Yœl VI...ACTIVITY BOOK DEVELOPMENT TEAM Chairman Riyana Ansari, Research Officer, SCERT KeralaMembers K Anvar Sadath Executive Director, IT @ School Project Academic Co-ordinator

VI

˙LW[-A-W—

Lp-Æj’˚\

Yœl◊

RVÙ-¨l◊

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW-[m

2017

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGY - VI

_] LQ U] ARıSÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

TgNÙT £k’ œ_WÙR UWÙhPÙ

RıWÙYıP EjLX TeLÙ

YıkRıV aıUÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ

EfNX _XRı RWeLÙ

RY —T SÙ˙U _Ù˙L

RY —T BNı^ UÙ˙L

LÙ˙L RY _V LÙRÙ

_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

_V ˙a! _V ˙a! _V ˙a!

_V _V _V _V ˙a!

˛ ULÙLÆ CW≈kßWSÙj RÙ·o

CkRıVÙ G]’ SÙ”. CkRıVo A˚]Y⁄m G]’ EPuTı\k˙RÙo.

G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ̇ UXÙL Ußd°˙\u. ARu Y[m

YÙnkR TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl ◊LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U

˘LÙs°˙\u. ARtœjRL SÙu Guflm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu.

Gu ̆ Tt˙\Ùo, BNıÙıVo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.

GpXÙ⁄P‡m SÙu Ti◊Pu TZœ˙Yu. G]’ SÙh•≤Pÿm

SÙh” UdL∞Pÿm TdßŸPu C⁄l˙Tu G] Eflß ·fl°˙\u.

AYoL∞u SXjß¤m Y[jß¤mRÙu G]’ CuTÿm

APe°´⁄d°\’.

Prepared by :

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.inemail : [email protected] :Type setting :Layout :Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30First Edition : 2017© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

RL-Yp ˘RÙPo-◊j ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tm VI

EflRı̆ UÙZı

˙RNıV LˆRm

Au-TÙokR UÙQ-Yo-L˙[,

Tp-̇ Yfl ÿ˚\-L-∞p Tp-̇ Yfl CPe-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ °˚Pd-°u\ RLYp-

L˚[l TVu-T-”j-R‹m J›e-L-˚Ud-L-‹m T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-V-‹m

˘Nn-°u\ Ko EX-Lj-ßp SÙm YÙr-°u-˙\Ùm. Cj-R-˚LV RL-Yp

˘RÙPo◊dœ A•l-T-˚P-VÙL C⁄l-T’ L¶-≤-VÙ-œm. ◊ßV EX-Lj-ßp,

ARu ß˚N -Ut-flm CVd-Le-L˚[d Li-P-±k’ YÙrd-̊ L˚V ̇ Um-T”j’-

Y-Rtœd L¶-≤-̊ Vd œ±jR A•l-T˚P A±‹ ™L-‹m Cu-±-V-̊ U-VÙ-R-

RÙ-°u-\-’.

CjR-̊ LV ˙R˚Y-L-̊ [d L⁄j-ßp˘LÙi˙P B\Ùm Yœl-©t-LÙ]

Cl-TÙ-P-Ëp RVÙ¨d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. RL-Yp ̆ RÙPo-©u A•l-T˚Pj ̆ RÙØp

÷h-Tj-ßtœ ̇ UXÙ-L, SÙm LtL ̇ Yi-•V A˚]j-’l TÙPe-L-∞-¤m A˚R

Gq-YÙfl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm Gu-T-̊ R-Ÿm Cl-TÙ-P-Ë-≠u YÙ -́XÙLj ̆ R¨k’-

˘LÙs-̇ YÙm. A˚]j-’l TÙPe-L-∞u Lt-\-≠-¤m Cl-TÙ-P-Ëp Ee-L-fidœj

’˚Q-◊-̈ -Vh-”m Gufl E[-UÙW YÙrj-’-°-̇ \u.

CVd-œ-So

Gv.-£.C.Bo.•

ÿu-‡˚W

ACTIVITY BOOK DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Chairman

Riyana Ansari, Research Officer, SCERT Kerala

Members

K Anvar SadathExecutive Director, IT @ School Project

Academic Co-ordinator

Suresh E (Cartoonist), Co-ordinator, Animation Programme, IT@ School Project

Artist

Tamil Translation

Girish Mohan P.K,Master Trainer, IT@School Project,Kannur

Saju S.S,Master Trainer, IT@School Project,Thiruvananthapuram

Sajimon P.N,Master Trainer, IT@School Project,Ernamkulam

Mahesan K.G,Master Trainer, IT@School Project,Kozhikkode

Sabarish K.,Master Trainer, IT@School Project,Malappuram

Muhammed Abdul Nasar K, MasterTrainer, IT@School Project,Kozhikkode

Abdul Hakkim CPMaster Trainer, IT@School Project,Malappuram

Muhammed Aslam A.RA.E.O. Mankombu

Pradeep Kumar MattaraMaster Trainer, IT@School Project,Malappuram

Rajesh S. VallikkodeB.P.O., B.R.C Pathanamthiitta

P YahiyaG.G.M.G.H.S.S., Chalappuram

Hassainar MankadaMaster Trainer, IT@School Project,Malappuram

J. Dominic SavioHSA, Tamil, SFXHS, Parisakkal, Palakkad

S.C. Edwin Daniel,HM, GHs, Pambanar, Idukki

J. JasmineHSST, CPMHSS, Peermade, Idukki

N. KirubanandHSST, Physics, BG HSS, Vannamadai,Palakkad

Dr. Kumar, SHSST,Govt. Tamil HS & VHSS, Chalai,Thiruvananthapuram

Dr. K. ManickarajAsst. Professor in Tamil, UniversityCollege, Thiruvananthapuram

Dr. M. NainarProfessor in Tamil (Rtd.), UniversityCollege, Thiruvananthapuram

Dr. S. RajendranAssociate Professor

Sudheer, G. N.HSA, KKMHSS, Vandithavalam,Palakkad.

Thobias, K.HSA, GHS, Akali, Palakkad

1. AZ-°V G›j-’-Ls 7---̨ 15

2. L¶≤-́ p EXL E⁄i-̊ PŸm ®Xl-T-P-ÿm16˛24

3. L⁄j-’-L-fim TPe-L-fim 25˛31

4. ˙LÙ”-Ls Nk-ßd-œm-̇ TÙ’ 32˛41

5. RL-Yp L[g-£-Vm 42˛49

6. Æi-̆ Y∞ Æk-̊ R-Ls 50˛55

EEEEEs[-Pd-Lms[-Pd-Lms[-Pd-Lms[-Pd-Lms[-Pd-Lm

CkRl ◊j-R-Lj-ßp YN-ßd-LÙLf £X

A˚P-VÙ-[e-Ls TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[]

·”-Rp YÙ£l-◊dœ

Ußl-¿” ̆ Nn-V-XÙm

˘RÙPo-̆ N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls

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7AZ-°V G›j-’-Ls

TÙPm ˛ 1

AZ-°V G›j-’-Ls

“¡]Ùh-£-́ u Rm-©-́ u ©\kR SÙs. Gu-̊ ]-Ÿm

A˚Zj-’s-[Ùs”. ˚L´-¤s[ A˚Zl-©-R˚Z

EVojßl ©•j’ Av-Yß EWdLd ·±-]Ùs.

“Gu] AZœ TÙo”. Si-To-Ls A˚]-Y-⁄m

A˚Zl-©-R˚Z Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄-Y-WÙL YÙ£j-RÙo-Ls.

“Ei-˚U-RÙu...! SpX AZ-œ.”. Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m

˘NÙu]Ùo-Ls.

“Gu-‡-̊ PV ©\kR SÙfid-œm C’-̇ TÙX Jufl

RVÙ-̈ dL ˙Yi-”m” ˛ Av-Yß ·±-]Ùs.

“Cl-˙TÙ˙R C˙R ˙TÙu\ Ju-±˚]j RVÙ-¨j-

RÙ˙XÙ?” B™dœ AY-N-Wm.

AYs A˚Zl-©-R˚Zj RVÙ-¨dLj ˘RÙPe-°-

]Ùs. A˚Zl-©-R-Øp Gu-]-˘Yp-XÙm G›-’-YÙs?

GkRl TPj˚R C˚Ql-TÙs? SÙÿm Cj-R-̊ LV J⁄

L•-Rj˚Rj RVÙ-̈ j-RÙ˙XÙ?

L•-Rj-˚Rj RVÙ-¨l-T-Rtœ ÿu-]o ARt-œj

˙R˚Y-VÙ] YÙoj-˚R-L˚[d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ• ÿ•‹

˘NnV ̇ Yi-”m. Av-Y-ß-Ÿ-̊ P-V’ Be-°-Xj-ß-¤s[

A˚Zl-©-R-Zp-X-YÙ. Smÿ˚P-V-’m Be-°-Xj-ß-̇ X˙V

A˚U-Vh-”m.


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8 AZ-°V G›j-’-Ls

˘NVp-TÙ” 1..1

A˚Zl-©-R˚Zj Rh-Pf— ˘Nn-V-XÙm

Rh-Pf— ˘Nn-V-‹m G›j-’d-L˚[ AZ-œ-T-”j-R-

‹m ER-‹-°u\ ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s (˙Yoh ◊WÙ-N-No) ∏r

Yœl-©p TZd-Ll-Th-•-⁄d-°-̇ \Ùm. A˚Zl-©-Rr RVÙ-

¨l-T-Rtœ CR-̊ ]l TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm Ap-X-YÙ.

˙Yoh ◊WÙ-N-No ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-̊ [j ß\k’ Rh-Pf—

˘NnVj ˘RÙPe-œe-Ls.

BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION

............................Invite ......................... on

12.08.2017

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A˚Zl-©-R-Øp Gu-

]-̆ Yp-XÙm Rh-Pf—

˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

G›-ßlTÙ⁄e-Ls ...

Rh-Pf— ˘Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’ ÆWp-Ls

UÙ\d-·-PÙ’ ...

Rh-Pf-—l TX-̊ L-̊ Vl TVu-T-”jßj Rh-Pf—

˘Nn-Ÿ-m-̇ TÙ’ ÆWp-Ls Gk-̆ RkR G›j-’-L-

fidœ ̇ UXÙL ̊ YdL ̇ Yi-”m? TPj-̊ Rd

LY-≤-Ÿe-Ls ...

Rh-Pf— ˘Nn’ ÿ•kR ©u-]o ˙LÙl-©˚]

˙N™j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi-”-Up-XYÙ?

ARt-LÙL A˚Zl-©-R-̊ Z, invitation Gu\ ̇ LÙl◊

˘TV˚Wj Rk’ Ee-L-fi-˚PV ˙LÙl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©p

˙N™dL ˙Yi-”m.

Spacebar


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˘NVp-TÙ” 1.2

A˚Zl-©-R˚Z AZ-·h-P-XÙm

A˚Zl-©-Rr RVÙ-̈ j-æo-Ls Ap-X-YÙ.

CR˚] Gq-YÙfl AZ-·h-P-XÙm? L⁄j-’d-L˚[

G›-’e-Ls.

G›j’

Y•-Yj˚R

UÙt-fl-Y’ Gq-YÙfl?

G›j’ Y•-Yj˚R UÙt-\-XÙm

Gq-YÙfl G›j-’d-L˚[ AZ-·h-”-Y’?

G›j’ Y•-Yj˚R UÙt\ ˙Yi-•V YÙd-°-

Vj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-Rp ˙Yi-”m.

TÙo-̆ Uh-•e L⁄-Æl Th-̊ P-́ p G›j’ Y•-Ye-

L˚[d LÙh-”m ̆ Th-•-́ p (T-Pm 1.1) TÙoj-æo-L-[p-XYÙ?

ARu YX’ Td-L-ÿs[ Am-◊d-œ-±-´p ˘NÙ”d°

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] G›j-’-⁄˚Y (Font) ˙Rok-̆ R-”d-L-XÙm.

G›j’ Y•-Ye-L˚[ UÙt±l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Birthday Celebration Gufl TX G›j’ Y•-Ye-

L∞p G›ßl TÙ⁄e-Ls(-T-Pm 1.2).

Cßp GkR ÿ˚\- AZ-LÙ] J⁄ R˚Xl◊ Gu\

Y˚L-́ p Ee-L-fidœ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]’?

TPm 1.1 G›j’ Y•-Ye-Ls

Ce˙L ˘NÙ”d-°-]Ùp

˙LÙl-©˚]

˙N™d-L-XÙm.

