;jpfspd; nkhj;jNk fiyahf tbtq; nfhs;fpwJ” vd;W Ngrpa

,f;fl;Liu cUttpaypd; nfhs;iff;F mbg;gilia tFj;Jj; je;jJ.

fiyAk; cUttpay; gz;Gk;

xU fiy cUthtjw;F vj;jidNah %yhjhug; nghUl;fs; Njit>

mJ xypahf ,Uf;fyhk;É nrhy;yhf ,Uf;fyhk;É my;yJ mJ Nghd;w

Ntnwhd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;. fiyapay; gilg;ghf cUthtjw;F Kd;

,e;j %yhjhug; nghUl;fs; vy;yhk; cUtk; rhuh cWg;Gfs; vd;Wk;>

fiy tag;glh cWg;Gfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg; ngWk;. fiyg;gilg;ghf

Mtjw;Fupa rpwg;ghd gz;Gfs; jdpj;jdpahf cs;s mt;TWg;Gfspy;

,y;iy. Mdhy; mt;TWg;Gfs; Fwpg;gpl;l xU rPHikj; jd;ikAld;

xd;wpizfpw NghJ> mtw;wpd; xd;wpize;j nray;ghLfspYk;

gad;ghLfspYNk cUttpay; gz;G ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

cUtk;

cUtk; vd;gJ> cWg;Gfspd; xd;wpize;j nray;ghLfspd; ntspg;ghLÉ

mJ> eilapay; cj;jpfspd; xU xl;L nkhj;jkhk; vd;W ~;f;Nyht;];fp

nrhy;YthH. NkYk;> Nuhkd; ahNfhg;rd; vDk; Urpa mwpQH> ,jidf;

$Wk; NghJ> ',yf;fpa Muha;r;rpapd; cz;ikahd jsk;> ,yf;fpak;

my;yÉ Mdhy; ,yf;fpaj;jdNk (Literariness) MFk;” vd;fpwhH.

mjhtJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU gilg;ig vJ- ve;jg; gz;G- ,yf;fpakhf

Mf;fpapUf;fpwJ vd;gNjahFk;. cUttpaYf;F ,j;jifa ghHitNa

mbj;jskhf mikfpwJ.

31914.indd 96 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

,yf;fpaj;jdk;

ahNfhg;rd; $Wfpw ,yf;fpaj;jdk; (,yf;fpag;gz;G) vd;gJ cUttpay;

nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpakhdnjhU gFjpahFk;. nkhop rhHe;j Fwpg;gpl;l XH

cUtj;ij> \,yf;fpaj; jd;ik cs;sJ> ,yf;fpaj; jd;ik ,y;yhjJ|

vd;W ghFgLj;jpg; ghHj;J ,yf;fpaj; jd;ik vd;gjid xU rpwg;gpay;

gz;ghf (distinctive character) ,d;ndhU Urpa cUttpay;fhuuhfpa

jpd;andt; NgRfpwhH. fiy gw;wp mf;fiw nfhs;fpw ve;j Muha;r;rpj;

jpl;lKk; fiyiaAk; fiyay;yhjijAk; NtWgLfpd;w rpwg;gpay;

gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpajhfNt ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhH mtH.

cUttpay; - tpsf;fk;

NkYk; rpyH $Wifapy;> cUtk; NtW> ,yf;fpak; NtW ,y;iy

vd;ghHfs;. cUtk; gw;wpa fUj;Jepiy> ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa fUj;J

epiyahf mjNdhL xd;wpize;J tpl;lJÉ MfNt ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

gilg;ghf;f KiwiaAk;> mjd; Jizikr; nrayhfpa mofpay;

epiyapyhd Gyg;ghl;ilAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; vy;iyf;Fs;

gilg;ghsp ,y;iy. gilg;ghspapd; gpd;Gyq;fs; ,y;iy. gDtYk;

(Text) mjw;Fl;gl;l cWg;GfSk;> cj;jpfSNk mjd; vy;iyf;Fs;

,Ug;git vd;whfp tpLtjhf cUttpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.

cUttpay; tuyhW

cUttpay;> Urpahtpy; 1917,y; cUf;nfhz;lJ. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;

Kjy; fhy; gFjpapy;> kpFe;j nry;thf;ifg; ngw;wpUe;j ,f;nfhs;if>

Urpa tuyhw;wpypUe;J gpupf;f Kbahj xd;whf Mfptpl;lJ. ,jd;

tuyhw;iw Kjd; Kjyhf KOikahf vOjp Mq;fpyk; mwpe;j

cyfpw;F tpupthf mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH tpf;lH vHyp`; vd;gtH. ,tH

,jid Urpahtpy; ele;j Gul;rpf; fhyj;jpd; Foe;ij vd;Wk; mjd;

gpuj;jpNafkhd mwpTyfr; #o;epiyapd; xd;wpize;j xU gFjpahf

,J Mfptpl;lJ vd;Wk; tUzpf;fpd;whH. cUttpay; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff;

fskhf ,Ue;jit nkhopapay; gw;wpa rpe;jidfSk; ftpijapy;

nkhopepiyfspd; ,lk; gw;wpa rpe;jidfSk; MFk;.

Kd;Ndhbfs;

tpf;lH ~;f;Nyht];fp> Nghfp]; va;n`d;ghk;> Nuhkd;ah Nfhg;rd;>

njhNkhN~ht;];fp> Aupjpd;andht; MfpNahH cUttpaypd;

31914.indd 97 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


Kd;NdhbfshtH. ,tHfNs cUttpay; nfhs;iffs; tFj;jtHfs;.

Mdhy;> ,tHfs; ahUk; jk;ik cUttpay;fhuHfs; vd;Nwh jk;

nfhs;ifia cUttpay; vd;Nwh mioj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. MapDk;

,tHjk; nfhs;ifapd; Mjhu RUjp cUtk; gw;wpaJ Mjypd;> ,tHjk;

nfhs;if cUttpay; nfhs;if vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwJ. cUttpay;

Urpahtpy; Njhd;wpdhYk;> xj;j #o;epiyfspd; gpd;dzpapy; ,J gpw

NkiyehLfspy; ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; ,Ue;jJ. vdNt ,J kpf

Ntfkhf nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ. nrf;Nyh];NyhNtfpah> gpuhd;R> ,j;jhyp>

mnkupf;fh vd;W gy ehLfSf;Fg; gutpaJ.

cUttpaypd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

Fwpg;gpl;l tpj;jpahrkhd xypg;gpd;dy;fs;> Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd

nrhw;NrHf;iffs;> Gjpa nrhy; tof;F> nrhw;nghUs; khw;wk;> ctkq;fs;>

cUtq;fs;> gbkq;fs;> Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;> xyp my;yJ nrhy; jpUk;g

tUjy; Nghd;wit> kw;Wk; ,tw;NwhL gytpjkhd cWg;GfSk; xd;NwhL

xd;W ,ize;jpUf;fpw tpjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ftdpf;fj;jf;f

jd;ikfs; Mfpa ,it cUttpaypd; nray;ghl;lstpyhd

rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; MFk;. ,it vg;gb my;yJ ve;j topKiwapy;

,yf;fpag; gz;ghf cUf;nfhs;fpd;wd? nrhw;fisAk;> njhlHfisAk;

kl;Lky;yhky;> eilKiwapy; ntspg;gilahfTk;> cldbahfTk;

Njhd;wf;$ba mDgtk; Kjw;nfhz;l %yhjhug; nghUl;fis> mjhtJ

gofpa nghUl;fis> gof;fkpof;fr; nra;jy; (Defamiliarize) vd;gjd; %yk; ,yf;fpag; gz;G cUf;nfhs;tjhf ,tHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. jkpo;

,yf;fzg; gpd;dzpapypUe;J nrhy;NthNkahdhy;> ,J> ,ay;G tof;F

vd;gjidr; nra;As; tof;fhf khw;WtJ NghyhFk;.

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhf XH cUtNk vd;Wk;> vdNt

jpwdha;T cs;spl;l ,yf;fpa mwptpay; vd;gJ ,j;jifa fUJNfhis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> cUtj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk;

gz;GfisAk; mwpthHe;J Gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; cUttpay;

typAWj;JfpwJ.

cUttpaYk; gpw mZFKiwfSk;

cUttpaYf;Fk; gpw mZFKiwfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHGfis ,dpg;

ghHg;Nghk;.

31914.indd 98 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

GJj; jpwdha;Tk; cUttpaYk;

INuhg;ghtpy; cUttpay; Njhd;wp tsHe;j fhyj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpy;

GJj; jpwdha;T (New Criticism) vd;gJ 1920,y; Njhd;wpaJ. ,JTk; cUtk; gw;wpg; NgRtJjhd;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gDtiy mjw;F ntspNa

Nghfhky; 'neUq;fp Nehf;Fjy;” (Close-reading) Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,J

tw;GWj;JfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; xt;NthH cWg;gpYk;> gFjpapYk;> moFk;>

nghUSk; nra;jpAk; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W $wp mtw;iw neUf;fkhf

,Ue;J fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjd; %yk; tpsf;fkhd nghUs; njupatUk;

vd;W ,J $WfpwJ.

khHf;rpaKk; cUttpaYk;

Urpahtpy; khHf;rpak; murpay; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUfpw #o;epiyapy;jhd;

,e;j cUttpaYk; gpwf;fpwJ. Mdhy; khHf;rpak; ve;jg; nghUisAk;

jd;dstpy; kl;LNk ,aq;FtJ vd;Nwh KOikahdJ vd;Nwh

fUJtjpy;iy. NkYk; cs;slf;fj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mjd;

jPHkhdpg;Gj; jpwidAk; khHf;rpak; typAWj;JfpwJ. tuyhw;W-

rKjha epiyikfisAk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; khHf;rpak;

typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; cUttpay; ,e;j epiyg;ghLfSf;F

khwhdJk; KuzhdJk; MFk;. vdNt khHf;rpathjpfSs; xU rpyH>

cUttpaypd; rpy Vw;Gila jd;ikfis Kf;fpakhf ,yf;fpaj;ij

mwptpay; g+Htkhf mZf Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Nghd;w rpy tpjpfis

xj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; kpfg; gyuhy; mJ kWjypf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fijf;$W

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tf;F cUttpay; je;j xU Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;G-

fijf;$W> ,io nghUs;> fijg;gpd;dy; Mfpa fUj;J epiyfisj;

je;jJ MFk;.

fijf;$W (fabula) vd;gJ ,yf;fpakhtjw;F Ke;jpa xU

%yhjhug; nghUNsahFk;. NkYk;> jkf;Fs; gu];gukhfTk;> cs;shHe;Jk;

njhlHG nfhz;bUf;fpw gy epfo;r;rpfspd; $l;L tbtk; ,J vdyhk;.

,J ,yf;fpakhfpw epfo;Tf;F Ke;jpajhfTk; mNj Neuj;jpy; mjw;F

cl;gLfpwjhfTk; vd;W ,Uepiyf;Fl;gl;lJ. ,J vOj;jhsd;

cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ljy;y. Vw;fdNt ,Ug;gJÉ mtd; jdJ gilg;gpy;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,Ug;gJ MFk;. tho;f;if mDgtq;fspy;>

31914.indd 99 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


xj;j gy fijf; $Wfisf; fhZfpw vOj;jhsd; mtw;iwj;

NjHe;njLj;Jf; fiy tbtkhf Mf;fpf; fijg;gpd;dy; vd;w mikg;ghf

Mf;Ffpwhd;.

,ionghUs;

,ionghUs; (Motif) vd;gJ Gidfijapyf;fpaj;jpd; my;yJ

tz;zidapd; (Narrative) kpfr; rpwpa gFjpahFk;. ikaf; fijNahL njhlHG nfhz;ljhfNth> njhlHG mw;wjhfNth tpsq;Ffpd;w jdpj;jdpf;

fhl;rpfs; nray;epiyfs; Kjypad ahTk; ,ionghUl;fNsahFk;.

fijg;gpd;dYf;Fs; mjDila cUt NeHj;jpf;Fk; gpw NjitfSf;Fk;

nghUe;Jfpd;w tpjj;jpy; ,ioNahLfpw ,ionghUl;fs; cUttpaypd;

Mjhukhd mofpay; $Wfs; MFk;.

fijg;gpd;dy;

fijg;gpd;dy; (Plot) vd;gJ> fijf;Fupa %yhjhukhd epfo;r;rpfisj;

jkf;Fs; xd;wpizfpw Kiwapy; fiyapay; NeHj;jpAld; fl;likg;gJ

MFk;. njhlHGgl;l gy ,io nghUl;fisj; jd;Ds; nfhz;L>

Gidfij KOtJk; gutpg; gpize;J cUtepiyapyhd cUthf;fj;

jpwidg; ngw;wpUg;gJ ,f;fijg; gpd;dy;.

NkYk;> cs;slf;fk; vd;w nrhy;Ny Njitapy;iy vd;W

~f;Nyht];fp $WthH. mtH $Wifapy; \vd;d| vd;gjw;Ff; fijf;$W

tpil jUk; vd;why;> \vg;gb| vd;gjw;Ff; fijg; gpd;dy; tpil

jUfpwJ vd;W $WthH. fijg;gpd;dy; fiyapay; gz;G nfhz;lJÉ

,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fpaj;jd;ik jUtJÉ Mdhy; ,e;jf; fijg;

gpd;dy; GidfijfSf;Fk;> tHzidf; ftpijfSf;Fk;jhd; (Narrative Poems) nghUe;JNk jtpu> vy;yh ,yf;fpa tiffSf;Fk; cupajy;y

vd;gJ ftdpj;jy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg; ghly;fis

MuhaTk; fijg;gpd;dy; gw;wpa ghHit Jiz nra;Ak;.

cjhuzkhf R.rKj;jpuj;jpd; ghiyg;Gwh vd;w (va;l;]; gw;wpa

Kjy; jkpo; ehty;) ehtiy vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ,jpy; va;l;];

Nehahspfisg; gw;wpa gy nra;jpfs;> epfo;r;rpfs; tUfpd;wd.

kNdhfHf;F me;j Neha; fz;lJÉ mjdhy; mtDf;F tUfpw Jaukhd

tho;f;ifÉ mtd; kze;J nfhz;l fiythzpia me;j Neha; njhw;wpf;

nfhs;tJÉ mtSila rpwpa rpwpa mDgtq;fs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs;

vd;W gw;gy nra;jpfs; tUfpd;wd. ,it> Ez;,iofshf -

31914.indd 100 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

,ionghUshf mikfpd;wd. ,it njhFjpfshfg; ngupa mstpy;

fijf;Fupa jsj;ij mikg;gjhfTk; nghUj;jkhfTk; mikAk; NghJ>

fijg;gpd;dy; mikfpwJ. va;l;]; Nehahspfisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fSk;>

me;Neha; gw;wpa nfhûq;fSk;> kdpj tho;f;if kjpg;gPLfSk;> fijg;

gpd;dYf;F Mjhukhd - fijf;$Wfshf cs;sd. ,t;thW cUttpay;

mZFKiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghHf;fyhk;.

jj;Jttpay; mZFKiw

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ kdpj tho;tpaiyAk; xOf;f newpiaAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ. jj;Jtk; ,jidNa Rl;LfpwJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;

,yf;fpaq;fisj; jpwdha;T nra;Ak; mZFKiw jj;Jttpay;

mZFKiw MFk;. jj;Jtj;ij vspjhf mZf Kbahj xd;whfg;

gyUk; epidg;gH. jj;Jtk; gy jpwj;jJ. NkYk; mJ gy fpisfsha;g;

gpuptJ> jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; kuGtopj; jj;Jtq;fSk;> etPdj; jj;Jtq;fSk;

,ioNahbf; fplf;fpd;wd. mtw;iw ntspf;nfhzHtJ tho;f;if gw;wpa

fz;Nzhl;lq;fis mwpag; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F thrpg;ghsH kpFe;j

gbg;ghspaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. vdpDk; ftdkhf

Cd;wpg; ghHj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

jj;Jttpay;

jj;Jtk; vd;gJ kdpjid ey;tho;tpaYf;Fk; xOf;ftpaYf;Fk;

ifg;gpbj;J mioj;Jg; NghFk; Fzk; nfhz;lJ. kdpj rpe;jidfspd;

rhuNk> jj;Jtk;. kdpjd;> jd;idAk; gpwiuAk; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> Gupe;J

nfhz;L Kd; nry;yTk;> gyjug;gl;l mDgtq;fisAk;> epahaq;fisAk;

mDrupf;fTk; fw;Wj; jUfpd;wJ jj;Jtk;. jj;Jtj;ij ,Wf;fkhdjhfTk;

khwhg; gz;gpdjhfTk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. tuyhw;Wf;Fk;

rKjha mikg;GfSf;Fk; Vw;g NtWgl;L> tsHepiyfSld; mikaf;

$baJjhd; jj;Jtk;.

tho;f;ifapd; gy epiyfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ajhHj;j

mDgtq;fSld; Kuz;glhky; fhy khw;wj;ijAk;> fUj;jpay;

khw;wj;ijAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njitahd jUzj;jpy;

mtw;NwhL tpthjpf;fTk; jj;Jtf; fy;tpmtrpak;. ,jidg; gpNsl;Nlh

tw;GWj;JfpwhH.

31914.indd 101 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


jj;Jttpay; mZFKiw - tiuaiw

jj;Jttpay; Vida mwpthHe;j Jiwfs; Nghd;W jpwdha;Tf; fUj;J

epiyfisAk; topfhl;LjiyAk; jUfpd;wJ. ,d;W jj;Jtg; ghHit>

jpwdha;Tf;F mtrpakhd xd;whf MfpAs;sJ. xU fiyQDk; rup>

mtDila gilg;Gk; rup> Fwpg;gpl;l jj;Jtr; rhHG nfhz;l gz;ghl;Lj;

jsj;Jld; njhlHG nfhz;ltHfNs vd;gijf; fUJNfhshff; nfhz;L

nray;gLtNj jj;Jttpay; mZFKiw vdg;gLk;.

