Young Women- Factors Shaping Attitudes Towards Mathematics, Science, Engineering & Technology Careers

8/2/2019 Young Women- Factors Shaping Attitudes Towards Mathematics, Science, Engineering & Technology Careers

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Lblgsungdb dfc lblgsuofngw lfanfllunfa slgmfoboanwsw dfc slgmfngndfw 45, 45, 48,

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dkofa smowl qoklf qmo wmoqlc df ldubnlu dxsns|cl dfc nfslulws nf smlwl `nlbcw Smnw mdw ellf

ul`luulc so dw sml ”bldj~ xnxlbnfl„ nf qmngm qoklf qmo mdc dwxnulc soqducw sudcnsnofdb kdbl+

coknfdslc `nlbcw gmoowl osmlu gdulluw @na|ul Fo >" xousud~w sml clgbnfl nf w|eilgs nfslulwsw

elsqllf nfcnpnc|dbw nf Audcl > so Audcl 45" dw ulpldblc nf o|u w|upl~ o` qoklf nf mnam wgmoob

@na|ul Fo& >Dpludal Ulxouslc Nfslulws nf Mnam Wgmoob W|eilgsw òu Audcl > so Audcl 45Ws|clfsw9 ”4 ; Plu~ Boq„ dfc ”< ; Plu~ Mnam„40

< Unams òu Kl?

Xdus Smull9 Dgdclkng Nfslulwsw dfc GdulluXul`lulfglw o` ô|fa Qoklf

W|eilgsw Audcl Blplb DbbAu> Au48 Au44 Au45 Audclw

@nfl Dusw 34 34 7= 70 7>

Lfabnwm 7< 70 70 73 7<

Enoboa~ 77 70 73 73 73

Osmlu Bdfa|dalw 73 7< 75 7< 73

Wogndb Ws|cnlw -la wognoboa~. 75 70 7< 73 73

Kdsmlkdsngw 7< 7< 74 77 77

Gmlknwsu~ 7< 75 75 5> 75

E|wnflww" lgofokngw 5> 7< 7 75 75

Xm~wngw 75 5> 55 53 51

Nfòukdsnof dfc Gokk|fngdsnofw Slgmfoboa~ 74 7 5< 53 5=

Osmlu Wgnlfgl 74 51 50 50 51

Mnwsou~ 50 5= 5= 50 51

Aloaudxm~ 5= 51 50 53 50

Slgmfngdb Ws|cnlw 7 5= 57 53 50

40 Wo|ugl9 Ws|clfs W|upl~" Sml Uobl o` Gdullu Dqdulflww nf sml Clgnwnof o` ô|fa Qoklf so Sdjl Kdsm dfc Wgnlfgl W|eilgsw




Dw @na|ul Fo > nfcngdslw" nfslulws nf dbb wgnlfgl w|eilgsw clgbnflw" l}glxs òu Enoboa~ Nfcllc Enoboa~

qdw gofwnclulc sml kows nfslulwsnfa wgmoob w|eilgs e~ <3, o` ~o|fa qoklf nf o|u w|upl~ Nf o|u

òg|w auo|xw" ~o|fa qoklf ulxouslc smds sml~ bnjlc Enoboa~ elgd|wl ns cldbw qnsm bnpnfa smnfaw dfc

xuopnclw sml xowwnenbns~ so ‒kdjl d cn``lulfgl‛ Smlul qdw dbwo d gbldu ulbdsnofwmnx elsqllf dgdclk+

ng nfslulws nf Enoboa~ dfc nfslfclc xowswlgofcdu~ ws|cnlw Sml bdualws xuoxousnof o` ~o|fa qoklf

-77 ,. nfslfclc so x|uw|l d gdullu nf sml mldbsm wgnlfglw" òbboqlc e~ wogndb wgnlfglw -55,." dfc

E|wnflww -55,. @na|ul Fo 48 xuopnclw d gokxblsl bnws o` nfslfclc `nlbcw o` ws|c~41

@na|ul Fo& 48Nfslfclc Xowswlgofcdu~ @nlbc o` Ws|c~ 4=

Gouulwxofcnfa so nfslfclc xowswlgofcdu~ `nlbc o` ws|c~" sml kows xox|bdu gdullu gmonglw qlul9

Wnknbdu so xulpno|w ulwldugm" ~o|fa qoklf ulxouslc gmoownfa gdulluw smds qlul9

‥ nf sml mldbsm dfc wogndb wgnlfglw

‥ m|kdfnsdundf nf fds|ul

‥ xluglnplc dw wogndbb~ lfadanfa

Mldbsm Wgnlfglw

Wogndb Wgnlfgl -l}gb& E|wnflww.

E|wnflww

Eno/Bn`l/Da Wgnlfgl

Kdsm/Gokx|slu/Xm~wngdb Wgnlfgl

‒Wgnlfgl‛

@nfl dfc Dxxbnlc Dusw

M|kdfnsnlw

Dugmnslgs|ul/Lfanfllunfa

Lc|gdsnof

Cof„s Jfoq

Osmlu

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77,

8, <, 48, 4<, 58, 5<, 78, 7<,

55,

55,

43,

47,

44,

48,

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=,

1,

0,

5,

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xbdfflc so dsslfc |fnpluwns~" 1, nfslfclc so dsslfc gokk|fns~ gobblal/GLALX" dfc fldub~ 48, qlul fos glusdnf o` smlnu xowswlgofcdu~ xbdfw

4= Wo|ugl9 Ws|clfs W|upl~" Sml Uobl o` Gdullu Dqdulflww nf sml Clgnwnof o` ô|fa Qoklf so Sdjl Kdsm dfc Wgnlfgl W|eilgsw

Ogg|xdsnof Xluglfsdal

Xm~wngndf 40 ,

Sldgmlu 45 ,

Bdq~lu 48 ,

F|uwl 48 ,

Dggo|fsdfs =,

Lfanfllu 0,



1 Unams òu Kl?

Sml 0, o` ~o|fa qoklf nfslulwslc nf

x|uw|nfa d gdullu nf lfanfllunfa wmo|bc

el nfsluxulslc qnsm gd|snof wnfgl ofl o`

sml mnam wgmoobw smds qdw nfgb|clc nf

sml ws|c~ nw ounlfslc so wgnlfgl dfc

slgmfngdb ws|cnlw Wnafn`ngdfsb~" ~o|fa

qoklf nf smnw ws|c~ nfcngdslc smds d

enoboangdb ou lfpnuofklfsdb cnklfwnof qo|bc kdjl lfanfllunfa ws|cnlw dfc lfanfllunfa gdulluw

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nfcngdsl smds" of dpludal" qoklf kdjl+|x d auldslu xluglfsdal o` Lfpnuofklfsdb" Gmlkngdb" dfc

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nf o|u ws|c~ qmo dul nfslulwslc nf x|uw|+

nfa d gdullu nf lfanfllunfa dul dssudgslc

so smlwl xuo`lwwnofw elgd|wl sml~ elbnlpl

smds smlwl xuo`lwwnofw xuopncl sdfanebl

elfl`nsw so wognls~& Sml~ dbwo pnlqlc

lfanfllunfa xuo`lwwnofw dw mdpnfa mnam

wsds|w" elgd|wl sml go|uwlw qlul xlu+

glnplc dw cn``ng|bs dfc gmdbblfanfa so

gokxblsl Gofpluwlb~ smowl ~o|fa qoklf nf o|u ws|c~ qmo qlul fos cnwxowlc so gofwnclu lfanfllunfa

gdulluw xluglnplc lfanfllunfa xuo`lwwnofw dw fos elnfa wogndbb~ lfadalc dfc fos mdpnfa mnam wsds|w&

Gokx|slu

KlgmdfngdbLblgsungdb

Wo`sqdul -5884 ofqduc.

