yoj January

8/11/2019 yoj January

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Vol. 58 No. 3 Pages 52 January 2010 Rs. 10/-

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

THE MARCH AHEAD

RURAL DEVELOPMENT -

THE MARCH AHEAD


2/50

Kurukshetra January 2010 1

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EDITORKAPIL KUMAR

JOINT DI RECTORJ.K. CHANDRA

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The Monthly Journal

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Vol. 58 No. 3 Pages 52

January 2010

CONTENTS

Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message of Rural Development to all people. It serves as a forum for free, frank and serious discussion on the

problems of Rural Development with special focus on Rural Uplift.The views expressed by the authors in the articles are their own. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the government or the organizations they

work for.

The readers are requested to verify the claims in the advertisements regarding career guidance books/institutions. Kurukshetra does not own

responsibility.

Sales Emporia : Publications Division: *Soochna Bhavan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110003 (Ph 24365610) *Hall No.196, OldSecretariat, Delhi 110054(Ph 23890205) * 701, B Wing, 7th Floor, Kendriya Sadan, Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400614 (Ph 27570686)*8, Esplanade

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l EMERGING ISSUES IN INDIAN

RURAL ECONOMY S. P. Singh 3

l THE PATH OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

AND WAY AHEAD Dr. Harender Raj Gautam 7

l RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

AND PROGRAMS Dr Amrit Patel 11

l SIXTY YEARS OF INDIAN REPUBLIC,

UNFINISHED AGENDA OF GRAM SWARAJ Prof. Ranbir Singh 15

l rural india the new

GROWTH ENGINE Jogender Sharma 18

l DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND POVERTY

ALLEVIATION IN RURAL INDIA Dr. K. K. Tripathy 21

l MONITORING FOR EFFECTIVE

SERVICE DELIVERY

The Case of USO F Scs ac.G.G 26

l REFORMS AGENDA FOR NREGS G.Srinivasan 31

l SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL

initiativeS oF the Government

RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA 34

l TRANSHUMANT PASTORALISTS

FACE A TOUGH TIME Rajshekhar Pant 38

l WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMMES Dr. C. P. Reddy 41

l hilly reGionS in peril

Where has all the Water Gone? Dinesh Pant 45

l turmeriC the Golden SpiCe oF liFe R.Srinivasan 47


3/50

Kurukshetra January 20102

InsideA

s cb 60 s f rbc , s bck s see how issues of rural development have evolved over the years, and how some

sss c b .

es bg g G pcs b d. S K d, is

s C d ms, s s gz, Kks

1952. ts s c G f i c s

c jc . t B m C c

f f -, pc rj ss f c sf-g,

G pc, pc S Z ps s s cs

g, bck sc s sc. t s cz css

f cs kg. t 73 f Cs s c css

f f, s cs c cg

c csc css. w s

cs f c c f c f,

gs s s f, s b b fc

c s sbs sf i cx.

lkg cs f c, gc s

s f sc. t c g gc c s

b 2.7 c sc c. Sc s g

1960s f g c s cs sgc f 82 s

1960-61 129 s 1980-81 233 s 2008-09. h,

s f gc cs Gdp s c f 48.7 1950 24.4 c 1996-97 f 18.7 c 2007. F, gc

c cs b 1.7 s/ s gs s g f 2.6

s/ , s bs f 4 5 s/. ts s f cc,

scss s cg c f sc G r

c cs f cs sbs. if c s ,

we certainly can do it once again.

Another area of concern is the fact that economic growth has not generated the

s b f jbs s. o f s bs jcs

, n r e G Sc (nreGS) c

Fb 2006 s s f

areas thereby fueling economic growth, as well.

i s ss scss s f s sss sc sc. t s

f sg, b s b sccss, f sks sgz

c s.

Kurukshetra wishes its readers a very Happy New Year !


4/50


EMERGING ISSUES IN

INDIAN RURAL ECONOMYS. P. Singh

60 YEARS OF REPUBLIC

R

ural India comprises 73 percent of the

cs , b s s

c s ss 45 c. t

sc s ccz b c s,

q f f k c-bs.

ag, s-cc f , i

has grown economically faster, her performance

c f ,

economic disparity has remained dismal.

t -kg f g s

sgc c sc

s cc cs. Jbssss s c

acute in the rural areas because agriculture has been

css s c. F f -b

policy regime in tackling these issues has now become

-sbs fc. r-b s q

evident in all spheres of human life. What worries

most to the policy planners is that its magnitude has

accentuated in recent years due to change in the

income growth trajectories of rural and urban areas.

i s-cc f , c

s bc bz g

c cc f k cs.

However, a high GDP growth rate is necessary but

sc c f sc-cc

f c. w s s s

how the GDP is generated and how it is distributed

css scs, gs, scs cs. i s

observed that the slow growth in agricultural sector,

The uneven economic development of rural and urban areas combined with a large pool of surplus

labour has pushed the large number of rural workforce to the cies. Thus, in term of generaon of

GDP, the centre of gravity in the Indian economy has shied from rural to urban areas, whereas

the majority of people sll earn their livelihood in rural areas.


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fs g b -gc scs

sg f jb k g sks

bs f g

-b c gs. dg f ,

b k s q s

cs sc f Gdp.

Agriculture and allied sector, which directly supports

f b 55 c f cs

, cbs ss 18

percent to the GDP.

RURAL URBAN MIGRATION

The uneven economic development of rural and

urban areas combined with a large pool of surplus

labour has pushed the large number of rural workforce

cs. i i, CSo s c

and urban break up of GDP on annual basis. But it makes

c s. i s sgc share of rural areas in the NDP at factor cost has steeply

c f 62.35 c 1970-71 48.09 c

1999-00. p c cs x,

important indictor of human development, is also

much lower in rural areas than urban areas. Data from

nSS ss s f b

c cs cs f 1.62 1993-94

1.76 1999-00 f 1.91 2004-05. ts,

f g f Gdp, c f g

i c s s f b s,

s j f s

in rural areas.

It may be noted that the economic reforms

b g 1991 s c

g cc bz sc

c cs. t x f

and structural adjustment programmes have reduced

the developmental role of the state. Agriculture,

the backbone of rural economy, has been adversely

c b s c bc s,

though the public investment shows an improvement

c s. F c, b

ssb sc c

agricultural distress has culminated into the suicidal f ss f fs f

country, including the most developed State of Punjab.

p c c f s cs s q

c cs. F x,

c f as s b 3.5 s

of the yield in India; In China and USA, it is twice and

2.5 s, sc, f i. pc

f C s 1.5 s f i.

p c f z g uSa s

4 s f i.

SIZE OF HOLDING

t cc sz f gs i s feasibility and capabilit f fs f f

f cg css f g c

per unit of land and other inputs. Being the State

sbjcs, s g, gc sc

& xs, s, sg, k, cc

are made by the state governments, though the central

government also invests in these areas. Therefore, the

development of agriculture largely depends on the ability

and willingness of the state governments to investment

in agriculture. The role of the central government is

crucial not only in the resource transfer to the states but

s f f ccc cs c c c gc.

However, rural development cannot be

confined only to the agricultural development,

though agricultural development is one of the key

components. Rural development comprises, among

others, enhancement of wellbeing of common masses

sc-cc . ts cs

their greater access to basic social services, specially

c, , sf kg c,

c s c

c gc cs- kg. tf,

accelerate the pace of rural development, apart from

gc , f c,

health and other social sector infrastructure, governing

ss f c

f css.

PANCHAYATI RAJ

i b sgc css

f cc f css f cz

planning through PRIs have started simultaneously in

1990s. t 73 Cs a

ac s pris k s f sc-economic development of villages. However, the

pris bc ss f sf-

governance at the grassroots level in many parts of the

country mainly due to the repugnance of higher level

bcs cs s

ck f cc f s ss fg

sg fcs s. d kg


6/50


the 29 items of works under the enabling provisions,

s ss sc c,

fcs fcs s ss. t

s fs css f s

sg pris s f c, fcs

fcs cc bg g g

and awareness programmes. There is also need to

s f G Sb f c

fcg f G css. i bsc f

s sc ss, cs s

may not be adequate to ensure empowerment of

k scs g c c. t

s f s f c s

fq ss b f f g

sf-ss. ts , b ss

c-kg, s s x

carry out the wishes of male elders. There is need to

cc sc f s gz

scs bcs cc -g c b xc xcs c

GS gs. t s s sg

s c ss sc s cs,

sf- gs, , gzs. p

ss s b gz s

cc c c sks

fcg f c g.

r sc qs sbs s

k sc, s, c, f

technology, and electricityto improve the income,

g cs f ss b sb f kfc

to the urban areas. The investment in these areas

sg -b kgs

cg s fcg,

agriculture and modern services. The development

jcs s k s c b

-sg bc--c

s (pppp).

EDUCATION

t ccss c s f cs f

c s c b ss c s c

to private English medium schools and processional

ss f g g. accss q

c c f gs gs

help in making the rural development more inclusive

b-bs. F, c f

s s cc b, s fs/s

s s ss. t g s

q g-g scs

f g ccss c, sks

c fcs s

g b cc

sc. accss sf kg , s

fcs c ckg fs s f

improving the quality of life but also for achieving higher

level of human development and gender development.

Sc s q s kg s

fcs ccssb b sss.