,e;jpa> Nkiyehl;Lj; jj;Jt kuGfs;

Vw;nfdNt Rl;bf; fhl;baJ Nghy;> ,dk;> rkak;> ehL> fhyk;

Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhfj; \jj;Jtq;fs;| khWgLk;. vdNt> ,e;jpa

ehl;bd; jj;Jtq;fSk; NkiyehLfspd; jj;Jtq;fSk; xNu jd;ikapd

my;y. ,e;jpa rkaj; jj;Jtk; Ntjq;fs;> cgepljq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;

mbg;gilapy; cz;lhf;fg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jpaj; jj;Jt kugpy;

Kf;fpakhf> mj;itjk;> j;itjk;> tprp~;lhj;itjk; Mfpad kpfTk;

mbg;gilahd tpthjq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wd. Mztk;> fd;kk;>

khia Mfpatw;iwr; irt rpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; jj;Jtk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; ,j;jj;Jtq;fspd; $Wfisg; ghHf;f KbAk;.

,e;jpaj; jj;Jt kuG Nghjpg;gJ> XJtJ vd;w ghtidapy;

mike;jit. NkYk; ,e;jpaj; jj;Jtq;fs; ngUk; Nkhjy;fisAk;

mopTfisAk; ,Wjpahf KbTfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tNjh Nghjpg;gNjh

,y;iy. mjdhy;jhd; ,q;Nf fpNuf;fk; kw;Wk; gpd;ida NkiyehLfspy;

,Ug;gJ Nghy mty ehlfq;fs; ,y;iy. mq;Nf (fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jpy;)

ghtj;jpd;rk;gsk; kuzk; Mdhy; ,q;Nf (,e;J rkaj;jpy;) mjw;F

khwhf> ghtj;jpd; rk;gsk; kWgpwg;G MFk;. ghtq;fs; my;yJ

fHkq;fSf;F Vw;gg; gpwg;Gfs; mikfpd;wd.

fd;k ge;jKk; mjd; topapyhd [d;k ge;jKk; mopag;

ngWk;NghJ fpilf;fpw Md;kPf tpLjiyapd; Mde;jf; fspg;Ng ,e;jpaj;

jj;Jtq;fspy; ikakhf czHj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpaj; jj;JtkuG> \

mg+Ht cz;ik| mjNdhlhd \mDg+jpepiy| vd;gjhd Gdpjj;ij

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpaJ. ,J jj;Jtj;ijr; rka tiff;Fs; itj;Jg; g+l;b

tpl;lJ. jj;Jtk; vd;why; tpkuprdj;Jldhd xU Njly;É INuhg;gpaH

jj;Jtq;fs; ,ijf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

31914.indd 102 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

khHf;rpaKk; jj;JtKk;

khHf;rpak; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; fhHy; khHf;]hy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

nghUisAk; mjd; ,af;fj;ijAk; Kjd;ikahfTk; %ykhfTk; nfhz;L

cyfj;ijAk; mjd; tho;tpay; cj;jpfisAk; tpsf;FtJ khHf;rpak;.

r%fk;> tHf;fkhfg; gpsTgl;bUg;gij ,dq;fz;L tpsf;FfpwJ ,e;jj;

jj;Jtk;.

nghJthfj; jj;Jtq;fs; vd;git kdpj tho;f;if czHTfisg;

glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltd. Mdhy; khHf;rpak; kl;Lk; rKjha khw;wj;ij

Kd; nkhopfpwJ. NkYk; khHf;rpak; \nghUs;| (Matter) vd;gjid

Kjd;ikahfTk; cz;ikahfTk; nfhz;L mikfpwJ.

Vida jj;Jtq;fs;> fUj;J (Idea) vd;gjid Kjd;ikahff;

nfhz;L mikgit. vdNt> Md;kPfk; kw;Wk; mfta czHTfis

mit Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jj;Jtq;fs; Md;kPfj;ijf; iff;nfhz;L

kdpjd; jdJ mfj;ijAk; Gwj;ijAk; tbtikj;Jj; ju KbAk;>

nrOikg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mf tsHr;rpAk;

Gw tsHr;rpAk; r%fj;ijAk; cyifAk; kdpjH ahtiuAk; ,izj;Jg;

ghHf;Fk; md;G> fUizAld; ,aq;f KbAk; vd;gJ rkaj; jj;Jtq;fspd;

cs;sPlhd tpsf;fkhFk;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; jj;JtKk;

jj;Jttpay; mZFKiwapd; %yk; ,g;NghJ xt;nthU gilg;igAk;

kWthrpg;G nra;a Kw;gLfpNwhk;. rkar; rhHgw;w Neubahd tho;f;if

KiwfNshL rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J jj;Jtj;ijf;

fhz KbAk;. NkYk;> ,e;jpaj; jj;Jtq;fspd; tpsf;fq;fspd; gpd;dzpapy;

ghHf;fpw NghJjhd; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tQ;rpf; fhz;lj;jpDila

NjitiaAk; rpwg;igAk; mwpa KbAk;. jj;Jttpay; mZFKiw

tho;f;if xOf;fq;fisf; fw;gpf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

Nkiyehl;Lg; Guhzq;fisAk;> fhg;gpaq;fisAk; ,e;jpar; #oypy;

nghUj;jpg; ghHf;f KbahJ. ek;Kila jj;Jt msTNfhy;> ekJ

gz;ghl;L mbg;gilapyhdJ. ,ijg; Nghy; ek;KilaJk;> mtHfspd;

ghHitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; fhjy;> fhkk;>

FNuhjk;> md;G Nghd;wit cyfk; KOtJk; xj;jit. Mdhy;

,tw;iwf; nfhz;l cwTfSk;> cupikfSk; mtutHfSf;fhdit.

vdNt> ,it gw;wpg; NgRk; Guhzq;fSk; fhtpaq;fSk; mt;tt;

,dq;fNshL rk;ge;jg;gl;lit.

31914.indd 103 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


fhg;gpaq;fSk;> Guhzq;fSk; tho;tpaNyhL njhlHGgLj;jg;gLk;

fUj;jhf;fq;fs; cilaitÉ mwf;fUj;Jfisg; NgRgitÉ ,r;rl;lfk;>

cyfk; KOikf;Fk; xd;wy;y. ,it midj;Jk; me;je;j ,df;FOg;

gz;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; gpwg;git. ,uhkhazk; vDk; fhg;gpaj;ijg;

ghHg;gjw;F tprp~;lhj;itjk; vd;Dk; jj;Jtk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

,J $Wk; \ruzhfjp| vDk; nfhs;ifNa ,uhkhazk; KOtJk;

gutpf;fplf;fpwJ. mJ> ,yf;Fkzd;> gujd;> mDkd; Kjypa gyuplk;

gy tbtq;fspy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,uhtzd; %ykhfTk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.

mwnewp mZFKiw

,dp> mwnewp my;yJ ePjpf; Nfhl;ghL mZFKiw vd;gJ gw;wpg;

ghHf;fyhk;. fhye;NjhWk; fhzg;gLk; kdpj mwq;fis ikakhff;

nfhz;L> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ghHit mikfpd;wNghJ> mjid

mwnewp mZFKiw(Ethical or Moralistic criticism) vd;fpNwhk;.

rKjhaj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mr;r%fk; fl;bf; fhj;JtUk;

mwf;fUj;JfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mikAk;. jkpopy; ,yf;fpag;

ghHitapy; mwtpay; ghHit ePz;l fhykhfg; gutyhf ,Ue;J

tUfpwJ.

mwnewp mZFKiw - tpsf;fk;

kdpj r%fj;jpy; njhd;Wnjhl;L kuGtopahf te;jit mwq;fs;É kdpj

r%fj;jpw;F xU $l;L tho;itAk; jFjpiaAk; jUtd mwq;fs;. ,it

kdpj xOfyhWfspd; Nghf;FfspypUe;J rhuhk;rkhff; fz;lwpag;gl;lit.

,yf;fpaq;fshf vOjpitf;fg;gl;lit. vdNt rl;lq;fshf ,y;yhky;

kuGfshfTk;> ,Wf;fkhditahf my;yhky; nefpo;thditahfTk;

,it mikfpd;wd. ,it> Ez;ikahdit (Abstract). ,j;jifa mwnewpf; nfhs;ifia ikakhff; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaq;fis mZFjy;

mwnewp mZFKiw vdg;gLk;.

kdpj tho;f;ifr; #oy;fspypUe;J gpwe;J kdpj tho;f;iffspd;

vjpH tpidfis (Responses) ,yf;fpak;> glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fhye;NjhWk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;L tUfpd;w mwnewpf;

fUj;Jfisj; njhFg;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fky;y. fhye;NjhWk; khwpAk;

tsHe;Jk; te;jpUf;fpd;w ,yf;fpaq;fis mwnewp vt;thW topelj;jpr;

nry;fpwJ vd;W fhz;gJk;> ,yf;fpaq;fspd; cs;Ns nghjpe;J

31914.indd 104 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

fplf;fpd;w mwnewpg; gz;GfisAk;> Mw;wiyAk; fhz;gJk; mwnewp

mZFKiwapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

mwnewp mZFKiw - tiuaiw

jdf;F Vw;Gilanjd;W gyfhykhf mq;fPfupj;jpUf;fpd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l

xOf;fKiwapid my;yJ fUj;jiktpidr; rKjha kjpg;G (Social Value) vd;gH. fhl;lhff;> fw;G vd;gJ jkpo; kugpy; xU r%f kjpg;G.

,jidg; NgZtJk;> NgZtjw;F tw;GWj;JtJk;> mwtpaypd;

nray;KiwahFk;. mjhtJ> rKjha kjpg;G vd;W vijf; nfhs;fpNwhNkh

mJNt mwkhf mikAk; vdyhk;. ,r;rKjha kjpg;gpid mjd; jFjp

epiyfNshL xg;gpl;Lg; ghHg;gJ mwnewp rhHe;j mZFKiwapd;

jskhfTk; ,yf;fhfTk; mikAk;.

r%f mikg;gpy; Kuz;ghLfs; cz;L. ,it ,aw;ifahdit.

ey;yJ ù nfl;lJ> jPq;fw;wJ ù jPq;fhdJ> Vw;GilaJ ù Vw;Gilajy;yhjJ

vd;w Kiwapy; fhye;NjhWk; Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iwj;

njupe;J> Vw;Gila mwq;fisr; r%fk; mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. kdpjhgpkhd

czHTk; gpwHf;Ff; Nflw;w elj;ijAk; rKjha ey;YzHNthL

jdpg;gl;l kdpjdpd; kdeyDk; $b tUfpd;w mwq;fisNa mwnewp

vd;fpNwhk;. ,J> fhye;NjhWk; rKjha mikg;gpw;Nfw;g khWglf;$Lk;.

NkYk;> ,j;jifa fUj;jikT rKjha mikg;NghL rhHe;jpUg;gjhfypd;

rKjhatpay; jpwdha;NthL mwtpay; jpwdha;T neUq;fpa njhlHG

nfhz;ljhFk;.

mwnewp mZFKiw - tuyhW

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfspy; ,J kpfTk; gioaJ. goq;fhyj;jpy;

mwpQHfs; ,yf;fpaq;fis mwq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa kjpg;gpl;lhHfs;.

jkpopy; njhy;fhg;gpaH mwq;fis typAWj;jpdhH. fpNuf;fj;jpy;

gpNsl;NlhtypAWj;jpdhH. Mq;fpy ehl;bYk; ,J nry;thf;NfhL

,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpyf; ftpQUk; tpkHrfUkhd khj;a+ mHdhy;L> ,J gw;wp

typAWj;jpg; NgRfpwhH. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vg;gbr; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ

vd;gJ Kf;fpak;. ,JNt mwnewp mZFKiwapd; mbj;jskhFk;.

NkiyehLfspy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bYk;> 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

njhlf;fj;jpYk; ,j;jifa ghHit gpurpj;jkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,f;fUj;Jfs;

nfhz;l fUj;jhsHfisg; \Gjpa kdpjNeathjpfs;| (New Humanists) vd;wioj;jdH. ,tHfs; ,yf;fpaj;ij tho;f;ifapd; tpkHrdk; vd;W

31914.indd 105 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


fz;ldH. ,k;Kiw Ma;tpy; ghy; vy;kH NkhH> ,Htpq; ghg;gpl; Mfpa

,UtUk; Kf;fpakhdtHfs;. ,tHfisj; njhlHe;J ,Nj tiuaiwia

ehHkd; gh];lH> vr;.vr;.fpshHf;> [p.MH.vypal; Nghd;wtHfSk; gpd;gw;wpdH -

tsHj;jdH. ,tHfspd; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> etPdj;Jtk; kpf Ntfkhfg;

gutpaJÉ gioa kuGfis ,J kWjypj;jJ. ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy;

xU Gjpa Nfs;tp vOe;jJ. mJ> mwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;gd kjk;

rhHe;jitah? my;yth vd;gjhFk;. rhuhk;rkhf> kdpjDf;F ,ay;ghd

mwczHT ,Uf;Fk;- ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. mNj

rkaj;jpy; #o;epiyfspypUe;J tpLgLtJ kl;Lky;y> kdrhl;rp vd;w

xd;Wf;Fk; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fUj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; mwq;fSk;

,yf;fpa cyfpy;> mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; r%ftpay; Nehf;NfhL

Muhag;gLfpd;wd. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy Kjyhfpa Ie;jpiz gw;wpg;

Ngr te;j njhy;fhg;gpaH> ntWkNd Ie;jpiz vd;W kl;Lk; nrhy;yp

epWj;jhky; mjw;F xU ePz;l milnkhop jUfpwhH. \,d;gKk; nghUSk;

mwDk; vd;whq;F md;nghL GzHe;j Ie;jpiz| vd;W NgRfpwhH.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; md;iwa fhyj;J mwnewpf; fUj;Jfs;

Vuhsk;. Fwpg;ghf mf ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; Gw ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk;

mwnewpfs; mbg;gil tho;f;if newpiaj; je;jpUf;fpd;wd. NkYk;

fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa NghJk; ghtpfk; vd;w epiyapy;> mit mwk;

gw;wpg; Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lJ.

miurpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwq; $w;whtJ}ck;

ciurhy; gj;jpdpia caHe;NjhH Vj;jYk;

Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk; vd;gJ}ck;

—(rpyg;gjpfhuk;)

vd mwnewp rhHe;j fUj;JfshfNt mikfpd;wd. ,q;qdk; rq;f

,yf;fpak; Kjy; ,d;iwa jw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu mwnewpj;

jpwdha;it Nkw;nfhs;s tha;g;Gfs; cz;L.

,f;fhy ,yf;fpakhd kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is vOjpa

gpujhg KjypahH rupj;jpuk; vd;Dk; ehty; ngz;zpd; ngUikiag;

NgRfpwJ vd;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; rpwe;j Mz;> rpwe;j ngz;> rpwe;j

FLk;gk; vg;gbapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kuG topapyhd jkpo;r;

rKjhaj;jpd; mwtopapy; epd;W tpsf;fkhfg; NgRfpd;wJ. mjd;

31914.indd 106 12/18/2018 9:53:05 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ghj;jpug; gilg;GfSk; fUg;gpd;dy;fSk;> #oYk;> ciuahly;fSk;

,e;j mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; %ykhf ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ePz;l tuyhw;wpy;> ngUk;ghyhdit mwk;

NgRgitahfNt mike;Js;sd. 'mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPliljy;

E}w;gad;” vd;W ,yf;fzk; NgRfpd;wJ. \jd;ndQ;rwptJ ngha;aw;f| \

kdj;Jf;fz; khrpyd; Mjy;| vd;W jpUf;Fws; rkak; rhuhj mwj;ijf;

$WfpwJ.

,t;thW> ePjp E}w;fs; Kjw;nfhz;L ,d;iwa fhyk; tiu epiwaNt

mwf;fUj;Jfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. njhlHe;J ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mdhy; ,d;iwa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd NtWghL vd;dntd;why;

kuG topgl;l mwq;fs; tpkuprpf;fg; gLfpd;wd. kWguprPyidfSf;F

Mshfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk; ,it mt;tf; fhyj;jpDila jkpo;r;

rKjhaj;jpd; mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfis mstpl cjTfpd;wd.

fhye;NjhWk; khWghLfs;

kdpjdpd; tho;tpay; KiwapYk; rpe;jid KiwapYk; Vw;gLfpd;w

khw;wk; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyk; kw;Wk; ,lr;#oYf;F

Vw;g ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tbt mikg;G KiwapYk; epiwa khw;wq;fs;

epfo;e;jd.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; fhjYk; tPuKk; tho;tpay; xOf;fq;fshf ,Ue;jd.

cUTk; jpUTk; xj;j ,UtH fUj;njhUkpj;Jf; fhjy; nfhs;tJ mwkhf

,Ue;jJ. jiytpapd; fhjy; Njhopf;Fj; njupa te;J> gpd; nrtpypj;jha;

%yk; ew;wha;f;Fj; njupate;J> ew;wha; %yk; jikad;> je;ijf;Fj;

njupa tUk;. my;yhky; jiytp Neupilahfj; jd; fhjiy tPl;lhuplk;

nrhy;tJ kugpy;iy. Mdhy; ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,g;gbahff;

fhjiyr; nrhy;tJ eilKiwapy; ,y;iy. ,d;iwa rpWfij> ehty;>

ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fhjy; ntspg;gLtjpy; ,j;jifa tupirfisg;

ghHg;gJ kpf mupJ.

,Nj Nghy;> fw;G vd;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU fUj;jikT.

,J> fhye;NjhWk; khwp te;Js;sJ. xUj;jpf;F xUtd; vd;gJ

Gdpjkhd xOf;fkhfg; ngz;Zf;F typAWj;jpr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. ,d;W>

\fw;Gepiynad;W nrhy;y te;jhH. ,U fl;rpf;Fk; mijg; nghJtpy;

itg;Nghk;| vd;W ghujp nrhy;Yk; epiy te;jJ.