Knfnfa ou Knfludb

Osmlu

Lfanfllunfa Xm~wngw

Kdslundbw ou Klsdbb|uangdb

Nfc|wsundb ou Kdf|`dgs|unfa

Gnpnb

Aloboangdb

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Gmlkngdb

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C n w g n x b n f l

8, <, 48, 4<, 58, 5<, 78, 7<, 38, 3<,

48,

45,43,

41,

43,

41,

4>,

55,

57,

57,

73,

71,

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38,

‒Lfanfllunfa nw xluglnplc dw elnfa nwobdslc dfc kdbl+coknfdslc Xloxbl

cof„s wll ns dw d w|gglww`|b gdullu oxsnof Sml~ cof„s xluglnpl ns dw wokl+

smnfa qmngm cnulgsb~ mlbxw xloxbl Sml~ cof„s uldbnyl smds lfanflluw co mlbx

xloxbl e~ clwnafnfa wsu|gs|ulw dfc kdgmnflw" qmngm mlbx |w `|fgsnof smlqd~ ql co‛

@og|w Auo|x Xdusngnxdfs

Souofso" Ofsduno

Lfanfllunfa nw dxxldbnfa ofb~ n` smlul nw d bnssbl ens o` Eno" bnjl n` ns nw

Lfpnuofklfsdb elgd|wl smds wllkw bnjl woklsmnfa N gdf gofflgs qnsm"

elgd|wl smlul wllkw so el wo kdf~ lfpnuofklfsdb xuoeblkw" qnsm aboedb

qduknfa dfc aullf mo|wl adwlw†‛


Gdbadu~" Dbelusd

4> Cdsd w|xxbnlc e~ Lfanflluw Gdfdcd




Xdus @o|u nfplwsnadslw sml `dgsouw smds sml ws|c~ nfcngdslw gofsune|sl wnafn`ngdfsb~ so sml gdullu

clgnwnofw o` ~o|fa qoklf" dfc smlnu xluglxsnofw o` gdulluw nf lfanfllunfa nf xdusng|bdu Elboq nw d

w|kkdu~ o` sml pdundeblw nfplwsnadslc

4& ô|fa qoklf dul wsuldklc o|s o` kdsmlkdsngw dfc sml wgnlfglw&

G|uulfs Lfuobklfsw

Kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw dul sml adslqd~ so w|ewlt|lfs xowswlgofcdu~ ws|cnlw nf lfanfllu+

nfa Lfuobklfs nf Audcl 45+blplb Gdbg|b|w gdf el d wsuofa xulcngsou o` sml bnjlbnmooc smds d ~o|fa

qoklf aonfa of so xowswlgofcdu~ ws|cnlw qnbb w|ewlt|lfsb~ kdiou nf wgnlfgl dfc lfanfllunfa udsmlu

smdf sml bneludb dusw" wogndb wgnlfglw" ou e|wnflww dfc gokklugl58

Smnw ws|c~ ò|fc smds lfuobklfs udslw nf kdsmlkdsngw cuoxxlc kocludslb~ d`slu Audcl 48 dfc

woklqmds koul wo d`slu Audcl 45" e|s qlul wsnbb mnam -==5,. ds Audcl 45 Lfuobklfs nf wgnlfgl

w|eilgsw clgbnflc koul wnafn`ngdfsb~ ‗ so 0=0, nf Audcl 45 -Ns wmo|bc el jlxs nf knfc smds smlwlulw|bsw dul endwlc e~ sml nfgb|wnof o` d mnam wgmoob smds nw òg|wlc of kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl

ounlfslc ws|clfsw.

@na|ul Fo& 45G|uulfs Lfuobklfs nf Wlgofcdu~ Kdsmlkdsngw dfc WgnlfglGo|uwlw" e~ Audcl Blplb 54

Sml xunfgnxdb uldwofw xdusngnxdfsw nf o|u ws|c~ o``lulc òu cuoxxnfa kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfglw

go|uwlw qlul9

‥ bdgj o` nfslulws nf sml w|eilgs -ou nf sml g|uung|b|k.

‥ kdujw nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl w|eilgsw qlul boqlu smdf clwnulc: mnamlu kdujw qlul

dgmnlpdebl nf osmlu w|eilgsw

‥ nfslfclc gobblal ou |fnpluwns~ kdiou colw fos ult|nul -ou nw fos |fcluwsooc so ult|nul.

|xxlu blplb wgnlfgl ou kdsmlkdsngw

Xdus @o|u9 @dgsouw D``lgsnfa sml Dssns|clw o` ô|faQoklf soqducw Kdsmlkdsngw dfc Wgnlfgl dfcsoqducw Gdulluw nf Lfanfllunfa dfc Slgmfoboa~

G|uulfsb~ Lfuobblc Audcl > Audcl 48 Audcl 44 Audcl 45

, nf Kdsmlkdsngw =33, >=7, >00, ==5,

, nf Wgnlfgl >57, >>4, =>1, 0=0,

58 Kd" ]" & Iomfwof" Q 588= Kdsmlkdsngw dw sml gunsngdb `nbslu9 G|uung|bdu l``lgsw of alfclulc gdullu gmonglw Nf MKA Qdss dfc IW Lggblw

-Lcw." Alfclu dfc ogg|xdsnofdb o|sgoklw -xx <<+=7. Qdwmnfasof9 Dklungdf Xw~gmoboangdb Dwwogndsnof




> Unams òu Kl?

Sml coqfqduc lfuobklfs sulfc nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl w|eilgsw ulc|glw sml xoslfsndb xoob o`

`lkdbl gdfcncdslw òu dcknwwnof so lfanfllunfa xuoaudkw dfc w|ewlt|lfsb~ òu lfsu~ nfso lfanfllu+

nfa ogg|xdsnofw Clwxnsl sml clguldwl nf lfuobklfsw" sml w|upl~ ulw|bsw co nfcngdsl smds d w|ewsdfsndb

xuoxousnof o` ~o|fa qoklf ‗ eosm sml wgnlfgl dfc kdsmlkdsngw ounlfslc wgmoob" dfc nf sml osmlu

wgmoobw + lfuobblc nf |xxlu blplb kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw Sml kdiouns~ o` sldgmluw ql

nfslupnlqlc pdbncdslc sml w|upl~ `nfcnfaw nfcngdsnfa smds òu kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfglw -nfgb|cnfa

xul+gdbg|b|w" dfc gdbg|b|w." xm~wngw" gmlknwsu~ dfc enoboa~" ~o|fa qoklf qlul dxxuo}nkdslb~ <8,

o` ldgm gbdww" dfc woklsnklw koul Sml uo|amb~ lt|db cnwsune|snof o` ~o|fa klf so ~o|fa qoklf

nf alfludb kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl gbdwwlw nf |xxlu mnam wgmoob nkxbnlw smds lfuobklfs nf kdsml+

kdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw dbofl nw fos sml wsuofalws xulcngsou o` qmlsmlu ~o|fa qoklf qnbb x|u+

w|l lfanfllunfa ws|cnlw ds d bdslu cdsl&

Nf smnw ws|c~" dgmnlplklfs nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl w|eilgsw dbwo `dnblc so xbd~ d wnafn`ngdfs uobl nf

xulcngsnfa sml bnjlbnmooc o` ~o|fa

qoklf x|uw|nfa wgnlfgl dfc slgmfoboa~

`nlbcw& Smnw nw df nkxousdfs `nfcnfa

@og|w auo|x xdusngnxdfsw nf smnw ws|c~"

wlb`+ulxouslc elnfa w|gglww`|b nf smlnu

kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw" d `dgs

smds qdw gof`nuklc e~ smlnu sldgmluw

Dgmnlplklfs dwncl" xdusngnxdfsw nf Audclw > dfc 48 nfcngdslc smds smlnu nfslfsnof so x|uw|l kdsml+

kdsngw dfc wgnlfgl nw ulbdslc so ”mldunfa ùok wognls~„ + dfc xdulfsw" nf xdusng|bdu" smds ”~o| fllc

kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl elgd|wl ~o| co fos qdfs so gbowl df~ coouw òu ~o|uwlb`„ E~ Audclw 44

dfc 45" sml kosnpdsnof òu sdjnfa kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw gmdfalw woklqmds Nf Audclw