The traditional support system of villages

s k c g c sc

structure and social life of the people, including social

csss. tf, c sc sc

system should put in place to protect the households

gs sks f jb-ss, c-ss k f.

pg, g f

nreGS s b g c c f

GS. The NREGS is not only an important stride towards

s f g k b s s

s cg b sc-cc fsc

in rural areas. The work guarantee can serve, among

others, the objectives like generating productive

sss, cg , g

, cg b g fsg

sc q. ts sc s b c k

to agricultural development and climate change.

Cgc f nreGS fs f

gram punchayats and with other programmes related

to government such as watershed development

programme, National Horticulture Mission, SGSY,

n l Sc mss, cs f KvKs,

etc would not only help in sustaining the rural livelihood

g cscg q sss b

s b s c s

sc c scs.

w k b f c

cg f g sc cc

c g f

-x c. F , f f c cqs

kg ss f c f gs scs

more incs, f -x

is also necessary.

i s css f s f

f q f c kg


7/50


for the rural development. t f s q

ssss xsg c b s k

available necessary feedbacks to the policy formulators.

tf, f bs s b b

at block or even gram panchayat level containing

f sc-cc cs, f,

g cg z,

f c ss, s , cg

s cg , cs gs,

g ss ccs, c. s b

k bs g miS. t

nreGS miS k b s f s s.

accss f s bs c g

agency at the grassroots level would help to regulate

the groundwater and reduce the environmental

csqcs f s -x. i s

c g g-

scc g g cs.

WATER

Water is one of the most precious resources

b g s c

. t sbsz f s

considered one of the majo ss f -

x f g s ss f

c. a s cg c

f g c b c s

for groundwater management and energy use. The

b ss b sg f

- ss. h, fs s b

compensated by providing subsidy on procurement of

modern water saving technology, especially in those

gs b s sgc g

-x f g. F, b

s s s c s

css f cs,

and management. Supply side measures relate

cgg g b, cjc

s f sfc g, s g

g gs, ss cs, g f

s, sg g cs, c., -s

s cs g

cc g sg sg cg g g ccs, sg f g -

s cg csg

. ig f c

cs s q s s sss c.

a ss s ss f

c-ks s c ggg

gs f 165.51 cs

1990-91 159.90 cs 2000-01,

c f 5.61 c. ts , f

s, s c f,

income security as per hec c f j

crops have either decelerated or stagnated during the

last one decade and scope of bringing more land under

c s . a g f gc

the vicinity of urban areas is neither used for agriculture

s f -gc ss, s

sc ss g bs f sg

prices. This issue needs to be taken serious through by

the policy makers.

GROUP FARMING

t s f bs f i s

both within agriculture and outside the agriculture.

Within the agriculture, make small and marginalfarming economically viable and environmentally

ssb g g s f g

farming; develop a supply chain system for agricultural

cs bs b fs css

g c kg b fs gs

css Gs; c fs f

cg k f g sg sk

g f; c cs g gg

sc fcs gc f -f gs

c cs b 60% f c .

os gc, -f s s b c f ss.

t ss s k s, s s

b sg -b kgs

cg s

manufacturing and modern services. Urban economic

cs g f bg cs sg

s, s bcs xs

b s gs bc

more stringent. High prices of agricultural land and

b -b kgs s

cc fsc k

g c f cs ccb g . ts -

urban linkage should be promoted. r

(The author is Professor of Economics and Need,

Dept. of Humanies & Social Sciences,

IIT, Roorkee. e-mail : [email protected],

singh2006_ [email protected])


8/50


THE PATH OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE AND

WAY AHEADDr. Harender Raj Gautam

Since the rst Green Revoluon in the 1960s foodgrain producon has increased signicantly from

82 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 129 million tonnes in 1980-81 and 233 million tonnes in 2008-09,

to meet out food security and aain self suciency specially in the producon of our stable food

rice and wheat.

Indian agriculture has taken a big leap in the last

60 s. agc c ssb

f 350 1947 s 1,100

people to feed, which is a huge responsibility. India

s c s f b -g sgs

and technologies such as Green revolution, Blue

revolution, white revolution and of course the

latest yellow revolution and is now poised for

Rainbow revolution. The compound growth rate

in agricultural production is 2.7 per cent per annum

sc c. dg fc 2006-

07, gc scs g s

2.7 c s gs sx c

s . h, is c g b

9.4 c 2006-07 s gs c

2005-06.t sf cg , c

of commercial crops, crossbred milch and draught

animals, fisheries development made a great

gss cs . Sc

fs g 1960s fg

production has increased significantly from 82

s 1960-61 129 s

1980-81 233 s 2008-09,

meet out food security and attain self sufficiency

specially in the production of our stable food rice

and wheat. The country faced severe food shortage

css 1960s c fc c

makers to realise that continuous reliance on food

imports and aid imposes heavy costs in terms of

political pressure and economic instability and there

was a desperate search for a quick breakthrough

in agricultural production.



9/50


Grn Rvln

G s b s scc

success story from India which made the country

sf fg c. t sccss s

fs f fsc s, f, cg sc s f scss

the Government of the day. These historic policy

css s b s f

fs pjb h. dg 1950s

1960s, f cs c fc

India to import 3 to 4 million tonnes of foodrains

. h, b s 1965

1966, i s fc 10

tonnes of foodgrains and the country was in dire

straits. One choice before the country was to go for

s f ss f g g s (hyv)

of wheat and rice. Dr. M.S.Swaminathan is one of cc f i G r, c

s 1960s c f

g f g s

millions of lives.

Amidst a serious debate the then Government

took bold decision to go for the import and spread

of HYV of wheat and rice which involved use of

fss g. i 1965, d S

persuaded the Indian government to order the seed

f g g s.is F

agc ms g 1966-67, B r

Mr. C. Subramanium made a very courageous and

sc cs 1966 18,000

tonnes of HYV wheat seed. Eager farmers took it

up with astonishing results. Punjab was selected

b i g b s s

the new crops because of its reliable water supply

and a history of agricultural success. India began

s G r g b kg

f s mxc b

bg, g , s f

agrochemicals. The wheat campaign was led at thefront by none other than the then Prime Minister of

i- ms i G. S g f

f f p mss sc

and at her insistence, all professors in agricultural

ss b c

s g

technology in their front yard.

S, i ir8 - s-f c

b i rc rsc

is (irri) c c gs f c

g c fzs g.

ts s 10 s f c. ir8 s

sccss g as, bb mcrc. i 1960s, c s i b

s c; b -1990s, s

sx s c. i bc f s

most successful rice producers, and is now a major rice

x. i 2006, i s 4.5 s.

i 1960-61, fg c s 82.02

s c cs 108.42 s

1970-71. ag cb cs f

124.32 127.84 cs b 1970-71

1990-91, c f g c

fg c z 176.39 s.

This marked the second phase of agriculture policy in

the country. The strategy produced quick results as

there was quantum jump in yield. Consequently, wheat

c c s s f 6 s b

1965-66 1971-72 ss cs f 30

s c s 168 c g

c f 15 s fg 1950-51. Fg

c c s 68 mt 1968-69 j 108

mt 1971 b 1974, is c

i s sf-sc f. ts

c f f c f

plenty to date.

Nd fr Scnd Grn Rvln

G c s f

s- fss, scs, ss g fc.

B c f g s s

s g fcs. i s f g

, gc c cs b

1.7 s/ s gs s g f 2.6

s/ , s bs f 4 5 s/

. i 16 c f gb s ss

than 2 per cent global land area, around 1.5 per centof forest, consumes just around 3 per cent of energy

and accounts for only for 1.3 per cent of the global GDP.

t f g c 2006-07 s g

g 209.2 s c 208.6

s 2005-06. t g g

gc 10 F-y p s 2.3

per cent against the target of 4 per cent.


10/50


Low investment in agriculture, imbalance in

fz s, ss c , s

c ss s-s

c b g scs fc.

S f gc cs Gdp s c

f 48.7 1950 24.4 c 1996-97 f 18.7 c 2007. agc sc s

bckb f cs f

f 65 c f bs s

x 58 c f

s gc f

. Bss s c bs

f g f c f s g s 9-10 c

, c s sg

- s gc sc c s

grow at least at the rate of 4 per cent per annum, all

sc 2005-06 g gc

s 2.2 c. as s b nCss p, cs

s xc c 1.33 b b 2020-21

f fgs 280 s.

ts s fg c s g b

2 c x c.

However, weakening agricultural performance

bgg s, s cc.

t k s- g s

g ss bbsk f

c, , pjb, h u ps

(g fg) s j sbck. as

s ss cc f 74 26 c f

c f c sc, s

growth rates are again raising food security concerns.

a s , ss f B, oss, ass

MP, in which rural poverty rates and dependence on

agriculture are the highest; agriculture shows limited

and slow improvement. The challenge of sustaining

growth over the longer term has been highlighted by

s c ss fc c

(tFp) gc cg b 1980s

1990s. i s tFp g b 2 c b 1981 1990, g

bc g g 199096 i-Ggc

ps, csg ss f pjb, h, u

ps, B ws Bg. t ss b

c tFp g s-

c gs f f g-

g s, c bc ss

gc sc, csg g f

natural resources. The available data show that the

c f kf sg c b cs 3

4 s, b sg 1.4 2.3 s bj 1.8

2.3 s f c f c.

S, c f ss ss cb cs 2.3 2.5 s, g

seeds, soil health, pest management, crop life saving

g s-s cg. S

g bs sg

increase yields further.

a sc g

c s g c f ,

c, ss ss i-Ggc s

s i, c B, Jk,

Csg, oss, s u ps, ws

Bg ass. t g c, k,

s b ss

augmented the food basket of the country. But many

technological challenges remain.

