Yom Kippur War 1973Yom Kippur War 1973divided opinions on divided opinions on the merits of the merits of occupation of occupation of Palestinian/Arab Palestinian/Arab landslands

small Israeli small Israeli Communist Party Communist Party demanded demanded withdrawal; Ben withdrawal; Ben Gurion saw Gurion saw disadvanteges to disadvanteges to continued ocupationcontinued ocupation

the Zionist right the Zionist right viewed the gains in viewed the gains in territory as serving territory as serving to secure Israel’s to secure Israel’s bordersborders

Orthodox and Orthodox and Ultra-Orthodox Ultra-Orthodox Jews viewed Jews viewed occupied lands occupied lands as part of as part of ancient Israelancient Israel

religious religious zealots began zealots began to form to form settlements in settlements in the West Bankthe West Bank

settlement settlement question led to question led to policy policy differences differences between between Israel’s Labor Israel’s Labor Party and the Party and the ZionistsZionists

carrot and stick carrot and stick policies adopted by policies adopted by israel’s government israel’s government in West Bank and in West Bank and GazaGaza

degree of local self degree of local self government government permitted - PLO permitted - PLO made some gains in made some gains in municipal electionsmunicipal elections

economy in West economy in West Bank benefited; Bank benefited; Palestinians crossed Palestinians crossed the border into the border into Israel to find work - Israel to find work - 1/3 of Palestinian 1/3 of Palestinian workforce by 1973workforce by 1973

Israel’s isolation in the Middle Israel’s isolation in the Middle East led to greater East led to greater dependence on the U.S.dependence on the U.S.

ruthless measures adopted by ruthless measures adopted by Israel in dealing with attacks Israel in dealing with attacks by fedayeen elementsby fedayeen elements

curfews, detention without curfews, detention without trial, bulldozing of houses and trial, bulldozing of houses and pre-emptive strikes against pre-emptive strikes against neighboring states - Lebanon, neighboring states - Lebanon, JordanJordan

confrontation between IDF confrontation between IDF and Jordanian/PLA/Fatah and Jordanian/PLA/Fatah forces at village of Karamaforces at village of Karama

claimed as victory for Arab claimed as victory for Arab forces - strengthened forces - strengthened Palestinian position in JordanPalestinian position in Jordan

in 1971 Ariel Sharon led a in 1971 Ariel Sharon led a successful campaign in successful campaign in GazaGaza

mass detentions, mass detentions, destruction of destruction of houses/buildings, end to houses/buildings, end to Palestinian self-Palestinian self-governmentgovernment

security gains for Israel, security gains for Israel, but lagacy of hatredbut lagacy of hatred

Israel also conducted Israel also conducted attacks against attacks against Palestinian camps in Palestinian camps in southern Lebanon; Fatah southern Lebanon; Fatah headquarters in Beirut - headquarters in Beirut - 19731973

also targeted also targeted assassination of Fatah assassination of Fatah leadershipleadership

following the Six-Day War following the Six-Day War Yasser Arafat emerged as Yasser Arafat emerged as the dominant figure in the dominant figure in the PLOthe PLO

mixed assessments on mixed assessments on Arafat’s tenure as leader Arafat’s tenure as leader - charismatic, but - charismatic, but ineffectiveineffective

goal of PLO - secular, goal of PLO - secular, democratic state in democratic state in Palestine; nation-building Palestine; nation-building in Gaza and West bank; in Gaza and West bank; ‘external operations’ ‘external operations’ against israel and its against israel and its supporterssupporters

large and diverse large and diverse number of fedayeen number of fedayeen groups operating in the groups operating in the name of the PLOname of the PLO

Arafat’s Fatah Arafat’s Fatah group largest in group largest in PLOPLO

in 1972 ‘Black in 1972 ‘Black September’ September’ fedayeen were fedayeen were responsible for the responsible for the deaths of 11 Israeli deaths of 11 Israeli athletes at the athletes at the Olympic Games in Olympic Games in MunichMunich

Israel responded Israel responded with attacks aginst with attacks aginst Fatah positions in Fatah positions in Lebanon and SyriaLebanon and Syria

other groups other groups competed with the competed with the PLO - PFLP and PLO - PFLP and DFLPDFLP

the PFLP, founded the PFLP, founded by George Habash, by George Habash, targeted Israel and targeted Israel and its ‘imperialist’ alliesits ‘imperialist’ allies

hijackings of El AL hijackings of El AL and TWA planes; and TWA planes; bombings in bombings in Jerusalem and Jerusalem and LondonLondon