˙LÙl-©p UÙt-\e-Ls

˘Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ-˘Rp-XÙm

˙N™dL ˙Yi-”m. AZ-LÙ] G›j-’d-Ls ˙Yi-”m.

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G›j-’d-L-fidœ ®\m RW-XÙm

G›j-’d-L-fidœ ®\m Rk-RÙp A˚Y ™L AZ-

LÙ-œm. ∏˙Z ·flm Y˚L-́ p ®\m RW-XÙm.

®\m RW-˙Yi-•V YÙd-°-Vj˚R ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m.

L⁄-Æl Th-̊ P-́ p ®\e-Ls LÙi-©j-ß-⁄d-°u\

˘Th-•-ú (T-Pm 1.3) YXl-Td-L-ÿs[ Am-◊d-

œ±´p ˘NÙ”d-L-‹m.

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\j-ßp (Font color) ˘NÙ”d-L-‹m.

G›j-’d-L-∞u A[˚Y UÙt-fl-Y-’m R•-U˚]

Aß-L-̈ l-T-’m ÿu-Y-œl-©p TZd-Ll-Th-P’ OÙT-Lm

Cp-̊ XVÙ? AkRd L⁄-Æ-L-̊ [-Ÿm SÙm TVu-T-”j-R-

XÙm Ap-X-YÙ. ∏˙Z Es[ Ah-P-Y-̊ Q˚V ÿ›-̊ U-

VÙd-œe-Ls.

TPm 1.3 ®\f NÙ[-Wm

G›j-’d-L-∞u Y•-Yj˚R UÙt-\-XÙm.

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NÙn-YÙ] G›j-’d-L-[Ùd-L-XÙm.

Font Name

Font Size

Bold

Italics

TPm 1.2 YÙd-°-Vm Tp-̇ Yfl G›j’ Y•-Ye-L-∞p

TPm 1.4 YÙd-°-Vm Tp-̇ Yfl ®-\e-L-∞p


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G›j-’d-L-fidœ A•d-̇ LÙ” ̇ TÙP-XÙm.

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Underline

Align Left

Center

Align Right

Font Color

Ah-P-Y˚Q 1.1 TÙo-̇ Uh-•e L⁄-Æ-Ls

˘NVp-TÙ” 1.3

TPe-L˚[f ˙Nod-L-XÙm

L¶-≤-́ p TPe-Ls Ei-Pp-X-YÙ. CYt-̊ \-Ÿm

A˚Zl-©-R-Øp ˙Nod-L-XÙm. Gq-YÙfl CYt-̊ \f ˙Nod-

L-XÙm?

TPj˚Rf ˙NodL ˙Yi-•V CPj-ßp Lo-N˚Wd

˘LÙi” ˘Nu\ ©u-]o ˘TÙj-RÙ-≤p ˘NÙ”d-

LXÙm. (T-Pm 1.5 I TÙod-L-‹m)

ß\k’ Y⁄-°u\ NÙ[-Wj-ßp C⁄k’ (TPm 1.6) SÙm

A˚Zl-©-R-Øp ˙NodL ®˚]d-œm TPj˚Rj

˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-L. Open ˘TÙj-RÙ-≤p ˘NÙ”dL‹m.

TPm A˚Zl-©-R-Øp Yk-R-Rp-X-YÙ.TPm 1.5 TPj-̊ Rf

˙Nol-T-Rt-LÙ] L⁄Æ

TPm 1.6 TPj˚Rj ̇ Ro‹ ̆ Nn-Ÿm NÙ[-Wm.


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˙NojR TPj-ßu A[-Æ˚]

J›e-œ-T-”j-’-Y’ Gq-YÙfl?

TPj˚Rf —t± Tf˚N ®\j-ß-¤s[ £±V N’-We-

Ls LÙQl-T-”-°-u\] Ap-XYÙ? Aßp ̆ NÙ”d°,

˘NÙ”d-°˚V A˚Nj-’lTÙ⁄e-Ls (T-Pm 1.7 I

TÙod-L-‹m) A[‹ UÙfl-T-”-°-\’ Ap-XYÙ?

C≤ TPj-ßp ˘NÙ”d°l ˘TÙ⁄j-R -UÙ]

CPeL∞p UÙt± ˚Yd-L-XÙm.

TPj-ßu A[˚Y UÙt-flm-

˙TÙ’

TPj-ßp ˙RÙu-fl-°u\ £±V

N’-We-L-∞p ˘NÙ”d°˚Vl

TVu-T-”jß C›d-œm˙TÙ’

ø[UÙ AL-XUÙ UÙfl-T-”-°-

\’? Ap-X’ C˚Y CWi-

”m UÙfl-T-”-°-\RÙ?

C›d-œm ̇ TÙ’ Rh-Pf—l TX-

˚L´¤s[ μlh ˘TÙj-

RÙ˚]-Ÿm A›j-ßl ©•j-

RÙ˙XÙ?

TPm 1.8 A˚Zl-©-Rr

TPm 1.7 TPj-ßu A[-Æp UÙt-\j˚R

Ht-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] ̇ SÙ”-Ls

A˚Zl-©-Rr (T-Pm 1.8) RVÙ-WÙ-]-’.


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R™Øp Rh-Pf—

˘NnV ˙Yi-”-̆ U-≤p

Rh-Pf-—lTX˚L˚Vj

R™-›dœ UÙt\

˙Yi-PÙUÙ?

˘NVp-TÙ” 1.4

R™-Øp J⁄ A˚Zl-©Rr

Ee-L-fi-˚PV Yœl-©p C≤ Y⁄m SÙh-L-∞p

©\kR SÙs ˘LÙi-PÙ-”-T-Yo-Ls VÙ˘Wp-XÙm?

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AYo-L-fid-LÙLj R™-Øp J⁄ A˚Zl-©-Rr RVÙ-

¨d-L-XÙm.

A˚Zl-©-R-›dœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] YÙd-°-Ve-L˚[

G›ßj RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

Au-TÙ] ....................

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©\kR SÙs YÙrj-’-Ls

Au-◊-Pu

.......................................

(RVÙ-̈ j-R-Yo-L-∞u ˘TVo-Ls)

L¶-≤-ú ˙Up Th-˚P-´p LÙQl-T-”-°u\

Rh-Pf-—lTX-˚Ld LÙh-•-´p (Keyboard Indicator)˘NÙ”d° (TPm 1.9) R™-ZÙL UÙt-fl-Y˚R ÿu Yœl©p

TZd-Ll-Th-P˚R ®˚]‹ ·o-°-»o-L-[Ù.

G›ßj RVÙ-̈ jR A˚Zl-©-Rr YÙd-°-Ve-L˚[j

Rh-Pf— ˘Nn˙YÙm. CRt-LÙLf ˘NÙt-̆ N-V-≠-́ p LohitTamil, ˙TÙu\ HRÙ-Y’ J⁄ R™r G›j-’⁄ (G›j’

Y•-Ym) ̇ Ro‹ ̆ Nn-V-XÙm. R™r Rh-Pf-—l TX-̊ L-̊ Vl

TÙoj’j Rh-Pf— ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls.

TPm 1.9 Rh-Pf-—l TX˚L

˙XV‹h UÙt-flm L⁄Æ


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_¯u UÙRm Íu-\Ù-Y’ OÙ´fl EXL ÍRÙ-˚R-Vo ß]-Up-X-YÙ. CkR SÙ∞u

˘RÙPoTÙL E]’ Al-TÙ-‹dœj R⁄-Y-Rt-LÙL J⁄ A˚Zl-©-R˚Zf ˘NÙt-˘N-V-≠-

´p RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

Ts-∞-́ p ˘Tt-̇ \Ùo B£-̈ -Vo Ne-Ld ·h-Pj-ßtœl ˘Tt-̇ \Ùo-L˚[ A˚ZdL J⁄

A˚Zl-©-R˚Zf ˘NÙt-̆ N-V-≠-́ p RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

Ri-Ω-̈ u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj˚R Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ-L, ˙R˚Yd-̇ LtTl TPe-Ls ˙NojR

J⁄ —Y-̆ WÙh• ˘NÙt-̆ N-V-≠-́ p RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

Ts-∞-´p SPj-ßV ÆY-NÙVf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u TPe-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Nn-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm

Es[Pd-°V J⁄ Lh-”˚W Ts∞ A±-Æl◊l TX-˚L-´p TÙo-˚Ydœ ˚YdLj

RVÙ¨dL-‹m.

TPm 1.10 R™r Rh-Pf-—l TX˚L ̇ XV-‹h

G›j-’d-L-̊ [f ̇ NojR ©u-]o ®\-ÿm TPe-Lfim ̇ Noj’

A˚Zl-©-R˚Z AZ-LÙd-L-XÙm. C’ ÿu-]o TZ°-V’ RÙ˙].

Ußl-¿” ˘Nn-V-XÙm


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_¯˚X 21 Nk-ßW ß]-Up-X-YÙ. U≤-Ru Nk-ß-W-≤p C\e-°-V _¯˚X 21 Nk-ßW

ß]UÙLd ˘LÙi-PÙ-Pl-T-”-°-\-’. Nk-ß-W-˚]d œ±j-’m Nk-ßW BWÙnf-£-L-˚[d

œ±j’m TPe-Ls SU’ L¶-≤-́ p RWl-Th-”-s[-]. AYt-̊ \f ˙Noj’j ˙R˚Y-

VÙ] YÙd-°-Ve-L-̊ [l TVu--T-”jß J⁄ —Y-̆ WÙh-•˚Vd L¶-≤´p RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

EXLl ˙TÙ˚Rl-̆ TÙ-⁄s Gßol◊ ß]-UÙLd ˘LÙi-PÙ-”-Y’ _¯u 26 Bœm. CkR

SÙ∞u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj˚R Æ[d-œm J⁄ ©W-—-Wj˚Rd L¶-≤-́ p RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls


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16 L¶-≤-́ p EXL E⁄i-̊ P-Ÿm ®Xl-T-P-ÿm

TÙPm 2

L¶-≤-́ p EXL E⁄i-̊ P-Ÿm ®Xl-T-P-ÿm

CkR Y⁄-Pm ˘Pp-≠dœd LpÆf —t-flXÙ ˘Np-

°-̇ \Ùm. ̆ Np-¤m CPe-L-∞u Th-•-V˚X B£-̈ -Vo Rk-

’s-[Ùo.

Th-•-V-≠-¤s[ CPe-L˚[ Ko EXL E⁄i-̊ P-

´p Li-P-±V ÿVt£ ˘Nn-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙo-Ls ø’-

‹m Si-To-L-fim. B]Ùp AkR CPe-Ls Ju-flm Re-

L-∞-Pm Es[ £±V EXL E⁄i-̊ P-́ p Li-P-±V

CV-X-Æp-˚X. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] A[Æ˚] A˚Ud-œm

UÙo-©s, ·°s Goj ˙TÙu\ HWÙ-[m •¥h-Pp EXL

E⁄i-˚P-Lfim Y˚W-T-Pe-L-fim L¶-≤-L-∞p Es-

[-] Gufl NÍL A±-Æ-Vp B£-̈ -Vo Yœl-©p ·±-

V˚R ø’ OÙT-Ll-T-”j-ß-]Ùs. UÙo-©s EXL E⁄i-

˚P-´p AkR CPe-L-˚[d œ±j’ AßL RL-Yp

ßWhP AYo-Ls ÿ•‹ ˘Nn-RÙo-Ls.

Gq-YÙfl UÙo-©s EXL E⁄i-̊ P˚Vj- ß\k’

˙R˚Y-VÙ] CPe-L-̊ [d Li-P-±-Y-’.?

˘NVp-TÙ” 2.1

UÙo-©s ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-∞p CPe-L-̊ [d

Li-P-±-Rp

ApplicationsEducationMarble Gu\ Y¨-

˚N-́ p UÙo-©s ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄˚[j ß\d-L-‹m. ˘NÙ”d-

˘Pp≠l TV-Qm ̨ ÿRp-SÙs

˘SÙnPÙ ˛ LÙ˚X EQ‹

JqX ̨ T\-̊ Y-Ls NW-QÙ-X-Vm

˘Pp≠ ˛ _¯mUÙ U„ß

˛ ˘Ne-̇ LÙh˚P

˛ UßV EQ‹

............................................................

............................................................