Ftr Iniavs

mz f gc s q b

s f cgc s cgs.

t m- as f t F y p

(2002-07) ss f s

gc scs -1990s.

hc, s c s b k

in recent years to promote the agricultural sector.

ts c fg: () n agc

pc, 2000, (b) vss Ks uj yj, 2004,

(c) n hc mss, 2005, () n

pc f Fs, 2007, () Cs dsc

agc p, 2007, (f) rs Ks vks yj,

2007 (g) n F Sc mss, 2007.

Th cplsins f shring in th 2nd Grn

Rvln rqir applican f bitchnlg as

an iprtant instrnt fr pranalising this

stratg. Dspit th Grn Rvln thrghwhich India aaind slf-scinc in fd

prdcn, parclarl in ric and what, svral

sb-sctrs lik ilsds, plss, hrcltr, anial

hsbandr, shris and pltr lag far bhind wrld

prdcvit lvls. Whil n n sid, pnditr

f frlizrs and pscids ar incrasing and ang

int th inc f th farrs, cssiv s f


11/50


inpts ar prving dtrintal t th nvirnnt.

Lwr rats f grwth in agricltr ar plling dwn

th vrall nanal GDP grwth. Thrfr, thr

is nd t stabiliz and nhanc ilds thrgh all

pssibl intrvnn.

FOCUS OF AGRICULTURE

The Indian agricltr has t fcs n v k

aras which ar irrigan, bitchnlg, prtctd

clvan, pst-harvst tchnlg and crp spcic

issins. As Indian agricltr is stl rainfd,

thr is nd fr agnng th irrigan facilis

and this can b dn b rainwatr harvsng and b

abis plan f intr-linking f th rivrs. Thr

is als rgnt nd fr applican f bitchnlg

in agricltr. Th bitchnlgical tls shld

b sd t prdc high ilding, pst-rsistant

and drght and d rsistant varis f ar

fdgrains, plss and ilsd crps. Gvrnnt

has and will cnn t spprt and cntribt t

iniavs takn b th stak hldrs t hastn th

prcss f bitchnlg applicans in agricltr.

Prtctd clvan is als iprtant t incras

th prdcn f vgtabls, frits and rnantal

crps in th cntr. In prtctd clvan, tw

t thr s highr ild f vgtabl, frits and

rnantal crps can b ralizd which can frthr

bst th agricltr prdcn in th cntr.

India is having nl 3000 ha ara ndr prtctdclvan in cparisn t r than 50, 000 ha

ara in Spain. Th prtctd clvan shld b

intrdcd in lw prdcv aras with innvav

farrs with strng tchnlgical and nancial

spprt f th Cntral and stat gvrnnts.

v f f f cssg s

another key area which can bring sustainability to the

f sc s gc c rs. 55, 000

cs s s s-s sss.

It is around two per cent for fruits and vegetables,

26 c f , sx c f s

gs 60 70 c cs.

India has adptd Visin 2015which ais t tripl

th siz f fd sctr in 10 ars b incrasing

th lvl f prcssing f prishabls fr 6 t 20 pr

cnt, val addin fr 20 t 35 pr cnt, shar in

glbal trad fr 1.6 t 3 pr cnt. This wld rqir

aking prcssd fd ardabl dscall

and cpv glball. An invstnt f abt

Rs. 1,10,000 crrs is nvisagd in th nt tn ars.

F, s f c scc b

c scc sss k cs ke wheat, rice,

z, sgc, c cs j f

our food basket. The goals of these missions should

b 5 s fs cgc

tools.

Beyond these key areas, there is need to revamp

the resc, cg xs k

f s gc ss. ms f

gc ss fc sc cc fg

sc, cg xs

gs. t C G s x

s c s ss

zg sc, cg xs

gs. t fg s ss s

b cs k b bjcs

c -bs scc .

t c g s s s c

ss -kg ss f i Cc

f agc rsc ss gg

in agriculture research with the state agriculture

ss f g f scs scc

xs cg c bjcs. Kg

view the strong Research and Development base in the

country and trained man power this should be possible

within the short term. India has considerable strength in

gc sc c. w gs f scc cc fsss. t

c s s cc cc

cs s g s f gc s

c, z, s ss, g, b, cs

fs, c, ss s. G sc

gc c ,

s b fsss ss

are vast. Every thing can wait but agriculture can not

s s k b b f

b f s c. hc, gc

s c c s bs

c s f b fgc cs kg . r

(The author is a Scienst, Department

of Mycology and Plant Pathology,

Dr. Y.S.Parmar University of Horculture

and Forestry, Nauni-173230, Solan,

Himachal Pradesh, e-mail:[email protected])


12/50


RuRAL DeVeLoPmeNT PRojeCTS AND

PROGRAMS Dr Amrit Patel

I

, ic, sz g,

z, sf-c sc q

g f ccg c f

economy. With the launching of Community

Development Program [1952] and establishing a

k f n exs Scs gs

a beginning was made to create awareness among

cs f s f

. ts s fsc

gss- fc b f

landlords system and implemented land reforms that

enabled farmers to adopt technologies in agriculture.

Investments in the successive Five Year Plans helped

sbs ss sc, sc s

fsc bg b sc-cc cg

in rural areas. Several programs were introduced

in successive Five Year Plans for agricultural

, g, g

, cg s-bs ss,

, sc , g

bsc/ s s

g -fs :


For India, rural development has been an integral part of naons socio-economic-polico

development. The problem is not merely one of development of rural areas but of the development

of rural communiesto dispel ignorance and poverty and create self-reliant and self-sustaining

healthy modern lile communies


13/50


Intr-district Ibalancs: Developments in

urban areas bypassed rural areas. While industrial and

b scs b sgc, f sc

gss s f 70% f

gg gc. w s

s f. isg bpg Css [1976], 25 s f g

css, s 25% f 400 scs

g g g cg c

14% scs g b

z c. ab 25% f scs c

g g f 3%

q f scs b 5% 7% cs.

Some districts had an average annual growth of more

10% sg b g

10 s. a cs f s g s

sbs cs 100

scs, ss b g

districts with higher growth rates had increased over

s . w 100 scs j

bs f , scs

g k c b b,

c ss bs, g/

fs, s cs, ss, b s

living in hill, desert and drought prone areas.

Pst-rfrs Prid:dg s-fs

while Government introduced several new programs

[acc ig B, p mss rzgyj, S J G rzg yj, n

Rural Employment Guarantee, Bharat Nirman], banks

s kg Sf-h-Gs cg mFis.

G c fcs ccg cs

Gdp z bks s fcs

g , b ccg

to agriculture and rural development.

Disal Rral Scnari: ub-

further widened and agricultural growth declined

s. r ss c -

s scs sgc cs.

Dring 2000-08, GDP grwth rat in agricltr

dclind t 2.9%.

Fdgrains grwth rat dclind fr 2.73% in

1980s t 2.09% in 1990s and frthr t 2.01%

in 2000-08.

Annal pr capita fd grains availabilit

is 176.3 kg against th ini rqird

[182.5 kg] accrding t Nanal Instt f

Ntrin.

Dclin and stagnan in agricltral trs f

trad dring 1990-2005 plains th dclining

nancial viabilit f crp prdcn and fast

rding Gvrnnts abilit t cntain fd

prics.

Btwn 1960-61 and 2003, nbr f

hldings dbld fr 51 illin t 101

illin, whil th ara pratd dclind fr

133 illin hctars t 108 illin hctars

rslng in a sharp dclin in avrag siz

f hlding fr 2.61 t 1.07 hctars. With

grwing arginalizan, sall and arginalfarrs incrasd t 85.9% in 2003 fr 61.7%

in 1960-61.

Accrding t NSSo, avrag ttal inc f

far hshlds [pt tw hctars] was lss

than 80% f thir cnspn pnditr

and 40% f farrs intrviwd wantd t

qit faring, if thr was pn

Hngr and dprivatin affct abt 260

illin ppl in th cntr. India has 40%

f th wrlds ndrwight childrn andranks 126 ang 177 cntris in th uNDP

Han Dvlpnt Ind. It is difficlt t

rdc hngr and pvrt b half b 2015,

targts ndr uNs millnni Dvlpnt

Gals fr sstainabl Han Scrit and

Peace.

As n 2000, India aln accntd fr narl

n-frth [364 illin] f th wrlds

pr, highst nbr f atrnal daths &

ndrnrishd childrn. Infant & matrnal

mrtalit Rats ar wrs than ths in s

cntris f sb-Saharan Africa.

Rral hshlds shar f fral dbt in

ttal indbtdnss dclind fr 64% in 1991

t 57.1% in 2002. mnlndrs shar in

dbt incrasd fr 17.6% in 1991 t 29.6%


14/50


in 2002. Ar 100 ars f plicis dsignd

t prgrssivl instnaliz rral crdit

sst, narl 30% f rral dbt is nw srcd

fr infral lndrs.

Accrding t NSSo [2002-03] 45.9 illin

[51.4%] far hshlds t f ttal 89.3

million in India did nt accss crdit [ithr

fr instnal r nn-instnal

srcs]. onl 27% f ttal far hshlds

ar indbtd t fral srcs [f which n-

third als brrws fr infral srcs].

In shrt, 73% far hshlds d nt hav

accss t fral crdit srcs.

Andhra Pradsh, with th highst cncntran

f SHGs, mFIs and banks, rprts 73% f rral nn-

instnal dbt and 57% f rral nlndrsdbt ang all Stats in India, accrding t All

India Dbt & Invstnt Srv [2002].

