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BIOLO

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BIOMOLECULES

Building Block

Uses Examples

Test

Carbohydrate

Simple sugars

Ready source of energy

GlucoseGlycogenCelluloseStarch

• STARCH turns purple in iodine

• SUGARS react with Benedict’s Solution

Protein Amino acids

• Transport• Speed up

reactions• Immunity• Cell

communication

Enzymes (-ase)HemoglobinAntibodiesProtein hormones (insulin)

• Reacts with Biuret Solution

Lipid Fatty Acids • Back up energy source

• In membrane

Fats, oils • Leaves oily spot on brown paper bag

Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide

Store and transmit genetic info

DNA, RNA • DNA stains (methylene blue)

CELLS

PROKARYOTIC•Prokaryotic cells have DNA and ribosomes, but they have no internal membranes! (They don't have a nucleus)•They have ribosomes to make proteins•These are the simplest cells•Examples are bacteria, like those that cause strep throat.

EUKARYOTIC• Eukaryotic cells have their DNA

surrounded by a membrane.  (They have a nucleus). 

• Two examples shown are plant cells and animal cells, but fungi and protists are also eukaryotic

• Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) and cell walls made of cellulose. Animal cells don't have these parts.  Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole for storage. 

• Both plants and animals have mitochondria to make ATP.

• All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make protein

• These cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

CELL MEMBRANE

• The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell.

• It is made of lipid and protein• It controls what goes in and

out of a cell.• Associated with HOMEOSTASIS

CELL TRANSPORT

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

CONVERTS SUNLIGHT TO CHEMICAL ENERGY

CONVERTS ENERGY IN FOOD (GLUCOSE) TO ATP

Cellular Respiration

•Takes place in mitochondrion

•Releases the energy stored in glucose

•AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen)

AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• Requires oxygen

• Makes A LOT of ATP

• Produces carbon dioxide and water

• Happens in mitochondrion

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

•Does not use oxygen•Makes only 2 ATP• Small amount of ATP

• Also called fermentation• YEASTS make ethyl alcohol• BACTERIA and MUSCLE CELLS

(w/o O2) make LACTIC ACID• Happens in cytoplasm

(cytosol)

ATP CYCLE

CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND

ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

•Creates identical copies (clones)•Only involves MITOSIS•ONE parent involved•Common in bacteria and unicellular protists

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

•Adds genetic variation

•Involves meiosis and fertilization

•TWO parents involved

•Diploid and haploid cells

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

MITOSIS•One division•2n 2n

• (same number of chromosomes)

•Results in 2 genetically identical cells

MEIOSIS

•Two divisions•2n n

• Half the number of chromosomes

•Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid cells•Forms gametes (egg and sperm)

DNA

• DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.• A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and

one of four bases• In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G

• DNA’s shape is a double helix• The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds• A binds to T• C binds with G

DNA REPLICATION• Process of DNA copying itself

• Steps• DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)• Each side acts as a template• New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing

rules• Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and

one new strand.

• Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS• Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus

• Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making  a protein

• In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus

• mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome

• In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to make the protein on the ribosome.

DNA mRNA protein

Made of amino acids

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1. DNA2. mRNA3. Nucleus4. Cytoplasm5. Ribosome6. Codon7. Anticodon8. tRNA9. Amino acid10.Protein

(polypeptide)

CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE PARTS?

• Be sure to use mRNA

• You won’t have to memorize this!

• What amino acid is coded for by the DNA

ATA GAG

READING THE CODON CHART

First convert DNA to mRNAATA GAGUAU CUC

UAU = tyrCUC = Leu

We have two genes for each trait – this is our GENOTYPE

One gene came from mom, one from dad

If the genes are alike, the individual is homozygous (RR, rr)

If the genes are different , they are heterozygous (Rr)

Some genes are dominant and others are recessive

We only show a recessive trait if we have no dominant gene

RR and Rr would “look” dominant

rr would look recessive

This diagram shows the cross between 2 heterozygous purple flowers

Cross is: Bb x Bb

Notice that 75% are purple and 25% white

GENETICS

Females are XXMales are XYSex-linked traits are on X chromosomeTrait is more common in MALESExamples are colorblindness and hemophilia (blood fails to clot)

SEX LINKAGE

• Males give X chromosomes to their daughters and Y’s to their sons

• Moms give X’s to both daughters and sons

• Four blood types

A, B, AB, O

Three different alleles: A, B or neither

A = AA or AO

B = BB or BO

AB = AB

O = OO

CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE

Agglutinogen = protein

PEDIGREESTracing traits through

generations

• Males are squares

• Females are circles

• Horizontal line means married

• Vertical line means children

• Filled in circle means the individual HAS the condition

• Can you identify the genotypes of individuals 4, 7, 12?

4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e)12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)

KARYOTY

PE• In humans, 22 pair of

autosomes• 1 pair of sex

chromosomes• XX = female• XY = male• Extra chromosomes a

result of non-disjunction• Chromosome pairs fail to separate in

meiosis• One example is DOWN SYNDROME

(extra 21)• Another example is KLINEFELTERS

(XXY)

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3 21’s = Down Syndrome

GENETIC TECHNOLOGY

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS

•Organisms that have 2 different kinds of DNA

•Gene cloning

•Uses bacteria to make human proteins like insulin

DNA FINGERPRINTING

•Use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments

•IF DNA matches, it’s from the same individual

Evidence points to suspect 2

EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME

EVIDENCE

•Fossil evidence• Fossils found in

sedimentary rock• Lower level fossils are

older and more PRIMITIVE• We can compare fossils to

modern organisms• Similar structure suggests

common ancestor

•Biochemical evidence• DNA and protein

similarities suggest common ancestor

NATURAL SELECTION

•Credited to Charles Darwin• Organisms in populations

have variations that can be passed from generation to generation

• More organisms born that environment can support

• Organisms compete for resources

• Those organisms with favorable variations have more babies and the population evolves