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17

RLYp ̆ RÙPo◊j ̆ RÙØp÷hTm ̨ VI


°-̊ Vl TVu-T-”jß B£V Li-Pm APe-°-

Ÿs[ Tœ-ßdœ EXL E⁄i-̊ P˚V J›e-

œl-T-”j-R-‹m.

˘NÙ”d-°-́ u vd-̇ WÙp≈p TVu-T-”jß

Ck-ßVÙ Es[ Tœ-ß˚Vl ˘T -̈RÙd° (^¯m)

LÙh-£l-T-”j-ßl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

EXL E⁄i-˚P´p ˘Pp-≠˚Vd

Li”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls. CPe-L-˚[d Li-P-±V ˙R˚Y-

˘V≤p ̆ Nof ̆ Th-•-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. (TPm2.1)

C’ ˙TÙufl ˘Pp-≠dœ A⁄-°p Es[ ÿd-°V

CPe-L-̊ [-Ÿm Li-P-±-L.

BdWÙ

..................................................................................................

TPm 2.1 UÙo-©s ̆ Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-∞p

Es[ ̆ Nof ̆ Th-•.

..................................................................................................

˘NVp-TÙ” 2.2

UÙo-©-∞p YÙu ÁWm LQd-°-”-Rp

UÙo-©s ̆ Uu--̆ TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jß CWi” CPe-

L-fidœ C˚P˙V Es[ YÙu ÁWj-̊ Rd Li-P-±V

ÿ•-Ÿm. ◊’ ˘Pp-≠-´p C⁄k’ Bd-WÙ-Æt-œs[

ÁWj˚Rd Li-P-±-Y’ Gq-YÙ-̆ \ufl TÙod-L-XÙm.

\

˘Pp-≠-́ -≠-⁄k’

Bd-WÙ-Ætœj ÁWm

Gq-Y-[‹?


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•¥h-Pp Y˚W-T-Pe-L-fim EXL E⁄i-̊ PLfim

◊Æ-́ -Vp Lt-\-¤dœ ER-‹-°u\ HWÙ-[m EXL E⁄i-̊ PLfim Y˚W-T-Pe-L-fim C˚Q-

Vj-ßp Es-[-]. Jl-Ti vh√h ˙Ul, Æd° ˙Ul-©-VÙ, ·°s ˙Ul, ·°s Goj

˙TÙu-\˚Y G”j-’d-LÙh-”L[Ùœm. Ck-ßV YÙ≤-Vp BWÙnf£ A˚Ul-©u (Indian

Space Research Organisation - ISRO) ◊Yu (http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/) Gu\ A˚Ul-̊ Td

œ±j’ øe-Ls ˙LsÆlTh-P’ EiPÙ?

UÙo-©s EXL E⁄i-̊ P´p ◊’ ˘Pp-≠˚Vd

Li”-©-•j’ CRu ˙UXÙLf ˘NÙ”d-°-ú YX’

˘TÙj-RÙ˚]f ˘NÙ”d-œm-̇ TÙ’ °˚Pd-œm ˘U‡-Æ-

≠-⁄k’ Add Measure Point ˙Rok-̆ R-”d-L-‹m.

˘RÙPok’ Bd-WÙ˚Yd Li-”-©-•j’ ÿu-]o

˘Nn-R’ ̇ TÙufl Add Measure Point ̇ Rok-̆ R-”d-L-‹m.

CWi” CPe-L-̊ [-Ÿm C˚Q-dœm J⁄ ˙LÙ”

EXL E⁄i-˚P´p LÙQl-T-”-°-\-Rp-XYÙ? CPe-

Lfidœ C˚P˙V Es[ YÙu ÁW-̇ U C’ LÙh-”-°\-’.

C’-˙TÙufl UÙo-©s EXL E⁄i-˚P TVu-

T”jß Ee-L-[’ UÙYhPj R˚X-S-L-¨-≠-⁄k’ ˘Pp-

≠dœ C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWm Li-P-±k’ ∏˙Z G›-’-L.

........................................................................................

UÙYhPj R˚X-S-L-̈ -≠-⁄k’ UÙ®Xj R˚X-S-L-⁄d-

LÙ] ÁW˙UÙ?

........................................................................................


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19



Cl-̇ TÙ’ TÙojR Tœ-ß-L-∞u Y˚W-T-Pm ©u-]o

˙R˚Yl-Th-PÙ˙XÙ? Gq-YÙfl L¶-≤-́ p AYt-̊ \l

TÙ’-LÙl-T’?

˘NVp-TÙ” 2.3

Y˚W-T-Pe-Ls RVÙ-̈ j’l TÙ’-LÙdL

UÙo-©-∞u ER-Æ˙VÙ” Y˚W-T-Pe-Ls RVÙ-̈ j’l

TÙ’-LÙl-T-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-Y-̈ ˚N ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[’

˙R˚Y-VÙ] È™-́ u Tœ-ß-L˚[ UÙo-©s EXL E⁄i-

˚P-́ p ˘T¨V A[-Æp J›e-œ-T-”j-’-L.

J›e-œ-T-”j-ßV Tœ-ß˚V Flat View YN-ß-̊ Vl

TVu-T-”jß Y˚W-T-P-UÙL UÙt-\-‹m. (TPm 2.2)

EXL E⁄i-̊ P-̊ V Y˚W-T-P-UÙd-L-XÙm

EXL E⁄i-̊ Pd- LÙh-£d-œl Tß-XÙL YW-T-Pd LÙh£ ˙R˚Y Gu-\Ù˙XÙ? CPl-

Td-Lm Es[ Map View Gu-T-Rtœ ∏˙Z Es[ Mercator View, Flat View Gu-T-Yt-±p

Ju-±-̊ ]j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-L. ÿR-≠p °˚PjR A˙R Tœ-ß-́ u Y˚W-T-Pj˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.

TPm 2.2 UÙo-©s ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-∞p Y˚W-T-P Y•-Ym LÙh-£l-T-”j-’-Rp.

File ˘U‡-Æ-¤s[ Export Map p °∞d ˘Nn-L.

ß\k’ Y⁄-°u\ NÙ[-Wj-ßp Y˚W-T-Pj-ßtœl

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙LÙl--◊l ˘TV˚Wj Rk’ Ee-L-[’

˙LÙl-◊j-̆ RÙ-œl-©p ˙N™-Ÿe-Ls.

C˚Pd-LÙX Ck-ß-VÙ˚Y Bh£ ˘NnR HWÙ-[m

Bh-£-VÙ-[o-L-̊ [-Ÿm AYo-L-fi-̊ PV ˙TW-W-—-L-̊ [-Ÿm

œ±j’ øe-Ls T•j-ß-⁄d-°-»o-Ls. AYo-L-fi-̊ PV Bh-

£-́ u ∏r C⁄kR Tœ-ß-L-̊ [ UÙo-©s Y˚W-T-Pj-ßp

Li-P-±V ÿVt£ ˘Nn-L.


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¥.-©.-Gv (Global Positioning System)È™ ˙LÙ[j-ßtœ œfldœ ˘S”d-LÙL Y˚W-Vl-Th-”s[ Lt-T-̊ ]d ˙LÙ”-L˙[ Ah-Nd-

˙LÙ-”-L-fim æod-Ld-˙LÙ-”-L-fim Gufl ˘R¨-Ÿ-Up-XYÙ. CYt˚\ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld

˘LÙi˙P È™-́ p J⁄ CPj-ßu C⁄l-©-Pj˚R ®o-Q-́ l-T-’. N -̈VÙ] ˙LÙQ A[-‹-

L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ -p C˚Y Y˚WVl-Th-”s-[’ Gufl øe-Ls T•j-ß-⁄d-°-»o-Ls Ap-

XYÙ? Æi-̆ Y-∞dœ A‡l-©V ˘NVt-̊ L-̇ LÙs-L-∞u N™d-̊ O-L˚[ ˘Ttfl J⁄

C⁄l-©-Pj-ßu Ah-Nd-˙LÙ” æod-Ld-˙LÙ” EV-Wm ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ ®o-Q-´l-T-Rtœ

¥.-©.-Gv YN-ß-́ u YØ-VÙL CV-¤m. ̆ UÙ˚Tp ̇ TÙi-L-∞¤m HWÙ-[m YÙL-]e-L∞¤m

©\ HWÙ-[-UÙ] L⁄-Æ-L-∞-¤m ¥.-©.-Gv. YNß ˘T⁄-U-[-Æp TVu-T-”jß Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Li-P-±kR Tœ-ß-L-∞u Y˚W-T-Pe-L-̊ [ Ee-L-[’

L¶-≤-́ p ˙N™dL U\k-’-Æ-PÙ-æo-Ls.

Jq-̆ YÙ⁄ Tœ-ßd-œm ÿL-Y¨

TÙodL ˙Yi-•-Vl Tœ-ß-L-∞u CPm Li-P-±kR

©u-]o ø’-Ætœ J⁄ Nk-̇ R-Lm. CkR ULÙ-S-L-Wj-ßp

Cq-Y-[‹ C⁄l©Pe-L-fid-LÙ] YØ˚Vd Li-P-±-Y’

Gq-YÙfl? Rt-LÙ-Xj-ßp ¥.-©.-Gv YN-ß-˘LÙiP J⁄

˘UÙ˚Tp ˙TÙi TVu-T-”jß CPe-L˚[ ˙YL-UÙ-Ld

Li-P-±-VXÙm Gu-fl B£-̈ -Vo ·±-]Ùo.

Cu-‡UÙ œU-W-Lm

YW-Æp˚X?

œU-W-Lj-ßu Ah-Nd-̇ LÙh-̊ P-

Ÿm æod-Ld-̇ LÙ-h˚P-Ÿm

TÙod-°-˙\u....


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21



TPm 2.3 Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ-”-L-fim æodLd ̇ LÙ”-L-fim

UÙo-©s ̆ Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-∞p È™d ̇ LÙ[j˚Rf —t±

TPj-ß-¤s-[’ ˙TÙufl ˙LÙ”-Ls (TPm 2.3) œ±d-Ll

Th-”s-[-̊ Rl TÙoj-æo-Ls Ap-XYÙ? CYt˚\ AhNd-

˙LÙ”Ls æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”Ls Gufl Y˚L-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[Ùo-

Ls. CkRd Lt-T-̊ ]d ˙LÙ”-L˚[ A•l-T-̊ P-VÙ-Ld

˘LÙi-” È™-́ p J⁄ Tœ-ß-́ u N -̈VÙ] C⁄l-©-Pj-̊ R

®o-Q-´dL-XÙm. UÙo -©˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd° È™d

˙LÙ[j˚R YP-- - ˘Ru A˚W-Yh-Pe-L-[ÙL ˙Yfl-

T”j’m Ah-Nd-̇ LÙh-̊ Pd Li-P-±-L.

È™d ˙LÙ[j-̊ Rd °Zdœ ˙Utœ A˚W-Yh-Pe-

L-[Ù-Ll ©¨d-œm æod-Ld-̇ LÙh-̊ P-Ÿm Li-P-±-L.

˘NVp-TÙ” 1.4

ÿd-°V Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ” æod-Ld-

˙LÙ” Li-P-±-Rp

UÙo-©s ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄s ß\k’ ÿd-°V

Ah-Nd-˙LÙ”Lfim æod-Ld-˙LÙ”Lfim Li-

P-±k’ AYt-±u R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[ Et-fl-

˙SÙd-œ-L. ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y-

˚Q˚V ÿ›-̊ U-VÙd-œL (TPm 2.1)

CVu\ A[‹ ^¯m ˘Nn-RÙp

AßL Ah-Nd-˙LÙ”L˚[-Ÿm

æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”L˚[-Ÿm LÙQ

CV-¤m.

æodLd ˙LÙ”Ls

(˙Utœ ˛ °Zdœ)

AhNd ˙LÙ”Ls

(YPdœ ˛ ˘Rtœ)

0 ÿRp 90 •°Ÿ˚W 0 ÿRp 180 •°Ÿ˚W

®XS”d˙LÙ”


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È™-´-¤s[ A˚]j-’l Tœ-ß-L-fid-œm J⁄

œ±l-©hP Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ”m æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”m Ei-̆ Pufl

◊¨k-R’ Ap-X-YÙ. SUdœ A⁄-°-¤s[ Tœ-ß-L-∞u Ah-

Nd-̇ LÙ”Ls æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”L˚[ Gq-YÙfl UÙo-©s ̆ Uu-

˘TÙ-⁄-∞p Li-P-±-Y’?