44 dfc 45" ws|clfsw ulxouslc gofsnf|nfa nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl wsuldkw elgd|wl smlwl go|uwlw

dul ult|nulc òu |fnpluwns~ ou gobblal dcknwwnof dfc òu smlnu nfslfclc gdulluw

Kdf~ ~o|fa qoklf nf smnw ws|c~ ulxouslc smds" clwxnsl smlnu gof`nclfgl nf smlnu kdsmlkdsngdb wjnbbw"

sml~ flnsmlu lfio~lc fou nfslfclc so x|uw|l xowswlgofcdu~ ws|cnlw qnsm d mldp~ lkxmdwnw nf kdsml+

kdsngw Kdsmlkdsngw qdw clwgunelc dw9 ”eounfa„" „bdgjnfa nf oxxous|fnsnlw òu guldsnpl dfc euodc

knfclc smnfjnfa„ dfc ”fos ulbdslc ou dxxbngdebl so sml lplu~cd~„

Osmlu ws|cnlw pdbncdsl smlwl `nfcnfaw @ou nfwsdfgl" sml dssns|cl o` ~o|fa qoklf nf Audclw 44 dfc

45 soqducw kdsmlkdsngw qdw ò|fc so el d wsuofalu xulcngsou o` sml bnjlbnmooc o` qoklf lfuobbnfa

nf dcpdfglc kdsmlkdsngw" gokxdulc so smlnu dgmnlplklfs blplbw nf kdsmlkdsngw55

Opludbb" smlwl `nfcnfaw nkxb~ smds sml kdiouns~ o` ~o|fa qoklf dul fos elnfa wsuldklc o|s o`

kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw Nfcllc" kdf~ ~o|fa qoklf dul lfuobbnfa nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc

wgnlfglw go|uwlw elgd|wl smlwl dul xul+ult|nwnslw òu xowswlgofcdu~ ws|cnlw nf sml mldbsm wgnlfglwdfc" nf sml gdwl o` kdsmlkdsngw" òu wokl o` sml wogndb wgnlfglw

‒Nf lfanfllunfa ~o| ofb~ jfoq ns" n` ~o| booj nf d sl}s eooj Nf Lfabnwm dfc

Wogndb" ~o| blduf ns" ~o| uldc ns" dfc ~o| gdf dxxb~ ns so ~o|u lplu~cd~ Nf

xm~wngw" ~o| booj nf d sl}s eooj" ~o| booj ds sml dfwqlu" dfc ~o| booj ds

sml gdbg|bdsou + dfc smds„w ns‛


Gdbadu~" Dbelusd

55 Kd" ] -4>>1. D fdsnofdb dwwlwwklfs o` kdsmlkdsngw xdusngnxdsnof nf sml \fnslc Wsdslw9 D w|upnpdb dfdb~wnw koclb òu clwgunenfa ws|clfsw„

dgdclkng gdulluw& Blqnwsof" F^9 Lcqnf Klbblf



5& Euodc g|bs|udb `dgsouw dggo|fs òu alfclu xul`lulfglw nfdgdclkng nfslulwsw dfc gdulluw&

Smlul nw d bdual ebog o` wogndb smlou~ smds

mobcw smds qoklf dul wogndbnylc òu f|u+

s|unfa ou gdunfa uoblw dfc smds smnw w|e+

wlt|lfsb~ d` lgsw smlnu gdullu gmonglw D

bdual kdiouns~ o` ~o|fa qoklf nf smnwws|c~ ulxouslc smds sml~ dwxnulc so

gdulluw qmngm sml~ xluglnplc dw ”xloxbl

ounlfslc„ dfc qmngm qo|bc gofsune|sl so

nkxuopnfa sml qlb`dul o` osmluw Sm|w" o|u òg|w auo|x `nfcnfaw dul euodcb~ gofwnwslfs qnsm smds

bdual eoc~ o` wogndb smlou~ smds x|sw lkxmdwnw of sml nkxousdfgl o` ”qoujnfa qnsm xloxbl„ dfc

”nkxuopnfa qlbb+elnfa„ dw clsluknfdfsw o` gdullu xul`lulfglw of sml xdus o` ~o|fa qoklf& Qoklf

nf o|u ws|c~ qmo qlul dssudgslc so lfanfllunfa xuo`lwwnofw qlul cudqf so smlwl xuo`lwwnofw

elgd|wl sml~ wdq smlk nf smnw bnams& Gofpluwlb~" qoklf qmo qlul fos dssudgslc so lfanfllunfa

xuo`lwwnofw qlul bnjlb~ so gmdudgslunyl smlwl xuo`lwwnofw dw fos nfpobplc nf qoujnfa qnsm osmlu xlo+

xbl dfc fos nkxuopnfa qlbb+elnfa& Smnw mdw xoslfsndbb~ nkxousdfs nkxbngdsnofw òu moq gdullu nfòu+

kdsnof nw gokk|fngdslc so ~o|fa qoklf&

@lkdbl mo|wlmobc ulwxofwnenbnsnlw dul xluglnplc e~ ~o|fa qoklf nf smnw ws|c~ dw o|sqlnamnfa smowl

xluòuklc e~ klf o|fa qoklf elbnlpl smds smnw ulc|glw sml snkl sml~ gdf clcngdsl so smlnu

gdulluw Sldgmlu nfslupnlqw ùok T|lelg wsooc o|s ùok osmlu xuopnfglw elgd|wl o` sml gofwnwslfs

klfsnof o` g|bs|udb foukw dw d xluglnplc xdudko|fs uldwof òu `lqlu qoklf nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc

wgnlfgl ulbdslc ogg|xdsnofw Gofwnwslfs qnsm sml pnlqw o` sldgmluw nf T|lelg" òg|w auo|x xdusngn+

xdfsw nf smds xuopnfgl xluglnplc smds lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ gdulluw dul bnjlb~ so nfùnfal of

qouj+`dknb~ edbdfgl dfc xowwneb~ bnkns sml f|kelu o` gmnbculf d

qokdf gdf udnwl G|uno|wb~" sml xluglxsnof smds lfanfllunfa

gdulluw dul nfnkngdb so qouj+`dknb~ edbdfgl colw fos dxxldu so

gduu~ oplu so mldbsm wgnlfgl gdulluw Dadnf" ns nw nkxousdfs so

wsulww" smds smnw ws|c~ nw ulxousnfa xluglxsnofw Uldbns~ kd~ ou

kd~ fos el gofwnwslfs qnsm smlwl xluglxsnofw

7& Soo `lq xdulfsw lfgo|udal smlnu cd|amsluw so ws|c~kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl dfc so gofwnclu lfanfllunfagdullu oxsnofw&

Nf smnw ws|c~" <<, o` w|upl~ ulwxofclfsw mdc xdulfsw dfc ulbdsnplw qoujnfa nf lfanfllunfa ogg|xd+

snofw& Moqlplu" ofb~ 0, o` w|upl~ ulwxofclfsw nfcngdslc df nfslulws nf x|uw|nfa lfanfllunfa ws|c+

nlw& Smnw nw wnafn`ngdfsb~ boqlu smdf knams

el l}xlgslc" anplf sml mnam xuoxousnof

o` xdulfsw nf lfanfllunfa Lplf koul

x|yybnfa nw smds smlul qdw fo wnafn`ngdfs

wsdsnwsngdb ulbdsnofwmnx elsqllf mdpnfa d

xdulfs ou ulbdsnpl nf lfanfllunfa dfc


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Gdbadu~" Dbelusd

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4 Unams òu Kl?

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el qnsm mlu ùnlfcw" wo smlul wml nw‛

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Kofsuldb" T|lelg







Sldgmluw

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Dbelusd Mlunsdal @o|fcdsnof

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wgnlfgl dfc lfanfllunfa ds

\fnpluwns~ o` Dbelusd



< Unams òu Kl?