Th Raan Ci n Financial Sctrs

Rfrs and RBIs rprt Trnd and Prgrss

f Banking in India, [2007-08] rval that vn

ar fr dcads f banks nanalizan,

cntrs 41% adlt pplan rains

tsid th banking sst.

Btwn 2004 and 2008, th nbr f

rral branchs dclind b 968, whras

ttal nbr f branchs f all catgris f

crcial banks incrasd b 9541 [14.2%].

Accrding t RBI, 256 districts in 17 Stats and

n uT anifstd crdit gap f 95% and abv.

Concept

For India, rural development has been an integral

f s sc-cc-c .

The problem is not merely one of development of rural

s b f f cs

s gc c sf-

sf-ssg cs.

r c g b

cs Gss n pc

c c. t cs c s

b sb s s s sgc

f qs f c . e f

s s sb s g

of GNP and sharing increased per capita income.

t bjc s b csc

c sc c g f

s f c sss, sks b

b c sb qb. ts fcfocuses the need for building viable rur cs

f fc css th improved dwellings,

dependable energy supplies, adequate transport and

cc fcs k g ,

c fcs, ccss c

and markets, culturally invigorated and no longer

cz b bs f css f

scs bs s cc.

Development is above all a human process

and not just a mechanical or technological change.

d s csc f

sc scs, s f cs

of latest technology. It is the development of the people,

c s gg ss f

their surroundings, understanding of their problems,

c f s b f b

life, a capacity to work out what needs to be done

fg gs f s, gs

ss. t g f s c

q f f, b cc

s sz s f , f q,

b scs f .

ig s

z f scs f g

rural area for the enrichment of the quality of life

f s . o z szs

c, sb, ,

of rural poor above poverty line and environmental

. r cc c s cs

cx f k c qc

in the supply of capital and skills in the rural areas.

Integrated rural development considers the links of

cc s k s, - b f c, b, cs

cc g sc jsc.

Planning

pg xcs szs s f bsc

s cs css f xz f


15/50


c scs, scg ss c

sg qb sb. F sccssf

sk, c s ,

c s sc f cc cs, f

s f s b gc

bg b sgc cs s output and employment f cs, s,

business and service sectors of economy. Since this

s b ss

has merely remained an agricultural development

sgc c s Gdp cg

workforce aggravated problems of unemployment,

qb sb .

Rural development cannot be accomplished

g c s s f

f s bg sf-

ssg c. pg xcs s

fcs [] z f g

f gs cs ,

c c [] sg g

gs f k

scs f [] g cc

unemployment through employment on public works

sc s g, g, s, s, sg,

s cs, sg,

c, s , sg

c f bs, s

[] gg c f xsg ccs g

cg g, g sks

sbsg -x ss f c,

kg sc s.[] g

xsg ss/ gzs c

s f [] f gss

more egalitarian structure of ownership of assets.

Approach

ig cs f ssfg

the basic minimum needs of all rural households, such

s scs; s, g s;

health and community centers; transport and

cc; g f. G C

Approach is most appropriate for planning integrated

. Bs c f q

ccssb s c c bg s fcs,

scs c s [cs]

s c f . t g c

s b q q fcs

sc s [] g c cc

g b cc c c f

gc /cg/g-bs ss[] b g-c-s

provide on the spot training, repair and maintenance

services for agricultural and industrial machineries

[] kg-c-sg fcs c

sf sg kg f f c

cg ss cs [] fs gss

nursery to provide fruits, fuel, fodder and forest cover

[] sc bs g

while learning principle and oriented to develop a

c f sf- ks f ,

, s- c [] s

sg cx f ks jc .

Cnclsin

In absence of appropriate rural development

c f

fs s b csg gz

of land holdings and number of landless laborers.

t ck f c- g, bsc f

s c c s

b c f gcs xc

results. These programs are merely reduced tosubsidy giving programs shorn of any planned

approach to the development of the rural poor as

an inbuilt process in the development of the area

and its resources. Studies and surveys point out

gg ccs g,

monitoring, despite programs are conceptually well

thought of, establishing lack of concern, commitment

and accountability of implementers. Unfortunately

cg g sc s c

x s cg

bjcs. i s css s cc,

planning and approach towards rural development

programs. r

(The author is Ex-Deputy General Manager,

Bank of Baroda, Currently

Internaonal Consultant , Kazakhstan,

e-mail: [email protected])


16/50


SIxTy yeARS oF INDIAN RePuBLIC,

UNFINISHED AGENDA OF GRAM SWARAJPrf. Ranbir Singh

Credit should be given to S.K Dey, the rst Union Minister of Community Development, Cooperaon

and Panchaya Raj (1957-1966). It was he who had convinced Nehru on the necessity of Panchaya

Raj for the success of parliamentary democracy in India. He was of the view that the Gram Sabha

should be linked with the Lok Sabha for this purpose.

On the basis of his discovery of India, the Father

f n, m G f the real India lives in the villages. Therefore,

f i n Cgss c

b c ,

ss f , c bz

f sss. F cg s bjc,

c r rcsc pg

but also promised Gram Swaraj. He declared that the

Swaraj of India would remain incomplete without the

Gram Swaraj. He wanted that the independent India

s b c f c

and economic sf-sc gs. t fc f s c ss

x s bs s

at the top.

It goes without saying that the Mahatma stood

f c c cc cz

of powers for cg bs

non violence which were the fundamental principles

f s c s. i s, G

favoured c cc s f



17/50


cc. h s -

less democracy

PANCHAYATI RAJ

pc rj s c ocb 2, 1959

cs f B m St (1957). t t sggs sc

f cc cs f sg

C d g (1952),

which had been introduced to bring about a silent

sc b kg

forces of progress in it. The scheme provided for a

sc f pc rj G

pc bs, pc S

Z ps .

t pc rj s f

(1959-1964), s f sg

(1964-1971) s f c (1971-

1977). t s f s s 1978.

s c f 73 Cs

a ac (1992).

The phase of development in fact had

s sbss f r b

B m S t 1957. t s s

c s s b n

Development Council. This was followed by the

Conference of the Ministers of Local Self Government

of various states at Hyderabad. It was resolved to

cc sc f cc cs

suggested by the Team and approved by the Council.

However, it was also decided that every state should

have the freedom to adopt the scheme as per its

requirements. But there should be cc

elected and organically linked bodies at the village,

the block and the district levels. More over, there

s b g cz f s

pc rj ss. rjs s s

ss c ocb 2 1959 B 1962,

pc rj b s s states of Indian Union. This happened because the

Congress party was not only ruling in the centre but

s ss i xc K. a

s s s pc rj b

the then Prime Minister of India and the leader of

the Congress party, Jawaharlal Nehru. The credit

f s s b g S.K d, s u

ms f C d, C

pc rj (1957-1966). i s

cc n css f pc rj

for the success of parliamentary democracy in India.

He was of the view that the Gram Sabha should be

linked with the Lok Sabha for this purpose.

t s f sg s 1964

f J n bcs s

successor as Prime Minister, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri

s ns ss f cc

cs. m g

cs gc c cc f

f sg. t g f pc rj

sg g 1964-1971.

AFTeR 1971

t s f c bg 1971

cs c ms. i G

had emerged as the supreme leader of the Congress

Party which had emerged as the dominant party.

The Congress was able to establish its rule in all the

ss xc t n. a, ms. i G

bg f s f cs. as

s, pc rj bg c

1971and had become merely a shadow without

sbsc b 1977 c s

of Emergency in 1975.

h s n

ss b f f pc

rj . ts s f s q f

S.K. d s cx. h

sg pc rj s

s f g s. e d

f pc rj b

in the northern states of India. However, it would

not be weakened in Maharashtra and Gujarat where

its s bc sg (S K d, ds

m: ts n w, 1982, 88) . i b

fs pc rjc ss f i f

n. ts s b sg ss

gcs, b cg s, b cg

fs, b g fcs,

b sg cs, b ssg

g ss b ssg

ssg pc rj ss.


18/50


t s f bg

f hg p C b J G

c 1977. ts C, c s k

s ask m C sb s r

1978. It made some conc sggs f

f pc rj. B s cs c

be implemented because the Janata Government

lost power in 1979 due to the split in the party in July

1979.Charan Singh led Minority Government which

scc sg

consider that report.

RAjIVS BIG PuSH To PANCHAyATI RAj

However, the Non Congress Governments of

West Bengal, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh did

c c sss f pc rj 1982-

83 b g sggs b ask m

C. i , p msof India, Shri Rajiv Gandhi, who had succeeded Indira

G 1984, c sg pc

rj b gg cs ss b kg

it inclusive in character. He decided to do so because

f g

the rural development programmes as he had come

to know that out of one rupee only an amount of 15

paisa reaches the people for whom these are meant.

t s 64 a B

the Lok Sabha in 1989.The Bill was passed by the

lk Sb b f g q -

majority in the Rajya Sb bcs s

s s f

ss. v.p Sg n F G

c c 1989

cs, k b c g ss

c sb. C Sk

Minority Government had neither the interest

sg s. h,

P.V. Narshima Rao led Congress Government was able

c s g f rj G

by building a consensus in its favour. Consequently,

73 a ac (1992) s c.

i f c f

f sc f pc rj

ss xc s g f

ss 20 cks b s s f

s f - ss cs f

s f sc css/bs

sg . i

s s f sg f S

ec Css f ccg f f

cs s Ss Fc

Commission for ensuring adequate resources to the

pc rj iss. t ac so included

11 Sc Cs f i

listed 29 subjects on which the powers were to be

b s gss pc

rj iss f bg k s

iss f Sf G f kg

g s f cc

sc jsc. i s q ss c

cf gs f s s

f f ac 1993 (Gs

K, lc dcc i: ig

dcz, 2006, 14-24).