˘NVp-TÙ” 2.5

J⁄ Tœ-ß-́ u Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ” æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”

Li-P-±-Rp

Ee-L-[’ UÙYh-Pjßu Ah-Nd-˙LÙ” æod-Ld-

˙LÙ” Li-P-±-Y’ Gq-YÙ-̆ \ufl TÙod-L-XÙm.

UÙo-©s ̆ Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄s ß\k’ Aßp Ee-L-fi-̊ PV

UÙYh-Pj-ßu R˚X-S-Lo A˚Uk-’s[ Tœ-ß˚Vl

˘T -̈RÙd° A˚Ud-L-‹m.

CPj-ßu ˘TV-˙WÙ-”s[ £u-]j-ßp ˘NÙ”dœ-L.

˙RÙu-fl-°u\ NÙ[-Wj-ßv AkR CPj-ßu Ah-Nd-

˙LÙ”m æod-Ld-˙LÙ”m LÙQ-XÙm. Aß-≠-⁄k’

˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[d ∏˙Z G›-’-L.

CPm .................................................................................

Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ” ......................................................................

æod-Ld-̇ LÙ” .........................................................................

ÿd-°-Vj-’Ym ˘TVo

Ck-ßVÙ A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-œm A˚Wd-̇ LÙ-[m .............................................................

Ck-ß-VÙ-Æu YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk’

˘Np-¤m ÿd-°V Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ” .............................................................

YP-’-⁄-Ym ........0 YPdœ

˘Ru-’-⁄-Ym ........0 .............

00 æod-L-̇ LÙh-•tœ ˙So Gß-WÙL

Es[ æod-Ld-̇ LÙ” ............................................................

Ah-P-Y˚Q 2.1 ÿd-°V Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ”Ls æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”Ls

UÙo-©-∞p °W-L-Qe-L-fim

NÙRÙ-WQ Y˚W-T-Pj-ßtœ

Al-TÙp UÙo -©s EXL

E⁄i-˚P-´p YW-XÙtfl

Y˚W-T-Pe-L-fim Jq-̆ YÙ⁄

Tœ-ß-ú NWÙ-N¨ U˚Z-Ÿm

˘Yl-T-ÿm ˘R¨k-’-̆ LÙs-Y-

Rt-LÙ] Y˚W-T-Pe-L-fim

°˚Pd-œm. ˘Yq-˙Yfl

˙SWe-L-∞p ˙RÙu-flm „¨V

°W-L-Qe-L-̊ [-Ÿm Nk-ßW °W-

L-Qe-L-̊ [-Ÿm ˙RÙu-fl-Æd-

°u\ Tœ-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm Et-fl-

˙SÙd-L-XÙm.


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23



G]’ Tœ-ß-́ u Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ”m æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”m

GpXÙ CPl-̆ T-Vo-L-fim UÙo-©-∞p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-•-⁄d-œm. ˘TVo RWÙR Tœ-ß-

L∞u Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ”Lfim æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”Lfim Gq-YÙfl LÙQ CV-¤m?

UÙo-©s EXL E⁄i-̊ P-́ p ˘Yq-̇ Yfl Tœ-ß-L-

∞u YØ-VÙLf ˘NÙ”d-°˚V CVd°l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

∏˙Z Es[ v˙Ph-Pv Th-̊ P-́ p Position GuT-

Rtœ ˙SWÙL Ak-RkRl Tœ-ß-L-∞u Ah-Nd-

˙LÙ”Lfim æod-Ld-˙LÙ”Lfim ˙RÙu-fl-°-\-

RpXYÙ?

EeL-[’ Tœ-ß-́ u Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ”m æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”m

Li-P-±V ÿ•-°-\RÙ? ÿVt£ ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls.

˙LW-[j-ßu Tp-̇ Yfl UÙYhPj R˚X-S-L-We-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ ß⁄-Y-]k-R-◊-Wj-ßt-LÙ] YÙ]

ÁWj˚R UÙo-©s TVu-T-”jßd Li-P-±k’ Ah-P-Y-̊ Ql-T-”j-’-L.

®X-S-”d-̇ LÙ” LPk’ ˘Np-¤m Li-Pe-L˚[ UÙo-©s TVu-T-”jß Et-fl-̇ SÙd-œ-L.

A˚Y APe-°-Ÿs[ Y˚W-T-Pl Tœß˚V Export ˘Nn’ Ee-L-fi-˚PV ˙LÙl-◊j-

˘RÙœl-©p ˙N™d-L-‹m.

RWl-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y-̊ Q˚V ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄s ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu ÿ›-̊ U-VÙd-L-‹m.

CPm Ah-Nd-˙LÙ” æod-Ld-˙LÙ”

◊’ ˘Pp≠

ß⁄-Y-]k-R-◊-Wm

ÿm˚T

cS-Lo

Ee-L-[’ Td-Lj’ UÙYh-Pe-L-∞u R˚X-S-Lo-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ Ah-Nd-̇ LÙ” æod-Ld-̇ LÙ”

UÙo-©s ̆ Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-∞≠-⁄k’ Li-P-±k’ Th-•-V-≠-”-L.

TÙ˚L, ®™-Pm, ˘SÙ•

Jq-̆ YÙ⁄ TÙ˚L (00) ̇ LÙQ A[-

Æ-˚]-Ÿm 60NU ®™-Pe-Ls (’)B-dLl-Th-”s-[-’. Jq-˘YÙ⁄

®™-P-ÿm 60 ˘SÙ•-Ls (”)˙Nok-R-

RÙ-œm.




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C˚Pd-LÙX Ck-ßVÙ˚Y Bh-£-̆ NnR Cp-’j ™μ-≤u ˙TW-W-£p APe-°-́ -⁄kR

Tœ-ß-L˚[ UÙo-©-∞p Li-P-±L. AkRl Tœ-ß-Ls APe-œm Y˚W-T-Pj˚R

Export ˘Nn’ L¶-≤-́ p ˙N™d-L-‹m.

NÍL A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp ̆ R¨k-’-̆ LÙiP, Tp-̇ Yfl T⁄-Y-LÙ-Xl Tœ-ß-L-∞p APe-

°-Ÿs[ ÿd-°V CPe-L˚[ UÙo-©s ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄s TVu-T-”jßd Li-P-±k’ AYt-

±u Ah-Nd-̇ LÙh˚PŸm æod-Ld-̇ LÙh˚PŸm Th-•-V-≠-”-L.

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25L⁄j-’Lfim TP-eL-fim


TÙPm 3

L⁄j-’Lfim TP-eL-fim

Be-°-Xl TÙP-◊j-R-Lj-ßp WÙ_Ù œ”m-Tj-ßu

L⁄j’l-T-Pm (Concept Map) LÙi-©j-ß-⁄lT’

OÙTLm Ei-Pp-X-YÙ. Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-h•u Tœ-

ß-VÙL Æ©u AY-̊ ]d œ±j’j RVÙ-̈ jR J⁄

L⁄j-’l-T-Pm (TPm 3.1) LY-≤d-L-‹m. Æ©-̊ ]d

œ±j’ Gu] œ±l-◊-Ls CkRd L⁄j-’lTPj-ßp

°˚Pd-°-u\] Gufl Li-P-±-L.

Æ©-≤u AlTÙ •˚W-Yo.

Æ©-≤tœl Tk-RÙ-”-Y’ ©•j-R-UÙ-]-’.

.......................................................................................

Æ©-̊ ]d-œ-±j’ AßL A[-Æ-XÙ] RL-Yp-

Ls CkRd L⁄j-’lTPj-ß-≠-⁄k’ °˚Pd-°-u\]

Ap-XYÙ?

RL-Yp-L˚[ G∞-RÙ-Ll ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

...........................................................................................

TPm 3.1 Æ©-̊ ]l Tt-±V

L⁄j’ Y˚W-T-Pm


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26 L⁄j-’L-fim TP-eL-fim

˘NVp-TÙ” 3.1

G]’ œ”m-Tm

œ”mTUWm RVÙ-̈ dL ER-‹°u\ Æ[d-Lm (TPm 3.2) RWl-Th-”s-[-̊ Rd LY-≤-ŸeLs.

Cßp œ”mT Ae-Lj-ß-]o-L-∞u ˘TVo-L-̊ [f ˙Noj’ Ee-L-[’ œ”mT UWj˚R ÿ›-

˚U-VÙd-œe-Ls. ˙R˚Y-̆ V-≤p TPj-ßp RL-Yp-L-̊ [j RW˙YÙ ød-L˙YÙ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

TPm 3.2 œ”mTUWm

˘NVp-TÙ” 3.2

Tp-Y˚L TP-Æ-[d-Le-Ls

SU’ TÙP-◊j-R-Lj-ßp C’-̇ TÙu\ TX Y˚L-VÙ] TP-Æ-[d-Le-Ls TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-

”s-[] Ap-X-YÙ.

Cj-R-̊ LV TP-Æ-[d-Le-L-̊ [d Li-P-±k’ Ah-P-Y˚Q 3.1 ÿ›-̊ U-VÙdL ÿVt£ ̆ Nn’ TÙo.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 3.1 TP-Æ-[d-Le-L-fim AYt-±u Æ[d-L-‹m

Gu-˚]d-œ-±j’

C’- ˙TÙp J⁄

TPj˚Rj RVÙ-¨dL

ÿ•-ŸUÙ?

Æ[d-Lm

T≤d-Lh• Ri-Ω-ü ßP Y•-Y-UÙ-

œm. T≤d-Lh• ̆ Yl-T-U-̊ Pk’ Ri-Ω-WÙL

UÙfl-°-\-’. ßWY ®˚X-´-¤-s[ Ri-Ωo

˘LÙßd-œm-̇ TÙ’ YÙŸ-®-̊ X-́ -¤s[ øWÙ-Æ-

VÙL UÙfl-°-\’. øWÙÆ œ∞of-£-V-˚Pk’

Ri-Ω-WÙL UÙfl-°-\-’. Ri-Ω˚Wd œ∞o-

Æj-RÙp T≤d-Lh-•-VÙL UÙfl-°-\-’.

TP-Æ-[d-Lm

T≤dLh•

(ß-P-®˚X)

˘Yl-Tm E™r-°-\’

˘Yl-Tm Ht-°-\-’.

Ri-Ωo

(ß-WY-®-̊ X)

Ri-Ωo

øWÙÆ

(YÙŸ-®-̊ X)

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˘NVp-TÙ” 3.3

TP-UÙd-œ-Rp L¶-≤-́ p

A•l-T˚P A±-Æ-Vp TÙP-◊j-R-Lj-ßp J⁄

TP-Æ-[d-Lm (T-Pm 3.3) RWl-Th-”s-[˚R LY-≤-

Ÿe-Ls. ˘Yq-̇ Yfl LX-̊ Y-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ Tœ-ßl-

˘TÙ-⁄s-L-˚[l ©¨j-˘R-”d-°u\ ÿ˚\-L-fim

G”j-’d-LÙh-”-L-fi-UÙ-œm CkRl TPj-ßp RWl-

Th-”s-[-’. SU’ L¶-≤-́ p Es[ ≠To B¿v

•WÙ Gu\ ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-s TPe-Ls Y˚WdL ER-

‹m ̆ Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-[Ù-œm.

B¿v ˘U‡-Æ-≠-⁄k’ ≠To B¿v •WÙ

(Libreoffice Draw) Gu\ ˘Uu-˘TÙ-⁄˚[j

ß\k’ NÙ[-Wm (TPm 3.4) ̆ R¨k-’-̆ LÙs-fie-Ls.

TPm 3.3 p RWl-Th-”s[ TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚R Gq-

YÙfl SUdœd L¶-≤-́ p RVÙ-WÙd-L-XÙm Gufl

T -̇̈ NÙ-ßl-̇ TÙm.

N’-W-ÿm Yh-P-ÿm Y˚WL

≠To B¿v •WÙ NÙ[-Wj-ßp CP-’-TdL

L⁄-Æl Th-̊ P-́ p C⁄k’ Rectangle L⁄-Æ,

Ellipse L⁄Æ Gu-T˚Y TVu-T-”jßj ˙R˚Y-

VÙ] Yh-Pe-L-fim N’-We-L-fim (T-Pm 3.5)

Y˚Wj’f ˙Nod-L-XÙm.

CkRl

TPe-L˚[d L¶-≤-´p

RVÙ-¨d-L-XÙm.