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elgd|wl smds nw plu~ l}xlfwnpl‛


Souofso" Ofsduno




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slgmfoboa~ qouj&

‒Smlul nw d bos o` guldsnpns~ nf lfanfllunfa" dfc N a|lww

~o| mdpl so el d bnssbl ens dusnwsng n` ~o| dul aonfa so

clwnaf d e|nbcnfa ou d euncal‛@og|w Auo|x Xdusngnxdfs

Mdbn`d}" Fopd Wgosnd

‒N gdf co Gdbg|b|w" e|s N cof„s qdfs so el confa ns dbb

cd~ òu d gdullu N qdfs so co woklsmnfa smds bldplw d

kduj of wognls~" smds kdjlw d cn``lulfgl" smds„w qm~ N

bnjl Alflsngw + ~o| gdf mlbx xloxbl‛

@og|w auo|x xdusngnxdfs

Qnffnxla" Kdfnsoed

‒Wokl anubw x|uw|l enoboa~ elgd|wl sml~ cof„s smnfj nsw

aonfa so nfpobpl d bos o` kdsm" e|s sml~ cof„s jfoq smds

nf sml bdslu ~lduw ns colw‛Sldgmlu Nfslupnlq

Qnffnxla" Kdfnsoed



1 Unams òu Kl?

Mnam Blplb o` Ulwxofwnenbns~

Lfanfllunfa ogg|xdsnofw qlul dwwogndslc qnsm mnam blplbw

o` ulwxofwnenbns~" dfc xluglnplc dw xoslfsndbb~ wsulww`|b dw d

ulw|bs o|fa qoklf nf smnw ws|c~ wsuofab~ dwwogndslc

kdsmlkdsngw qnsm lfanfllunfa" dfc nf+s|uf xluglnplc smds

knfou knwgdbg|bdsnofw go|bc lt|dsl so cnwdwsuo|w clwnaf `bdqw

bldcnfa so wsu|gs|udb nfwsdenbns~ nf e|nbcnfaw dfc euncalw

Kdgmnfl Ounlfslc

Ws|clfsw qmo cnc fos mdpl xdulfsw ou gbowl ulbdsnplw qoujnfa nf lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~ |fclu+

wsooc gdulluw nf smlwl `nlbcw dbkows lfsnulb~ nf slukw o` gnpnb dfc klgmdfngdb lfanfllunfa& Sml kows

ùlt|lfs gmdudgslunydsnof o` lfanflluw qdw ‗ ‒sml~ e|nbc e|nbcnfaw" dfc euncalw‛ Smnw ofl eudfgm o`

lfanfllunfa qdw bdualb~ elbnlplc so lfgdxw|bdsl sml lfsnul `nlbc o` lfanfllunfa o|fa qoklf

|fcluwsooc lfanfllunfa dw qoujnfa qnsm ”smnfaw„ fos xloxbl Xluglxsnofw deo|s slgmfoboanwsw qlul

k|gm blww cl`nflc

Qmlf lfanfllunfa qdw xluglnplc dw d gouxoudsl xuo`lwwnof" sml xluglxsnof qdw o` df nfcnpnc|db

qoujnfa nf d g|engbl dfc ulbdsnfa gmnl`b~ so smlnu gokx|slu Wnknbdu xluglxsnofw dxxb~ so slgmfoboa~

ogg|xdsnofw Smnw xluglxsnof aolw dadnfws sml clwnul so el wogndbb~ lfadalc @lq nfcnpnc|dbw nf sml

ws|c~ qlul dqdul smds sml s~xngdb lfanfllunfa gdullu dfc kdf~ slgmfoboa~ gdulluw lfsdnb dcpdfgnfa

nfso kdfdalklfs `|fgsnofw Sml kdiouns~ o` sml ws|c~ xdusngnxdfsw qlul fos dqdul o` moq nkxou+

sdfs xuoilgs kdfdalklfs nw nf kdf~ lfanfllunfa ioew

Smowl ws|c~ xdusngnxdfsw qmo dwwogndslc lfanfllunfa qouj qnsm sml gofwsu|gsnof nfc|wsu~ dbwo

dwwogndslc smnw xuo`lwwnof qnsm o|scoou qouj dfc xm~wngdbb~ pnaouo|w qouj Smnw qdw xluglnplc dw d

kdiou fladsnpl e~ kdf~ qoklf

Wnafn`ngdfsb~" xdusngnxdsnof nf gdullu dqdulflww xuoaudkw

cnc fos dxxldu so dbslu sml xluglxsnof o` lfanfllunfaqouj dw ”gofwsu|gsnof qouj „ ou ”g|engbl qouj„ Smnw

xowlw wnafn`ngdfs gmdbblfalw so sml clwnaf o` `|s|ul

gdullu dqdulflww xuoaudkw dfc kdslundbw

Kdbl Coknfdfgl nf sml Qoujxbdgl

Cnwgokòus qnsm d kdbl coknfdslc lfpnuofklfs dfc sml

gofwlt|lfs fllc so dcdxs qlul gofwnclulc gbldu clslu+

ulfsw so x|uw|nfa lfanfllunfa ws|cnlw @og|w auo|x xdusng+

nxdfsw„ clwgunxsnofw o` `lkdbl lfanflluw" nfgb|clc dssune+

|slw w|gm dw9 wluno|w" blww lkosnofdb" l}glbblfs gokk|fn+gdsouw" wlb`+dww|ulc dfc wsuofa+qnbblc

Wsds|w dfc Xulwsnal

o|fa qoklf nf smnw ws|c~ qnsm bnssbl so fo jfoqblcal

uladucnfa lfanfllunfa qlul koul bnjlb~ so dwwogndsl lfan+

fllunfa ogg|xdsnofw qnsm sml gofwsu|gsnof nfc|wsu~ dfc

qnsm sml gofwsu|gsnof sudclw Dw d ulw|bs sml~ cnc fos" nf

alfludb" dssune|sl mnam wsds|w so lfanfllunfa ogg|xdsnofw

Lfanfllunfa nw sml s~xl o` qouj smds gduunlw soo k|gm

ulwxofwnenbns~ Sml wkdbblws luuou go|bc mdpl bdual ulxlu+

g|wwnofw + smnw nfpobplw soo k|gm ioe+ulbdslc wsulww‛


Kofsuldb" T|lelg

‒Sml bdws snkl" N qlfs so d xuoilgs" o|s nf sml onb `nlbcw" ns

kdcl kl koul cnwgo|udalc elgd|wl N dk fos dw wsuofa

dfc N dk fos dw ena dw sml a|~w" wo n` ns nw o|scoou qouj

òu lfanfllunfa" N dk jnfc o` n``~ deo|s smds‛


Gdbadu~" Dbelusd

‒Smlul nw d xluglxsnof smds anubw mdpl so el wsuofa" wo

sml~ cof„s als x|wmlc duo|fc e~ sml a|~w‛


Gdbadu~" Dbelusd

‒Gdf el gofwnclulc d eb|l+gobbdu ioe fos d qmnsl gobbdu+

ioe N cof„s jfoq sml cn``lulfgl elsqllf lfanflluw dfc

gofwsu|gsnof qoujluw‛


Gdbadu~" Dbelusd





> Unams òu Kl?