Israeli reprisalsIsraeli reprisals

actions did not actions did not advance Palestinian advance Palestinian cause, but did cause, but did maintain focus on maintain focus on their plighttheir plight

tensions between the tensions between the Palestinians and the Palestinians and the government of King government of King Hussein of Jordan Hussein of Jordan culminated in the ‘Black culminated in the ‘Black September’ episode of September’ episode of 19701970

Palestinians in Jordan Palestinians in Jordan had been resented for had been resented for the threat they posed to the threat they posed to Hussein’s rule and the Hussein’s rule and the problems they created problems they created for Jordanian citizensfor Jordanian citizens

Hussein increased Hussein increased attacks on Palestinian attacks on Palestinian fedayeenfedayeen

assassination attempts assassination attempts against Husseinagainst Hussein

in September 1970, in September 1970, following further following further provocations, provocations, Hussein imposed Hussein imposed martial lawmartial law

civil war irrupted- civil war irrupted- Syria supported the Syria supported the PLO; Iraq supported PLO; Iraq supported HusseinHussein

thousands died in thousands died in fighting, but fighting, but Hussein’s forces Hussein’s forces victoriousvictorious

Palestinians fighters Palestinians fighters forced out of Jordan, forced out of Jordan, many fled to many fled to LebanonLebanon

Between the WarsBetween the Wars

1968 - 1970 fighting 1968 - 1970 fighting escalated along the escalated along the border between Egypt border between Egypt and Israel (War of and Israel (War of Attrition)Attrition)

armistice agreed in armistice agreed in 19701970

in the same year in the same year Nasser died and was Nasser died and was replaced by Anwar replaced by Anwar SadatSadat

a pragmatist, he a pragmatist, he sought to improve sought to improve Egypt’s economy and Egypt’s economy and secure peace with secure peace with IsraelIsrael

his peace proposal his peace proposal offered to Golda Meir, offered to Golda Meir, Israeli PM, was Israeli PM, was rejectedrejected

under Nixon, the U.S. under Nixon, the U.S. significantly increased significantly increased its military aid to Israelits military aid to Israel

Kissinger persuaded Kissinger persuaded the Soviet Union to the Soviet Union to accept the status quo accept the status quo in the Middle East in the Middle East

angered by this, Sadat angered by this, Sadat ordered the expulsion ordered the expulsion of Soviet military of Soviet military advisorsadvisors

Soviets now provided Soviets now provided greater support for greater support for Assad’s SyriaAssad’s Syria

Sadat and Assad Sadat and Assad now formed a now formed a military alliance and military alliance and prepared for warprepared for war

the Arab countries the Arab countries were well- armed were well- armed and had the and had the advantage of advantage of surprisesurprise

6 Oct. 1973 Jewish 6 Oct. 1973 Jewish Yom Kippur (Day of Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) the Atonement) the Arab attack Arab attack commencedcommenced

in the first phase in the first phase Arabs advaced on Arabs advaced on the Golan Heights the Golan Heights and across the Suez and across the Suez CanalCanal

initial success on the Golan initial success on the Golan and Suez fronts - Israeli losses and Suez fronts - Israeli losses included 500 tanksincluded 500 tanks

Sadat ready for peace; Assad’s Sadat ready for peace; Assad’s Syria wanted to push aheadSyria wanted to push ahead

the Nixon administration the Nixon administration ordered the immediate ordered the immediate shipment of $2.2 billion of shipment of $2.2 billion of military equipment and military equipment and weaponsweapons

tide began to turn in the Sinai; tide began to turn in the Sinai; Soviet military aid failed to Soviet military aid failed to bolster the Arab attackbolster the Arab attack

Gen. Sharon crossed the Suez Gen. Sharon crossed the Suez CanalCanal

ceasefire agreedceasefire agreed

AftermathAftermath

Yom Kippur War viewed as political Yom Kippur War viewed as political victory for Arabs and Sadatvictory for Arabs and Sadat

Arabs only defeated by Israel and U.S. Arabs only defeated by Israel and U.S. combined?combined?

war led to political changes in Israel - war led to political changes in Israel - Meir resigned as PM, succeeded by Meir resigned as PM, succeeded by Yitzhak RabinYitzhak Rabin

oil embargo against U.S. and cut of 25% oil embargo against U.S. and cut of 25% in productionin production

dramatic increase in oil prices - world dramatic increase in oil prices - world recessionrecession

U.N. Resolution 338 repeated ‘land for U.N. Resolution 338 repeated ‘land for peace’ principlepeace’ principle

Palestinian Question still not addressedPalestinian Question still not addressed