TPm 3.4 ≠To Bl-¿v •WÙ NÙ[-Wm

TPm 3.3LX-̊ Y-L˚[ ̇ Yfl-T-”j-’-Rp TP-Æ-[d-Lm


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YÙoj-̊ R-L˚[f ˙Nod-L-‹m

Yh-Pe-L-∞-¤m N’-We-L-∞-¤m ˘NÙ”d-°l ˘TÙj-

RÙ-≤p CWh˚Pf ˘NÙ”dœ ˘Nn-Ÿm-̇ TÙ’ AR-‡s

˘NÙtLs Rh-Pf— ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] Lo-No ˙RÙu-fl-Y-̊ Rd

LÙQ-XÙm. Ceœ ˘NÙt-L-̊ [j Rh-Pf— ˘Nn’ ˙Nod-L-

XÙm. Rh-Pf-—l TX-̊ L˚V J›e-œ-T-”jßj R™-Ø-¤m

YÙoj-̊ R-L˚[f ˙Nod-L-XÙm.

C˚Ql-◊-Ls Y˚WL

•WÙ NÙ[-Wj-ßu CP-’-Td-Lm ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[

L⁄-Æl-Th-̊ P´p C˚Ql◊ (TPm3.6) ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-L.

Al-˙TÙ’ SÙm Y˚WkR Yh-Pj-ß˙XÙ N’-Wj-ß˙XÙ

˘NÙ”d-œm˙TÙ’ AYt-±u Td-Le-L-∞p C˚QdL

˙Yi-•V ◊s-∞-Ls (dfi ◊s-∞-Ls ) LÙQ-XÙm.

TPm 3.6 C˚Ql-◊-Ls

N’-Wj˚Rj ß⁄l-T-XÙm

˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ N’-Wj-ßp J⁄-ÿ˚\ ˘NÙ”dœm-̇ TÙ’

£Yl◊ ®\j-ßp A˚P-VÙ-[e-Ls (TPm 3.7) LÙQ-XÙm.

Í˚X-́ -¤s[ A˚P-VÙ-[j˚Rf ˘NÙ”d° ˙R˚Yd-

˙LtT N’-Wj˚Rj ß⁄l-T-XÙm.TPm 3.7 ß⁄l-◊-Y-Rt-LÙ] œ±-¬”

TPm 3.5 •WÙ ˙Lu-YÙ-£p Y˚WkR Y•-Ye-Ls

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˘NV˚X ÿ›-̊ U-VÙd-

°V ©u-]o ˙N™dL

U\k-’-Æ-PÙ-æo-Ls.

TPm 3.9 Properties NÙ[-Wm

J⁄ N’-Wj-ß-‡-̊ P-V-‹m Yh-Pj-ß-‡-̊ P-V-‹m dfi-

◊s-∞-́ p ˘NÙ”d° C˚QdL ˙Yi-•V Y•-Yj-ßu

d ◊s-∞dœ C›j’ Y•-Ye-L˚[ (TPm 3.8

˙TÙufl) Ju-˚\-˘VÙufl C˚Qd-L-XÙm. CWi”

Y•Ye-L˚[ C˚QdL ÿ•k-RÙp AY-t-±u CPj˚R

UÙt-flm-̇ TÙ’ C˚Qd-Ll-Th-” Y˚WkR ̇ LÙ”m ̇ Nok’

J›e-œ-T-”j-Rl-T-”-Y˚R LÙQ-‹m.

˘NVp-TÙ” 3.4

TPj˚R AZ-LÙd-L-XÙm

N’-Wj˚R AZ-LÙd-L-XÙm

SÙm Y˚WkR Y•-Ye-L˚[ AZ-·hP AYt˚\j

˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ NÙ[-Wj-ßu CP-’-Td-L-ÿs[ L⁄Æ Th-

˚P-́ p Fill Color L⁄-Æ-́ -≠-⁄k’ N’-Wj-ßu

®\j˚R ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm. N’-Wj-ßu TÙo-Po ®\m

Line Color Gu\ L⁄-Æ˚Vl TVu-T-”jß

UÙt\m ̆ Nn-V-XÙm. C˚Ql◊d ̇ LÙ”-L˚[ AZ-·h”-

Y-Rt-œm CkR YN-ß-̊ Vl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

YX’ Td-L-ÿs[ Sidebar Cp Properties NÙ[-Wj-ß-¤s[ (TPm3.9) YN-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-

T”j-ß-Ÿm Cf-̆ N-Vp-L˚[ ˘NnV ÿ•-Ÿm.

RVÙ-̈ jR TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚R AZ-·h• ˙N™d-L-‹m.

TPm 3.8 C˚Ql-◊-Ls TVu-T-”jß C˚QjR TP-Æ-[d-Lm


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˘Th-̇ WÙp, ºNp YÙL-]e-Ls Bt-\-¤dœ Gq-YÙfl „ -̈V˚] NÙok-ß-⁄d-°-\’? T•U

G¨-˘TÙ-⁄s-L-˚[d œ±j’ J⁄ J›-œ-T-Pm UÙß-¨-´p RWl-Th-”s-[’ ˙TÙufl

L¶≤´p RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

¨‡ Ru-‡-̊ PV Ts-∞-́ u Yœl-◊-L-̊ [d œ±j’ L¶-≤-́ p RVÙ-̈ jR TP-Æ-[dLm

∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[-’. Ee-L-[’ Ts-∞-̊ Vd œ±l-©-”m C’ ˙TÙu\ J⁄ TP-Æ[d-

Lj˚R ≠To B¿v •WÙ-´p RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m. AßLj RL-Yp-L˚[ ˙Noj’ ˘U⁄-

·hP‹m.

Ri-Ω-̊ Wd œ±j’ Ee-L-fidœ Gu] ˘R -̈Ÿm? Ri-Ω-⁄-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-̊ PV L⁄j-

’l-T-P-Æ-[d-Lj-ßtœ AßL A[‹ RL-Yp-L-̊ [d Li-P-±k’ AYt˚\ ≠To B¿v

•WÙ TVu-T-”jß TP-Æ-[d-Lm RVÙ-̈ d-L-‹m.

T•UG¨˘TÙ⁄s

®XdL¨

Gp.©.¥

„¨Vu

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®\m, UQm, —˚Y Cp˚X

œ•dL

°Qfl

LÙVp

—jRøo

El◊øo

LÙWQeLs

R”lTRtLÙ] YØLs

TVuTÙ”Ls

øo

UÙN˚PRp

˙NL¨j’l TÙ’LÙdœm YØÿ˚\Ls

ÿd°Vj’Ym


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32 ˙LÙ”Ls Nkßdœm˙TÙ’

TÙPm 4

˙LÙ”Ls Nkßdœm˙TÙ’

SV]Ù J⁄ L¶Rf ˘NVpßhPm ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•

⁄kRÙs. CWi”˙LÙ”Ls Nkßdœm ̇ TÙ’ E⁄YÙœm

A”jR”jR ˙LÙQeLfid°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊

Gu] GuT˙R ˘NVpßhPm.

£X ˙_Ù• ˙LÙ”Ls Y˚Wk’m ˙LÙQeL˚[

A[k’m AhPY˚QLs RVÙ¨jRÙs.

C˘RpXÙm TÙoj’d ˘LÙi•⁄kR _ÙTo AY∞Pm,

¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˚[l TVuT”jßŸm

C˚Rf ˘NnVXÙm ApXYÙ Gufl˙LhPÙu.

SV]Ù‹dœ BYp HtThP’. ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ

TVuT”jß CkRd ˙LÙQeL∞u ˘RÙPo˚T

GqYÙfl Li”©•lT’?

¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ TVuT”jßd L¶R Y•YeLs

E⁄YÙdL SÙm Lt±⁄d°˙\Ùm ApXYÙ. CkR ˘Uu

˘TÙ⁄˚[l TVuT”jß SV]ÙÆu ˘NVpßhPm

Èojß ˘NnV SÙm ERYXÙm.

¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ

Y•ÆVp Y•YeLs Y˚W

V‹m AYt±u £\l©Vp◊

L˚[ Etfl˙SÙdL‹m TVu

T”j’m J⁄ —RkßW FPÙ”

˘Uu˘TÙ⁄˙[ ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ.

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33˙LÙ”Ls Nkßdœm˙TÙ’


˙LÙQeL∞u Gi¶d˚L

˙LÙ”Ls NkßlT’ GqYÙfl GuT˚Rl ˘TÙflj˙R

E⁄YÙdLlT”m ˙LÙQeL∞u Gi¶d˚L Eflß

˘NnVlT”°\’.

˘NVpTÙ” 4.1

˙LÙ”Ls Nkßdœm˙TÙ’ E⁄YÙœm

A”jR”jR ˙LÙQeL∞u £\l©Vp◊Ls

˙LÙ”Ls Nkßdœm˙TÙ’ AYt±t°˚P´p ˙LÙQe

Ls E⁄YÙ°u\] ApXYÙ. J⁄ ˙LÙh•p ˙Y˘\Ù⁄

˙LÙ” Yk’ ˙N⁄m ˙TÙ’ E⁄YÙœm ˙LÙQeL∞u

£\l©Vp◊Ls Gu] Gufl ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s

ß\k’ T¨˙NÙßdLXÙm.


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CkRd ˙LÙh•p Yk’ ˙N⁄m ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˙LÙ”m

Y˚WVXÙm.

L⁄-Æl ˘Th•´≠⁄k’ ˘Nd˘Uuh L⁄Æ

(Segment tool) ˙Rok˘R”dL‹m

ÿR≠p Y˚WkR ˙LÙh•p CWi” ◊s∞Lfid

°˚P´p Yk’ ˙N⁄mT• ˙U¤m J⁄ ˙LÙ”

Y˚WV‹m (TPm 4.3)

TPm 4.1 ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ ß\dœm Y¨˚N

∏˙Z ·\lTh”s[ Y¨˚N´p ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙ

ß\dL‹m (TPm 4.1)

TPm 4.2 CWi” ◊s∞Ls YØ LPk’ ̆ Np¤m ̇ LÙ”

ß\k’ YkR ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞u NÙ[Wjßp SUdœ

J⁄ ˙LÙ” Y˚WVXÙm. ARtLÙL, L⁄-Æl

˘Th•´p C⁄k’ ˚Xu Âp (Line Tool)

ß\k’ G”dL‹m.

NÙ[Wjßp ˙LÙ” LPk’ ˘NpX ˙Yi•V

CWi” ◊s∞L˚[f ˘NÙ”d-°-VÙp ˘NÙ”d°

˙LÙ” Y˚WVlThPRpXYÙ? (TPm 4.2)

œ±l©hP ø[jßp ˙LÙ”

Y˚WYRtœ

¥˙VÙ¥lWÙÆp œ±l©hP

ø[jßp J⁄ ˙LÙ” Y˚WV

L⁄-Æl ˘Th•´p ˘Nd

˘Uuh Æj °Yu ˘Xej

(Segment with Given

Length) Gu\ L⁄-Æ-˚Vl

TVuT”jRXÙm.

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TPm 4.3 Nkßdœm CWi” ̇ LÙ”Ls

TPm 4.3 Nkßdœm CWi” ˙LÙ”Ls TPjßp CDGu\ ˙LÙ” AB Gu\ ˙LÙh•p GjR˚] ˙LÙQeL˚[

E⁄YÙdœ°u\]?

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A˚Y G˚Y?

BDC, ...........................................................

CkRd ˙LÙQeL˚[ GqYÙfl A[dLXÙm?

L⁄-Æl ˘Th•´≠⁄k’ Be°s Âp (Angle

Tool) ß\k˘R”dL‹m

˙LÙQeL˚[d œ±dœm ◊s∞L˚[ B,D,C Gu\

Y¨˚N´p ˘NÙ”d-L‹m

˙LÙQ A[‹Ls ˘RŸ˚Rd LÙQXÙm (TPm 4.4)

C˙R ÿ˚\´p Gß˙WŸs[ CWiPÙY’ ˙LÙQjßu

A[‹m Li”©•dLXÙm.

◊s∞L∞u ˘TVo LÙh£

A∞dLÆp˚X G≤p

◊s∞L∞u ̆ TVo LÙh£ A∞dLÆp˚X

G≤p ◊s∞´p YX’ ˘NÙ”dL‹m.

Cl˙TÙ’ LÙh£ A∞dœm NÙ[Wjßp

Show Label GuT˚R UÙod ˘NnV‹m.