Xdus @npl9 Gofgb|wnof

Smnw ws|c~ nfplwsnadslc sml gofsune|snfa `dgsouw smds kosnpdsl sml lc|gdsnofdb dfc gdullu gmonglw o`

~o|fa qoklf Sml gdsdb~ws òu smnw ulwldugm nw sml gofsnf|lc alfclu nkedbdfgl nf lfanfllunfa xuo+

audkw" dfc nf xdusng|bdu sml ulglfs clgbnfnfa `lkdbl wmdul o` |fcluaudc|dsl lfuobklfsw nf |fnpluwn+

snlw Ns nw nkxousdfs so |fcluwsdfc sml uldwofw qoklf qnsm sml dgdclkng dxsns|cl so l}glb nf lfan+

fllunfa gmoowl osmluqnwl" elgd|wl wlplul alfclu nkedbdfglw nf lfanfllunfa ogg|xdsnofw dul w~kx+

sokdsng o` eduunluw dfc xluglxsnofw" el sml~ su|l ou fos" uladucnfa sml xuo`lwwnof Nf sml dnk o`

dssudgsnfa dfc ulsdnfnfa sox gdfcncdslw ns nw nf sml wlb`+nfslulws o` xuo`lwwnofdb dwwogndsnofw so el

dqdul o` sml uldwofw elmnfc gdullu aodbw nf ouclu so kdjl xownsnpl wsunclw nf ulgu|nsnfa dfc ulsdnfnfa

koul qoklf nfso sml lfanfllunfa xuo`lwwnof Deopl dfc el~ofc lkxbo~lu elfl`nsw" wognls~ pdb|lw

`dnuflww dfc lt|db oxxous|fnsnlw òu dbb nfcnpnc|dbw" dfc wo qmlf df nkedbdfgl ogg|uw sml fllc so

nfplwsnadsl |fclub~nfa uldwofw nw xuokxslc

Smnw ws|c~ dwjlc sqo t|lwsnofw uladucnfa sml `dgsouw gofsune|snfa so lc|gdsnofdb dfc gdullu gmongl9

@nuws" qmds `dgsouw lfgo|udal ou cnwgo|udal qoklf nf mnam wgmoob so sdjl sml kdsmlkdsngw dfc

wgnlfgl go|uwlw smds dul ult|nulc òu dcknwwnof nfso lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ xuoaudkw?

Sml qoklf nf smnw ws|c~ dul fos cuoxxnfa+o|s o` kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw -==&5, dfc 0=&0,

dul lfuobblc ulwxlgsnplb~" nf Audcl 45.& Qoklf gofsnf|l so lfuob nf smlwl go|uwlw nf smlnu wlfnou ~ldu

elgd|wl o xowswlgofcdu~ ult|nulklfsw& Qoklf dul fos elnfa wsuldklc o|s o kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl&

Wlgofc" qmds `dgsouw lfgo|udal ou cnwgo|udal qoklf nf mnam wgmoob qmo mdpl sdjlf sml kdsmlkdsngw

dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw smds dul ult|nulc òu dcknwwnof nfso lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ xuoaudkw so w|e+

wlt|lfsb~ x|uw|l ou fos x|uw|l lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ ws|cnlw ds sml |fnpluwns~ ou gobblal blplb?

W|upl~ ulw|bsw" òg|w auo|x cnwg|wwnofw dfc sldgmlu nfslupnlqw xuopnclc |wl`|b nfwnams nfso sml `dgsouwsmds nf`b|lfgl gdullu gmongl" dfc wxlgn`ngdbb~ dssns|clw soqducw d gdullu nf lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~&

O|u ws|c~ ò|fc smds qoklf qmo cnc fos qdfs so x|uw|l lfanfllunfa" e~ dfc bdual qlul nfgbnflc so

x|uw|l gdulluw nf sml mldbsm dfc wogndb wgnlfglw& Sml~ elbnlplc smlwl gdulluw qo|bc el koul xloxbl+

ounlfslc -blww kdgmnflu~ dfc kdsmlkdsngw òg|wlc." koul m|kdfnsdundf" dfc qo|bc xuopncl auldslu

xulwsnal ulbdsnpl so d gdullu nf lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~& Qoklf qmo qlul dssudgslc so lfanfllunfa

dfc slgmfoboa~ wdq smlwl xuo`lwwnofw dw mdpnfa d xownsnpl wognlsdb nkxdgs dfc wnafn`ngdfs wsds|w&

Opludbb" ~o|fa qoklf mdc bnssbl so fo jfoqblcal uladucnfa gdulluw nf lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~&

Smowl qnsm d xdulfs ou gbowl ulbdsnpl nf sml `nlbc ulxouslc auldslu jfoqblcal" e|s w|uxunwnfab~" smnw

auldslu jfoqblcal cnc fos sudfwbdsl nfso auldslu nfslulws nf x|uw|nfa lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~ gdulluw& O|u ws|c~ dbwo |fcluwgoulc d qnclwxuldc xluglxsnof smds lt|dslw lfanfllunfa qnsm

gofwsu|gsnof&

@na|ul Fo 4< gokxdulw sml `nfcnfaw o` smnw ws|c~ qnsm sml pduno|w l}xbdfdsnofw smds mdpl ellf

o``lulc so l}xbdnf sml boq xuoxousnof o` qoklf qmo sdjl kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl smuo|am so

audc|dsnof dfc qmo w|ewlt|lfsb~ x|uw|l lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~ ds sml xowswlgofcdu~ blplb




@na|ul Fo& 4<W|kkdu~ o` `nfcnfaw uladucnfa `dgsouw smds wmdxl sml dssns|clw o` ~o|fa qoklf soqducw kdsmlkdsngw dfcwgnlfgl dfc soqducw gdulluw nf lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~

Co sml Ulw|bsw o` smnw

Xoslfsndb L}xbdfdsnofw Ws|c~ xuopncl @nfcnfaw

Nfplwsnadslc W|xxous òu smnw

L}xbdfdsnof?

4 o|fa qoklf dul wsuldklc o|s o` Fo w|xxous Qoklf dul fos elnfa wsuldklc o|s o` kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl

kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw nf mnam wgmoob E~ Audcl 45" ==5, nf o|u wdkxblqlul wsnbb lfuobblc nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc 0=0, qlul wsnbb

lfuobblc nf wgnlfglw Moqlplu sml kdiouns~ ulxous fos lfio~nfa

kdsmlkdsngw" nuulwxlgsnpl o` dgdclkng dgmnlplklfs

5 Euodc g|bs|udb dgsouw dggo|fs òu W|xxous Gofwnwslfs qnsm smnw l}xbdfdsnof" ~o|fa qoklf nf smnw ws|c~

alfclu xul`lulfglw nf dgdclkng nfslulwsw qlul opluqmlbknfab~ cudqf so mldbsm dfc wogndb wgnlfgl `nlbcw

dfc gdulluw o` ws|c~ Smlwl nlbcw qlul xluglnplc dw koul xloxbl ounlfslc

dfc koul wogndbb~ lfadalc Gdulluw nf smlwl `nlbcw qlul dbwo

xluglnplc dw dbboqnfa d elsslu qouj+bn`l edbdfgl

7 Soo lq xdulfsw lfgo|udal smlnu Xdusndb w|xxous Xdulfsdb nf b|lfgl nw df nkxousdfs dgsou nf sml clgnwnof so sdjl

cd|amsluw so ws|c~ kdsmlkdsngw dfc qnsm d xdudco} kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl w|eilgsw Moqlplu" xdulfsdb n f b|lfgl

wgnlfgl dfc so gofwnclu lfanfllunfa dfc nw fos fldub~ dw nkxousdfs d `dgsou nf wmdxnfa gdullu dwxnudsnofw"

slgmfoboa~ gdullu oxsnofw ds bldws nf wo du dw lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ gdulluw dul

gofgluflc

3 Xlluw dul nkxousdfs nf`b|lfgluw @ou Fo wnafn ngdfs w|xxous Xlluw qlul ulxouslc so wbnamsb~ nf`b|lfgl sml bnjlbnmooc o`

~o|fa qoklf" xllu nf`b|lfgl lfuobbnfa nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw moqlplu smlul

lfgo|udalw d fladsnpl dssns|cl soqducw qdw fo lpnclfgl smds xlluw nf`b|lfgl gdullu aodbw

ws|c~nfa kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl dfc

soqducw lfslunfa lfanfllunfa ou

slgmfoboa~ xuoaudkw ds sml

xowswlgofcdu~ blplb

< Kdbl coknfdfgl o` wgnlfgl dfc Fo w|xxous òu wgnlfgl Smnw kd~ el d `dgsou nf slgmfoboa~ go|uwlw" e|s qdw fos d `dgsou

kdsmlkdsngw gbdwwlw cnwgo|udalw ~o|fa dfc kdsmlkdsngw go|uwlw nf kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw" qmlul ~o|fa qoklf slfc

qoklf uok gofsnf|nfa smlwl w|eilgsw Wokl lpnclfgl òu so kdjl+|x <8, o` gbdww wnyl nf sml wgmoobw qmlul smnw ws|c~

smuo|am so audc|dsnof slgmfoboa~ go|uwlw qdw gofc|gslc

0 Smlul nw d w|esbl" e|s wnafn ngdfs" Fo w|xxous D wkdbb knfouns~ o` sldgmluw ulxouslc smds kdslundb nf

alfclu endw nf wgnlfgl dfc kdsmlkdsngw kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw gofpl~lc d alfclu endw

g|uung|b|k kdslundbw smds cnwgo|udalw Moqlplu" smnw cnc fos dxxldu so nf`b|lfgl lfuobklfs nf