31914.indd 107 12/18/2018 9:53:06 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


mwnewp mZFKiw ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J tho;f;ifiaAk;

tho;f;ifapypUe;J ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; mwtpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld;

ca;j;JzHe;J tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ.

njhFg;Giu

mikg;gpaYf;F Ke;jpaJk;> mjw;Fg; g+Hthq;fkhf mike;jJk;

cUttpayhFk;. cUtj; Njhw;wj;jpd; NeHj;jp kw;Wk; moF gw;wpg;

NgRtJ ,jd; mbg;gil. cUttpay;> Nkiyehl;by; gpwe;jhYk; jkpo;j;

jpwdha;T cyfpy; nry;thf;Fila xU mZFKiwahf ,d;Wk;

toq;FfpwJ.

tho;f;ifNahL gpd;dpg; gpize;jNj jj;Jtk;. ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;Jk;

,ijf; fhzyhk;. khHf;rpak; kl;Lk; nghUs; Kjy; vd;gij ikakhff;

nfhz;L mike;jpUf;fpwJ. kw;wit fUj;J Kjy; thjj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.

rKjhaj;jpy; kjpg;G vd;W vJ nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wNjh mJNt

mwkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fiyapayhfr; rKjhaj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwk; VNjDk; xU tifapy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. mwtpay;

mZFKiw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; xOf;f Kiwia Muha;tNjhL

,yf;fpaj;ij mjdbg;gilahfj; juk; gpupj;Jk; $WfpwJ.

31914.indd 108 12/18/2018 9:53:06 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ghlk; 11

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs; - IIIKd;Diu

,yf;fpaj;ijj; jpwdha;T nra;tjw;F> jpwdha;thsHfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

mZFKiwfs; gythFk;. mj;jF mZFKiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

rpytw;iwf; fle;j ,U ghlq;fspy; ghHj;Njhk;. mtw;iwj; njhlHe;J

,g;ghlj;jpy; tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiw> cstpay; mZFKiw>

njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw vd;Dk; %d;Wtifahd jpwdha;T

mZFKiwfisg; gw;wp tpupthfTk; tpsf;fkhTk; ghHg;Nghk;.

tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiw

,yf;fpaj;ij Muha;tjpy; tuyhW kpf Kf;fpakhd ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; gpd;dzpfs;> ,yf;fpak; $Wk; nra;jpfs; Kjypatw;iw

mwpag; gy tifffspy; mJ xsp gha;r;rpapUf;fpd;wJÉ njhlHe;J

gyuhYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpwJ. tuyhw;wpay; jpwdha;T> Ra tpUg;G

ntWg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapNyh> mfta kdg;gjpTfspd; KiwapNyh

miktJ my;y. rupahd jfty;fSld;> jpl;lkhd tuyhw;Wf;

nfhs;iffSlDk; Kiwahd ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpfSlDk;

mJ mikAk;. mq;qdk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mq;qdk; mikjNy

rpwg;ghd tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T mZFKiwahff; fUjg;gLk;.

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ ntw;Wntspapy; jhdhfj; Njhd;WtJ fpilahJ.

mg;gbj; Njhd;wTk; KbahJ. mJ> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy;

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;ijr; NrHe;j gilg;ghspapdhy; gilf;fg;gLtjhFk;.

NkYk; $Wtjhdhy; ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpd;

ntspg;ghL vd;gjid kWf;f KbahJ. ,j;jifa fhuzq;fspdhy;

mJ> jhd; Njhd;wpa fhyj;ij NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth kw;Wk;

cld;ghlhfNth vjpHepiyahfNth fhl;LfpwJ.

tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilAk; ,yf;fpaKk;

tuyhw;wpw;F mbg;gilahf miktd fhyk;> ,lk; vDk; ikaq;fshFk;.

,tw;wpNy fhY}d;wp epw;gJ ,yf;fpak;. epidTfisAk; epfo;TfisAk;

vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ve;j ,lj;jpy; Rod;whYk; mjDila <Hg;G> fhyk;

vd;Dk; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpajhfj;jhd; mikAk;. tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLk;

31914.indd 109 12/18/2018 9:53:06 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


khw;wq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. me;j khw;wq;fSf;Fj; jhDk; xU

fhuzkhf mikaTk; $ba jpwd; ngw;wJ ,yf;fpak;.

tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiw - tiuaiw

kdpjFyk;> kpf ,ay;ghfj; jd;idNa cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tJÉ

kw;Wk; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ vDk; gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJ. mNjhL fhyk;> ,lk; vd;Dk; Gw epiyfspd; fhuzkhfTk;

mJ tsHr;rp ngwf; $baJ. ,it tuyhw;wpw;Fupa mbg;gilf;

fUJNfhs;fshFk;. NkYk; fhyk;> ,lk; vd;w mr;Rfspy; fhuz-

fhupaq;fSld; $ba Kd;Ndhf;fpa khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;l epfo;Tfspd

,izg;ig ,J Fwpg;gjhFk;.

khw;wq;fSk; tuyhw;wpaYk;

khw;wk; vd;gJ capUila nghUs;fspd; jd;ikÉ khw;wkpy;yhjJ

vd;gJ rlg; nghUs;fspd; jd;ik. khWjy; ngWtJk;> mjd; fhuzkhf

tsHtJk; vd;w mbg;gilg; gz;igf; nfhz;L> Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs;fspd;

gz;G kw;Wk; cwTfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jf; $badTk;> nghUspd;

rhuhk;rkhf tpsq;ff; $badTkhfpa Kd;Ndhf;fpa khw;wq;fis>

tuyhw;wpay;> fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,jdbg;gilapy;

,yf;fpaj;ij Muha;tjw;Fj; Jiz epw;fpw mZFKiw tuyhw;wpay;

mZFKiwahFk;. tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiwapy; Kf;fpakhf %d;W

epiyfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit:

(1) ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J tuyhW fhz;gJ.

(2) ,yf;fpaj;jpDila tuyhw;wpidf; fhz;gJ

(3) ,yf;fpaj;ij tuyhw;wpd; gpd;dzpapy; ghHg;gJ

vd;gdthFk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW

,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW fhz;gJ vd;gJ> ,yf;fpaq;fis xU

njhlHr;rpahf my;yJ njhlHr;rpapd; xU gFjpahff; fhz;gjhFk;.

Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsuhfpa nudpnty;yhf; (Rene Wellek) ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tk;> ,yf;fpa tuyhWk; ,iz gpupf;f

Kbahjit vd;ghH. mjhtJ jpwdha;thsid mftakhd nrhe;j

tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fSf;Fg; NghftplhkYk;> mtru KbTfSf;Fr;

31914.indd 110 12/18/2018 9:53:06 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

nrd;W tplhkYk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpa mwpT ghJfhf;fpwJ.

jpwdha;thsDf;F ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW njupatpy;iyahdhy;

mtDila KbTfs; jtwhfg; Ngha; tplyhk;. cjhuzkhfg;

gupghliyAk; jpUKUfhw;Wg;giliaAk; mfehD}W> GwehD}W

Mfpatw;wpd; fhyj;NjhL NrHj;J itj;Jf; fzf;fpLk;NghJ> rq;f

fhyr; rKjha> gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpid Muha;tjpy; Fog;gq;fSk;

rpf;fy;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,t;tpuz;bd; fhyq;fisAk;

fzf;fpy; vLj;Jr; nrhy;tJ jpwdha;thsDf;Fj; Njitahfp tpLfpwJ.

NkYk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fupa tuyhw;Wj; njhlHGfSk; fhuzq;fSk;

mwpag;gltpy;iynad;why;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;ijg; Gupe;J

nfhs;tjpYk;> mjd; ,lj;ijj; jPHkhdpg;gjpYk; njhlHe;J jtWfs;

Vw;gLk;. ,e;j cwT mWgLkhdhy; rPuopT Vw;gLk;. ,yf;fpa tuyhW

fhzTk; vOjTk; Kw;gLgtHfs; ,e;jj; jtwpypUe;J jg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; tuyhW

,yf;fpaj;jpw;F cs;Ns - r%fk;> murpay;> gz;ghL Kjypatw;wpd;

tuyhw;wpidf; fhz Kw;gLtJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tuyhW fhZk;

KiwahFk;. tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiwapy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tuyhW

fhz;gJ ,yf;fpaj;ij tuyhw;W %ykhff; (Historical Source) nfhs;SjyhFk;.

tuyhw;Wf; nfhs;fyd;fs;

fhyk; - ,lk; vDk; jsj;jpypUe;J Kfpo;f;Fk; ,yf;fpak;> mt;tf;

fhyj;jpd; tho;TfisAk;> czHTfisAk; gjpT nra;Ak; fiy

tbtkhFk;. vdNt tuyhW vOJtjpy; ,yf;fpak; rhd;W %ykhf

mikfpw cupikAk; jFjpAk; ngw;Ws;sJ vdyhk;.

,yf;fpaq;fis tuyhw;Wf;Fupa rhd;W %yq;fshff; nfhs;tij>

tuyhw;Wg; NguhrpupaHfs; gyH xj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. vdpDk;

Fwpg;ghf mfo;thuha;r;rpfs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs; Kjypa

Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fhj NghJk; my;yJ ruptuf; fpilf;fhj

NghJk; ,tHfSf;F ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Jiz Njitg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;

jdpj;jdpNa mwpTj; Jiwfs; tpupe;J> fpisj;J tsuhj fhyj;jpy;

,yf;fpaNk mf;fhyj;jpa mwptpaypypUe;J kUj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk;

tiuapyhd mwpTj; Jiwfs; gytw;wpw;Fk; rhd;Wfs; jUfpw tuyhw;Wf;

nfhs;fydhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

31914.indd 111 12/18/2018 9:53:06 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


,e;j mbg;gilapy;jhd; 'xU ehl;bd; ftpij tuyhW vd;gJ

me;ehl;bd; murpay;> tpQ;Qhd rka tuyhw;wpd; rhuhk;rNkahFk;.” vd;W

fhHiyy; (Carlyle) mtHfSk;> ',yf;fpak; vd;gJ fhyq;fs; NjhWk;

fhl;rp tpsf;ff; Fuy;fshff; Nfl;Fk; xU $l;Lf;Fuy; xypNa” vd;W

nudpnty;yhf;Fk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ,Nj Nghy; gpunlupf; vq;fy;];

(Frederik Engels) 'gpnuQ;R ehtyhrpupauhd ghy;[hf;fpd; vOj;Jfs;

njhopy;Kiw tuyhw;wwpQHfs;> nghUshjhuthjpfs;> Gs;sptptuf;fhuHfs;

MfpatHfis tplTk; cz;ikahfTk; mw;GjkhfTk; gpnuQ;R

tuyhw;iwj; jUfpd;wd” vd;W $WfpwhH.

tuyhw;wpd; gpd;dzpapy; ,yf;fpak;

,yf;fpak;> Fwpg;gpl;l tuyhw;wpd; #oiktpy; Njhd;WfpwJÉ tsHfpwJÉ

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJÉ Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;ij tuyhw;wpd;

jskhfTk;> jhf;fkhfTk;> vjpnuhypahfTk;> tuyhw;iwg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;

gLj;JtjhfTk; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> fh.rP. Ntq;flukzpapd;

KUfd; xH cotd;> Njrgf;jd; fe;jd; Mfpa ehty;fis MuhaTk;> e.

rpjk;gu Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; kz;zpy; njupAJ thdk;> eh. ghHj;jrhujpapd;

Mj;khtpd; uhfq;fs; Kjypa ehty;fis MuhaTk;> Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;>

fhe;jpa Afk; vd;w tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpfs; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

mJNghy;> ghujpahH ftpijfis MuhaTk;> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

vd;w fhyg; gpd;dzp kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

gpd;Gyj;ijf; fhZjy;

elg;gpay; cz;ikfis my;yJ tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis ,yf;fpak;

mg;gbNa jUtjpy;iyÉ Neubahfj; jUtjpy;iy. mJ> fiytbtk;

MFk; NghJ gilg;ghsp> mtDila #oy;> mtDila eyd;> Nehf;fk;

Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; cz;ikfs; gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt>

fiyahf;f Kiwfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> fw;gidapd; ghq;fpid mwpe;J

nfhz;L gpd;Gyj;ijf; fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fpa tuyhnwOjpay;

,yf;fpa tuyhW vOJtjpy;> eilKiwapy; Ie;J Nfhzq;fs; my;yJ

tiffs; ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

(1) E}w;whz;Lf; fhy tupir

(2) mur kuG tupir

31914.indd 112 12/18/2018 9:53:06 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(3) ,yf;fpa tiffspd; top

(4) ,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fspd; top

(5) fUj;J epiyfspd; top

,tw;iwg; nghJthfTk; jdpj;jdpg; Nghf;FfshfTk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L

tuyhw;W Kiwapay;fis Muhayhk;.

,q;qdk; ,t;tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiw ,yf;fpa cyfpidr;

rupahfTk;> njspthfTk; Gyg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; ngw;Ws;sJ. fle;j fhyk;

rikj;j ghijapy; kl;Lky;yhky; epfo;tpd; ntspg;ghLfspYk; vjpHtpd;

juprdq;fspYk; ,J xsp gha;r;Rk; vdyhk;.

cstpay; mZFKiw

,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gilf;fg;gLk; kdpjHfspd;

nray;ghl;bw;Fk; gz;GfSf;Fk; kdj;jpd; NtWgl;l czHTfNs

mbg;gilf; fhuzpfshf cs;sd. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; XH ,yf;fpaj;ij

mZFtij cstpay; mZFKiw (Psychological Approach) vd;W $WfpNwhk;. ,t; mZFKiw> gy Gjpa nra;jpfisAk; tpsf;fq;fisAk;

je;jpUf;fpwJ vd;w Kiwapy;> kpfTk; rpwg;ghdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

cs;sj;jpd; czHT

kdpj cs;sj;jpd; czHNt vy;yh mwptpay;fSf;Fk; fiyfSf;Fk;

fUtiwahf tpsq;FfpwJ. Mo;kdj;jpy; gbe;J fplf;Fk; czHTfNs

,t;Tyfpy; Mf;fq;fisAk; mopTfisAk; jUfpd;wd. ,J

cstpayhsHfspd; KbG. NkYk; cs;sk; vd;gJ xNu tifahd

,af;fKk; xNu tifahd jd;ikAk; nfhz;ljy;y.

cstpayhsUk; cstpaYk;

jdpnahU Jiwahf cstpay; tsHtjw;F Kd;G> mty ehlfq;fis

(Tragedy) cUthf;fpatHfNs cstpay; mwpQHfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

ghHitfisj; jk;trg;gLj;JtjpYk;> jhk; gilf;Fk; czHTfisg;

ghHitahsHfsplk; nrd;W NrHg;gjpYk; cstpay; cj;jpfis ,tHfs;

ifahz;lhHfs;. Mdhy; ,d;W cstpay; vd;gJ mwptpay; kw;Wk;

kUj;Jttpaypy; kl;Lky;yhky; mofpaypYk;> fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpYk;>

jpwdha;tpYk; jd;Dila nray;ghl;Lj; jsj;jpidg; gug;gp epw;fpd;wJ.

31914.indd 113 12/18/2018 9:53:06 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


cstpay; mZFKiw - tiuaiw

fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cstpay;> kdpj tho;tpd; mDgtq;fisAk;

kdpj elj;ijiaAk; mtw;wpd; ntspg;ghlhfTk;> ce;JjyhfTk;

cs;s kdj;ijAk; MokhfTk;> mofhfTk; rpj;jupf;f KaYfpwJ.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,e;jg; gz;gpidg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ NjHe;j thrfDf;Fk;

tpkHrfDf;Fk; mtrpakhfpwJ.

thrfDk; cstpaYk;

,yf;fpaj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; gilg;gpd; topahfj; jdp kdpj

kw;Wk; r%f kdj;jpidg; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> gilg;gpid Nkd;NkYk;

Rita+l;lf; $bajhf khw;wTk; vdg; gy Nfhzq;fspy; itj;Jg;

ghHg;gjw;F cstpay; Jiz epw;fpwJ. r%f kdpjdpd; gyKk;

gytPdKk; ,jd; %yk; milahsg;glyhk;. ,tw;Ws; thrfH cstpay;

vd;gJk; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba gFjpahFk;. xt;nthU thrfUk; jj;jkf;Fupa

kdepiyfspypUe;J fiy ,yf;fpaq;fisg; ghHg;gtHfs;. vdNt>

mtHfspd; uridAk; ghHitAk; mtutupd; czHT epiyfNshL

njhlHGilait.

cstpay; jpwdha;T vd;gJ>

(1) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLk; fij khe;jHfspd; kdq;fisAk;

elj;ijfisAk; mwpaTk;>

(2) gilg;ghspapd; kdntspg;ghLfis mwpaTk;>

(3) gbf;fpw thrfHjk; kdTzHfSf;F cfe;jthW mikfpw

$Wfis mwpaTk;>

vd Kf;fpakhf %d;W mbg;gilfspy; nray;gLfpwJ.

cstpay; mZFKiwapy; Kf;fpa epiyfs;

(1) ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghf;fj;jpd; topKiwfis cstpay; epiyapy;

Gyg;gLj;Jjy;.

(2) gilg;ghspapd; cs;sj;J epiyiaAk; mjw;Fupa fhuzq;fisAk;

mwpaf; nfhz;L tUjy;. mjhtJ gilg;ghspapd; Ra tuyhw;iwg;

gilg;gpy; fhZjy;.

(3) Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg; ngWfpd;w fij khe;jHfspd;

czHTfisAk;> nray;fisAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

(4) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhy;gbkk; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpwJ vd;gijf;

fUJNfhshff; nfhz;L mjd; cUthf;fj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;Jjy;.

(5) Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;gpYs;s jdpr; rpwg;ghd nrhw;fisAk;

njhlHfisAk; kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd cj;jpKiwfisAk; cs;sj;J

czHTg; gpujpgypg;Gf;fshf ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;.

(6) thrfupd; cs;sj;jpy; ,yf;fpak; Vw;gLj;Jfpw cwitAk;

jhf;fj;ijAk; fhZjy;.