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TPm 4.4 ̇ LÙQeLs A[dœm ÿ˚\

Cl˙TÙ’ °˚PjR CWi” ˙LÙQeLfi˚PV‹m

˘RÙ˚L LÙiL.

˙LÙQ A[‹L˚[ ÿ› GiLs BdL

£X ˙Y˚[L∞p ˙LÙQ A[‹Ls RNU GiL[ÙLd °˚Pdœm. CkR A[‹L˚[

ÿ› GiL[ÙdL ˘U‡ TÙ¨p Options ˘NÙ”dL‹m. Al˙TÙ’ LÙQlT”m Round-ing Cp 0 Decimal Places GuT˚Rf ˘NÙ”dL‹m.

CkRd ˙LÙQeLs B, D,

C Gu\ Y¨˚N´p A[dL

ÿVt£ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

ARtœ Tßp C, D, B Gu\

Y¨˚N´p A[kRÙp?

œ±l©hP A[Æp ˙LÙQm A˚UdL

¥˙VÙ¥lWÙÆp œ±l©hP A[Æp ˙LÙQeLs A˚UdLd L⁄-Æl ˘Th•´p

Be°s Æj °Yu ˚Nv (Angle with Given Size)Gu\ L⁄-Æ-̊ Vl

TVuT”jRXÙm.

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Gi ˙LÙQm BDC ˙LÙQm CDA ˘RÙ˚L 1

680 1120

2

3

4

5

6

7

©\ ◊s∞L˚[

C›j’l

TÙodL‹m. ˙LÙQ

A[‹Ls

UÙfl°\RÙ?

Li”©•l◊L˚[ G›R‹m.

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CkRf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pl TÙ’LÙj’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m

ApXYÙ. ARtLÙL ˙LÙl-̊ Tf ˙N™d-L-‹m.

J⁄ ˙LÙh˚P ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˙LÙ” Nkßdœm GkR

„Z≠¤m E⁄YÙœm ˙LÙQeL∞u ˘RÙ˚L C’

RÙ]Ù?

C˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdL HWÙ[m TPeLs Y˚WV

˙Yi”UpXYÙ?

B]Ùp ¥˙VÙ¥lWÙÆp ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’?

L⁄-Æl ˘Th•´p Íq Âp (Move Tool)TVuT”jß E Gu\ ◊s∞˚V C›j’l

TÙodL‹m

Jq˘YÙ⁄ RP˚YŸm˙LÙQeL∞p E⁄YÙœm

UÙt\m ∏˙Z LÙQlT”m. AhPY˚Q´p (4.1)

G›ßj ˘RÙ˚L GqY[‹ G]d LÙQ‹m.

AhPY˚Q 4.1 ̇ LÙQeL∞u ̆ RÙ˚L


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TPm 4.5 ̆ Yh•f ̆ Np¤m CWi” ̇ LÙ”Ls

˙LÙ”Ls ˘Yh•d ˘LÙsfim ◊s∞d

Li”©•dL L⁄-Æl ˘Th•´p C⁄k’ CuPo

˘^dh L⁄-Æ-˚Vj (Intersect Tool)˙Rok˘R”j’ CWi” ̇ LÙ”L∞¤m ̆ NÙ”d-L-‹m.

˘NVpTÙ” 4.2

˙LÙ”Ls ˘Yh•f ˘Np¤m˙TÙ’

TPjßp LÙiT’˙TÙp AB, CD B°V CWi”

˙LÙ”Ls ˘Yh•f ˘Np¤mT• Y˚WV‹m.

(TPm 4.5)

CWi” ˙LÙ”Ls ˘Yh•f

˘Np¤m˙TÙ’ E⁄YÙœm

˙LÙQeL∞u £\l©Vp◊

Ls Gu]?

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Gßo˙LÙQeL∞u A[‹L˚[l T¨˙NÙßdL‹m.

Íq L⁄-Æl TVuT”jß ◊s∞L˚[ C›dL‹m

Jq˘YÙ⁄ RP˚YŸm ˙LÙQeL∞p E⁄YÙœm

UÙt\m

AhPY˚Q 4.2 Cp A˚PVÙ[lT”jß Gßo

˙LÙQeL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[d Li”©•dL‹m

TPm 4.6 ̆ Yh•d˘LÙsfim ◊s∞

Gi BEC ˙LÙQm AED ˙LÙQm CEA ˙LÙQm DEB

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2

3

4

5

6

AhPY˚Q 4.2 ̇ LÙQ A[‹L∞u £\l©Vp◊Ls

˘Yh•d˘LÙsfim

◊s∞´¤iPÙœm SÙuœ

˙LÙQeL˚[Ÿm A[dL‹m.

˙LÙ”Ls ˘Yh•d˘LÙsfim ◊s∞ ˘R¨Ÿm.


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TPm 4.7 TX˙LÙQm

˙LÙQm A[dœm

L⁄-Æl TVuT”jß CkRl

TX˙LÙQjßu Es˙[

˘NÙ”dL‹m....

Li”©•l◊Ls G›’L.

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˘NVpTÙ” 4.3

TX˙LÙQeLs A˚UjRp

L⁄-Æl ̆ Th•´p C⁄k’ ̇ TÙ≠Lu L⁄-Æ-̊ Vj

(Polygon Tool) ˙Rok˘R”dL‹m

˘RÙPok’ Ef£L˚[ Jq˘YÙu\ÙLf ̆ NÙ”d-œm

˙TÙ’ TdLeLs ˙RÙuflY˚Rd LÙQXÙm

˘RÙPe°V ◊s∞´˙X˙V ̆ NÙ”d° TX ̇ LÙQm

®˚\Y˚PVf ˘NnV‹m (TPm 4.7)

CqYÙfl GjR˚] TdLeLs Es[ TX˙LÙQeL˚[

˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m SÙm E⁄YÙdLXÙm

C≤ TX˙LÙQeLs

A˚Ul˙TÙUÙ?

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˙TÙ≠Lu L⁄-Æ-̊ Vl TVuT”jß J⁄ ÿd˙LÙQm A˚Uj’ ˙N™dL‹m. CkR

ÿd˙LÙQjßu Íufl ˙LÙQeL∞u A[‹Lfim LÙiL.

J⁄ ÿd˙LÙQm A˚UdL‹m, Íq Âp TVuT”jß TdLeL˚[ C›j’ ARu

˙LÙQ A[‹Ls AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m. ˙LÙQ A[‹L∞u ˘RÙ˚L

Li”©•j’ ÿ•˚Y ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp G›’L.

J⁄ SÙtLWm A˚UdL‹m. Íq Âp TVuT”jß TdLeL˚[ C›j’ ARu˙LÙQ

A[‹L˚[ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m. ˙LÙQ A[‹L∞u ˘RÙ˚L Li”©•j’

ÿ•˚Y ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp G›’L.

˙TÙ≠Lu L⁄-Æl TVuT”jßd ∏˙Z LÙQlT”m Y•YeL˚[ Y˚Wk’ TÙodL‹m.

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”

Ußl¿” ˘Nn-V-XÙm

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42 RLYp L[g-£-Vm

SU’ EXLm GqY[‹ At◊RUÙ]’! ˙YflThP

LÙX®˚X UiPXeLfim AqÆPeL∞p Y›m

E´¨]eLfim GjR˚] BfN¨VUÙ] A‡TYe

L˚[j ˙RÙtflÆd°u\]! TuÿLjRu˚URÙu

È™ú Ei˚UVÙ] AZœm ˘NÙj’m Bœm.

TX˙Yfl LÙX®˚X UiPXeL˚[Ÿm Aeœs[

E´¨]eL˚[Ÿm Tt± ™≤ RVÙ¨jR •¥hPp

BpTjßu J⁄ TdLm Ceœ RWlTh”s[’.

TÙPm 5

RLYp L[g-£-Vm

JhPLm

RiΩo œ•dLÙUp TX

SÙhLs CRtœ Eó YÙZ

CV¤m. ™L AßL ˘Yl

Tjß¤m Eó YÙ›m. TÙ˚X

Y]d LlTp Gufl C’

A˚ZdLlT”°\’.

TÙ˚XY]m

Ceœ ™L AßL ˘YlTm.

£X LÙXeL∞p CW‹ ̇ Y˚[

L∞p AßL œ∞WÙL C⁄d

œm. RiΩo ™Ld œ˚\‹.

˘N•Lfim UWe Lfim ™Ld

œ˚\‹.

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43RLYp L[g-£-Vm

RL-Yp ̆ RÙPo-◊j ̆ RÙØp-÷h-Tm ̨ VI

CkRl TPeLfim RLYpLfim ™≤dœ

Ge°⁄k’ °˚Pjß⁄dœm?

TPeLs GpXÙm C˚QVjß≠⁄k˙R

°˚PjR’ GuT’ Æ_˜Ætœl ◊ßV RLYp.

AY‡dœ ¡i”m Nk˙RLm.

SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] GpXÙ TPeLfim C˚Q

Vjß≠⁄k’ °˚PdœUÙ?

˙R˚YVÙ] TPeL˚[ C˚QVjß≠⁄k’

GqYÙfl Li”©•dLXÙm?

AYt˚\ SU’ L¶≤´p ˙N™dL CV¤UÙ?

C˚QVjßp RLYpL[ÙL‹m TPeL[ÙL‹m

GiQt\ Y˚LLs Ei”. EXL˘Ueœm Es[

HWÙ[m ˙To TXY˚Lj ˙R˚YLfidLÙL C˚Qj

ß⁄lT˚YL˙[ CkRj RLYpLfim TPeLfim.

C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ RLYpLs ˙NL¨lTRtœ

˙Yi•V ÿu BVjReLs G˚Y Gufl TÙol˙TÙm.

SU’ L¶≤´p C˚QV YNß C⁄dL

˙Yi”m.

C˚QVjß¤s[ RLYpL˚[ SU’ L¶≤´p

C⁄k˙R T¨˙NÙßlTRtLÙ] ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s

˙Yi”m.

NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPl◊jRLjßp TuÿLj

Ru˚U YÙnkR EXLm Gu\ Tœß´p Tp˙Yfl

LÙX®˚X UiPXeLs, Aeœs[ RÙYWeLs,

E´¨]eLs B°VYt±u £\l©Vp◊Ls B°V

Yt˚\ SÙm ◊¨k’ ̆ LÙi”s˙[Ùm. CR‡Pu ̆ RÙPo

◊˚PV ™≤ RVÙ¨jR’˙TÙu\ J⁄ •¥hPp BpTm

˘Yl ◊˘WÙNoLs

C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ RLYp

Ls TÜÙt\m ˘NnY’

œ±l©hP Y•Yjß¤s[

TdLeLs YØVÙœm. CkRl

TdLeL˚[ ˘Yl˙T_˜Ls

Gu˙\ ·flYo. ˘Yl˙T_˜

L˚[d L¶≤Ls LÙh£l

T”j’Y’ ˘Yl ◊˘WÙNoLs

Gufl ·\lT”m R≤lThP

˘Uu˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ÍX

UÙœm. ˙UÙ£pXÙ @TVo

TÙdv, œ˙WÙ™Vm, ̊ Ud˙WÙ

NÙlh, Ghw, ^TÙ¨ B°

V˚Y ˘Yl ◊˘WÙNoLfidœ

G”j’dLÙh”L[Ùœm.

\


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44 RLYp L[g-£-Vm

RVÙ¨dL SUdœm CV¤m. CRtœ Gu˘]u] TPeLs

˙R˚YlT”m?

Tp˙Yfl LÙX®˚X UiPXeL∞p È™ú

CVt˚L A˚Ul◊ ˘R∞YÙ°u\˚Y.

AkRl TœßL∞p Es[ RÙYWm Utflm

E´¨]eL∞u £\l©Vp◊Ls ◊¨k’ ̆ LÙsfim

TPeLs

AkR CPeL∞p U≤R YÙrd˚LŸPu

˘RÙPo◊˚PV˚Y

..............................................................................................

CYt˚\ SÙm C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ ˙NL¨l

˙TÙUÙ?

˙R˚YVÙ] TPeL˚[ GqYÙfl C˚QVj

ß≠⁄k’ Li”©•dLXÙm G]l TÙol˙TÙm.

˘NVpTÙ” 5.1

TPeLs ˙NL¨lTRtLÙ] ©\

BVjReLs

BpTm E⁄YÙdL Gu˘]u] RLYpLs SÙm

C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ ˙NL¨dL ˙Yi”m?