This is how the new system of Panchayati Raj

was created in all the states. But this is far awayf Gs s f G Sj bcs

Panchayati Raj Institutions have not been given

adequate functions, functionaries and funds

s ss xc ws Bg,

Kerala, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. The MLAs

have also been creating hurdles as they view the

Panchayati Raj leaders as the prospective rivals.

Moreover, the representatives of the remaining

states did not put pressure on their Governments

to do so. The hostility of the bureaucracy also

prevented the devolution of powers on the

pc rj iss e ss zf u ms f pc rj f 2004

2009, m Sk i, f f

powers to the Panchayati Raj Institutions through

organising Seven Round Table conferences of

the Minister of Panchayati Raj of the State Govt.

and signing of Memoranda of Understanding

with the Chief Minister of the states for Activity

mg bg ffc (d. S

r, dcc dcs G

Governance in India: Promises and Perils, a paper

s n S dcc

dcs G Gc hird, nk J 8-9, 2009).tf,

genuine devolution of powers is direly needed for

sg Gs ss f G Sj. r

(The author is Consultant Haryana Instute of

Rural Development, Nilokheri, e-mail: dirhird1@

redimail.com)


19/50


RuRAL INDIA THe NeW

GROWTH ENGINE jgndr SharaIn a survey conducted by ORG-MARG for the Ministry of Panchaya Raj, it was found that the

elected representaves of panchayats are strongly taking up social issues. Discouragement of

child marriage aracted the highest intervenon by 71% representaves followed by male child

obsession (44%). Problem of gambling was addressed by 41% and alcoholism by 26% of panchayat

leaders

I

ndia has traditionally been an agrarian

economy. Agriculture contributed more than

50% f Gdp 60s, s

of the population was dependent on agriculture.

But use of traditional methods of cultivation,

marginal landholdings and greater dependence on

monsoon had put the agriculture in a distressed

situation, thereby adding to economic woes of

the rural mass dependent on it. However, those

days are passd. Now, most of the companies

belonging to various sectors like FMCG, telecom,

automobiles, banking and financial services have

x k cs

xs s sc.

STRATEGISING RURAL GROWTH

Prolonged recession worldwide has sent

companies across the globe knocking at emerging

markets to fuel the growth engine and to support,

on long term basis, the momentum of business



20/50


g. pc ks c x s

of economic growth will emanate from developing

s.

The burgeoning rural class, which holds over

70% f i , s s s sc sg k the mantle of growth

and companies across sectors are wooing them

c bsss. t kg g

C. K. p s bk Bottom oF the

pyramid s fs x sc f

lower class that can create a new growth market and

catapult business levels.

The telecom sector has already carved a

s sg fcs s

of organic growth, as majority of the players arexg fsc bs. t i

c sc s gg x c

sbscb bs cssg 413 s

q f 2009. of s, 117

sbscbs ( 14.36% s). i

c s bjc f cssg

500 s b 2010, G

would need to address the challenges being faced by

the telecom industry.

t g s scs fcs chase the rural market is based on several factors,

and one of them is scale. The government has put

c b f s cs

s c f

s ks. rc

government measures like the farmer`s loans waiver

g, n r e G

Scheme and increasing minimum support price

for farm products, has rapidly increase disposable

income in rural India.

SUSTAINED RURAL DEMAND

i gb c bg css

pressure, the Indian economy too witnessed a

slowdown in growth in the past year. However,

India`s rural economy remained virtually unscathed,

in part due to the country`s almost autonomous

gc sc. w g

base dependent on farming and allied industries,

gc cs b f

Indian government. The past year reasonably good

minimum support prices and open market prices for

several crops.

While companies in industries ranging from

c cs gs b f

rural forays, the success of the purely rural companies

was more visible. Companies that predominantly

c k- fzs, gccs,

cs f f s sc s cs g

sss- sg sg.

The fundamentals of the agriculture sectorc b bs g

years to come. With the availability of land under

agriculture being limited and decreasing in many

s, c b jcs s

f g-s s . ts,

g- g scs f cs fcs

c c.

PANCHAYATS LEADING SOCIAL CHANGE

pcg c gc b css f cs s k fc, b

f f b c

g sc bs f cs.

i s cc b orG-marG f

ms f pc rj, s f

c ss f cs sg

taking up social issues. Discouragement of child

g c gs b 71%

ss f b cd obsession

(44%). pb f gbg s ss b 41%

cs b 26% f c s.

The survey sought to test whether the

process of empowerment through Panchayati Raj

had helped in other areas like increasing female

literacy levels or check incidents of domestic

c. o sc c, 62%


21/50


representatives admitted having come across

these incidents which they tried to reduce while

11% s s q. Sc

enrolment, particularly for girls, was an area of

priority area for many panchayat leaders and

bs. eg f s (80%)took initiatives to increase school enrolment.

However, on health matters, the indicators were

s s 67% s c

health related campaigns. When questioned

on the developmental issues and the types of

amenities they helped provide, the majority of

elected representatives mentioned drinking water

(86.4%), f b csc (74.3%)

s (70%) s f ,

a large number of elected women representatives

raised issues relating to women and child, andsanitation, a higher proportion of women were

also found making efforts to provide street lights,

drinking water, construction of bus shelters.

GRoWING INVeSTmeNT

dc g x gc

s s s s s s, bg

b f c c f s

fsc k g. as s, i

s s s c f

agriculture sector, which is visible in increased

f g scs. a

from investment in agriculture, the government is

szg g fsc sc s

s, sg, cc, cc

g jc c B

Nirman Yojana. Thus, the overall development may

help to increase the purchasing power in the rural

India, besides raising the quality of rural life. This is

g s f cs s c f

is directly linked to the farmer community and rural

consumer.

SoCIAL DeVeLoPmeNT THRouGHNREGA

The basic problem in rural area is low income,

which is also seasonal in nature. To address this

issue, the previous parliament came out with the

n r e G ac, c

gs 100 s f

in the rural areas every year. Most of the jobs are

g -fg ss s

supplement f c sg

fg cc. t f s ac s important reason for the3 surge in rural income and

it has reduced the dependence on farm income to a

g x.

t sc s c 200

scs u ps s gs j

in average daily wages of agricultural laborers. It

gs 72.4% j ; s gs rs. 100

per day now from Rs. 58 when this scheme was

launched. Considering the achievements of the

scheme, government plans to increase its outlayf nreGa g b 50% s

rs.42,000 c.

TRENDS OF AGRO COMMODITY PRICES

a g , b css

g b f c f, b c f

grain price and made agriculture an economically

b cc. ts , , s

s s f s. t cs

f sc g- f gs k , c

pulses, has risen faster than the growth in supply,

building up underlying pressure on prices. Most of

g cs ss ss s cs

in the last couple of years, which are currently at

b 2001 cs.

r i, c s c f s

s s, s c f f

India Inc. The change has not happened overnight.

Government`s thrust on aam aadmi, x

sc f nreGS g x

infrastructure development, are the factors that would

s cs cs s f sss

coming years, which in turn will create lot of business

s f i ic g. r

(The author is a social worker, e-mail :

[email protected])


22/50


DeVeLoPmeNT PLANNING AND PoVeRTy

ALLeVIATIoN IN RuRAL INDIADr. K. K. TripathThe sustainable development intervenon in the rural areas largely depends on the successful and

eecve implementaon of self-employment programmes. Since independence the country has

formulated various rural self-employment programmes and has restructured and revamped them

envisaging their wider outreach and acceptability. However, the issues, challenges and concerns

relang to the implementaon of the self-employment programmes have remained more or less

the same.

A f c 1947 i s

steeped in problems like acute poverty, mass, -, sc

agriculture, accentuated by a vast magnitude of an

illiterate and untrained labour force, inadequate

c sc, bkg

c scs. ts fs -

s sss q c

f s. t Cs f i

dc pcs f S pc c ss

these problems comprehensively. These Principles

c is c s scs, gto the designing and making of a Welfare State. Their

bjc s gss f q

f ss z. sc, cc c,

from the geographical boundaries of India. From

ic , i s s

approach as a lever of her social and economic

cg, b czg - cc

. vs c-cc



23/50


management policies in numerous key sectors like

bkg, bsc ss, s fsc

k cs. t ss f s

sg x.

i s , g

sg f i

sc c, s ssss

c f c s gs

sf- g, Sj

G Szg yj (SGSy).