,tw;wpd; %yk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cs;sHj;jq;fisAk; Moq;fisAk;

cstpay; ntspg;ghLfshf ,j;jpwdha;T ghHf;fpwJ.

gFg;GKiw cstpaYk; jpwdha;Tk;

cstpay; jpwdha;tpy;> gFg;GKiw cstpaNy (Psychoanalysis) ngupJk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJÉ gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,jid Muha;e;J nrhd;dtH

rpf;kz;l; /gpuhapl; (Sigmund Freud) vDk; n[Hkhdpa kUj;JtH. ,tH>

kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; fz;lwpe;jijf; fiy ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; nghUj;jpg;

ghHj;jhH.

cs;sj;jpd; mLf;F epiy

cs;sk; (Psyche or mind) vd;gjid mLf;F epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhf /

gpuhapl; nrhd;dhH. ntspg;gilahfj; njupatUk; epiyapy; cs;s

edTil kdk; (Conscious mind)É ntspg;gilahfj; njupahj> Mdhy;

kdpj nray;fSf;Fk;> ntspg;ghLfSf;Fk; fhuzkhf cs;s edtpyp

kdk; (unconscious mind)> mjw;Fk; cs;Ns Mo;kdj;jpy; Gije;J

fplf;Fk; mbkdk; (Subconscious mind) vd;W %d;W mLf;Ffs;

cz;L vd;fpwhH. mbkdk; jd; Kidg;Gf; (Ego) nfhz;lJÉ ghypay;

,iztpior;R (Sexual instincts) kw;Wk; r%f mstpy; jLf;fg;gl;l

tpyf;Ffs; (Taboos) Kjypatw;why; MdJ vd;W tpsf;FfpwhH.

,yf;fpaj;ij ,jd; mbg;gilapy; /gpuha;Lk; mtH top

te;NjhUk; tpsf;Ffpd;wdH. Kf;fpakhf Xbg]; kd czHT (Oedipus complex) vd;gJ ghypay; njhlHghd mbkdk; gw;wpaJ. ,sk; ghy

gUtj;jpy; XH Mz; kfDf;Fj; jd; jha; kPjhd ghypay; czHT

epiy ,Ug;gjhfTk;> mjd; fhuzkhfj; jd; je;ij kPJ xU tifahd

nghy;yhg;G czHT ,Ug;gjhTk; /gpuha;L tUzpf;fpwhH. ,J> gyuhy;

kWf;fg;gl;lhYk;> cstpay; jpwdha;thsHfs; kj;jpapy; ,jw;Fr;

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nry;thf;F cz;L. /gpuha;bd; ,e;jf; fUj;J epiyia n[afhe;jd;>

up\p%yq;fs; vd;w FWehtyhfg; gilf;fpwhH. /gpuha;bd; nry;thf;if

,d;iwag; gilg;ghspfs; gyuplk;> gytiffspy; ghHf;f KbAk;. /

gpuha;L fdTfSf;Fj; jUfpw Mo;kdk; rhHe;j tpsf;fq;fs;> gy

vOj;jhsHfsplk; jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wd.

jd; tuyhw;W cstpay; jpwdha;T

,yf;fpaj;jpy; ntspg;gLfpd;w fij khe;jHfspd; mDgtq;fSk;

czHTfSk; mt;tpyf;fpaj;ijg; gilj;j gilg;ghspapd; jdpg;gl;l

tho;f;ifiag; gpujpgypg;gdNt vd;gijf; fUJNfhshff; nfhz;lJ>

jd; tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T (Biographical criticism) MFk;. ,jidAk;

XH Ma;TKiwahfr; nrhd;dtH /gpuha;Nl MthH. ,jidg; gpd;gw;wpg;

gy jpwdha;thsHfs; jpwdha;T nra;Js;sdH.

gilg;ghsd; tho;Tk; gilg;Gk;

mnkupf;fj; jpwdha;thsH vl;kz;l; tpy;rd; vd;gtH rhHy];

bf;fd;]; (Charles Dickens) ehty;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gidfSf;Fk;

kd czHTfSf;Fk; cupa fhuzq;fshf me;jg; gilg;ghspapd;

tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;shH.

bf;fd;rpd; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; mtUila je;ij flDf;fhfr; rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lhH mjd; fhuzkhf mtUila kfd; bf;fd;]; rpW

tajpNyNa gl;liwnahd;wpy; fbd Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;whH. mq;Nf

mtkhdq;fSk; rpukq;fSk; gl;lhH. ,jd; fhuzkhff; fl;lhakhf

Ntiyf;F mDg;gpa mk;khtpd; kPJ mtUf;Ff; NfhgKk; kdj;jhq;fYk;

cz;L. ,e;j tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; mkpo;e;J> mtUila ehty;fspd;

Fwpg;gpl;l czHTfSf;Fk; Nghf;FfSf;Fk; kiwKfkhd fhuzq;fshf

mikfpd;wd vd;fpwhH tpy;rd;. jkpopy; e.gpr;r%Hj;jp> GJikg;gpj;jd;>

n[afhe;jd; Kjypa vOj;jhsHfspd; gilg;GfspYs;s mtHfSila

Ratho;f;if mDgt ntspg;ghLfisAk; ,Nj Nghy Muhayhk;.

#oy;

NkYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpDila Fwpg;gpl;l #oypd; Njit> fij

khe;jHfspd; nray;fs;> mtHfs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; czHTfs; kw;Wk;

gilg;ghspapd; Nehf;fk; ,it fhuzkhfr; nrhy;Yfpd;w ghzpapYk;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

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tbtikg;gpYk; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLk; vd;gjidAk; ,t;mZFKiw

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;fpwJ.

njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw

cstpay; mZFKiwNahL neUq;fpa njhlHG nfhz;lJ

njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw MFk;. njhd;ik tuyhw;W topahf kdpjdpd;

czHTfs;> mtd; %jhijapd; gz;GfNshL ciwe;J fplf;fpd;wd.

kdpjd; gilf;fpd;w fiy ,yf;fpak; ,j;jifa czHTepiyfis

ntspg;gilahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth> fyitepiyapy; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ.

vdNt> ,yf;fpaj;ij Muha;fpd;wtd;> ciwe;J fplf;Fk; ,e;j czHT

epiyfisAk; cs; mHj;jq;fisAk; fz;lwpa Ntz;batdhf Mfpwhd;.

,ij tpsf;FtNj njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw (Archetypal criticism) vdg;gLk;.

njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw - tiuaiw

njhy;gbkk; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhye;njhl;L kdpj Fyj;jpd;

%isapy; gjpe;j gz;ghl;Lj; jlaq;fspd; rhukhfTk;> kuG topahf

tUk; $l;L edtpyp (Collective unconsciousness) kdj;jpd; tbtkhfTk;> kdpj Fyk; mjd; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fisr; re;jpj;j tif

khjpupahd vz;zw;w mDgtq;fspd; cstpay; epiyapyhd vr;rkhfTk;

nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

r%ff; FOf;fspd; nghJthd FwpaPLfshfj; njhd;kq;fshf>

rlq;Ffshfj; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; %ytbtk;> (Arche-type) njhlHe;J tUtjhfj; njhy;gbkk; tUzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,dk; rhHe;j

epidTfspd; (Racial memory) rhHgpidg; ngw;wjhfTk;> njhy;gbkk; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lj; jsq;fNshL gpize;Jk;

mtw;wpd; jhz;ltpayhj fl;likg;GfSlDk; ,J mike;jpUf;fpd;wjhf

tUzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

njhy;gbkq;fisj; NjLfpwJÉ mtw;iw tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fSf;Fk; #o;epiyfSf;Fk; njhy;gbkq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ.

%jhijapd; mwpTk; czHTk;

kdpjd; vt;tsTjhd; etehfupfq;fspy; rpf;Fz;lhYk; mtDila

kdj;jpd; Moj;jpy; mtNd mwpahj epiyapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa

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mtDila J}uj;J %jhijapd; mwpTk;> czHTk; epidTfSk;

rhuhk;rkhfg; gbe;J ciwe;J fplf;fpd;wd. mbg;gilapy; ,it

gFj;jwpa Kbahj; jd;ikAilad. vdNt> ,it rhuhk;rkhd

mbg;gil tbtq;fshFk;. gpd;ida kdpjd; mtw;iwj; njhd;kq;fshf

,q;qdk; VjhapDkhdjhf ntspapLfpwhd;. ,g;gpd;dzpf;Fs;spUe;Nj

njhy;gbktpaiy milahsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ. ,e;jj;

njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; fzprkhd

ftdj;ijg; ngw;W tUfpwJ.

njhd;kk;

njhd;ik> goik kw;Wk; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ vDk; nghUspidf;

nfhz;lJ njhd;kk; (Myth) vDk; nrhy;. ,r;nrhy; goikahdJ.

njhy;gbkk; kw;Wk; njhd;kk; vDk; fUj;Jepiyapd; Kf;fpakhd gz;G>

mJ fhyq;fle;j xU nghJikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;

%yk; ,J Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; vDk; tiuaiwf;Fs; mlq;fhjJ vd;gJ

mwpa tUfpwJ.

kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd; jftikg;Gfisg; ngw;Wtpl;l FwpaPLfs;>

rlq;Ffs;> vr;rq;fs; ,d;W njhd;k-njhy;gbk epiyfisg;

ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpypUe;J kdpjf; FOkj;jpd; czHT epiyfisg;

gjpT nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.

njhd;kq;fspd; epiy

njhd;kq;fshfg; gbe;Jtpl;l tho;Tr; rhuq;fspy; jha;ik vd;gJ

Kf;fpakhdJ. ,d;iwa ehty;fspYk; jpiug;glq;fspYk; ,jidg;

gy tbtq;fspy; epiwag; ghHf;f KbAk;. mJNghy> fw;G vd;gJ

fz;zfp> rPij> kz;Nlhjup KjypatHfisf; nfhz;Lk; ,d;iwa

fhyj;J ehty; ghj;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;Lk; mwpayhk;. njhd;kq;fs;>

Guhz tbtq;fisAk; ngWfpd;wd. Nkiyehl;L kugpy;> rhj;jhd;

(Satan) vd;gtd; NfL> jPq;F vd;w czHTepiyfspd; njhd;kk; MFk;.

gpwd;kid Nehf;fpa Ngijikf;F ,uhtzDk;> xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;w

xOf;fnewpf;F ,uhkDk; njhd;kq;fshf MfpapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,j;jifa

epiy> ,d;iwa gilg;GfspYk; epiwa cz;L.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

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rpy njhy;gbkq;fs;

,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> ehl;lhH fijfspYk;> Guhzq;fspYk;> rlq;FfspYk;

ek;gpf;iffspYk; kl;Lky;yhJ ,d;iwaj; jpiug;glq;fspYk;

njhy;gbkq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ntspg;ghLfSk; epuk;gpf; fplf;fpd;wd. vk;.

[p.uhkr;re;jpud; gw;wpa rpj;jpupg;Gfs; Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd nfhil Fwpj;j

njhy;gbkkhf mikfpwijf; fhzyhk;. ghup> Ngfd; Kjypa filnaO

ts;sy;fs; gw;wpa rpj;jpuq;fspd; ghzpapy; ,it mike;Js;sd.

njhy;gbkKk; jpiug;glKk;

u[pdpfhe;j;> kk;Kl;b ebj;j \jsgjp| vd;w jpiug;glk;> fHzd;

fijiag; Gjpa r%fr; #oy;fspy; njhy;gbkkhfr; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ.

fHzd;-JupNahjdd; (u[pdpfhe;Jk; kk;Kl;bAk;) jUkd;> ghQ;rhyp>

Fe;jp Kjypa njhy;gbkq;fs;> ,d;iwr; r%f kdpjHfshf mjpNy

rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. jpiug;glj;jpy; njhy;gbkk; cUthf;fj;jpw;F xU

rpwg;ghd cjhuzk; ,J.

njhy;gbkq;fspd; milahsq;fs;

jiyKiw> jiyKiwahfg; gbe;J fplf;Fk; njhy;gbkq;fs; ,t;thW

njhlHe;J gy tbtq;fspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpw;F ,yr;rpidahfg;

Guhz> tuyhw;W khe;jHfspd; ngaHfs; epidT nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> khjtp> ,uhkd;> rPij> tPlzd;> mfypif vd

,g;gbg; gyH njhy;gbkq;fSf;F milahsq;fshf epw;fpwhHfs;.

njhy;gbkq;fspd; rpwg;G

njhd;kk; my;yJ njhy;gbktpaiy xU FwpaPlhfTk;> milahskhfTk;

nfhz;L gz;ghl;bid - r%f kjpg;gpid mwpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;. ngaHfs;>

mtw;wpy; rhuhk;rkhfg; gbe;Js;s fUj;J epiyfs; njhd;Wnjhl;L

ekJ tho;f;if epfo;Tfspy; fye;Jk; jpupe;Jk; vjpHf;fg;gl;Lk; tUtij

,jd;%yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. XH ,dj;jpd; gz;ghl;bid> mjd; Njliy

mjd; ,Ug;ig> mjd; rpe;jid Kiwia ,aw;ifNahLk; kdpj

cwTfNshLk; mtHfs; nfhz;bUe;j cwitf; fhz;gjw;Fupadthfj;

njhy;gbkq;fs; Muha;r;rpf;F ,lk; jUfpd;wd.

31914.indd 119 12/18/2018 9:53:07 AM

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§\]ôn®Vp

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njhFg;Giu

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfspy; rpwg;ghdNjhH ,lj;ij tfpg;git>

tuyhw;wpay; jpwdha;T> cstpay; jpwdha;T kw;Wk; njhy;gbktpay;

jpwdha;T MfpaitahFk;. fhyk;> ,lk; vDk; ikaq;fspy; ,yf;fpak;

fhY}d;wp epw;fpwJ vDk; fUJNfhis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ

tuyhw;wpay; mZFKiw. ,J fhyr; #oikitAk;> fhye;NjhWk;

,yf;fpak; ngWfpd;w khw;wj;ijAk; Muha;fpwJ.

cs;sj;jpd; Nfhyq;fisAk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mit rpj;jpupf;fg;

gl;bUf;fpd;w Nfhzq;fisAk; cstpay; mZFKiw cs;Eioe;J

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. rpf;kz;l; /gpuha;L tFj;j gFg;gpay; cstpay;

vd;gJ> jpwdha;tpy; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

cstpay; Muha;r;rpf;Fl;gl;l xU gFjpahff; fUjg;glf;

$baJ> njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw. $l;L edtpyp kdk; vd;w

Nfhl;ghl;il mbj;jskhff; nfhz;L ,J mikfpwJ. kdpj Fyj;jpd;

epidNthl;lq;fspy; Mokhfg; gjpe;Js;s njhd;kq;fisg; gw;wpAk;

njhy;gbktpay; mZFKiw Muha;fpwJ.

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

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ghlk; 12

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs; - IVKd;Diu

,yf;fpaj;ij xU jpl;lkpl;l KiwNahL mZFtjw;Fk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk;

gy mZFKiwfs; cz;L vd Kd;ida ghlq;fspy; fz;Nlhk;. mtw;Ws;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy mZFKiwfis tpsf;fpf; fz;Nlhk;. njhlHe;J>

,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLfpd;w Kiw gw;wpAk;> nkhopapay;> ,yf;fpa

Muha;r;rpf;Fj; Jiz epw;gJ gw;wpAk;> rKjhatpaYk; ,yf;fpaKk; vd;gJ

gw;wpAk; fhztpUf;fpNwhk;. ,k;%d;W mZFKiwfSk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd;

rpy mbg;gilg; gz;GfisAk; rpwg;Gf; $WfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s

cjTfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaq;fspd; vy;iyfisf; FWf;fptplhky;>

,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpwid ehk; mwpa Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpwd;>

,yf;fpaj;NjhL cwT nfhz;l nghUs;fisAk; fUj;jikTfisAk;

NrHj;Jj;jhd; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,it gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,g;ghlj;jpy;

,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

xg;gpay; mZFKiw

xU nghUspd; jdpj;jd;ikfis my;yJ rpwg;Gfis mwptjw;F>

mjid mjNdhL XusT xj;j ,d;ndhU nghUNshL xg;gpl;Lg;

ghHg;gJ vd;gJ kdpj ,ay;Ng. mjdbg;gilapy; miktJjhd; xg;gpay;

mZFKiw. xg;gpl;Lj; jpwdha;tjw;Fj; jskhf ,Ug;gd> xd;ww;F

Nkw;gl;l fiy> ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fUj;jikTfs; MFk;.

,tw;Ws; nghJj; jd;ikAk; (commonness) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;É NtWgl;l

jd;ikAk; (difference) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nky;

xg;gPL nra;tJ> xd;widtpl ,d;ndhd;W rpwg;ghdJ> caHthdJ

vd;W fz;lwpAk; Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;ljy;y. vjid vLnghUshff;

nfhz;bUf;fpNwhNkh> mjd; jdpj;jd;ikfis Muha;tJjhd; xg;gpaypd;

Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. fk;gid kpy;l;lNdhL xg;gpLfpNwhk; vd;why;>

kpy;l;ldpd; Fiwfisr; nrhy;tNjhL> fk;gdpd; caHTfis kpifglr;

nrhy;tNjh my;yÉ khwhff; fk;gdpd; jpwidAk;> jdpj;jd;ikfisAk;>

fk;gDila #o;epiyfisAk; nrhy;tNj Nehf;fkhFk;. NkYk;>

xj;j rKjha tuyhw;Wr; #oy;fspy; Njhd;Wfpw ,yf;fpaq;fs;

xj;j jd;ikfisg; ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;gJk;> mNj rkaj;jpy;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


gilg;ghspapd; jpwj;jpdhYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;gpayhd rpy gz;ghl;Lr;

#oypdhYk; tpj;jpahrg;gl;l jd;ikfisg; ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;gJk;>

xg;gpay; mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilf; fUJNfhs;fs; MFk;.

xg;gpay; mZFKiw - tiuaiw

,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLjy; vd;gJ Gjpjy;y. jkpopy; ciuahrpupaHfsplNk

,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJNghy; NkiyehLfspYk; gy fhykhf

,Ue;JtUfpwJ. MapDk; mJ xU jdpj;JiwahfTk; jpl;lkpl;l jdp

topKiwahfTk; tsHe;jJ> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapNyNa

MFk;. gpuhd;R ehl;by;jhd; ,J ,t;thW Kjypy; tsHr;rp ngw;wJ.

gpd;dH> Vida ehLfSf;Fk; ,J nrd;wJ. xg;gpay; jpwdha;T vd;gJ>

tsHr;rp ngw;W xg;gpyf;fpakhfpj; (comparative literature) jdpj;Jtk; my;yJ jdpj;Jiwahf MdJ. xg;gpay; mZFKiwia mbj;jskhff;

nfhz;l xg;gpyf;fpaj;jpw;F> mnkupf;f mwpQH uPkhf; (H.H.Remack) je;Js;s tpjpKiwfNs> vq;Fk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj; jf;fdthfp cs;sd.

mit:

(m) Fwpg;gpl;l xU ehl;bDila ,yf;fpaj;ij ,d;ndhU ehl;L

,yf;fpaj;NjhL xg;gpl;Lf; fhz;gJ.