~o|fa qoklf uok gofsnf|nfa smlwl kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl go|uwlw

w|eilgsw smuo|am so audc|dsnof

1 o|fa qoklf co fos mdpl d aooc Wsuofa w|xxous qnsm D bdual kdiouns~ o` ~o|fa qoklf ulxouslc smds sml~ mdpl plu~

|fcluwsdfcnfa o` qmds lfanfllunfa dfc d xdudco} bnssbl ou ofb~ d wkdbb dko|fs o` jfoqblcal o` lfanfllunfa

slgmfoboa~ gdulluw lfsdnb dfc smlulòul ogg|xdsnofw Ofb~ 45<, dfc >, mdc mlduc o` Lfanfllunfa

gdffos dwxnul so smowl gdulluw Kofsm dfc Slgmfoboa~ Qllj ulwxlgsnplb~ Moqlplu" xdudco}ngdbb~

koul jfoqblcal o` lfanfllunfa cnc fos flglwwdunb~ lt|dsl so

auldslu nfslfs nf x|uw|nfa xowswlgofcdu~ ws|cnlw nf smlwl `nlbcw

= o|fa qoklf mdpl fladsnpl Wsuofa w|xxous Dbsmo|am wokl ~o|fa qoklf xluglnpl lfanfllunfa dfc

xluglxsnofw o` lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ dw xuopncnfa oxxous|fnsnlw so el guldsnpl dfc so

slgmfoboa~ ogg|xdsnofw qouj nf sldkw" kows lt|dsl lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ -e|s

lwxlgndbb~ lfanfllunfa. qnsm gofwsu|gsnof qouj" o|scoouqouj" qoujnfa nf d g|engbl" dfc ulbdsnfa xunkdunb~ so gokx|sluw

dfc kdgmnflw" udsmlu smdf xloxbl Boqlu wsds|w nw dssune|slc

so lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ ogg|xdsnofw nf gokxdunwof qnsm

sml mldbsm dfc wogndb wgnlfglw

> Gokxdulc so ~o|fa klf" ~o|fa Wsuofa w|xxous Uobl koclbw e~ qd~ o` mnam wgmoob sldgmluw dfc nfc|wsu~

qoklf mdpl `lqlu uobl koclbw qmo xuo`lwwnofdbw qlul pnlqlc dw l}sulklb~ nkxousdfs e~ eosm

lfgo|udal smlk so sdjl kdsmlkdsngw dfc sldgmluw dfc ~o|fa qoklf

wgnlfgl go|uwlw dfc so gofwnclu

lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ gdulluw



4 Unams òu Kl?

Sml ws|c~ w|aalwsw smull duldw nf qmngm sml lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ xuo`lwwnofw gdf gofsune|sl

so gmdfanfa sml g|uulfs alfclu xdssluf nf xowswlgofcdu~ lfuobklfsw nf lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~

@nuws" ns nw gbldu ùok smnw ws|c~ smds d bdual kdiouns~ o` ~o|fa qoklf nf mnam wgmoob ‗

nfgb|cnfa smowl qmo x|uw|l kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl so audc|dsnof ‗ mdpl bnssbl ou fo

jfoqblcal deo|s qmds lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ gdulluw lfsdnb Fdsnofdb Lfanfllunfa

Kofsm dfc Fdsnofdb Slgmfoboa~ Qllj mdpl fos kls sml xuo`lwwnof„w aodbw nf

gokk|fngdsnfa jfoqblcal deo|s lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ gdulluw

Wlgofc" ns nw dbwo gbldu ùok smnw ws|c~ smds d bdual kdiouns~ o` ~o|fa qoklf nf mnam wgmoob

qmo mdpl sml kdsmlkdsngw dfc wgnlfgl xulult|nwnslw so lfslu |fnpluwns~ ou gobblal xuoaudkw

nf lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~ mdpl wsuofab~ fladsnpl xluglxsnofw deo|s sml lfanfllunfa dfc

slgmfoboa~ ogg|xdsnofw Smlwl fladsnpl xluglxsnofw dul koul xuofo|fglc òu lfanfllunfa

Fdsnofdb Lfanfllunfa Kofsm dfc Fdsnofdb Slgmfoboa~ Qllj mdpl fos go|fslulc smlwl

xluglxsnofw deo|s lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ gdulluw

Smnuc" fof+xdulfsdb `lkdbl uobl koclbw xbd~ df nkxousdfs uobl nf oplu+s|ufnfa wslulos~xlw

Moqlplu" smlul nw d cldusm o` w|gm uobl koclbw

Edwlc of smlwl `nfcnfaw" ns nw ulgokklfclc smds9

4 Soalsmlu qnsm nfc|wsu~" sml lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ xuo`lwwnofw wmo|bc gdul`|bb~ ulpnlq

gdullu nfòukdsnof dfc gdullu xuokosnof wsudslanlw Ns kd~ el dxxuoxundsl so clplbox wlxdudsl

gdullu nfòukdsnof kdslundbw òu ~o|fa qoklf Ds sml plu~ bldws" gdullu nfòukdsnof kdslundbw fllc

so cldb koul clbneludslb~ qnsm sml dssune|slw smds ~o|fa qoklf dxxldu so wllj nf d gdullu -wogndb

lfadalklfs" ”kdjnfa d cn``lulfgl„" guldsnpns~" qoujnfa nf sldkw. Gdullu nfòukdsnof kdslundb dfc

gdullu xuoaudkw dbwo fllcw so sdgjbl fladsnpl xluglxsnofw

5 Sml lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ xuo`lwwnofw fllc so dcculww sml `lkdbl uobl koclb cl`ngns e~

gofwnclunfa d xuoaudk smds qnbb eunfa ~o|fa qoklf nf mnam wgmoob nfso gofsdgs qnsm qoklf nf

lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~

7 Sml xuopnfgndb dfc sluunsoundb lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ xuo`lwwnofdb dwwogndsnofw wmo|bc nfnsndsl"

qmlul sml~ mdpl fos dbuldc~ cofl wo" gdullu xuokosnof wsudslanlw smds dul gofwnwslfs qnsm sml `nfc+

nfaw o` smnw ws|c~ Lfanflluw Gdfdcd dfc sml Gdfdcndf Go|fgnb o` Slgmfngndfw dfc Slgmfoboanwsw

wmo|bc oxludsl dw gbldunfa mo|wlw òu cnwwlknfdsnfa sml ulw|bsw o` smlwl nfnsndsnplw Lfanflluw

Gdfdcd dfc sml Gdfdcndf Go|fgnb o` Slgmfngndfw dfc Slgmfoboanwsw wmo|bc gofwnclu dff|dbb~ ou

enlffndbb~ x|ebnwmnfa d w|upl~ o` sulfcw nf lfuobklfsw smds qnbb nclfsn`~ xuoaulww" qmlul ns mdw ellf

kdcl" nf dcculwwnfa sml alfclu nkedbdfgl nf lfuobklfsw




Dxxlfcn} D9 @og|w Auo|x T|lwsnofw

‥ Qmds kdsm" wgnlfgl" dfc slgmfoboa~ go|uwlw dul ~o| sdjnfa?

‥ N` ~o| dul nf Audcl >/489 dul ~o| xbdffnfa so gofsnf|l kdsm" wgnlfgl" dfc slgmfoboa~ go|uwlw

smuo|am so Audcl 45? N` wo" qm~? N` fos" qm~ fos?