Dvlpnt Planning & PvrtAllvian

Poverty and inequality are the two major issues

c c f c. i s

xc s. n -fs f is

1,128 million people live in rural areas. More than

66 c f cs b fc s gg

gc cs. a 22

c f is 2004-05 s

to be poor and living below the poverty line.

ucck g, sg f

, fg f , qb sb

of income in the country and growing casual or

unemployed labour force have all combined to

cs . rsg x

ssc f cs g b , c s g

manifestos and planners in their plan documents

have repeatedly emphasised the importance of the

c f s f f

gg

generate incremental income.

t s ps s

living standard of the rural people through enhanced

g gc cs. i s

F p s g

due importance in the policy design with a view to

cg g q sc jsc. t

c ck , G

f i scc

gs F F y p (1974-79).

ts c ck s s- b

-g sg f g sf-

gs. ts p css f

s , -

and the low resource base of the large number of

producers in service and agriculture sectors.

t Sx p s c b Gi

f 1978-1983 b s f

s , s s sc

c f 1980-1985. ts

p ss sg f c ck

bs f . w F p s

220

f F p s, s Sx

p (1978-83) s s

s 290 i. t Sx p

the poverty line on the basis of the recommended

qs f 2,400 cs s

f s 2,100 cs f b s. t sc Sx p (1980-85)

sc sg

gs s, g

process would bring down the severity of poverty.

a bgg f Sx p, c

of agencies had been carrying out various rural

g

programmes like Employment Guarantee

Schemes, Food for Work Programme, Small

Farmers Development Agency, Marginal Farmers

and Agricultural Labourers, Drought Prone Area

Programme, Desert Development Programme

and Command Area Development Programme.

t Sx p c gs

g sf- g

called Integrated Rural Development Programme

(irdp). w irdp s sf cc

c sss s f f

c g, nrep g

wage employment to lessen seasonal and sporadic

unemployment in rural areas. The IRDP was

c 5,011 bcks c s c

ss. h, s g s

f s ksss k sc

f f bcs, kgs ccs

f sbs , -s f g, sk-

bg cs. d q fsc

fcs j f irdp bcs


24/50


xc c c g f

sf- s.

The backlog of unemployment and absolute

f Sx p s 9.2

272.7 , sc. t Gi s

that the overall magnitude of employment

q f S p (1985-90) k

out to be 47.58 million. While the Seventh Plan

did intend to pursue the employment and poverty

c sg f Sx p, s fcs s

g f cg, s

scc c f c csss f

cg c c.

The Eighth Plan which was introduced for a

1990-95 s f f

g g eg p (1992-97) s c bsc bjc f

f , g f q ,

cg g, ss f

c, s f sf kg

fc, g sc

of agriculture and strengthening of infrastructure

k , s, cc, g.

This Plan witnessed the new economic reform era

s bs, s

gbs. ts p xc g

growth rate in output due to the structural reform

measures taken by the GoI without commensurate

growth rate of employment. The employment

growth rate during this period was 2.5 per cent. The

pg Css s

f 1996-97, s 29.2

cent which was 3.8 per cent lower than the poverty

gs s f 1993-94 (36.0 c). t

b g 1996-97 30.6

c 25.6 c, sc.

t n p (1997-2002) s c

fcs g sc jsc

q. ec f s f

basic minimum services were the major concerns for

the GoI during the last Plan periods. Thus, the Ninth

p ss s z., q f f

f , c g

c f g s. t n p

s 1997 s

tune of 7.5 million persons and the labour force was

xc g f 2.54 c .

However, the Plan also noted that the incidence of

- g b fc

be very high. Keeping in view the shrinkage of the

wage employment avenues, the Plan envisagedgg sf- s f

-f sc.

Cnslidan f Slf-plntPrgras

The limited impact of plans and programmes in

f -g,

s Gi cs C

the chairmanship of S. R. Hashim to review and

s s c ss scs

f g(Gi, 1997). t C

b csb c s

f s f scs

gss- s cc. i s cs

css s sf scs

to minimise overlap so as to make them more

bc-f. as f s irdp

sf- gs cc,

C sggs g

s k cc

f bc c g

approach. The basic philosophy was to reduce the

x f kgs, b f sf-

employment projects and provision of sustained

employment to the poor.

acg cs f

hs C, 1999, Gi cbb g

g gs f b

gs, z. gs f () sf-,

(b) g , (c) a d

(k dg p a pg ds

d pg), () m ns

(k i as yj, pgs S

c.). as f s sf- g

is concerned, the IRDP and its allied programmes

z. d f w C r

as (dwCra), tg f r y f Sf-

e (trySem), S f i t-ks

r ass (Sitra), Gg K yj (GKy)


25/50


m ws Sc (mwS) -sc

. i 1999, sg sc c-

c sf- g,

Sj G Szg yj (SGSy) s

sbsg irdp, dwCra,

Sitra, mwS GKy. ts g s scg f c-ss cg scs

f sf- c cs gsg

poor into SHGs. SGSY aims at bringing the assisted

fs (Szgs) b b

ensuring an appreciable level of income sustainable

f . t s c

s bjc s gs f

ShGs g css f sc bs,

g, cc bg s f c-

gg sss. i bs sf-cc f

g c c, cc

cs-kg, s f s scs s cc bgg

power thereby empowering them socially and

cc. t g cs

cs g f s gcs k

dsc r d agcs (drdas), bks,

s, pc rj iss (pris),

-g gss (nGos)

s-g gss.

t t p (2002-07) s

c f SGSy g

all the rural areas of the country. This programme is

s 11 p

(2007-2012) c sgs sg cs

growth.

Tn ars f SGSy: Whr ar w?

a ss f sscs gss f

SGSy i b 1999-2000

2007-08 cs 29.46 k ShGs

formed under SGSY out of which 81.7 per cent were

xcs gs (tb 1). a c f

97.4 per cent of total SHGs formed were evaluated

f sb f c kg. o f

ShGs f c kg 24.6

c sss mc 2008

g. dg 1999-2008 c

s f rs. 15,631.8 c f c s bs

gs sbs f rs. 7,630.4 c. ts cs c sbs s b 2.04:1 gs

the goverment norm of at least 3:1. The per capita

s c s rs. 23,041 gs g

rs. 25,000. o f sbs

sss bcs, g ShG g

Rs. 2.21 lakh.

t css f s gss f SGSy

s c f sf-

c f g, k s

cc b g ocb 2006-

J 2007 Jgsg n dscs

Tabl 1: Sar Stascs: SGSy in India dring 1999-2008

1 2 3

1 Sf-h Gs f (ns) 29,46,743

2 w ShGs ( c) 81.7

3 ShGs G f Fc lkg ( c) 97.4

4 ShGs asss G ( c) 24.6

5 t c Fs ab SGSy (rs. c) 1,6010.7

6 Sbs dsbs (rs. c) 7630.4

7 t C mbs (rs. c) 1,5631.8

8 C Sbs r 2.04:1

9 p c is ( rs.) 23,041

10 C ShG sss (rs.) 2,21,209.0


26/50


of Orissa and Karnal and Mahendragarh Districts of

h g s -sg sg

c cg 615 bcs. t gs

are as follows:

m 65 c f bc ss

g ss rs. 50 . m

47 per cent respondents in Haryana and 72 per

c ss oss rs. 50

a day.

w 36.1 c f ss

in Haryana and Orissa were landless, there

20.3 c f bc

1 cs. m 61 c f

bcs 3 cs. t

only 2.3 per cent of respondents who had land

more than 3 acres.

w ss css

poorest, the ownership of land is strongly

associated with income with more than 74

c f ss

82 c f sb-g fs g

ss rs. 50 . as 25 c f

ss ss rs. 25 .

t c cgs cb

g gs .. s-g, g

s gs f

s c ss sb-gcategory of respondents.

w 83.9 c 54.0 c

bfcs xc s cg

in their income and asset values, respectively,

the annual growth of income of an SGSY

bfc s f b 9.6

cent.

as g s 12.5 c bcs

bck scs xc cg

in their income and 34.45 per cent could not

xsg sss. S,

f scs s s 59.5

cent of respondents did not add any value to

their total asset during the intervening period

and 17.4 per cent did not witness any change in

their income.

t b f c f g

-g b s

constraints for respondents of both Orissa and

Haryana. Product quality and project appraisal

are perceived as important issues for the SHG

respondents in Orissa. The other importantsss c ccss bk,

f bk s s bcs

opening savings bank account and disbursing

credit and availability of quality input locally for

fcg f sf- s f

bcs.

Cnclsin

The sustainable development intervention

in the rural areas largely depends on the

sccssf ffc f sf-employment programmes. Since independence

c s f s sf-

employment programmes and has restructured

and revamped them envisaging their wider

outreach and acceptability. However, the

issues, challenges and concerns relating to

f sf-

programmes have remained more or less the

same. The need of the hour is the convergence of

s gss-

level so as to enhance necessary infrastructure

in the backward regions and ensure capacity

bg sk -g. effc

g f sf- cs

by both the government and bank officials

would help in sustaining the entrepreneurial

ventures in a rural environment. Further,

ffc f sf-

programmes like SGSY requires identification and

narrowing down of problem areas, targeting the

identified regions, facilitating basic orientation

training on financial and economic management

of economic enterprises, ensuring propercoordination amongst field level functionaries

and establishing proper entrepreneurial

culture in a rural set up. r

(The author belongs to Indian Economic Service

and can be reached at [email protected]

or [email protected])


27/50


moNIToRING FoR eFFeCTIVe

SeRVICe DeLIVeRy Th Cas f USO Fndd Schs

Archana.G.Gla

Shri S. Narayan, former nance secretary and economic advisor to the Prime Minister points out

that given that the nature of the administrave machinery being used for NREGs has not changed

in any way since the 1980s, we cannot really expect service delivery to improve in comparison to

our earlier schemes in spite of current eorts at improving monitoring, reporng, evaluaon and

policing. In this context, it is interesng to study the implementaon and monitoring of another

ongoing subsidy programme-the Universal Service Obligaon Fund (USOF).