(M) ,yf;fpaq;fs; vitAk; jdpikahdit my;yÉ xd;NwhL xd;W

cwT nfhz;bUf;ff; $Lk;. ,e;j cwTfisf; fz;lwptJ

xg;gpay;.

(,) ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; cstpay;> jj;Jtk;> rKjhatpay;

Kjypatw;wpw;Fk; njhlHGfs; cz;LÉ mtw;iwf; fz;lwptJ.

(<) ,yf;fpak; xU fiy. mJNghy ,ir> $j;J> Xtpak; Kjypa

fiyfs; cz;L. ,e;jf; fiyfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s cwTfisAk;

jhf;fq;fisAk; fz;lwptJ.

,t;thW> xg;gPL vd;gJ ,j;jifa mbg;gilf; fUj;J epiyfisf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk;> xj;j my;yJ ,izthd gz;Gfs;

(parallelism)> jhf;fq;fs; (impact)> nry;thf;F (influence) Kjypatw;iw

,J fz;lwpfpwJ. NkYk;> nkhopngaHg;G vDk; Jiwia> xg;gPl;L

mZFKiw> jdf;F cwT nfhz;ljhff; nfhs;fpwJ. Vnddpy;

nkhopngaHg;G %ykhf ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> mtw;wpd; nry; newpfSk;>

mbf;fUj;JfSk; (themes) ehL tpl;L ehL> nkhopngaHe;J

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

guTfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s jhf;fq;fisf; fz;lwpAk;

nkhopngaHg;Gg; gw;wp mwptJ kpfTk; NjitahFk;.

jkpopy; xg;gPL

xg;gpLjy; vd;gJ jkpopy; kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpNyNa ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.

fsT> fw;G vDk; newpiaj; njhy;fhg;gpaH> kiwNahH my;yJ

tltH newpNahL xg;gpl;Lf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. nkhopngaHg;Gg; gw;wpAk;

NgrpapUf;fpwhH. Mdhy;> xg;gPL xU Kiwapayhfj; jkpopy; tsutpy;iy.

Njrpa czHtpd; (Nationalism) J}z;Ljyhy; jhd; xg;gpLjy; ,q;Nf

tsHr;rp ngw;Ws;sJ vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa tpLjiy Ntz;bg;

NghuhbatHfspy; xUtuhfpa t.Nt.R.IaH “Kamba Ramayana - A study” vd;w E}iy (1923) vOjpdhH. ,J> fk;gid thy;kPfpAlDk; kpy;lDlDk;

xg;gpLfpwJ. xg;gpl;Lf; fk;gdpd; ngUikia tpje;J NgRfpwJ. (tpje;J-

NtWgLj;jp )

jkpopyf;fpak; gw;wpa xg;gPLfspy; ,e;E}Ny KjyhtJ vd;W

nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. njhlHe;J> njh.K.rp.uFehjd;> ghujpiaAk;

n~y;ypiaAk; xg;gpl;L E}y; vOjpdhH. v];.uhkfpU~;zd; fk;gDk;

kpy;lDk; vDk; E}y; vOjpdhH. fyhepjp ifyhrgjp ghujpiaAk;

jh$iuAk; xg;gpl;L ,Ukfh ftpfs; vd;w xU E}y; vOjpdhH. NkYk;

mtH vOjpa xg;gpay; ,yf;fpak; vDk; E}Ny jkpopy; xg;gpay; gw;wp

tpsf;Ffpw Kjy; E}yhFk;. NguhrpupaH nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhH>

xg;gpayf;fpaj; Jiwapy; gy fl;LiufSk; E}y;fSk; vOjpaNjhL>

jkpofj;jpy; gy;fiyf;fof mstpy;> Kjd;Kiwahf mjw;nfd

xU jdpj; JiwiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhH. mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;

,yf;fpaq;fs;> kpfg; gutyhfg; gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fNshLk;> khHf;rpak;>

cstpay; Kjypa fUj;jikTfNshLk; xg;gPLfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

nkhopapay; mZFKiw

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfspy;> cUtj;ij Kf;fpankdf; fUJtdtw;Ws;

,JTk; xd;W. mNjNeuj;jpy;> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; czHT> moF>

Kjypatw;wpy; ,J ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. czHTfs;> nkhopapd;

thapyhf ntspg;gLfpd;wdÉ ,yf;fpak;> xUfiyg; nghUshf

moF ngw;wpUg;gjw;F nkhopNa rpwe;j thapyhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w

fUJNfhs;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,e;j mZFKiw. rpwe;j ftpQHfs;

vd;NghH> nkhopiaf; ifahStjpy; rpwe;jtHfshf ,Ug;gtHfs; vd;gJ

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

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XH cz;ik. ghujpiaAk;> ghujpjhridAk; gpd;dH> fz;zjhridAk;

,e;j tifahd nkhopj;jpwd; cilatHfshff; fhzKbAk;.

nkhopapay; mZFKiw - tpsf;fk;

nkhop vd;gJ Ntz;Lfpw nra;jpiar; nrhy;Ytjw;Fupa rhjdk;É

mofhfTk; gpwH kdq;nfhs;SkhWk; nrhy;Ytjw;Fupa rhjdk;.

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ xU fiy. Mdhy;> Xtpak;> ,ir> rpw;gk;> eldk;

Kjypa gpw fiyfspypUe;J mJ NtWgLfpwJ. vt;top? Kf;fpakhf>

nkhopapd;top. gpw fiyfs;> nkhopiar; rhHe;jpUg;gitay;yÉ Mdhy;>

,yf;fpaNkh> nkhopiar; rhHe;jJ. nkhopapd; topahfNt mJ jd;id

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt> mjid nkhoprhH fiy (Verbal Art) vd;gH. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhopaikg;ghdJ> mjhtJ mjDila nray;ghLfs;>

me;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;GfSf;Ff; fhuzpahfTk; milahskhfTk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F mjDila ,yf;fpaj; jd;ikNa

(Literariness) fhuzk; vd;Wk; mjidj; jUtJ> nkhopaikg;Ng vd;Wk;

Nuhkd; aNfhg;rd; (Roman Jakobson) $WthH. ,jdbg;gilapNyNa ,e;j mZFKiw mike;Js;sJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Kf;fpakhff;

ftpijapy; nkhop rpy jdpr;rpwg;ghd gz;GfSld; ,aq;FfpwJ vd;W

,e;j mZFKiwia Kd;dpWj;jpa Nùp nytpd; (Herry Levin)> nra;NkhH Nrl;kd; (Seymore Chatman) uP/ghj;Nj (Riffattere) Kjypa

mwpQHfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wdH.

,ay;G tof;Fk; ,yf;fpa tof;Fk;

eilKiwg; Ngr;R tof;if ,ay;G tof;F (Casual Language) vd;W nrhy;Nthkhdhy;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpwg;ghf toq;Ffpw nkhoptof;if

,yf;fpa tof;F (Literary usage) vd;fpNwhk;. ,jidr; nra;As;

tof;F vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH. tpj;jpahrg;gLjy; (difference) vd;gJ ,jd; gz;G my;yJ Nehf;fk;. cjhuzkhfj; Njd; vd;gJ xU jputg;

nghUs;. ,J> fhJf;Fs; NghFkh? Nghdhy; vd;d MFk;? mJTk;

Njd;É mJ ,dpg;ghdjhfj;jhd; ,Uf;fl;LNk - nrtpf;Fs; gha;e;J

nry;Ykh? rhj;jpakh? eilKiwapy; KbahJ. Mdhy; ftpijapy;>

Fwpg;gpl;l czHr;rpia tpje;Jk; mofhfTk; nrhy;y Ntz;Lkhdhy;>

mJ rhj;jpak;É mJ KbAk;. ghujpahH nrhy;YfpwhH.

nre;jkpo; ehlnDk; NghjpdpNy - ,d;gj;

Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Njd;> fhjpNy te;J gha;tjhfr; nrhy;tJ> kw;iwr; #o;epiyfspy;

jHf;fkw;w (illogical) xU tof;FÉ ftpijapy; czHt+l;lr; nrhy;YtJ

xUtifahd jUf;fk; - fiyapay; jUf;fk; - cila tof;fhFk;.

,e;j epiyia> nkhopapay; mZFKiw tpsf;FfpwJ. ,NjNghd;W>

,d;ndhU cjhuzk;. nghJthf> ,yf;fz tof;fpy;> jkpopy; - vOtha; -

nrag;gLnghUs; - gadpiy vd;w tifapy; thf;fpak; miktNj kuG.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L 'ehd; mtisf; fz;Nld;” vd;gJ. Mdhy;> vOtha;

(ntspg;gilahf) ,y;yhky;> gadpiyia thf;fpaj;jpd; Kjypy;

mikj;jhy;> ,yf;fzg;gb jtW Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

mJ tOtikjpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fk;gd; gilj;Jf;fhl;Lk;

nrhy;ypd; nry;td; mDkd;> ,uhkdpd; Mizg;gb rPijiaj; Njbr;

nry;Yfpd;whd;. rPijiaf; fz;L kPs;fpwhd;. MtNyhL ,Uf;Fk;

,uhkdplk; mJgw;wpr; nrhy;Yfpwhd;.

fz;lndd; fw;gpDf;F mzpiaf; fz;fshy;

(fk;g. Re;ju: jpUtb njhOjglyk; 56É1)

jftypd; cldbj; Njitahfpa czHTepiy> kdepiy Mfpatw;iwr;

rhHe;J ,e;j thf;fpak; mikfpwJ. “ehd; rPijiaf; fz;Nld;” vd;Nwh

“ehd; fw;gpDf;F mzpahfpa rPijiaf; fz;fshy; fz;Nld;” vd;Nwh

nrhy;Ytijtpl> mDkdpd; nrhy;jpwd;> rpwg;ghfTk; mofhfTk;

,Uf;fpwjy;yth?

eilapay; $Wfs;

Nkw;$wpatw;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhopapay; jpwdha;tpy;> eilapay;

$Wfs; (Stylistic Features) vd;gH. xypaikg;G> (Sound texture)> nrhy; mikg;G (Lexical, diction)> njhluikg;G (Syntactic) Mfpa epiyfspy;>

,j;jifa eilapay; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nrhy;YNthd;

czHr;rpf;Fk;> mtDila nkhopapy; ntspg;gLfpw Fuy; my;yJ

xypapd; Vw;w ,wf;fk; my;yJ mikg;Gf;Fk; Neubahd njhlHG

,Uf;fpwJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; ftpij nkhopapd; xypaikg;G my;yJ

xypg;gpd;dy; mikfpwJ. mJNghyNt nrhw;fSk;> mit jpUk;gj;

jpUk;g tUjyhfpa gz;Gk; mikfpd;wd. FioT> fdpT> fhjy; Nghd;w

#oy;fspy;> xypfSk; nrhw;fSk; miktjw;Fk;> Nfhgk;> vupr;ry; Kjypa

#oy;fspy; mit miktjw;Fk; NtWghLfs; cz;L. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

,uhkd; Nky; tpUg;gk; nfhz;L> #Hg;gdif khaNtlk; g+z;L mofpa

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

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tQ;rp kfnsd> mtd;Kd; Njhd;Wtjhfr; nrhy;Yk;NghJk;> Ffd;>

gujd; Nky; vjpupnadr; re;Njfq;nfhz;L mtidf; Nfhgj;NjhL

NgRtjhfr; nrhy;Yk; NghJk; fk;gd; ifahSfpw xypj;jpwidAk;

nrhw;wpwidAk; fz;L nfhs;f. ,t;thW> eilapay; $Wfs;> nkhopapay;

mZFKiwapd; %ykhf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. nkhopiag; gw;wpAk; mjd;

nray;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; NgRfpw nkhopapay;> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpwdwpa

,t;thW gad;gl;L tUfpwJ.

rKjhatpay; mZFKiw

jkpopy;> gyuhy; mwpag;gl;lJk;> gpd;gw;wg;gLtJk;> rKjhatpay;

mZFKiw (Sociological approach) MFk;. ,J> ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

cs;slf;fk; gw;wpNa mjpfk; mf;fiw nfhs;fpwJÉ mjidNa jskhff;

nfhs;fpwJ. xU rKjhatpay; mwpQd; nra;fpw Ntiyia ,e;j

mZFKiw %yk;> jpwdha;thsd; nra;fpwhd;. rKjha tuyhW vOj

,e;jj; jpwdha;TKiw> gy rkaq;fspy; mwpQHfSf;F cjTfpd;wJ.

jkpo;r; r%f tuyhw;Wf;F - Kf;fpakhfg; goe;jkpo;r; r%fj;ij mwpa

- ,e;j mZFKiw ngUkstpy; Jiz nra;Js;sJ. nt.fdfrigg;

gps;is> Nf.V.ePyfz;l rh];jpupahH Kjypa gy mwpQHfs; ,t;thW

gy E}y;fs; nra;Js;sdH.

rKjhatpay; mZFKiw - tpsf;fk;

rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilf; fUJNfhs;fs; gpd;tUtd :

(1) ,yf;fpak; ntw;W ntspapypUe;J gpwg;gjpy;iyÉ Fwpg;gpl;l

rKjhar; #oypy;jhd; mJ gpwf;fpwJ.

(2) mt;thW Njhd;Wk; ,yf;fpak;> xU rKjha mikg;gpy; ,aq;FfpwJÉ

xU rKjhaj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJÉ mr; rKjhaj;jpdhy;

Vw;fg;glNth> Gwf;fzpf;fg;glNth nra;fpwJ.

(3) xU rKjhag; gpd;Gyj;jpy; gpwf;fpw ,yf;fpak;> me;jr; rKjhaj;ij

NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

(4) gilg;ghspapd; rKjha Nehf;fk;> Njit Kjypad mtDila

,yf;fpaj;jpy; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

tho;tpay; eilKiwfspd; fhuzkhf> rKjhaj;jpd; xU tpisnghUshf

mikfpw (Social product) ,yf;fpak;>Njhw;wk;> nghUs;> gad;ghL

Mfpa %d;W epiyfspYk; kdpj Fyj;NjhL neUf;fk; nfhz;ljhf

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. r%fj;jpy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jTk;> tpisT Vw;gLj;jTk;

$bajhf ,yf;fpak; miktjhy;> r%fj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;l gyUk;

,j;jpwdha;tpd; gad;ghl;by; mf;fiw nfhs;fpd;wdH. Kf;fpakhf>

khHf;rpa mwpQHfs;> ,e;jj; jpwdha;T Kiwapy; ftdk; nrYj;JtNjhL>

khHf;rpa nka;Q;Qhdk; fhl;Lk; Kiwapaypd; topahf> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;

rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwTfis tpsf;Ffpd;wdH. rKjha khw;wk;>

khHf;rpathjpfshy; Kd; nkhopag;gLtjhy;> ,yf;fpaj;ijr; r%ftpaypd;

mq;fkhfg; ghHg;gJ> mtrpag;gLfpwJ.

rpy mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; my;yJ Nfhzq;fs;

rKjhatpay; jpwdha;T kpfTk; tprhykhdJÉ NkYk;> ,J kpfTk;

gioikahdJk; mNj Neuj;jpy; njhlHe;J gutyhfr; nra;ag;gl;L

tUtJk; MFk;. vdNt> ,J gy Nfhzq;fspy; (dimensions or angles) ntspg;gLfpwJ. mtw;Ws;> Fwpg;ghfr; rKjhag; gpd;Gyk; (Social background) fhZjy;> kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff;

Fwpg;gpl;l gpd;GyNk fhuzk; vd;w Kiwapy; Muha;jy; Mfpatw;iw

,q;Fg; ghHf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf> jkpo;r; rpWfijfspd; njhlf;f

fhyj;jpy;> tpjitaH Nrhfk;> ghy;a tpthfj;jpd; nfhLikfs;

Kjypatw;iw kpFjpahfNt fhzyhk;. fhuzk;> 18> 19 Mk; E}

w;whz;Lfspy; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy;> Kf;fpakhfg; gpuhkz ,dj;jtupilNa

ghy;a tpthfk;> xU r%ff; fl;lhakhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. me;jr;

NrhfNk> ,j;jifa fijfs; Njhd;wf; fhuzk;É mNj Neuj;jpy;>

mz;ikf; fhykhfj; jkpo;g; Gidfijfspy; mj;jifa ghLnghUisf;

fhz;gjupJ. fhuzk;> me;jr; #o;epiy ,g;NghJ ,y;iy. fhyjhkjkhfj;

jpUkzkhfpd;w KjpHfd;dpfs; gpur;rid> ,d;iwag; Gidfijfspy;

,lk; ngw;W tUtijg; ghHf;fyhk;. NkYk;> ngz;fs; vOr;rp kw;Wk;

ngz;zpar; rpe;jid ngUfp tUtijAk; ghHf;fyhk;.

rKjha epWtdq;fs; (Social Institutions) gw;wpa rpj;jpupg;G: jpUkzk;>

jdpf;FLk;gk;> $l;Lf; FLk;gk;> r%f epajpfs; my;yJ vOjg;glhj

rl;lq;fSk; kuGfSk;> rhjp Kjypait rKjha epWtdq;fshFk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,it vt;ntt;thW ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd vd;W fz;lwptJ

rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.

mLj;Jr; rKjha kjpg;Gfs; my;yJ tpOkpaq;fs; (Social Values). ,it> ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fshy; my;yJ nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w r%ff;

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


FOtpduhy; ,itapit ey;yd my;yJ jPad> nfl;ld my;yJ

Vw;Gilad vd;W ePz;lfhykhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L tUtdthFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fhjy; vd;gJ jdpkdpj czHTfisAk;

epahaq;fisAk; rhHe;jpUf;fpw mNj Ntisapy; mJ xU rKjha

kjpg;ghfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. vdNtjhd; fhjiy Vw;gJ> epuhfupg;gJ

vd;gd r%f epfo;Tfshfp mikfpd;wd. etAff; fhjy; vg;gbg;gl;ljhf

,Uf;fpwJ. rhjpAk; kjKk; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W fpz;ly;

nra;fpwhH ftpQH kPuh. FWe;njhiff; fhjy;> ngw;NwhH ahH> CH vJ>

cwtpdH ahH vd;W ghHf;fhky;> nrk;Gyj;jpy; nga;j kioNghy; ,UtH

kdKk; fyg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ?

ftpQupd; ghHitapy;>

cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;

xNu CH

thRNjt ey;Y}H

ePAk; ehDk;

xNu kjk;

jpUney;Ntypr; irtg; gps;iskhH

tFg;Gq; $l

cd;wd; je;ijAk;

vd;wd; je;ijAk;

nrhe;jf;fhuHfs;

vdNt

nrk;Gyg;ngay; ePHNghy

md;Gil neQ;rk; jhk;fye;jdNt.