‥ Dul ~o| xbdffnfa so ao so gobblal ou |fnpluwns~? N` wo" qmds nlbc co ~o| g|uulfsb~ smnfj ~o|

qo|bc bnjl so ws|c~?

‥ Mdpl ~o| smo|ams deo|s ws|c~nfa wgnlfgl" slgmfoboa~ ou lfanfllunfa nf gobblal ou |fnpluwns~?

‥ Qmds co ~o| jfoq deo|s lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ qouj? Gdf ~o| anpl wokl l}dkxblw o`

lfanfllunfa sldk qouj? Qmlul cnc ~o| blduf smnw?

‥ Qmds nw smlul deo|s lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ ws|cnlw ou qouj smds nfslulwsw ~o|" n` df~smnfa?

Qmds nw smlul deo|s lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~ ws|cnlw ou qouj smds s|ufw ~o| o``?

‥ Qmds co osmlu xuo`lwwnofw/gdulluw o``lu smds lfanfllunfa dxxlduw fos so o``lu?

‥ Qmds co anubw fllc so mldu ùok sml lfanfllunfa xuo`lwwnof n` sml~ dul so sdjl df nfslulws nf

lfanfllunfa?

‥ Nf ~o|u oxnfnof qm~ dul qoklf blww bnjlb~ so ws|c~ lfanfllunfa" wgnlfgl ou slgmfoboa~?



7 Unams òu Kl? Lfanfllunfa dfc Slgmfoboa~ Bdeo|u Kdujls Ws|c~

Dxxlfcn} E9 Sldgmlu Nfslupnlq T|lwsnofw

4 Nf ~o|u nfdb ~ldu gbdww" dxxuo}nkdslb~ qmds xuoxousnof o` ws|clfsw dul qoklf? Mdw smnw

gmdfalc oplu sml xdws slf ~lduw?

5 Nf ~o|u pnlq" qm~ co d auldslu xuoxousnof o` `lkdblw smdf kdblw cuox kdsm" wgnlfgl" dfc

slgmfoboa~ dw sml~ xuogllc smuo|am mnam wgmoob?

7 Nf dggo|fsnfa òu alfclu cn` lulfglw nf kdsm dfc wgnlfgl lfuobklfsw nf sml `nfdb ~ldu o` mnam

wgmoob" moq k|gm qlnams qo|bc ~o| dssdgm so9 -d. alfclu cn``lulfglw nf gdullu dwxnudsnofw"

-e. alfclu cn``lulfglw nf w|eilgs kdsslu denbnsnlw ou d``nfnsnlw" -g. alfclu cn``lulfglw nf xdulfsdb

nf`b|lfgl" -c. g|bs|udb foukw" -l. uobl koclbw" osmlu smdf `dknb~" -`. xllu xulww|ul -a. osmlu `dgsouw?

3 Dul ~o| `dknbndu qnsm df~ gdullu dqdulflww xuoaudkw smds mdpl nf b|lfglc ws|clfsw -lwxlgndbb~

qoklf. so gofsnf|l ws|c~nfa kdsm" wgnlfgl" dfc slgmfoboa~?

< Dul smlul xdusng|bdu gmdbblfalw smds qoklf `dgl nf x|uw|nfa kdsm" wgnlfgl" dfc slgmfoboa~ws|cnlw smds dul fos `dglc e~ klf" ou dul fos `dglc so sml wdkl claull?

0 Qmds s~xlw o` w|xxousw knams lfgo|udal koul qoklf so gofsnf|l kdsm" wgnlfgl" dfc

slgmfoboa~ ws|cnlw smuo|am so sml gokxblsnof o` mnam wgmoob?

1 Qmds s~xlw o` w|xxousw knams lfgo|udal koul qoklf nf smlnu `nfdb ~ldu o` mnam wgmoob so

x|uw|l lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~ ws|cnlw ds sml xowswlgofcdu~ blplb?




Dxxlfcn} G9 Ws|clfs W|upl~

Sml Uobl o` Gdullu Dqdulflww nf sml Clgnwnof o` o|fa Qoklf

so Sdjl Kdsm dfc Wgnlfgl W|eilgsw

Ws|clfs W|upl~

Sml fdsnofdb dwwogndsnofw ulxulwlfsnfa xuo`lwwnofdb lfanflluw dfc glusn`nlc slgmfngndfw dfc slgmfoboanwsw

-Lfanflluw Gdfdcd dfc Gdfdcndf Go|fgnb o` Slgmfngndfw dfc Slgmfoboanwsw. dul gofc|gsnfa d ws|c~ o`

sml uobl o` gdullu dqdulflww of sml clgnwnof o` ~o|fa qoklf so sdjl kdsm dfc wgnlfgl w|eilgsw

Smdfj ~o| òu sdjnfa d `lq koklfsw so gokxblsl smnw w|upl~ Dbb ulwxofwlw dul dfof~ko|w

dfc gof`nclfsndb

N` ~o| mdpl df~ t|lwsnofw deo|s sml w|upl~" ou deo|s qoklf nf lfanfllunfa dfc slgmfoboa~"

xbldwl `llb ùll so gofsdgs |w dfc ql qo|bc el mdxx~ so òbboq |x

4 Deo|s ~o|9

Dal9 _____

Audcl9 _____

Alfclu9 ___ Kdbl ___ @lkdbl

Bdfa|dal-w. wxojlf ds mokl9 ________

Xuopnfgl o` ulwnclfgl9 _____

5 Cnc ~o| sdjl df~ kdsm go|uwlw smnw ~ldu ?

___ ^lw___ Fo

N` %~lw%" nfcngdsl qmngm go|uwl-w.9 _____

7 Co ~o| nfslfc so sdjl wlgofcdu~ blplb kdsm go|uwlw fl}s ~ldu ?

___ ^lw

___ Fo

___ \fglusdnf


3 Cnc ~o| sdjl df~ wgnlfgl go|uwlw smnw ~ldu ?

___^lw

___ Fo




< Unams òu Kl?

< Co ~o| nfslfc so sdjl wlgofcdu~ blplb wgnlfgl go|uwlw fl}s ~ldu ?

___ ^lw

___ Fo

___ \fglusdnf


0 Moq qo|bc ~o| udsl ~o|u nfslulws nf smlwl w|eilgsw of d wgdbl ùok 4 so <" qmlul 4 nw plu~ boq

dfc < nw plu~ mnam?

1 -d. Co ~o| mdpl obclu euosmluw ou wnwsluw qmo dul sdjnfa -ou mdpl gokxblslc. mnam wgmoob/wlgofc+

du~ wgmoob kdsm?

___ ^lw

___ Fo

___ Cof!s jfoq

1 -e. Co ~o| mdpl obclu euosmluw ou wnwsluw qmo dul sdjnfa -ou mdpl gokxblslc. mnam wgmoob/wlgofc+

du~ wgmoob wgnlfgl?

___ ^lw___ Fo

___ Cof!s jfoq

= Co ~o| mdpl d xdulfs qmo gokxblslc mnam wgmoob/wlgofcdu~ wgmoob kdsm ou wgnlfgl?

___ ^lw

___ Fo

___ Cof!s jfoq

Nfslulws

4;Plu~ Boq

<;Plu~ Mnam

4 5 7 3 <

Kdsm O O O O O

Xm~wngw O O O O O

Enoboa~ O O O O O

Gmlknwsu~ O O O O O

Osmlu wgnlfgl -la" aloboa~. O O O O O

Nfòukdsnof dfc gokk|fngdsnof slgmfoboa~ -la" gokx|slu xuoaudkknfa. O O O O O

E|wnflww" lgofokngw O O O O O

Lfabnwm O O O O O

Osmlu bdfa|dalw O O O O O

Mnwsou~ O O O O O

Aloaudxm~ O O O O O

Wogndb ws|cnlw -la" wognoboa~" xw~gmoboa~. O O O O O

@nfl dusw -la" dus" k|wng" smldsul. O O O O O

Slgmfngdb ws|cnlw -la cud`snfa" lblgsuofngw. O O O O O




> -d. Co ~o| mdpl d xdulfs qmo dsslfclc gobblal/GLALX ou |fnpluwns~?