We have all heard about late Shri Rajiv

Gs fs q b

rs 0.15 f rs f s

in developmental schemes reaching the target

beneficiary. With its previous implementation

xc f nreGS, S Sks ab,,

pbc dsb Ss (pdS) c

Government is well aware of the importance of

g sc fs s s xg

with direct cash transfers and ICT based solutions

.g. bc fc/s cs

leakage of subsidies and misappropriation of

fs/bfs b s c

functionaries. The creation of a National User



28/50


Identification Authority headed by Shri Nandan

Nilekani is also aimed at making this easier to

achieve. As regards infrastructure creation,

pbc p ps (ppp) s b

recognised as the mantra for solving the issue of

poor implementation by Government agencies.

i g c, , t bsss

f bc scs, S a m s

out that neither direct cash transfers nor private

sc xc s bc

service problem. His analysis suggests that that

the Government must be ultimately responsible

and so must regulate effectively. We may involve

the private sector in implementation but will

also need to involve, educate and empower the

public i.e. the community at large and target

beneficiaries in particular. Infrastructure, eitherpublically or privately provided must be available

and affordable, people must be able to access it

i.e. they must have the means. Service provision

public or private must be well regulated by the

Government and finally the target community

s b . i s

view too, the essence of effective implementation

of developmental schemes, whether the

implementing agency is public or private, is

delivery of desired end results and benefits to the

target populations. This requires a three pronged

approach whereby the public is made aware about

the scheme and implementation details and afeedback mechanism is available to beneficiaries

as illustrated by the diagram below:

ecv mnitring Bgins with Claritf Prps

To implement a scheme properly and to

monitor it effectively, the primary aim of the

scheme must be clear. For e.g. in the case of

nreGS s gg 100 s f

employment by way of unskilled labour to at least

one adult member of every poor household thatregisters for the same in rural areas. An incidental

aim is to use this programme to channel this labour

towards useful work and assets such as those

aimed at water conservation, and irrigation. To

this end, the Government is working on ensuring

better identification of projects apart from direct

sf f s g bk /s ffc

Figure 1: Three Pillars of Eecve Implementaon


29/50


accounts, enhancing transparency of muster rolls

and improving grievance redress mechanisms at

district level. It is often argued that the labour in

nreGS c b b s b -g

NREGS with other developmental schemes and by

upgrading the skills of labour involved. However,many of the original proponents of the scheme

have warned against losing sight of the primary

aim by concentrating too much on assets created

or trying to address too many issues through the

nreGS. t sc s s xc ss

in states like Tamil Nadu where implementation

is better monitored. However as pointed out

b J dz, scs f

scheme embodied in the NREG Act such as

c (f k s

15 s f g f ),

fines for failure of government functionaries toperform their duties, compensation to workers

in case of delayed payments, formulation of

grievance redressal mechanisms, have not been

properly implemented . It is these issues that

s b ss (bf bg s nreGs

s c f sss-

c sf s g bb),

if we are to achieve the key aim of NREGS i.e.

employment guarantee.

Traind Ddicatd Adinistravmachinr

i cx f nreGs

development programme several writers have

pointed out the importance of putting in place

the basic institutions and good governance

without which tackling both supply side issues

of service provision or demand side issues of

g ccs s ssb. F x,

Shri S. Narayan, former finance secretary and

economic advisor to the Prime Minister points out

that given that the nature of the administrativemachinery being used for NREGs has not changed

sc 1980s, c

xc sc cs

to our earlier schemes in spite of current efforts at

improving monitoring, reporting, evaluation and

cg. i s cx, s sg s

the implementation and monitoring of another

gg sbs g- us Sc

obg F (uSoF).

Th uSoF Prgra

t uSoF s s, -sb f

from which subsidy may be paid to telecom service

s f g cc scs

s b

sb cs. Sc s c

c f 1.4.02, s f s b s

subsidise schemes towards provision of public

ccss x s

s css c. as

amendment to the Rules that govern this fund in

2006, scs b f sg

up of rural shared mobile infrastructure sites and

f bb cc, g i . t s f uSoF s

sc f g c f s

c b bckb sb sc bgg

with the state of Assam. Here the capacity created

is to be made available to all service providers on a

non discriminatory basis at a prescribed discounted

sg tc rg

as f is (trai) cg s. uSoF s

s jc sc s

the use of new technologies which would be useful

ccs and another forencouraging the use of renewable energy in rural

ccs.

Till date 5.58 lakh Village Public Telephones

(vpts) 40,690 r C ps (rCps)

c bc ccss s gs 66.76

lakh new individual access phones by way of Rural

hs dc excg ls (rdels) s

1.4.05 b 108 k rdes s

b 1.4.02 1.4.05 b s

from the Fund.

uSoF is a uniq Prgra

This programme is unique in the sense

that there is an all India set up of departmental

cs b f C f Cc

accs ocs (CCa ocs cs f

d f tccs(dot))


30/50


c s uSoF sbs cs f

service providers, supervise and facilitate scheme

q s f

fc f s c

of subsidy claims by way of cb f

c ccks scs. i smanner USOF ensures that leakages are avoided

sc bjcs c c

ground. In USOF schemes subsidy payments are

c fsc/scs

are commissioned. Payments are distributed over

ag s c sc

delivery. The subsidy claims from TSPs against

s cs bs sf cc b

service providers as to adherence to terms and

cs f cc uSoF ags.

i , sbs cs f -s services are required to be based on billing

records.

Th undrling Principl

It is understood that given various supply

s (ss, ck f , s

sg fsc) s

css ( g cc, c

c ck f c f iCt scs)

s f ccs scs

c b k fcs

Government must step in through programmes

k uSoF ss b g. t

ss f uSoF cs s czg

the public and private telecom operators to

scs s c, cs

c b bsss cs bss. ts uSoF

as sgs sc s

s s sc g tc

Sc ps(tSps). t sccssf bs(s)

implement the scheme as per the terms and

cs f gs uSoF

as. t fsc s c s

owned by the TSPs.

Subsidy support is provided for a finite period

f c s xc

would attain commercial sustainability and would

continue to generate revenues f -

sc s. i s gc xc s

being the case, the recipient of subsidy would in

s s z s c bs

infrastructure, which would be the bedrock of

s cc s s-sbss. a f , uSoF sbsz c

scs sbjc trais Q f Sc

(QS) s ssc ccks s

is highlighted in USOF Agreements. At times even

within the DOT there is a tendency to lose sight of

the principle aim of service delivery and instead

focus too much on the technical aspects of

schemes and the assets created. Though these are

definitely constituents of effective and sustained

service delivery they are not the central objective

f uSoF scs. i s

this attitude also runs the danger of introducingrigidities in scheme design whereby there is a lack

f fxb cg f

simpler technologies and routes to achieving

the principle aim of rural service delivery. This

s s szs fc f

the technical aspects of implementation rather

than desired end results by way of effective

service delivery. coordinate with Centre and

State, Civil Service Departments. Having a good

administrative set up of trained officers is a huge

s uSoFs f.

PHYSICAL AND DOCUMENTARYVeRIFICATIoN

Spcial Vrican Drivs & Crrcvmasrs

Bs ss f sc sc

s f CCa ocs, ss

and widespread irregularity is suspected, special

c s c b

xs c s c . ts

2004-05 sc s c f

every VPT claimed, against billing records, so as to

sbs c f vpt cs. S

2007-08, 10 k rdels s

s q f 2007-08 b g

sg scc sg ssc sg

methodology. Further, the claim submission formats


31/50


ss s s.

F .g. s f CCa cs

about RDELs claims being erroneous on account of

c f dels b s, s c

cs b sb gs g s css

codes.

Valabl Ipact f Inspcns

The physical checks conducted on sample

basis by the CCA offices have lead to valuable

insights into field level functioning of USOF scheme

css cc ss. F x

based on the inspection reports and feedback

b f CCa offcs, s z

bs uSoFs

VPT schemes.

mnitring & Facilitan dringCnstrcn Phas

CCa ocs s

fc f uSoFs mb ifsc Sc

whereby they have been designated to:

ls S lc G

s s bs sc s

cqs , sc bg fc b

service providers

C b fsc s

sc s g

these schemes in their service and to highlight

sss c q c b uSoF

as. t g gs

s g uSoF hQ

prescribed formats.

r gss f sc b

f c f ss

as per prescribed MIS formats

Cnclsin

uSoF scs bg c

in terms of ground . t

g f cs ccg

sc sc c g

cb f -cg, c ccks

sc scs s f c

s css s c. Bs

their cls g CCa ocs b

s sbs s c.

Due care is taken to ensure subsidy payout onlygs g cs s c

mechanism also generates valuable feedback which

s s b uSoF as c

cs ccs scs b sg

f scs f c . ts

though every developmental scheme may not have

the USOF advantage of an all India network of

cs f

ground level results, the above discussion does

gg c f cc fg

s ssc sg c s s f cg sc .

For others schemes, similar results can be achieved

with the help of NGOs and volunteers who could

b x sc c cs. t

f sc f c s

cc c f s. F x,

the NREGS is about guaranteed employment and

ss c s b. i uSoF scs,

s f b ccs

services for rural India is the main aim and asset

c (sc s ss g b sc s) s

b. o s ss s

for the trees.

Disclair

i s b s s xss

s c s f

c G f is pc

or stand on the Subject.

[The author belongs to the 1989 batch of

the Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service.

She has held posts as Internal Financial Advisor

in the Department of Telecommunicaons (DOT),

BSNL and MTNL. At present she is posted as Joint

Administrator (Finance) USOF, DOT HQ, New Delhi.

email : [email protected]]


32/50


REFORMS AGENDA FOR NREGS

G.Srinivasan

T

sg s sgc sc c sc

that goes a long way in addressing the chronic

unemployment problem in the rural Indias b n r e

G sc (nreGS). lc Fb

2, 2006, n r e G

ac s b x s

country in a phased manner. Since its advent, as

many as 13.52 crore households have been provided

632.11 c s gb sg gs s f rs 70,499.72

crore, the Minister of State for Rural Development,

m. p.J.a rj Sb s

on November 24.