,t;thW> fhjy;> xU r%f kjpg;ghf ntspg;gLfpwJ. rKjhatpay;

mZFKiwapy; ,j;jifa jfty;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;thW> rKjhaj;jpd; epiyg;ghLfisAk;> mjd; gy;NtW

mq;fq;fisAk;> mjd; epWtdq;fisAk;> mjd; kuGfisAk;

rpj;jpupg;gJk; tpkuprdk; nra;tJk; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

gy tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gl;L tUfpwJ. NkYk;> rKjhaf; FOf;fs;>

,Ug;gplq;fs;> rKjha khw;wq;fs; Kjypad gw;wpAk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

rpj;jpupf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; xU KiwapaNyhL my;yJ

topKiwNahL jpwdha;T nra;tJ> rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapd;

flikahf mikfpwJ.

31914.indd 128 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

njhFg;Giu

jpwdha;T mZFKiwfs;> ,yf;fpaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapay;fs;

nfhz;L tpsf;Ftjw;F cupait. ,tw;Ws; xg;gpay; mZFKiw>

nkhopapay; mZFKiw> rKjhatpay; mZFKiw Mfpa %d;W

mZFKiwfis ,g;ghlj;jpy; fz;Nlhk;. xj;j jd;ikfSk;

mNj Neuj;jpy; NtWgl;l jd;ikfSk; nfhz;l xd;ww;F Nkw;gl;l

,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLfpd;w xg;gpay; jpwdha;T> ehk; vLj;Jf;

nfhz;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;Gf;fisAk; gz;GfisAk; jUfpd;wJ.

,yf;fpaq;fis ,yf;fpaq;fNshL kl;Lkd;wpg; gpw fiyfNshLk;

,yf;fpaj;ij xg;gplyhk;. Kf;fpakhf fUj;jikTfs; nfhz;Lk;

xg;gplyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaj;ijg;

gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaj;NjhL xg;gpLjy; rpwg;ghdJ. xg;gpyf;fpak; vd;gJ

,jdbg;gilapy; jdpnahU Jiwahf tsHr;rp ngw;Ws;sJ. nkhopapay;

jpwdha;T vd;gJ> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fpw nkhop mjd; gy;NtW

$WfSlDk; gz;Gfs; my;yJ nray;ghLfSlDk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F

vt;thW moFk; jpwDk; rpwg;Gk; jUfpd;wJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

xypg;gpd;dy;> nrhy; NjHT> nrhy; tsk;> thf;fpa mikg;G Kjypatw;wpy;

eilapay; $Wfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ngUk;ghYk; ciueil

,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngWtijtplf; ftpijapNyNa mjpfk; rpwg;Gg;

ngWfpd;wd.

rKjhatpay; mZFKiw> kpfTk; gioikahdJk;> tprhykhd

jsk; nfhz;lJk;> gue;Jglg; gyuhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJk;

MFk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s neUf;fj;ij>

mjd; ,aq;F jpwdha;f; nfhz;L> ,e;j mZFKiw mikfpwJ.

r%fr; rpj;jpupg;Gfs;> r%fg; gpd;Gyq;fs;> jsq;fs;> r%f epWtdq;fs;>

r%f kjpg;Gf;fs;> khw;wq;fs; Kjypatw;wpd; Nfhzq;fspy; my;yJ

gupkhzq;fspy; ,t; mZFKiw ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

31914.indd 129 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


ghlk; 13

jpwdha;Tk; ciu kuGk;

Kd;Diu

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ Neubahf Nkiy ehl;bypUe;J ,q;Nf

,wf;Fkjpahd XH mwpthw;wy; jpwd; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJz;L.

Mdhy; mJ jtwhdJ. ,q;Nf> jkpopy; xd;Wkpy;iyÉ vy;yhk; Nkiyr;

ruf;Fj;jhd; vd;W nrhy;tJ> tuyhW gw;wpa mwpahik vd;Wjhd;

nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,d;Ws;s khjpupNa md;Wk; ,Ue;jJ vd;W ahUk;

vjpHghHf;f KbahJÉ Mdhy; jkpopy;> kpfg;goq;fhyj;jpNyNa> ,jDila

njhlf;fepiyf; $Wfs; ,Ue;jd. jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa

fUj;Jfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jjiyr; nra;fpwJ vd;why;> goq;fhyj;jpNy

ciu vd;gJ mj;jifanjhU gzpiar; nra;jpUf;fpwJ vdyhk;. ,d;W

mwptpay; kw;Wk; gy rpe;jidfspd; tsHr;rp fhuzkhfj; jpwdha;T> xU

jdpj;Jiwahf etPdkhd Kiwapay;fNshL tsHe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gJ

cz;ikNaÉ Mdhy;> jpwdha;T ,d;W nra;fpd;w gzpapid VNjh

xU tbtpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyfSld; ciu md;W nra;jJ. vdNt

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T gw;wpg; NgRfpw ehk; ciukuG gw;wpg; NgRtJk;

kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

ciu - tpsf;fk;

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ gilf;fg;gLtJ. mJ xU fiytbtk;. ciu

vd;gJ mwpT rhHe;jJÉ ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpwHf;F tpsf;FtJÉ ,yf;fpak;

gw;wpg; NgRtJ. ciu vd;w nrhy;> tsk; epiwe;jJ. mJ> %d;W

epiyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ my;yJ nghUs;gLfpwJ. jkpopd; kpfg; gioa

,yf;fzkhfpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyNa ,jidf; fhzyhk;. ciu -

ciuj;jy;É nrhy;Yjy; (To tell)É ,Jjhd; mbg;gilahd nghUs;.

mLj;J> ciu - ciueil (prose). %d;whtjhf ciu - tpsf;fk;É

,yf;fpak; my;yJ ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;FtJ (Commentary).

ey;yit ciuj;jYk; my;yit fbjYk;

—(njhy;fhg;gpak;>fw;gpay;-12)

vd;W tUfpw ,lj;jpy; nrhy;Y-$W vd;w nghUspy; ciu vd;w

nrhy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. ,JNt ngUk;ghd;ikahd tof;F. mLj;J>

31914.indd 130 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

,r;nrhy; ciueil (prose) vd;w nghUspYk; njhy;fhg;gpauhy;

gad;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. nra;Aspay; vd;w gFjpapy; (#j;jpuk; 157>

158)> mbtiuaiwapy;yhr; nra;As;fs; MW vd;W nrhy;yp> mtw;Ws;

xd;whf> ciu vd;gij mtH nrhy;YfpwhH. ghly; KOtJk; ghl;lhf

my;yhky; ,ilapilNa Fwpg;ghfTk; tpupthfTk; ,lk; ngWtJ ciu

vd;gJ mtH $w;W.

ghl;bil

itj;j Fwpg;gp dhDk;

ghtpd; nwOe;j fpstp ahDk;

nghUs;ku gpy;yhg; ngha;k;nkhop ahDk;

nghUshL GzHe;j eifnkhop ahDk;

ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg

—(nra;Aspay;-166)

,t;thW ciu my;yJ ciueil mikfpwJ vd;gJjhd; ciueilapd;

njhlf;fg; gz;G MFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> \ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr;

nra;As;| vd;W mjd; gjpfk; $WfpwJ. ciueilapd; tuyhW ,t;thW

mikfpwJÉ mJ jdpahfg; ghHf;fj; jFe;jJ.

mLj;J> ciu vd;gJ> tpsf;fk; my;yJ Gyg;ghL vd;w nghUspy;>

kugpaypy; njhy;fhg;gpaH NgRfpwhH. #j;jpuj;jpd; cl;nghUisg; NgRtJ

ciuÉ cl;nghUs; kl;Lky;yhJ> ,d;wpaikahj fUj;JfisAk; NgRtJ

ciuÉ NkYk; \IaKk; kUl;ifAk; nrt;tpjpd; ePf;FtJ ciu| vd;W

njhy;fhg;gpaH nrhy;fpwhH (kugpay; 105> 106).

,k;%d;W nghUs;fisAk; njhFj;J> 'ciuj;jy; - ciueilapy;

ciuj;jy; - ,yf;fpak; my;yJ ,yf;fzj;jpd; cl;nghUisAk; mjidr;

rhHe;j NtWnghUl;fisAk; nrt;tpjpd; ciuj;jy; my;yJ tpsf;Fjy;”

ciu vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. cz;ikapy; ,Jjhd; jpwdha;Tf;Fk; cupa

mbg;gilahd tiuaiwahFk;.

ciuAk; mjd; gFg;GfSk;

njhy;fhg;gpaKk; mjd; gpd;dhy; te;j ed;D}Yk; ciu vd;gjid

,yf;fzj;jpw;FupaJ vDk; KiwapNyNa NgRfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpak;

ciuia tifg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;ytpy;iy. Mdhy; ed;D}y;> fhz;bifAiu>

tpUj;jpAiu vd;w ,uz;L gFg;Gfshff; $Wfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,it>

,yf;fz ciufSf;F cupa ghFghLfNs MFk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fupa

ciufs; ghFgLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

31914.indd 131 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


fhz;bifAiu vd;gJ fUj;J> nrhw;nghUs;> vLj;Jf;fhl;L

vDk; %d;iwAk; juNtz;Lk;É mtw;NwhL tpdh tpilAk; jug;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;ifiar; NrHe;j MWKf ehtyH ed;D}Yf;F

,t;tifahd fhz;bif ciuiaj; je;jpUf;fpwhH. MfNt mJ

ePz;lfhykhfg; ghlE}yhfg; gapyg;gl;L tUfpwJ. tpUj;jpAiu vd;gJ

tpupthfr; nrhy;Yfpd;w ciu. #j;jpuj;jpd; cl;nghUis kl;Lky;yhJ>.

,d;wpaikahj tpsf;fq;fisAk; mJ nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. gpwUila

ciuia my;yJ fUj;ij vLj;Jiuj;J mjid kWj;Njh> mjw;F

cld;gl;Nlh> jd;Dila fUj;ijj; njspTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Iaq;fis

mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy;> ed;D}Yf;Fr; rq;fu ekr;rpthaH rpwe;j

tpUj;jpAiu vOjpAs;shH.

njhy;fhg;gpa ciufSf;Ff; fhz;bif> tpUj;jp vd;w ghFghLfs;

,y;iy. vy;yh ciufSNk> tpsf;fkhfTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSlDk;

mike;j ciufshFk;. ahg;Gf;fs; gw;wpg; NgRk; ahg;gUq;fyf; fhupif

ciu> RUf;fkhd ciu. ahg;gUq;fyk; vDk; E}Yf;F mike;j

ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jpAiu> tpsf;fkhd ciu. ,yf;fzq;fSs;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;Nf mjpfkhd ciufs; cs;sd. ,d;Wk;$l mjw;F

ciufs; vOjg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpak; ,yf;fpak; gw;wpAk; tho;newp

gw;wpAk; NgRfpwJ vd;gNj ,jd; fhuzp. ,J njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd;

ngUikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.

ciuAk; ghlk; Nfl;lYk;

'fw;wypy; Nfl;lNy ed;W”> 'fw;wpydhapYk; Nfl;f.” - ,it rhd;NwhH

thf;F. Kd;dH> VLfs; mupjhfNt fpilg;gdthjyhYk;> Kiwahd

ghlrhiyfSk; mupadthfNt ,Ue;jd vd;gjhYk;> tPLfspNy

mkHe;J thrpj;J> kfpOtJk; mupajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j epiyapy;

nghJ kd;wj;jpy; gyH $bapUf;f> xUtH> xU E}iyNah> ghlj;ijNah

cuf;fg; gbj;J mjw;Fg; nghUSk; tpsf;fKk; nrhy;Yjy; vd;gJ

md;iwa epiyahf ,Ue;jJÉ mJNt fy;tp KiwahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

vdNt> Nfs;tp my;yJ nrtptopr; nry;tk;> md;W ngupJk; ghuhl;lj;

jFe;jjhfTk; Vw;GilajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jr; #o;epiyapy;jhd;

tpsf;Fjy; vd;gJ ciuj;jy; vd;gjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. xU E}iyNah>

ghlj;ijNah> xU FO my;yJ $l;lj;jpd; Kd;dhy; ciug;gJ

vd;gJ mg;gbNa me;j E}iy tuptupahf thrpg;gJ my;yJ xg;gpg;gJ

vd;gjhfhJ. khwhf> mjid tpsf;FtJ> cldpUg;Nghupd; Iaq;fis

31914.indd 132 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ePf;FtJ> mtHfSila tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfs; jUtJ> Nfl;Nghupd;

fUj;ij <Hg;gJ vd;gjhf mJ ,Ue;jJ. ,J> ,d;iwa eilKiwapy;>

ghlk; nrhy;YtJ> ghlk; Nfl;gJ cs;spl;l fy;tpKiw (Pedagogy) MFk;. ciuapd; ,j;jifa gz;G Nghd;wJjhd;> jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilg;

gz;G MFk;. jpwdha;tpy; gy Gjpa nfhs;iffs; ngUfptpl;lNghJk;>

mJ fy;tprhHe;j xU Kiwapayhf Nkiy ehl;ltH gyuhy; ,d;Wk;

fUjg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

,iwadhH mfg;nghUSiu jUk; tpsf;fk;

mWgJ E}w;ghf;fs; nfhz;l ,iwadhH mfg;nghUs; my;yJ

,iwadhH fstpay; vd;W toq;fg;ngWk; E}Yf;F ciufs; rpy

vOjg;gl;ldÉ Xjg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; rpwe;j xd;iw (mjhtJ ,d;W

toq;Ffpd;w ciuia) cUj;jpu rd;kd; vd;gtd; NjHe;njLj;jhd; vd;W

me;j ciu $WfpwJ. ,e;j ciujhd;> Kjd;Kjyhf Kr;rq;fq;fs; gw;wp

tpupthfg; NgRfpwJ. me;j ciu $Wk; rpy nra;jpfs; ,q;Nf ekf;F

Vw;Giladthf ,Uf;Fk;. %yE}y; vJthapDk; - mJ ,iwadhupd;

mfg;nghUs; E}yhapDk; - mjw;F ciu vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. ciu

nrhy;Yk; NghJjhd;> %yE}y; rupahd tpsf;fk; ngWfpwJ. ,t;top>

jpwdha;T vt;tsT mtrpakhdJ vd;gJ njupatUk;. xU E}Yf;Fg;

gy ciufs; vof;$Lk;. Mapd; vy;yhk; kpfr; rupahd tpsf;fq;fisj;

jUk; vd;gjpy;iy. mitAk; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;FupaitNa. ,e;j

mfg;nghUSf;Fr; nra;ag;gl;l ciu> GytHfs;> rhd;NwhHfs;

gyH ,Uf;Fk; mitapy; ciuf;fg;gl;l ciuahFk;. NkYk;> ,J

njhlHe;J gy jiyKiwfshf tupirahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;L te;jJ. \

kJiuf;fzf;fhadhH kfdhH ef;fPudhH> jk;kfdhH fPuq;nfhw;wdhHf;F

ciuj;jhHÉ mtH NjD}HfpohHf;F ciuj;jhHÉ mtH> gbaq;nfhw;wdhHf;F

ciuj;jhH...| vd;W ,g;gbNa tupirg;gLj;jpf; $wpr; nry;YfpwJ>

ciu. ,jd;%yk; ciu vd;gJ njhlHe;J gy jiyKiwapdUk;

Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk;gbahf> Nghw;Wk;gbahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jg;

Gyg;gLfpwJ. jpwdha;T> jiyKiw ,ilntspfis ,l;L epug;GtJÉ

xU nra;jpiag; gy jiyKiwfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tJ.