___^lw

___ Fo

___ Cof!s jfoq

> -e. Co ~o| mdpl d xdulfs qmo ws|cnlc kdsm ou wgnlfgl ds gobblal/GLALX ou |fnpluwns~?

___ ^lw

___ Fo

___ Cof!s jfoq

48 Co ~o| mdpl d xdulfs ou ulbdsnpl qmo nw nf df lfanfllunfa ou slgmfoboa~ ogg|xdsnof?

___ ^lw

___ Fo

___ Cof!s jfoq

44 Of d wgdbl ùok 4 so <" moq k|gm qo|bc ~o| wd~ ~o| jfoq deo|s ldgm o` sml òbboqnfa

ogg|xdsnofw -qmlul 4 nw plu~ bnssbl dfc < nw d aulds cldb.?

Jfoqblcal o` Ogg|xdsnof

4;Bnssbl Jfoqblcal

5;Aulds Cldb o` Jfoqblcal

4 5 7 3 <

Gmlknws O O O O O

Xm~wngnws O O O O O

Lfanfllu -df~ s~xl. O O O O O

Lfanfllunfa Slgmfoboanws/Slgmfngndf -df~ s~xl. O O O O O

Gokx|slu Xuoaudkklu O O O O O

Bdq~lu O O O O OE|wnflww Kdfdalu O O O O O

Sldgmlu O O O O O

F|uwl O O O O O

Cogsou O O O O O

Dggo|fsdfs O O O O O

Dugmnslgs O O O O O

Wogndb qoujlu O O O O O



1 Unams òu Kl?

Kdsm/WgnlfglKdsm Xm~wngw Gmlknwsu~ Enoboa~ Fos Ult|nulc

Gmlknws O O O O O

Xm~wngnws O O O O O

Lfanfllu O O O O O

Lfanfllunfa Slgmfoboanws/Slgmfngndf O O O O O

Gokx|slu Xuoaudkklu O O O O O

Bdq~lu O O O O O

E|wnflww Kdfdalu O O O O O

F|uwl O O O O O

Cogsou O O O O O

Dggo|fsdfs O O O O O

Dugmnslgs O O O O O

Wogndb Qoujlu O O O O O

45 Dw `du dw ~o| jfoq" qmngm o` sml òbboqnfa ogg|xdsnofw ult|nul gokxblsnof o` mnam wgmoob kdsm

dfc/ou wgnlfgl?

47 Qmlf ~o| `nfnwm mnam wgmoob" dul ~o| xbdffnfa so dsslfc9

___ Gokk|fns~ gobblal/GLALX

___ \fnpluwns~

___ Flnsmlu gokk|fns~ gobblal fou |fnpluwns~

___ Cofhs jfoq/fos w|ul

43 N` ~o| dul xbdffnfa so dsslfc gobblal/GLALX ou |fnpluwns~" qmds `nlbc dul ~o| smnfjnfa deo|s ws|c~nfa?

4< Qmds gdullu dul ~o| g|uulfsb~ smnfjnfa deo|s x|uw|nfa? ______

40 Mdpl ~o| pnwnslc d gobblal/GLALX ou |fnpluwns~ gdkx|w? ___ lw ___ Fo

41 Mdpl ~o| pnwnslc d gobblal/GLALX ou |fnpluwns~ wgnlfgl bde? ___ lw ___ Fo

4= Mdpl ~o| xdusngnxdslc nf df~ gdullu dqdulflww xuoaudkw smds xuopnclc ~o| qnsm nfòukdsnof of

wgnlfgl dfc slgmfoboa~ gdulluw? ___ lw ___ Fo

4> Mdpl ~o| pnwnslc df~ qlewnslw smds xuopnclc ~o| qnsm nfòukdsnof deo|s wgnlfgl ou slgmfoboa~

gdulluw? ___ lw ___ Fo

58 Mdpl ~o| mdc d w|kklu ioe ou xdus+snkl ioe qmlul ~o| kls lfanflluw ou osmlu slgmfoboa~xuo`lwwnofdbw ds qouj? ___ lw ___ Fo

54 Co ~o| ulgdbb wllnfa nfòukdsnof deo|s Fdsnofdb Lfanfllunfa Qllj ? ___ lw ___ Fo

55 Co ~o| ulgdbb wllnfa nfòukdsnof deo|s Fdsnofdb Slgmfoboa~ Qllj? ___ lw ___ Fo

Smdfj ô| @ou ô|u Xdusngnxdsnof$



Dxxlfcn} CWsllunfa Gokknssll

Jnk DbblfXuo`lwwnofdb Lfanflluw Ofsduno

Ildf B|g Dugmdked|bsOuclu clw Slgmfoboa|lw Xuo`lwwnoflbw c| T|lelg

Kngmlbbl EudfnadfLblgsungns~ Wlgsou Go|fgnb

Cdpnc Gmdbguo`sDwwogndsnof o` Xuo`lwwnofdb Lfanflluw"

Aloboanwsw dfc Aloxm~wngnwsw o` Dbelusd

Wdkdfsmd GobdwdfslLfanflluw Gdfdcd

Kdfills CmnkdfDGGLW Lkxbo~klfs Wlupnglw

Eundf AloualFousmqlws Sluunsounlw dfc F|fdp|s Dwwogndsnofo` Xuo`lwwnofdb Lfanflluw" Alowgnlfsnwsw

Wslxmlf Ao|bcGdfdcndf Go|fgnb o` Slgmfngndfwdfc Slgmfoboanwsw

Jlpnf MocanfwFousmqlws Sluunsounlw dfc F|fdp|s Dwwogndsnofo` Xuo`lwwnofdb Lfanflluw" Alowgnlfsnwsw

Gmlu~b IlfwlfKomdqj Gobblal

Lbbnl JmdjwduCnpluwns~ Nfslaudsnof dfc Ulslfsnof Wlupnglw Nfg

Bnwl Bd|yofUîwld| clw nfaîfnl|uw c| T|îelg

Lcqduc BlwbnlFlq Eu|fwqngj Wognls~ o` Glusn`nlc LfanfllunfaSlgmfngndfw dfc Slgmfoboanwsw

Dfculq KgBlocLfanflluw dfc Alowgnlfsnwsw Flq Eu|fwqngj

Xluu~ FlbwofSml Dwwogndsnof o` Wgnlfgl dfc LfanfllunfaSlgmfoboa~ Xuo`lwwnofdbw o` Dbelusd

Uoelus OjdelGns~ o` Qnffnxla

C„Dug~ Xmnbbnxw

Xds T|nffXuo`lwwnofdb Lfanflluw Ofsduno

Goblssl UnplsEnoSdblfs Gdfdcd

Sok UolkluGdkow|f Gobblal

J~bl U|ssdfGdfdcndf @lcludsnof o` Lfanfllunfa Ws|clfsw

Cleoudm WmdkdfM|kdf Ulwo|uglw dfc Wjnbbw Clplboxklfs Gdfdcd

Blf WmunkxsofDwwogndsnof o` Xuo`lwwnofdb Lfanflluw" Aloboanwsw dfcAloxm~wngnwsw o` Dbelusd

Dfculq WsllplwDCN Bsc

Db WslqdusUo~db Knbnsdu~ Gobblal o` Gdfdcd

Ungmduc Sdgm|jLblgsung Wsudslanlw Nfg

Ildf+Xnluul Su|cld|Oucul clw nfaîfnl|uw c| T|îelg

Anfd pdf clf E|uaOfsduno Wognls~ o` Xuo`lwwnofdb Lfanflluw

Cleoudm Qob`lLfanflluw Gdfdcd

Eu|gl QouflbbLfanflluw Fopd Wgosnd

^duowbdp YdidgGdfdcndf Go|fgnb o` Slgmfngndfw dfc Slgmfoboanwsw

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Young Women- Factors Shaping Attitudes Towards Mathematics, Science, Engineering & Technology Careers