SÙm Ko AhPY˚Q RVÙ¨j’l TÙol˙TÙm.

(AhPY˚Q 5.1)

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.1 £\l◊f ̆ NÙtLs

£\l◊f ˘NÙtLs

(Key Words)

C˚QVjß¤s[ HWÙ[m

RLYpL∞≠⁄k’ SUdœj

˙R˚YVÙ] RLYpLs

APe°V TdLjßtœ G∞ RÙL

˘Nu\˚PV (˙RP ˙Yi•V

RLY¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV)

£X ˘NÙtLs TVuT”jR

XÙm. CjR˚LV ˘NÙtL˙[

£\l◊f ˘NÙtLs..

TPeL˚[l Tt±V œ±l◊Ls £\l◊f ˘NÙtLs

TÙ˚XY]m, ARu £\l©Vp◊Ls, kalahariAeœs[ E´¨]eLs .....................B°VYt˚\d LÙh”m TPeLs iglu

’⁄Y UiPXjßu £\l©Vp◊Ls, inuitAeœs[ E´¨]eLs B°V˚Y .....................ÈUjßV ˙W˚L LÙX®˚X UiPXm equatorial

semang rosewood tree ................

TPeLs

C˚QVjßp

TÙ’LÙdLlTh•⁄lT’

Geœ?

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45RLYp L[g-£-Vm


˘NVpTÙ” 5.2

TPeLs ˙NL¨dLXÙm

ÿR≠p J⁄ ˘Yl ◊˘W¸N˚Wj ß\dL‹m. ˘Yl

◊˘W¸No ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄hLs G˚Y Gufl TÙoj˙RÙm

ApXYÙ. CYt±p ˙UÙ£pXÙ TVoTÙdv Gu\ ◊˘W¸No

SUdœl TVuT”jRXÙm.

Applications Internet Firefox Web BrowserGu\ Y¨˚N´p ̆ NÙ”d° TVoTÙdv ◊˘W¸No ß\dLXÙm

(TPm 5.1)

TPm 5.1 ◊˘W¸No NÙ[Wm

◊˘W¸N¨p LÙQlT”m ˙R” ˘Th•´p ˙RP

˙Yi•V TPj˚Rd œ±dœm £\l◊f ˘NÙp˚Xj

RhPf— ˘NnV‹m (TPm 5.2)

Rh-Pf-—l TX-̊ L-́ p GuPo ̆ TÙj-RÙ˚] AUojR‹m.

AhPY˚Q RVÙ¨dLlThPRpXYÙ. øeLs RVÙ¨jR

£\l◊f ˘NÙtL∞u ERÆŸPu ’⁄Y UiPXjß‡˚PV

‹m Aeœ YÙ›m ’⁄Yd LW•Ÿ˚PV‹m TPeLs

˙NL¨dL ˙Yi”m Gufl L⁄R‹m. C’ GqYÙfl Gufl

TÙol˙TÙm. CRtœd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ ˘NVpY¨˚N

SUdœ ER‹m.

£\l◊f ˘NÙp/˘Yl ÿLY¨ Ceœ G›R‹m


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46 RLYp L[g-£-Vm

TPm 5.2 ̇ R”-̆ TÙ± NÙ[Wm

Cl˙TÙ’ SÙm A∞jR £\l◊f ̆ NÙp/˘NÙtLfiPu

˘RÙPo◊˚PV GiQt\ TPeLs LÙh£ A∞d

°u\]! Cßp SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] TPeLfim

EiPpXYÙ?

ÆuPu¥˘ô@l (Vinton G Cerf)CYo C˚QVjßu Rk˚RVÙL A±VlT”°\Ùo. A˘U¨dLÙÆp ®Î

aÙY≤p 1943˛m Bi” ©\kRÙo.

˙R” ˘TÙ±Ls

C ˚ Q V j ß ≠ ⁄ k ’

SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] J⁄

TP˙UÙ ©\ RLYpL˙[Ù

˙R•d Li”©•lTRtœ

C ˚ Q V j ß ˙ X ˙ V

˘NVpT”m £X YNßLs Ei”. A˚Y˙V ˙R”

˘TÙ±Ls. ·°s, PdPd˙LÙ (Duckduckgo), VÙ·,

©ed B°V˚Y ÿd°VUÙ] £X ˙R”

˘TÙ±L[Ùœm.

ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[Wjßp SÙm A∞jR £\l◊f˘NÙp

˘RÙPoTÙ] RLYpL˚[l TÙoj˙RÙm ApXYÙ?

TPeL˚[j ̇ R”YRtœf NÙ[Wjßp YX’ TÙLm

˙U˙X Es[ Images GuTßp ˘NÙ”d-L-‹m.

(TPm 5.2)

LY≤dL‹m...

C˚QVjßp °˚Pdœm

GpXÙ RLYpLfim N¨ Gufl

L⁄R ˙YiPÙm. AßLUÙL

GpXÙm N¨VÙ]˚Y Gu\Ù

¤m Sm˚U HUÙtflm RLYp

Lfim Ei”.

TPeLs ˙RP

˙R” ˘Th•

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47RLYp L[g-£-Vm


TPm 5.3 ̇ R•d LÙh£lT”jßV TPeLs

TPeLs APe°V NÙ[Wm (TPm 5.3) TÙojæoLs

ApXYÙ? Cßp SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ]’m ˙R˚Y

Vt\’UÙ] HWÙ[m TPeLs EiPpXYÙ? CYt±

≠⁄k’ ˙R˚YVÙ] TPeL-˚[f ˙N™dL ∏˙Z

·\lT”m ˘NVpLs ˘Nn’ TÙodL‹m.

˘NVpTÙ” 5.3

TPm ˙N™j-Rp

SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] TPjßp °∞d ˘NnV‹m

(TPm 5.3)

˘RÙPok’ ˘T¨VRÙL LÙh£ A∞dœm TPjßp

(TPm 5.4) ˘NÙ”d-°-ú YX’ ˘TÙj-RÙ-˚]f

˘NÙ”dL‹m.

TPeL˚[

Uh”m GqYÙfl

˙^q ˘NnY’?

TPm 5.4 TPm ̇ N™j-Rp


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48 RLYp L[g-£-Vm

ß\k’ Y⁄m ˘U‡Æp Es[ A±‹˚WL∞p

C⁄k’ Save Image As GuT˚Rj ̇ R• G”dL‹m.

TPj˚R EeLs @˙TÙpP¨p ˙^q ˘NnV‹m.

(˙R˚Y G≤p TPjßtœl ◊ßV ˘TVo

˘LÙ”dL‹m)

CkR ÿ˚\´p •¥hPp BpTm RVÙ¨dLj

˙R˚YVÙ] GpXÙ RÙYWeLfi˚PV‹m E´¨]e

Lfi˚PV‹m LÙX®˚X UiPXeLfi˚PV‹m TPeLs

C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ ˙NL¨j’ EeLs I @˙TÙpP¨p

˙^q ˘Nn’ ˚YdL‹m.

CqYÙfl ˙NL¨jR •¥hPp TPeL˚[

J›eœT”jß ™≤ RVÙ¨jR’ ˙TÙu\ BpTm

RVÙ¨j’ EeLs @˙TÙpP¨p ˙^q ˘NnV‹m.

BpTm RVÙ¨dL, SÙm A±ÿLlThP ≠To

B¿v ˚WhPo TVuT”jß]Ùp Gu]? ˚WhP˚Wj

ß\k’ TPeLs EhT”j’m ÿ˚\˚V SÙm ÿu

Yœl©p Lt˙\Ùm.

1. ˙LW[l TÙPË≠p Es[ T˚PV¶ Gu\ TÙPlTœß´p ·\lTh”s[ TWmT˚Wd

L˚XY•YeL∞u TPeLs C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ folk art kerala Gu‡m ˘NÙtLs

TVuT”jß ˘ôf ˘Nn’ Li”©•j’ EeLs @˙TÙpP¨p ˙N™dL‹m.

2. A•lT˚P A±ÆVp TÙPË≠p ÈÆp C⁄k’ ÈÆtœ Gu\ AjßVÙVjßp

Tp˙Yfl TXuL∞u £\l©Vp◊Ls Simple Fruits, Aggregate Fruits, MultipleFruits, False Fruits B°V ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß ˘ôf ˘Nn’ Etfl˙SÙdLp

œ±l◊ G›R‹m.

A‡Uß ˙R˚Y

C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ RLYpLs ̇ R• G”j’l TVuT”j’m ̇ TÙ’ A˚Y —RkßWUÙLl

TVuT”jR CV¤UÙ Gufl ˘R¨kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m. ApX’ A’ RVÙ¨jR

®flY]jßu ApX’ STü A‡UßŸPu TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Ußl¿” ˘Nn-V-XÙm

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49RLYp L[g-£-Vm


3. ˘YlTUÙ] TÙ˚XY]eL∞p LÙQlT”m RÙYW, E´¨]eL∞p H˙R‡m SÙuœ

TPeL˚[ C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ ˙NL¨j’ EeLs ˙TÙpP¨p ˙N™dL‹m.

1. Tp˙Yfl LÙX®˚X UiPXeL∞u CVt˚L A˚Ul◊, Aeœ YÙ›m RÙYWeLs,

E´¨]eLs B°VYt±u TPeL˚[f ˙N™dL‹m. CYt˚\l TVuT”jß J⁄

•¥hPp BpTm ≠Yo B¿v ˚WhP¨p RVÙ¨j’ Yœl©p ˘Y∞´P‹m.

2. UÙl˘TÙ⁄s(Carbohydrate), ˘LÙ›l◊ (Fat), ˚YhP™uLs (Vitamins), RÙ’

El◊Ls (Minerals) B°V˚Y APe°V EQ‹ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u TPeL˚[

C˚QVjß≠⁄k’ ˙NL¨dL‹m. CYt˚\l TVuT”jß EQÆp Nj’dLfim

A˚Y APe°V EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hLfim Gu\ ˘TV¨p J⁄ —Yo Tjß¨˚L ≠To

B¿v ˚WhP¨p RVÙ¨dL‹m.

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls


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50 Æi-̆ Y∞ Æk-̊ R-Ls

AXœ 6

Æi-̆ Y∞ Æk-̊ R-Ls

˘Y∞-́ p SpX ®XÙ J∞. Al◊ Rk-̊ R-Ÿ-Pu ˘Y∞˙V C\e-°-]Ùu. AßL ˙SWm

BLÙ-Vj-̊ R˙V TÙoj’ ®u-\Ùu.

“Am-◊≠ UÙUÙ-‹d-̇ Lu Cq-Y-[‹ J∞?”“Am-◊≠UÙUÙ GpXÙ SÙh-L-fim C˙R A[-Æp Ap-X˙Y? CPm UÙflUÙ?”“BLÙVj-ßp „ -̈V-‡m Nk-ß-W-‡m Sh-Nk-ß-We-L-fim Uh-”m-RÙu Es-[-]YÙ?”

Cq-YÙfl HWÙ-[m Nk-̇ R-Le-Ls Al-◊-Ætœ-......

Ee-L-fid-œm Cj-R-̊ LV Nk-̇ R-Le-Ls Ht-T-”m Ap-XYÙ?

BLÙVd LÙh-£-Ls SUd-œs Ht-T-”j-’m At-◊-Rm

™Ll ˘T¨-V-’. Cj-R-˚LV At-◊-Re-Ls Gp-XÙm Et-fl-

˙SÙdL SU’ ˘Yflm Li-L-[Ùp Uh-”m CV-XÙ-’.

BLÙVl ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ Et-fllTÙodL NÙRÙ-W-Q

-UÙ-Lj ̆ RÙ˚X-̇ SÙd-°-Ls TVu-T-”j-’-Y’ Ei-”. B]Ùp,

C’ GpXÙ CPe-L-∞-¤m °˚Pd-œm Gu-T-ßp-˚X

Ap-XYÙ?

CjR-̊ LV ©W-TgN At-◊-Re-Ls N -̈VÙLl ©u-Tt-flm

˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄h-Ls Cufl °˚Pd-°u-\-].

v˘Pp-̇ X-̈ -Vm Cj-R-̊ LV J⁄ ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-[Ù-œm.