With the Government commied to transform the rural landscape with sweeping changes through

guaranteed employment to rural people by extending a supplementary wage employment on

demand, the NREGS will denitely come under scanner with its warts and all



33/50


i s g s k-

sc sc s s 1010 cs g

gs f sc

b c b xcg ms f

Rural Development itself. The grouses mainly relate

to delayed payment of wages, instances of use

f fs f -ssb cs, cc

ccg f x, s f c, -

issuance of job cards and ineligible persons provided

employment under the Act. It is in this regard that

the Ministry of Rural Development has issued orders

ags 7 s , cg S gs

s c f obs sc

f sg bs gcs -

bound fashion. The Ministry has also accorded

s gc gz f Sc a

by the Gram Panchayats.

Being one of the largest social safety net

providing gainful employment to 4.51 crore rural

ss 2008-09 g

to more than 3 crore households in the current

fsc , u pgss ac (upa)

Government introduced an amendment bill to the

main Act, called the National Rural Employment

G (a) B p nb 26. t a sks cs

the NREGS as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Act. While introducing

the Bill in the Lok Sabha the Union Minister of

Rural Development Dr.C.P.Joshi aptly pointed out

from the statement of objects and reasons that

the provisions of the Act of public accountability,

through social audit and Right to Information

will get central focus with the association of

m Gs , fcg f fs s f sg f bc

a democracy. Besides, the Act is premised on rural

households volunteering to do unskilled manual

b ssc f m Gs

name with it highlights the dignity of manual

labour.

With the Government committed to

transform the rural landscape with sweeping

changes through guaranteed employment to

b xg s g

employment on demand, the NREGS wi ll definitely

come under scanner with its warts and all. Lest

the criticisms should become so negative to the

x f bg gb bfs bg

bestowed on rural people eking out subsistence

xsc g s b sc, fs

of the NREGS for building a better rural India are

the need of the hour. A National Consortium of

C Sc ogss(CSos) f nreGa

51 CSO partners working across 58 blocks of 44

most backward districts in 11 States of the country

has come out with its maiden annual report,

piecing together learning from the ground level

xc f s s.

Planning Commission, Member, Dr. Mihir Shah

in a preface to the report stated that the broader

g f cs s fc

pc rj iss (pris) b i

democracy at the grass roots, to generate greater

ss g ccs g

NREGA stakeholders, as also to carry forward ang f nreGa fs. ts, cs

s b s ssb z

f s z f s

ac. Cg f r lb

eq f n S S

g f gc b ss

in the country actually owns land, Dr. Shah said

these legions of small and marginal farmers have

b fc b k jb f

nreGS bcs c f

farms is no longer enough to make ends meet. Here,

NREGA will become really powerful when it helps

b s c c f s fs.

Public investment in the programme spurs private

investment by small farmers and accords them

cc f- fg. d S


34/50


cs k f cs s

poorest part of the country shows how earthen dams

on common land have recharged wells of those poor

farmers who earlier worked as labourers to build

these dams. These farmers are now busy making a

series of investments to improve their own farms.

t cs sggss c

k ss s b c

enhancing, high quality works under NREGA. Even as

the gram panchayats is the fulcrum and mainstay to

implement the scheme, it

woefully lacks the human

resources and technical

skillets to discharge what

s xc c. t ck f f-

c s

structure for NREGA

has been observed by

several analyses of the

f ac

g. Sg

cz s b

deepened further beyond

c sc-bck-gram pantheist model, the

report suggests this could

be done by introducing

one more layer between the block and gram

s. o g b 90 gs

per block in the country and hence each block can

be divided into three parts, each to be called the

vg d Cs (G vks Sk,

GvS), csg 30 gs c b 15 g

cs. ts Gvs b cg-g f nreGa b

gram panchayats and the block panchayats. Such a

desirable layer would enable appropriate deployment

of requisite personnel who would resolve the crucial

qss f g, b scs

ss, ss

f k f sc bz sc

audit.

In order to render the structure of NREGA

ccs, f c sg

structure needs to be deployed in the GVs, drawing

talent from the open market through a rigorous

sc css. ts cs s b c

cc f s xcg s

and their performance will be strictly reviewed and

they will be answerable to the block panchayat.

Finally, the report also

fs c f

n a f

NREGA as an autonomous

body within the Ministryof Rural Development

for discharging three

of the most important

fcs k nreGa

c. t c,

g f

cg (it)

resources to make NREGA

c, sc ,g

of NReGa

and grievance redressal.

i , nreGa s s gs

s b bg q cg

morose living standards of millions rural people,

both men and women so that they would feel

economically emancipated. There might be teething

troubles before the fruits of the Act are fully

b b bcs b fs g b -g ssc

g b

s fsb f f c

fcg f scme r

[The author is a senior journalist.

email : [email protected]]

The consorum report suggests

that the central and key emphasisnow has to be on producvity

enhancing, high quality works

under NREGA. Even as the gram

panchayats is the fulcrum and

mainstay to implement the

scheme, it woefully lacks the

human resources and technical

skillets to discharge what it is

expected to carry out


35/50


SuSTAINABLe AGRICuLTuRAL INITIATIVeS

oF THe GoVeRNmeNTRASHTRIyA KRISHI VIKAS yojANA

Ts s sc ms s fc

gc

and food security, but these have already been

a very high priority for the Government. While the

focus presently is on saving the standing crops and

g xz c f cs,

g- sgs . tssgs b g f

scsss, css g s

s gg sg bs

Indian agriculture.

The Government has launched several major

scs g- c. ts

schemes are bringing in more investment, giving

more incentives to States to give agriculture a

high priority in their budget, bridging the yield

gap in major food crops, promoting use of new

farming technologies, improving soil health, giving

a fillip to farming activities other than foodgrain

production.



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Rashtria Krishi Vikas yana

t bs f c,

the Ministry of Agriculture has launched the

rs Ks vks yj (rKvy) g

Fc y 2007-08 cg Ss invest more towards agriculture and allied sectors

s s c 4% g. ts

csg c c. t

ms s sg f rs.25,000/- c

for the 11th Five Year Plan.

The scheme requires the States to prepare

dsc S agc ps f c f

sc fsc, c ss cs

xsg c sc f cg

g c. t sc s q

xb S Gs

sc, g f

jc s gs sc. t

sc s fs Ss s 100%

gs. S f j cs f c

scheme is available are integrated development of

f cs, gc cz, s

c, c, sb,

dairying & Fisheries and development of market

infrastructure.

t s c sscresponse from the States. Many States have

prepared their District Agricultural Plan and others

are in the process of preparing the same. Funds to

f rs. 4133.69 c b s

Ss/uts g 2007-08 & 2008-09

Sc. t Ss k jcs g

/c g, ss, sgg

f s fs, c, sg f s/s/

fz sg bs, f cz,

sb, g ss. u

sc f rs. 4100.00 c s xcto be released to the State Governments and Union

t ass g 2009-10.

Nanal Fd Scrit missin

Understanding the importance of food security,

n d Cc s 53 g

29 m, 2007 s

launch Food Security Mission comprising of rice,

ss cs c f

c b 10 s, b 8 s

and pulses by 2 million tons by the end of Eleventh

p. accg n F Sc msss b c sc rb 2007 c

f rs. 4882 c (e ).

nFSm s 312 scs f

17 ss z nFSm-rc 136 scs f 14 ss;

nFSm-w 141 scs f 9 ss nFSm-

Pulses in 171 districts of 14 states. It covers about

13 cs f , 20 cs

f c 85% f ss s. mss qs

the farmers with improved technologies i.e., seed,

micronutrients, soil amendments, farm machinery,

Integrated Pest Management and resource

cs cgs, ss

g f fs f fs

sc g c g b

project management.

Some of the major achievements with this

sc b-:

2.35 k ss f s

of rice and wheat, SRI of rice and hybrid rice

conducted.

47.83 k qs f g g /

hybrid seed of rice, wheat and pulses

distributed.

n 12.0 k cs f

s s (gs//cs)

s s f.

n 9.7 k cs f f

under Integrated Pest Management.

n 4.3 k f s sb.

Cc bg f fs g 14535

Farmers Field Schools.

55,000 fs b g sc

cs cgs.

pc f 77.63 s f ;

1.82 s 2006-07.


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pc f 99.37 s f c

g 2008-09 (3 c ss);

2.7 s 2007-08.

pss c cs 2007-08

nFSm scs: tn 19.%; rjs 100%;

pjb 18%; h 66%; a ps

20%.

pss c cs 2006-07

nFSm scs: rjs 65%; pjb 3%;

h 0.25% ; a ps 30%.

Nanal Hrcltr missin

t sc g f c

sc g bs g

sgs, n hc mss (nhm)

was launched in the country, during the Xth Plan with

c f 2005-06. nhm ss

f c sc sg z

c kgs, c c f

sk-s. u mss, 352 scs

Ss u ts (a & ncb

iss lks) c xc g

North Eastern States, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal

ps uk, c c

the Technology Mission for Integrated Development

f hc n es Ss (tmne).

t sc s c c

c, sc

income support to farm households and others;

has established convergence and synergy among

-gg gs f

c . t sc s s

gg f sk

unskilled perso

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