,iwadhHmfg;nghUSiu gy tiffspy; rpwg;GilaJ.

gioa kuGfisf; nfhz;L te;J xg;gitj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy;> Gjpa

nra;jpfisr; nrhy;Yjy;> gpwUila fUj;Jfisr; nrhy;yp mtw;iw>

Vw;Giladntdpd; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;> my;yntdpd; kWj;jy;>

31914.indd 133 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


tpdhf;fis vOg;Gjy;> mtw;wpw;F tpilfs; nrhy;Yjy;> E}w;ghf;fs;

rhHe;j gy gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfisf; nfhz;L te;J nrhy;Yjy; vd;W

gy gz;Gfis ,jpNy fhzyhk;. ,itnay;yhk; jpwdha;Tnewpf;F

cfe;jit. jkpo; ciukuG> ,t;thW jpwdha;tpd; tuyhw;NwhL

,ize;jpUf;fpwJ.

ciufspd; gzp

kdpjdpd; r%f tho;f;ifiaAk;> jdpkdpj czHTfisAk; nrhy;YtJk;>

kdpj tho;T Nkd;ikAwf; fiyapay; gz;Gfs; %ykhf cjTtJk;

,yf;fpaj;jpd; gzpahFk;. nkhopapd; mikg;G> mjd; gy;NtW $Wfs;

Kjypatw;iw Kiwg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;yp> mk;nkhopia topg;gLj;JtJ

,yf;fzj;jpd; gzp. ,e;jg; gzpfisr; nrt;itahfTk;> ,ilawhkYk;

njhlHe;J nra;jpl cjTtJ ciufspd; gzpahFk;.

xU fhyj;jpy; - me;jf; fhyj;jpd; gz;GfSf;Fk; #oy;fSf;Fk;

Vw;g - vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fSk; ,yf;fzq;fSk;> fhyk; vd;w

gue;j ntspapy; njspthfg; GupaKbahky; NghtJz;L. mUfpa

nrhy;yikg;Gfs;> nrhw;nghUs; khw;wq;fs;> gz;ghl;L tof;fhWfspy;

Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhfg; \Gupjy;| vd;gjpy;

,ilntspfs; Vw;glf;$Lk;. %yg; gDty;fspd; Nehf;fk;> jiyKiwfs;

fle;J mit vy;yhHf;Fk; gad;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ. fhy ,ilntspfs;

my;yJ jiyKiw ,ilntspfis ePf;Ftjpy; ciufs; ngUk;gq;F

Mw;Wfpd;wd. fhl;lhfg; gl;bdg;ghiy>

Kl;lhr; rpwg;gpd; gl;bdk; (mb: 218)

vd;W nrhy;YfpwJ. \Kl;lh...| vd;w nrhy; tof;F> rq;f fhyj;jpy;

ngUtof;fhf ,Ue;jhYk;> gpd;dhspy; Fwpg;ghf ek;Kila fhyj;jpy;

mJ mUfpa tof;F. vdNt Gupjypy; xU jfty; ,ilntsp

(Communication gap) tpOfpwJ. er;rpdhHf;fpdpaupd; ciu> ,e;j

,ilntspiaf; Fiwf;f tUfpwJ. 'FiwTglhj jiyikia

cila gl;bdk;” vd;W ciu nrhy;YfpwJ. ,g;NghJ me;jg; ghly;

$wte;j nghUSk; mjd; rpwg;Gk; ekf;F vspjhfj; njupatUfpd;wd.

,t;thW ciu> %yg;gDtYf;Fk;> mjid thrpf;fpw gy;NtW

jiyKiwapdHf;Fk; jfty; ,ilntspfs; tpohky; ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s

cjTfpwJ. ,JNt> ciufspd; mbg;gilahd gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.

jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilAk; ,Jjhd;.

31914.indd 134 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ciu Njhd;Wtjw;Fupa #oy;fs;

jkpopy; ciufs; Njhd;wpajw;Fupa mbg;gilr; #oy;fs;:

(1) rq;f fhy tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF te;j Ntw;wurHfspd; Ml;rpf;

fhyq;fspy;> kPz;Lk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijAk;

gbf;fTk;> mit gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fTk; $ba MHtepiy Vw;gl;lJÉ

mNjNghJ> nkhopeil> gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs;> nra;jpfspd;

mUikfs; Kjypait jiyKiwfspd; ,ilntsp fhuzkhfr;

rpwpa rpwpa jilfis Vw;gLj;jpd. vdNt ciu $WtJ

mtrpakhapw;W.

(2) rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; jdpj;jdpahf vOjg;gl;litÉ

ghlg;gl;litÉ ,it> fp.gp.6Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpwF-

njhFf;fg;gl;ld. njhiffshf tUk;NghJ> nkhj;jkhfg;

gbg;gjw;Fk; ciu $Wtjw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld.

(3) rkzj; Jwtpfspd; nray;ghLfspdhy; gy rkzg; gs;spfs;>

rq;fq;fs; Vw;gl;ldÉ mg;NghJ ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa E}y;fSk;

jj;Jtq;fSk; gfpHe;J nfhs;sg;gl;ldÉ tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jr;

#o;epiyfs; jkpopy; ciufs; Njhd;w ey;y jsk; mikj;jd.

ciufs; tuyhW

jkpopy; ,d;W fpilg;gtw;Ws;> Kjy; ciuahff; fUjg;gLtJ

,iwadhH fstpaYiu MFk;. ,e;j ciu> ef;fPuH ngauhy;

toq;FfpwJ. fp.gp. 8 my;yJ 9Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg; ngw;wJ. ,jd;

eil> ciueiltsHr;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpakhd mbj;jskhFk;. ,jidj;

njhlHe;J> njhy;fhg;gpak; gyUila ftdj;ijf; ftHe;jJ. ,sk;g+uzH

vd;ghH Kjd;Kjyhfj; njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; ciu vOjpdhH.

mjd; gpd;dH> NrdhtiuaH NguhrpupaH> Kjypa gyH ciu vOjpdhHfs;.

njhy;fhg;gpa ciufSs;> nghUsjpfhuj;Jf;Fg; NguhrpupaH vOjpa

ciu> jkpopy; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if gw;wp vOj kpfTk; Jiz epw;gJ.

fp.gp.11-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpwFjhd; ciufs; mjpfk; Njhd;wpd.

njhlHe;J ciufs; fhyk;NjhWk; vOjg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

20-Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; ciufs; gy Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,tw;Ws;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gz;bjkzp K.fjpNurd; nrl;bahH vOjpa jpUthrf

ciuahFk; fjpHkzp tpsf;fk; vd;gJ ,jd;ngaH. kiwkiyabfs;

vOjpa Ky;iyg;ghl;L - Muha;r;rp ciu kw;Wk; gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp

31914.indd 135 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


ciu vd;w ,uz;Lk; ciufshf kl;Lky;yhky;> ,f; fhyj;Jj;

jkpo;j; jpwdha;tpd; njhlf;f fhy Kaw;rpfshfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

ciu vd;gjw;Fk; jpwdha;T vd;gjw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs;

FiwNt vd;gjid kiwkiyabfspd; ,e;j ,U ciufSk; ekf;Ff;

fhl;Lfpd;wd.

jkpopy; toq;Fk; ,d;iwa jpwdha;tpd; tuyhW vOJfpwtHfs;>

,jidf; Fwpg;gplhky; Nghtjpy;iy. mLj;J> e.K.Ntq;flrhkp

ehl;lhH vOjpa rpyg;gjpfhu ciuAk;> ngUkiog; GytH ngh.

Nt.NrhkRe;judhH vOjpa rq;f ,yf;fpa ciufSk; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fit.

it.K.NfhghyfpU~;zkhr;rhupahH> fk;guhkhazj;Jf;F tpupthd

ciu vOjpAs;shH. ,jpYs;s tpsf;fq;fSk; xg;gPl;Lf; Fwpg;GfSk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; Guhzf; fijfSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Nrf;fpohupd;

ngupaGuhzj;Jf;F rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa KjypahH tpsf;fkhd ciuia

vOjpAs;shH.

ciufspd; tiffs;

vt;tifahd E}y;fs; kPJ ciufs; mikfpd;wd vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy;

ciufis Kf;fpakhf ,uz;lhff; nfhs;syhk;. xd;W ,yf;fz

ciufs;. vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; Mfpatw;Wf;F ciu vOJtJ

gioikahdJÉ mNj rkaj;jpy; njhlHe;J toq;fp tUtJk; MFk;.

,uz;L - ,yf;fpa ciufs;. Kf;fpakhfg; gioa ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fhd

ciufs; gyuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;Ls;sd. ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak; Mfpa

,uz;bw;Fk; ciunaOjpatHfs; kpfTk; FiwT. er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH

njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;Fk; ciunaOjpAs;shHÉ mNj rkaj;jpy; gj;Jg;ghl;L

vDk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;njhif E}Yf;Fk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzp vDk; fhg;gpa

E}Yf;Fk; ciu fz;Ls;shH. ,yf;fpaKk; ,yf;fzKk; my;yhky;> rka

jj;Jt E}y;fSf;Fk; ciu vOJjy;> xU NjitahfTk; KiwahfTk;

cs;sJ.

nka;fz;lhupd; rptQhdNghjj;jpw;F> rptQhd khghbak; vDk;

ciuia rptQhd KdptH vOjpAs;sij vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;.

jkpopy; jj;Jt E}y;fSf;F vOe;j ciufs; kpfTk; FiwNtahFk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpw;F mike;j ciufNs mjpfk;.

31914.indd 136 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

ciufspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

%yg; gDty;fNs> Kjd;ikAk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; cilait vd;whYk;>

ngUk;ghyhd ciufs; %yg; gDty;fspd; msTf;F - Mdhy;> \

ciufs;| vd;w vy;iyf;Fs; - Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ciladthf cs;sd.

mbahHf;F ey;yhH ciu> jkpopd; ehlfk; gw;wpAk; ,ir gw;wpAk;

mwptjw;F ,d;wpaikahj %ykhf cs;sJ. irt rpj;jhe;j tuyhw;wpy;

nka;fz;l NjtH vOjpa rptQhdNghjk; vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdNjh> me;j

mstpw;F> rptQhd Kdptuhy; vOjg;gl;l rptQhd khghbak; vDk;

ciuAk; Kf;fpakhdjhf tpsq;FfpwJ. rpy ciufs;> %y E}y;fistpl

Kf;fpaj;JtKk; ngUikAk; ngw;WtpLfpd;wd. fhl;lhf> ,iwadhH

fstpay; ciu kw;Wk; ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jpAiu Mfpatw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

jkpopd; nkhop tuyhW> gz;ghL kw;Wk; r%f tuyhW Kjypatw;iw

vOj ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; cjTfpd;wd. mJNghyNt

ciufSk; cjTfpd;wd. fhl;lhf> njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuj;Jf;Fr;

NrdhtiuaH Ojpa ciu> jkpo;nkhopapy; nrhw;ghFghLfs;>

nrhy;yikg;Gfs; Kjypatw;iw mwpag; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wJ. mJNghy;

jkpopd; ftpijapaiy (poetics) mwptjw;F ahg;gUq;fyj;Jf;F mike;j

tpUj;jpAiu> ftdj;jpw;Fupa gy nra;jpfisAk; gz;GfisAk; jUfpwJ.

ciufs; ahg;G tbtpy; mike;jit my;y. mit ciueilapNyNa

mike;Js;sd. jkpopd; ciueil (prose) tsHr;rpapy; ,e;j

ciufs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahf cs;sd. njhluikg;G>

nrhy; NjHT> tpsf;fKiwf;fhd gpuj;jpNafkhd eil> tpdh-tpil

ghzpapyhd eil> njspT> Mw;nwhOf;fhd Nghf;F Kjypatw;iwf;

nfhz;Ls;s ,e;j ciufs;> jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwe;j gz;Gfshf

cs;sd. ciuahrpupaHfNs md;W rpwe;j ciueilahrpupaHfshf

,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;..

njhFg;Giu

,yf;fpak; gy newpfisAk; gy epiyg;ghLfisAk; nfhz;L

tsHfpw fiy. Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU fhyr; #o;epiyapy; Njhd;wpdhYk;>

gy fhyq;fspilNaAk; gy jiyKiwapdH kw;Wk; gy;NtW jug;gpdH

kj;jpapYk; thof;$ba jpwd;fisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf

mJ ,Uf;fpwJ. mjDila cs;shHe;j gz;Gfs; ,itnadpDk;>

31914.indd 137 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


fhy tsHr;rpapy; nkhoptof;FfspYk; gz;ghL Kjypa tof;FfspYk;

Njhd;wf;$ba jftypa ,ilntspfis ciufs; mfw;Wfpd;wd.

,yf;fpa ,yf;fz E}y;fis> mt;tf;fhyq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;JkhW

nra;tjpy; ciufs; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. ciueil tsHr;rpf;Fk;

,yf;fpak; Fwpj;j jpwdha;tpd; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; nkhopepiy Fwpj;j

mwptpay; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;L tsHr;rpf;Fk; ciufs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wd.

ciufs; vd;git nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wdÉ fUj;Jiufs;

jUfpd;wdÉ Nkw;Nfhs;fs; jUfpd;wdÉ gpwH fUj;Jfisf; $wp Vw;fNth>

kWf;fNth nra;fpd;wdÉ Njhd;wf;$ba Iag;ghLfSf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;Fk;

tpil jUtJNghy; tpsf;fq;fs; jUfpd;wd. Gjpa tof;Ffisg; Gjpa

nra;jpfisr; nrhy;Yfpd;wd. %yE}Yf;F cw;w Njhopahf ,Ue;J

tUtJ ciu. jpwdha;Tk; ,e;jg; gzpiaj;jhd; nra;fpwJ. vdNt>

jkpo;j; jpwdha;T vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;stpUk;GNthH> jkpopy;

Njhd;wpAs;s ciufisAk; ciu kuigAk; Gupe;J nfhs;tJk; mwpe;J

nfhs;tJk; mtrpakhFk;.

31914.indd 138 12/18/2018 9:53:08 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

jd; kjpg;gPL : tpdhf;fs;

1. gilg;ghspf;Fk; jpwdha;thsDf;Fk; cs;s nghJthd kdepiy

vd;d? NtWghlhf ,Uf;fpw Kf;fpakhd kdepiy vd;d?

2. jpwdhsp> ,yf;fpaj;ij mfta epiyapy; epd;WghHf;fpwhdh?

Gwtaepiyapyh?

3. mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gpapd; tho;f;if Nghd;wJ jpwdha;thsdpd;

tho;f;ifg;gzp vt;thW?

4. jpwdha;thsd;> ahiu> ahH gf;fkhf Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpwhd;?

5. jpwdha;thsd; nrtpypahf ,Uf;fpwhd;> vg;gb?

6. jpwdha;tpy; njspT Ntz;lg;gLtJ Vd;?

7. jpwdha;thsDf;F cs;s r%f cwT vd;d?

8. jpwdha;thsDila r%fg; nghWg;G> ahJ?

9. jpwdha;T> ,yf;fpak; kPJ mf;fiw nfhs;tjw;Fupa Kf;fpa

fhuzk; vd;d?

10. jpwdha;Tf;Fk; tho;f;iff;Fk; cs;s njhlHG> ve;j Kidapy;

my;yJ ve;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ?

11. gilg;Gf;Fupa gilg;ghsp ngWfpw ce;Jjy;fs; ahit?

12. ,yf;fpak;> tho;f;ifia mg;gbNa rpj;jupf;fpwjh? mjDila

tho;f;ifaDgtk; vj;jifaJ?

13. tho;f;ifapd; Neubahd cz;ikfs;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vd;dthf

Mfpd;wd?

14. ,yf;fpak; nrhy;ypapUf;fpw tho;f;ifiaj; jpwdha;thsd; vt;thW

vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;?

15. mwpQH njapd; jUk; ,yf;fpag; gug;gpd; %d;W gupkhzq;fs;

ahit?

16. tho;f;ifapd; rpy vjpHepiyfis ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kWjypf;fpw

NghJ> mJ vt;ntt;tifapy; ntspg;glf;$Lk;?

17. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; eOty; my;yJ jg;gpj;jy; kdepiy vd;gJ vd;d?

31914.indd 139 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


18. njhiyNehf;Fg; ghHit miktjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d?

19. nkhopj;jpwd;> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdJ - vt;thW?

20. nkhop> vd;d vd;d jsq;fspypUe;J nray;gLfpwJ?

21. nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; jUk; epiyapy; cs;s ,U gz;Gfs; ahit?

22. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpwpa njhlHfs; ,lk; ngWfpw #oy;fs; ahit?

23. \khz;l| vd;w nrhy;> toq;Ffpw tpjj;ijf; $Wf

24. nrhy;Yf;F IVupr;rHl;]; $Wk; ehd;F tifahd nghUl;fs;

ahit?

25. cUtfk;> gbkk; - tpsf;Ff

26. njhKrpuFehjd;> ghujp gw;wp vOjpa Kf;fpakhd E}y; ahJ?

27. gs;S ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa Gjpa nra;jpfisj; jk; jpwdha;T %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jpatH ahH?

28. Kw;Nghf;fhd Nghf;Ffs; vd;W ehthdkhkiy $Wk; Nghf;Ffs;

vj;jifait?

29. \me;epakhjy;| vd;w Nkiyehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapy; mjpfkhd

mf;fiw nfhz;l jkpo;j; jpwdha;thsH ahH?

30. jkpopy; gpd;id mikg;gpay; vd;w nfhs;ifia mjpfk; gpd;gw;wpa

jpwdha;thsH ahH?

31. Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; ve;jf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaNjh me;jf;

fhyj;jpd; nkhopepiyia mJ rhHe;jpUf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;Ytjpy;

cs;s epiyg;ghLfs; vd;d?

32. tl;lhu nkhop vd;why; vd;d?

33. nkhopapay; topg;gl;l jpwdha;T vd;why; vd;d?

34. nkhopapd; nraypy; ,ilntsp my;yJ Nghjhik ,Uf;fpwJ-

ahH ahUf;F vjw;F ,ilNa?

35. fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vDk; thjk;> ek;Kd; itf;Fk; gpur;ridfs;

vd;d?

36. fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;Dk; thjj;jpw;F NeH vjpuhd nfhs;if

vJ? mJ Kf;fpakhf vd;d nrhy;fpwJ?

31914.indd 140 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

37. rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> fl;blf;fiy Kjypatw;iwg; ghHj;jTld; Vw;gLfpw

czHTfs; vd;d?

38. thrfd; kdepiy gw;wp rhHj;jH vDk; mwpQH $WtJ ahJ?

39. \fiy> fiyf;fhfNt| vd;w nfhs;if gw;wp Vrpgpuhl;yp $WtJ

ahJ?

40. rpyk;G vDk; ghl;Lilr; nra;Ais ,sq;Nfhtbfs; vOJtjw;F

ce;Jjyhf ,Ue;j fhuzq;fs; vd;d?

41. fiyapd; Nehf;fk; gw;wpj; jkpo; kugpy; Mokhf Nt&d;wpAs;s

fUj;J> ahJ?

42. fhe;jpabfSf;F kd vOr;rp je;j vOj;jhsHfs; ahH?