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Am-◊≠UÙUÙ-̊ Yl TÙol-̇ TÙm

Nk-ß-W-≤u Y[of-£-Ÿm ˙Rn-‹m Gu-flm SUdœ

Bf-N-̈ -Vd LÙh-£-RÙu Ap-XYÙ.

v˘Pp-̇ X-̈ -Vm ˘Uu-̆ TÙ-⁄-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu Nk-

ß-W˚] Etfl ˙SÙd-œ-Y’ Gq-YÙfl Gufl TÙol-̇ TÙm.

CRt-œf £X ÿu BVj-Re-Ls ̆ Nn-V-̇ Yi-”m.

J⁄ -SÙs-LÙh-•-ú ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu A”-jR AUÙ-

YÙ˚N ß]m G’ Gufl Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.

Au˚\V „ -̈Vu U˚\-Ÿm ˙SWm 24 U¶-̇ SW

L•-LÙW ÿ˚\-́ p Ah-P-Y-̊ Q- 6.1 Cp G›-’-L.

A”jR AUÙ-YÙ˚N Y⁄m

˙Rß :

Au˚\V „¨V U˚\‹

˙SWm :

Ah-P-Y˚Q 6.1

AUÙ-YÙ˚NŸm „¨V U˚\‹ ̇ SWÿm

Ah-P-Y-̊ Q 6.1

Nk-ß-W-≤u Y[of-£-Ÿm ˙Rn-‹m

AUÙ-YÙ˚N ß]j-ß-≠-⁄k’ ˘T¸o-Q™ ß]m-

Y˚W Jq-̆ YÙ⁄ SÙfim ̆ Np-¤m-̇ TÙ’ Nk-ß-W-≤u Y•-

Ym ÿ˚\l-T• UÙflm Gu-T˚R A±-≈o-Ls Ap-XYÙ?

CkR UÙt-\j˚R Et-fl-̇ SÙdL Aj-R˚] SÙh-Ls

SÙm LÙj-ß-⁄dL ˙Yi-•-Y-⁄m Ap-XYÙ?

∏˙Z LÙQl-T-”m œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p

Ck-Rf ̆ NVp-TÙh-̊ Pd L¶-≤-́ p ̆ Nn’ TÙol-̇ TÙm.

v˘Pp-̇ X-̈ -Vm ß\d-L-‹m

Applications Science Stellarium

CPj˚R SU’ A”j-’s[ SL-W-UÙL J›e-œ-

T-”j-R-‹m.

ß]j˚R SÙm Li-”-©-•jR AUÙ-YÙ˚N ß]-UÙ-L-

‹m ˙SWm „¨V U˚\‹ ˙SW-UÙ-L-‹m J›e-œ-

T-”j-R-‹m.

Search window L⁄-Æ-̊ Vf ˘NÙ”d-°-]Ùp

ß\k’ Y⁄m ˙R” ˘Th-•-´p moon Gufl

A∞j’ Nk-ß-W-̊ ]d Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m,\


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TPm 6.1 Nk-ß-W-≤u UÙt-\m Y˚W-V-XÙm

Center on selected object Gu\ L⁄-Æ-˚Vf

˘NÙ”d° NkßW˚]j ß˚Wú S”Æp ®˚X

®fljR‹m.

˘NÙ”d-°-ú vd˙WÙp ≈p (Scroll Wheel)TVuT”jß ^¯m (Zoom) ˘Nn’ NkßW≤u

A[˚Y J›eœ T”jR‹m

˙SW NÙ[Wjßp ˙Rß˚V J⁄ SÙs ÿu]RÙL

UÙtflL

NkßW≤u Y•Yjßtœ H˙R‡m UÙt\m

HtThPRÙ? Etfl˙SÙdL‹m

˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s ˙Rß A”jR ˘T[oQ™ ˙Rß˚V

A˚PY’ Y˚W ̆ RÙPof£VÙL UÙt±l TÙodL‹m

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ß]ÿm v˘Pp˙X¨Vjßp LiP

NkßW≤u Y•Ym TPm 6.1 Cp ˙`h ˘Nn’

RVÙ¨dL‹m

NkßW≤u Y[of£˚V ApXYÙ Cl˙TÙ’ Etfl

˙SÙd°V’.

˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s ̇ Rß˚V A”jR AUÙYÙ˚Nj ̇ Rß˚V

A˚PY’ Y˚W ˘RÙPof£VÙL UÙt±l TÙodL‹m.

„¨V UiPXm YØ

°WLeLfi˚PV‹m ©\ BLÙVd ˙LÙsLfi˚PV‹m

CPj˚R ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s TVuT”jßl ©¨jR±Y’

BLÙV BWÙnf£ SPjR ERÆVÙL C⁄dœm.

v˘Pp˙X¨Vm ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s TVuT”jß

AUÙYÙ˚N ß]m

Am◊≠UÙUÙ Geœ

˙TÙœm!

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TPm 6.2 Æ⁄f-£L Sh-Nj-ß-Wd

·h-Pm

È™˚V U˚\dLXÙm

È™ú UflTdLm Es[

BLÙVd ˙LÙ[eL˚[d

LÙQ ˙Yi”˘U≤p

Ground L⁄-Æ-́ p

˘NÙ”d°]Ùp ˙TÙ’m.

v˘Pp˙X¨Vjßu ERÆ

ŸPu YÙ] BWÙnf£ ˘Nn

Ÿm˙TÙ’ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞u

Bn‹ CPÿm (Location)˙SWÿm ˘TÙ⁄k’m ÿ˚\

´p J›eœT”jR ˙Yi

”m. Location window L⁄-

Æ-´p ˘NÙ”d-œm

˙TÙ’ °˚Pdœm Th•V≠p

C⁄k’ Bn‹ CPm

J›eœ T”jRXÙm. Date/time window L⁄-Æ-´p

TVuT”jßj ˙RßŸm

˙SWÿm J›eœT”jRXÙm.

°WLeL˚[d Li”©•lT’ GqYÙfl Gufl TÙol˙TÙm

˘NVpTÙ” 6.2

°WLeL˚[d LÙQXÙm

È™ú A”j’s[ °WLmApXYÙ ˘NqYÙn

(Mars). v˘Pp˙X¨Vm ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄∞p ˘NqYÙ˚V

Etfl ˙SÙdœ˙YÙm.

v˘Pp˙X¨Vjßp ˘Nof L⁄-Æ˚V ˘NÙ”d-L-‹m.

ß\k’ Y⁄m NÙ[Wjßp Mars Gufl RhPf—

˘Nn’ ˘NqYÙ˚V ˘Nof ˘Nn’ TÙodL‹m.

˘NÙ”d-°-ú vd˙WÙp≈p TVuT”jß ^¯m

(Zoom) ˘Nn’ ˘NqYÙ˚V Etfl˙SÙdL‹m.

Rh-Pf-—l TX-̊ L-́ p ©üh v°√u (Print Screen)∏ AUojß ˘NqYÙn EhT”m v˘Pp˙X¨Vm

NÙ[Wjßu v°√u `Ùh ˙Nq ˘Nn’ TÙodL‹m

C’˙TÙX „¨V UiPXjß¤s[ ©\ °WLe

L˚[Ÿm ˘ôf ˘Nn’ Etfl˙SÙdLXÙm. v°√u `Ùh

RVÙWÙd° Jq˘YÙ⁄ °WLjß‡˚PV‹m ˘TVo ˙LÙl◊l

˘TVWÙLd ̆ LÙ”j’ AYt±u TPeLs EeLs ̇ TÙpP¨p

˙N™d-L-‹m. °W‹ih U˚\lTRtœ Ground L⁄Æ

BLÙVm C⁄hPÙL UÙtflY-Rtœ Atmosphere L⁄Æ

GuT˚Y ˙R˚Y G≤p TVuT”jRXÙm.

ShNjßWeL∞u SiToL[ÙLXÙm

TPm 6.2 Cp ˘Ys˚[l◊s∞Ls ShNjßWeL˚[d

œ±dœm. AYt˚\f ˙Noj’ Y˚WkRÙp J⁄ ˙R∞u

Y•Ym °˚PdœUÙ? ÿVt£dL‹m

BLvh, ˘NlPmTo UÙReL∞p CW‹ ˙Y˚[

´p R˚Xdœ ˙U˙X LÙQlT”m Æ⁄f£Lm (Scor-pius) Gu\ ShNjßWd ·hP˙U C’. CkRd ·hPj

ßtœj ˙R∞u Y•Y˙U ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.


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øeLs Y˚WkR TPÿm A•lT˚P A±ÆVp

TÙPl◊jRLjßp ®X‹m Æi¡uLfim Gu\

TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ Æ⁄f£Ld ·hPjßu

TPÿm Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm.

ShNjßWd ·hPeL∞u Y•Yjßu A•lT˚P´p

©¨jR±Y’ YÙ] BWÙnf£ú ™L‹m —˚Y-VÙ]

Tœ-ßVÙœm. v˘Pp˙X¨Vm TVuT”jß BLÙVjßu

CjR˚LV LtT˚] Y•YeL˚[d L¶≤´p LÙQ

CV¤m.

˘NVpTÙ” 6.3

ShNjßWeL˚[l ©¨jR±VXÙm

v˘Pp˙X¨Vm ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s TVuT”jß

Æ⁄f£Lm (Scorpius) Gu\ ShNjßWd ·hPj˚R ̆ ôf

˘Nn’ Li”©•lT’ GqYÙfl Gufl TÙol˙TÙm.

˘ôf NÙ[Wm ß\k’ ˙R” ˘Th•´p ScorpiusGufl A∞j’ Æ⁄f£Ld ·hPj˚Rd Li”

©•dL‹m

Constellation lines Gu\ L⁄-Æ-̊ Vf

˘NÙ”d° Æ⁄f£Ld ·hPjßu Y˚WTPm LÙh£l

T”jR‹m.

Constellation art Gu\ L⁄-Æ-˚Vl

TVuT”jß ARtœj RWlTh”s[ Y•Ym

Li”©•dL‹m.

C˙R ÿ˚\´p

˙Yh˚PdLÙWu (Orion)

£mUm(Leo)

Lu≤ (Virgo)

˙TÙu\ ShNjßWd ·hPeL∞u Y•Yÿm Li”

©•dL‹m.

WÙ£Ls

£mUm˛ Leo

Lu≤ ˛ Virgo

’XÙm ˛ Libra

Æ⁄f£Lm ˛ Scorpius

R‡— ˛ Sagittarius

ULWm ˛ Capricornus

œmTm˛ Aquarius

¡]m ˛ Pisces

˙UPm ˛ Aries

CPYm ˛ Taurus

™’]m ˛ Gemini

LPLm ˛ Cancer

©\ BLÙVd

˙LÙ[eL˚[d

LÙQ

CV¤UÙ?

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1. ß⁄YÙß˚W (Betelgeuse) Gu\ ShNjßWj˚R v˘Pp˙X¨Vjßp ˙R•d

Li”©•dLXÙm.

2. ß⁄YÙß˚W EhT”m ShNjßWd ·hPjßu TPm v˘Pp˙X¨Vm TVuT”jßd

LÙh£lT”jR‹m.

3. —d-°-W˚] (Venus) v˘Pp˙X¨Vjßp ˙R•d Li”©•dL‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRUÙL

ÿu]Ùp ød° —d-°-W-≤u Y[of£˚VŸm ˙Rn˚YŸm LÙh£lT”jR‹m

1. v˘Pp˙X¨Vm TVuT”jßj RVÙ¨jR NkßW≤u Y•Yj˚RŸm (TPm 6.1),

œ±dLlThP ˙RßL∞p YÙ] BWÙnf£ SPjß BLÙVjßp LÙ‘m Y•Yj˚RŸm

Jl◊˚U ˘NnV‹m.

2. ˘Tl⁄Y¨ UÙRjßp ˘R∞kR J⁄ CW˚Y YÙ] BWÙnf£dœj ˙Rok˘R”dL‹m

• AkR SÙ∞p K¨˙VÙu (Orion) ShNjßWd ·hPj˚R Etfl˙SÙdL Ht\ ̇ Y˚[Ÿm

Al˙TÙ˚RV CPÿm v˘Pp˙X¨Vjßu ERÆŸPu Li”©•j’ G›R‹m.

• C˚Rl TVuT”jß AkR SÙ∞p BLÙV BWÙnf£ SPjß K¨˙VÙ˚]l

©¨jR±V‹m

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm


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Notes

Documents

Yœl VI...ACTIVITY BOOK DEVELOPMENT TEAM Chairman Riyana Ansari, Research Officer, SCERT KeralaMembers K Anvar Sadath Executive Director, IT @ School Project Academic Co-ordinator