43. fiyapd; Nehf;fk; ntw;wpngw Ntz;Lkhdhy;> mJ vt;thwpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;?

44. fiy vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff

45. fiyfspd; tiffs; ahit?

46. ghujpapd; ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vjidg; gpd;gw;wp vOe;jJ?

47. Xtpak;> ftpij tbtj;NjhL nfhz;Ls;s neUf;fk; gw;wp

mwpQHfs; fUj;jpidf; $Wf

48. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; tpsf;fkhfg; NgrpLk; %d;W fiyfs; ahit?

49. jpwdha;tpy; fhzg;ngWk; mwptpaypd; topKiwfs; ahit?

50. jpwdha;tpd; nkhop> vt;thW mike;jpUf;Fk;?

51. knghrptQhdk;> rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij vt;thW fhZfpwhH? mjw;Fupa

mtUila r%fg; gpd;Gyk; ahJ?

52. jpwdha;T> tuyhw;wpaiy mwpe;jpUg;gJ vd;gJ Vd; Njitg;

gLfpwJ?

53. jj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiuaiwf; $Wf

54. \gj;jpdp| vDk; njhd;kj;ijg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; ,yf;fpa

khe;jHfs; ahtH?

55. ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd; gz;gpidf; $Wf

56. \vjidg; Nghw;Wfpd;wNkh mJ tsUk;| vd;W nrhd;dtH ahH?

31914.indd 141 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

Ï±l×


57. KbGKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilahd gz;G ahJ?

58. ,d;iwa jpwdha;thsHfs; KbG Kiwapidg; Nghw;WtJ ,y;iy

fhuzk; ahJ?

59. tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;Tf;Fk; KbGKiwj; jpwdha;Tf;Fk; cs;s

NtWghL $Wf

60. neLey;thilia mfk; vd;gJ jtW> mJ GwNk vd;W $wpa

ciuahrpupaH ahH?

61. nrYj;Jepiy my;yJ gilg;Gtopj; jpwdha;T gw;wp tpsf;Ff

62. ,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;Nf ,yf;fzk; vd;w Kiwapy; mikfpw

jpwdha;T tif vJ?

63. nghJthd tpjpKiwfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gilg;Gtopj;

jpwdha;TKiw cjTfpwjh? ,y;iyah?

64. xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

65. fk;gid Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpaj;NjhLk;> tlnkhop ,yf;fpaj;NjhLk;

xg;gpl;l jkpo; mwpQH ahH?

66. gFg;G Kiwj; jpwdha;T - tpsf;fk; jUf

67. jkpopy; gFg;G Kiwj; jpwdha;itg; gad;gLj;jpatHfspy;

xUtiuf; Fwpg;gpLf

68. mofpay; mZFKiw gw;wp ,e;jg; ghlj;jpy; ghHf;fyhk;

69. jd; kjpg;gPL : tpdhf;fs; - I

70. mZFKiw vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?

71. mZFKiw vtw;iw mbnahw;wp mikfpwJ?

72. jpwdha;tpw;fhd mZFKiwia Ie;J vdg; gFj;Jf; $wpatH

ahH?

73. mZFKiw mikAk; tpjk; ahJ?

74. jpwdha;thsDila ,uz;L fz;fs; vd;W fUjj; jf;fit

ahit?

75. mofpay; mZFKiwapd; tpthjk; vit gw;wpaJ?

31914.indd 142 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

Ï±l×


Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

76. mofpay; jpwdha;T cUtk; cs;slf;fk; ,tw;wpy; vjid

Kjd;ikahdJ vd;fpwJ?

77. jkpopy; urid Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd; Kd;Ndhb ahH?

78. moF gw;wp ,k;khDNty; fhz;l; vd;w mwpQH $wpaJ vd;d?

79. bNfrpjk;gu ehjdhH vtw;iw cUtj;jpd; fhupaq;fs; vd;ghH?

80. mofpay; jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ve;j tifiaj; jd;Dila

jskhf itj;Jf; nfhz;lJ?

81. kdg;gjpT Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

82. fiy XH cj;jpNa vd;W nrhd;dtH ahH?

83. cUttpay;> Urpahtpy; xU nfhs;ifahff; fhY}d;wpa Mz;L

ahJ?

84. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nra;ASf;F cupa cWg;Gfs; vdf; $Wtd

vj;jid?

85. fijg; gpd;dYf;F cl;gl;lJ ,io nghUsh? my;yJ

,ionghUSf;F cl;gl;lJ fijg;gpd;dyh?

86. fijg; gpd;dy; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; $Wf

87. ,e;jpa rkaj; jj;Jtk; vtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; cz;lhf;fg;

ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ?

88. ghtj;jpd; rk;gsk; kuzk; - ve;jr; rkaj;jpd; jj;Jtk; ,J?

89. Mztk; - fd;kk; - khia gw;wp tpsf;Fk; jj;Jtk;>

tprp~;lhj;itjkh? irt rpj;jhe;jkh?

90. ruzhfjpj; jj;Jt kuigg; gpd;gw;wpAs;s Gfo;ngw;w ,yf;fpak;

vJ?

91. mwnewp mZFKiw vjDila xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ?

92. cstpay; jdpj ;Jiwahf tsHtjw;FKd;dhy; > mjpy ;

ty;ytHfshff; fUjg;gl;ltHfs; ahH?

93. gFg;GKiw cstpaiy tFj;Jr; nrhd;d mwpQH ahH?

94. cs;sk; my;yJ kdk; vd;gJ %d;W mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ

me;j %d;Wk; vit?

31914.indd 143 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

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95. NkiyehLfspy; jPq;F> NfL Kjypatw;iwg; gpupjpepjpj;Jtg;

gLj;Jk; njhy;gbkkhfr; rpj;jupf;fg;gLk; khe;jH ahH?

96. jd; tuyhw;W cstpay; jpwdha;T nra;j mnkupf;fj; jpwdha;thsH

xUtiuf; Fwpg;gpLf

97. ,yf;fpak; fhY}d;wp epw;fpd;w tuyhw;wpw;F mbg;gilahf mikAk;

mr;Rfs; vit?

98. tuyhw;W Kiwj; jpwdha;Tf;Fj; njhlf;fkhfTk; elg;ghfTk;

mike;jpUg;gJ vJ?

99. khw;wk; vd;gJ capUila nghUs;fspd; jd;ikah? rlg;

nghUs;fspd; jd;ikah?

100. fhrPNtq;flukzp> erpjk;gu Rg;gpukzpad; KjypNahUila

ehty;fisj; jpwdha;T nra;aj; Njitg;gLk; tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzpfs; ahit?

101. tuyhw;wpay; jpwdha;tpy; fhzg;gLfpw %d;W mbg;gil epiyfs;

ahit?

102. ,yf;fpak;> kdpj Fyj;NjhL ve;j %d;W epiyfspy; neUf;fk;

nfhz;ljhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ?

103. rKjha khw;wj;ij Kd;nkhopfpd;wtHfs; ahH?

104. ,d;iwaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> ngz;fs; vOr;rp rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd

vd;why;> njhlf;ffhyg; Gidfijfspy; ngz;fs; gw;wpa ve;jg;

ghLnghUs; mjpfk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;lJ?

105. rhjp kjk; ghHj;Jf; fhjypf;fpw etAff; fhjiyf; fpz;ly; nra;j

jkpo;f; ftpQH ahH?

106. rKjha epWtdq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLgit ahit?

107. xg;gpay; mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilf; fUJNfhs;fs; ,uz;lidf;

$Wf

108. xg;gpyf;fpaj;jpw;F mbg;gil tpjpKiwfisj; je;jtH ahH?

109. ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s jhf;fq;fis mwpaj; Jiz epw;Fk;

Jiw ahJ?

31914.indd 144 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

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Rªr Rôs-I CXd¡Vj

§\]ôn®Vp

110. ,yf;fpak; vd;gjw;F mjd; ,yf;fpaj; jd;ikNa Literatures Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; vd;Wk; mjidj; jUtJ nkhopaikg;Ng vd;Wk;

nrhd;dtH ahH?

111. rPijiaf; fz;L te;j mDkd;> me;jj; jftiy ,uhkd;

csq;nfhs;SkhW vt;thW $Wfpwhd;?

112. nkhopapy; ,ay;G tof;F vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ> vJ?

113. ciu vd;gjw;Fupa %d;W nghUs;fs; ahit?

114. ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As; vd;W $wg;gLtJ vJ?

115. ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fupa ciuia> ed;D}y; ,uz;L tiffshfr;

nrhy;YfpwJ - mit ahit?

116. $bapUf;fpd;wtHfspd; Kd;dhy;> E}y; my;yJ ghlk; gw;wp

ciug;gJ tpsf;FtJ ,d;iwa eilKiwapy; vjNdhL

xg;GilaJ?

117. ,iwadhH mfg;nghUs; #j;jpuq;fSf;Fr; rupahd ciuiaj;

njupe;njLf;f cjtpatH ahH?

118. jkpopy; ,d;W fpilg;gtw;Ws; Kjy; ciuahff; fUjg;gLtJ

vJ?

119. jpwdha;Tf;Fk; ciutpsf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilntspfs; FiwT vd;W

$Wk;gbahf kiwkiyabfs; nra;j ,uz;L ciu E}y;fs;

vit?

120. njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; Kjd;Kjyhf ciunaOjpatH ahH?

121. rptQhd KdptH vOjpa ciuapd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf

122. 'Kl;lhr; rpwg;gpd; gl;bdk;” - vd;gjw;F er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH $wpAs;s

nghUisf; Fwpg;gpLf

123. ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jpAiu> jkpopd; vij mwptjw;Fr; nra;jpfisj;

jUfpwJ?

31914.indd 145 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

khjphp tpihj;jhs;-1

kjpg;ngz;: 75

gFjp m – (10 ù 2 ® 20 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

gpd;tUk; midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.

1. ,yf;fpak; vd;gjw;F `l;rd; $Wk; tiuaiwahJ?

2. ,iaGf; fw;gidvd;why; vd;d?

3. jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpwdha;TFwpj;J E}y; vOjpaJ ahh;?>me;E}ypd; ngah; ahJ?

4. jpwdha;tpd; ngah;fs; VNjDk; ,uz;bidr; Rl;Lf.

5. mZF Kiw tiuaiw jUf.

6. rKjhatpay; mZF Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

7. Gjpdk; vd;why; vd;d?

8. ftpij Fwpj;J u];fpdpd; fUj;ijf; $Wf.

9. K.t.tpd; E}y;fspd; ngah; rpytw;iwf; $Wf.

10. K.t.tpd; ngw;Nwhh; ahth;?

gFjp M – (5 ù 5 ® 25 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;FxUgf;fmstpy; tpiljUf

11. (m) ,yf;fpa tbtk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)

(M) `l;rd; Fwpg;gpLk; ,yf;fpa epiyfsd;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

12. (m) jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs; Fwpj;Jj; njspTgLj;Jf.

(my;yJ)

(M) jpwdha;tpd; tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

13. (m) mZF Kiwapd; ,d;wpaikahik Fwpj;J vOJf.

(my;yJ)

(M) tuyhw;wpay; mZF Kiwiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

31914.indd 146 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

14. (m) ftpijapd; fl;likg;G Fwpj;J vOJf.

(my;yJ)

(M) rpWfijapd; cs;slf;fk; gw;wptpsf;Ff.

15. (m) K.t.tpd; njhopy;>Mw;wpa nghWg;Gfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

(my;yJ)

(M) tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;tpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.

gFjp , – (3 ù 10 ® 30 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

vitNaDk; %d;W tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.

16. fw;gidapd; tiffs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.

17. jpwdha;tpd; tiffs; Fwpj;Jj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

18. rKjhatpay; kw;Wk; cstpay; mZF Kiwfisr; rhd;Wld; epWTf.

19. ftpijapd; tpsf;fk; $wp>mjd; cs;slf;fk; fl;likg;G Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

20. K.tujuhrdpd; jpwdha;Tg; gzpfs; Fwpj;Jj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

31914.indd 147 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

khjpuptpdhj;jhs;;-2

kjpg;ngz;: 75


gpd;tUk; midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.

1. kuGtopj; jpwdha;T vd;why; vd;d?

2. jpwdha;tpd; tiffisf; $Wf.

3. `l;rd; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Ff; $Wk; tiuaiwia vOJf.

4. fw;gid vd;why; vd;d?

5. ctikazp vd;why; vd;d?

6. cs;Siw ctik Rl;Lf.

7. fijkhe;jh;fspd; tifapidf; $Wf.

8. rpWfij vd;why; vd;d?

9. rpWfijapd; fhy vy;iyiaf; $Wf.

10. ehlfr; rpf;fypd; tiffisf; $Wf.


gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf

11. (m) ahh; jukhd jpwdha;thsh;fs;? $Wf.

(my;yJ)

(M) tuyhw;W Kiwj;jpwdha;tpid tpsf;Ff.

12. (m) Fwpf;Nfhs; epiyia tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)

(M) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fUj;J ngWk; ,lj;ijr; Rl;Lf.

13. (m) jw;rhh;Gf; ftpijia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

(my;yJ)

(M) fij nghjpghl;Lf;Fhpa jdpj;j ,ay;Gfisf; $Wf.

31914.indd 148 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

14. (m) ehtypd; fijkhe;jh;fisg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)

(M) Gjpdj;jpw;Fk; rpWfijf;Fk; chpa Ntw;Wikiaf; $Wf.

15. (m) ehlfj;jpd; fijg;Nfhg;ig tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)

(M) GJf;ftpijapd; Nghf;iff; $Wf.


vitNaDk; %d;W tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf

16. ciuahrphpah;fs; jpwdha;thsh;fsh? –Ma;f.

17. fw;gid vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

18. ftpijapd; $Wfis Muha;e;J tpsf;Ff.

19. ehlf mikg;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk; tpthp.

20. GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J tpthp.

31914.indd 149 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

khjpuptpdhj;jhs;;-3

kjpg;ngz;: 75


1. jpwdha;thsh; vdgth; ahh;?

2. mofpay; jpwdha;T vd;why; vd;d?

3. ,yf;fpak; vd;why; vd;d?

4. czh;r;rpfspd; tiffs; ahit?

5. jw;rhh;G ftpij vd;why; vd;d?

6. jkpopd; GJf;fpijapd; Kd;Ndhbfs; ahth;?

7. ehty; nghUs; jUf.

8. rpWfij tpsf;fk; jUf.

9. ehlf;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs; ahit?

10. GJf;ftpij vd;why; vd;d?


11. (m) jpwdha;thsh;fSf;Fhpa mbg;gil jFjpfs; ahit? tps;f;Ff.

(my;yJ)

(M) kjpg;gPl;LKiwj;; jpwdha;tpid tpsf;Ff.

12. (m) fw;gidapd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)

(M) eilapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;fp tiuf.

3. (m) ftpij Fwpj;J ntspehl;lthpd; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)

(M) ftpijapy; mzpngWk; ,lj;ij tpthp.

31914.indd 150 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

14. (m) ehty;fspy; ,Ue;J rpWfij NtWgLk; ,lq;fisf; $Wf.

(my;yJ)

(M) ehty;fspy; ciuahly; ngWk;; ,lj;ij tpsf;Ff.

15. (m) ehlfr; rpf;fypd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.

(my;yJ)

(M) GJf;ftpijf;Fhpa ghL nghUl;fis tpsf;fp tiuf.


vitNaDk; %d;W tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.

16. jpwdha;T tiffisf; fl;Liuf;f.

17. ,yf;fpak; cUtFk; fsd;fisf; fl;iuf;f.

18. ftpijAk; ,aw;ifAk; vDk; $w;iw Ma;f.

19. rpWfijapd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J tpthp.

20. ehlf;fjpw;FhpafsKk; fhyKk; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.

31914.indd 151 12/18/2018 9:53:09 AM

Acknowledgements

NguhrpupaH jp. R. eluhrd; vk; V (jkpo;) gpvr;;.b

jkpo; ,izaf; fy;tpf;fofk; mDkjpAld; gjpag;gl;lJ

ghu;it E}y;fs;

1. jh. V. Qhd%u;j;jp - ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> [e;jpizg; gjpg;ggk;> nrd;id.

2. K. tujuhrdhu; - ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> ghupepiyak;> nrd;id.

3. R. ghyr;re;jpud; - ,yf;fpak; jpwdha;T> mzpafk;> nrd;id.

4. m. r. Qhdrk;ge;jd; - ,yf;fpaf; fiy> irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id

5. f. ifyhrgjp - ,yf;fpaf;fiy> irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id.

6. e. rQ;rPtp - ,yf;fpa ,ay;> m. $l;LwT vOj;jhsu; rq;fk;> nrd;id.

7. jkpoz;zy; - Nehf;F> kPdhl;rp Gj;jf epiyak;> kJiu.

8. f. gQ;rhq;fk; - jkpo; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T tuyhW> nry;td; gjpg;gfk;>

9. FNshhpah (nkh. M) - ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if> ghupepiyak;> nrd;id.

10. F.gftjp (g.M.) - jpwdha;T mZF Kiwfs;> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;r pepWtdk;>

11. e. gpr;irKj;J - jpwdha;Tk; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffSk;> Ntq;fluq;fd;

gjpg;gfk;>

12. jp. R. eluh[d;. - jpwdha;Tf; fiy.

13. ,. kiwkiy - ,yf;fpaKk;> r%ftpaYk;.

14 ,. kiwkiy - ,yf;fpaKk;> khu;f;rpaKk;.

15. ,. kiwkiy - GJf;ftpijAk;> r%ftpaYk;> kzpthrfu; E}yfk;.

16. ghyh - rhu;yprk;> md;dk;> rptfq;if.

17. Nfh. Nfrtd; - ,yf;fpaKk; ,af;fg; Nghf;FfSk;.

31914.indd 152 12/18/2018 9:53:10 AM

Documents

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;...$oo uljkwv uhvhuyhg 1r sduw ri wklv sxeolfdwlrq zklfk lv pdwhuldo surwhfwhg e\ wklv frs\uljkw qrwlfh pd\ eh uhsurgxfhg ru wudqvplwwhg ru xwlol]hg ru vwruhg