Your Gateway Key ooklet - Hylands School

Your ‘Gateway Key’ BookletActivities, ideas and tasks to

challenge you across the curriculum

IntroductionIn this booklet there are a lots of ideas and activities to challenge you

intellectually. This is not homework and does not have to be handed in!

However if you do want to try some of the activities then you should discuss

these with your tutors and the staff at MAP club. You can discuss any of these

ideas in the MAP lunch club on Tuesdays or you can try them at home or at

break or lunchtimes in the LRC.

Thinking Skills

Big Questions:

• Can we prove God does or does not exist?

• What is art?

• Can security and freedom coexist?

• Is my blue the same as your blue?

• Are the mind and body separate?

• Do we have free will?

• Why does evil exist?

• Are some judgements better thanothers?

Extension: Can you develop your own impossible problems?

Log on to Oxplore from Oxford University

https://oxplore.org/

to discuss your big questions

The Home of Big Questions

Oxplore is an innovative digital outreach portal from the University of Oxford. As the ‘Home of Big Questions’ it aims to engage those

from 11 to 18 years with debates and ideas that go beyond what is covered in the classroom. Big questions tackle complex ideas

across a wide range of subjects and draw on the latest research undertaken at Oxford. Oxplore aims to realise aspirations, promote

broader thinking and stimulate intellectual curiosity.

https://oxplore.org/

http://www.ox.ac.uk/

What are super-curricular activities?• “Super-curricular” means taking your knowledge and engagement above and beyond what you do in

school. It’s not the same as “extra-curricular” – that’s the stuff you do outside of school that isn’t linked to your academic work (we’re thinking playing sport or volunteering here). A super-curricular activity might be doing some extra reading to explore a topic you’ve studied at school in more depth. On the other hand, it might be a way to discover a brand-new area of research you hadn’t heard about before. Reading is the most obvious place to start but you can engage with subjects that interest you in loads of different ways –listen to a podcast, watch a documentary, explore an online resource, visit a museum, take part in a project… the list is endless!

• There are lots to choose from! Follow this link to find a range of super curricular activities from Hertford College, Oxford University https://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/study-here/outreach/hertfordchallenge

https://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/study-here/outreach/hertfordchallenge

Reading Newspaper ArticlesReading newspaper, journal or magazine

articles that you find interesting is a good

way to find out more about topics.

Collect 3 interesting articles to show

and discuss at MAP club.

When you read an article consider

these questions:

- What is the main argument?

- Is there an element of bias in the text?

- Do you agree with the article? Why?

- How might you summarize the content of

the article for a peer?

- How might we follow up on the article’s

content?

Article 3Article 2Article 1

Ethical DilemmasEthics provides fertile ground for challenging thinking. The very notion of why we ought to act in a certain way is itself sharply contested.

Ethical dilemmas provide a stimulating, testing experience for you in making moral judgements.

Extension: Can you construct your own moral dilemmas and then answer them?

THOMSON'S VIOLINIST DILEMMA

One day, you wake up in hospital. In the nearby bed lies a world-famous violinist who is connected to you with various tubes and machines.

To your horror, you discover that you have been kidnapped by the

Music Appreciation Society. Aware of the maestro's impending death, they hooked you up to the violinist.

If you stay in the hospital bed, connected to the violinist, he will be totally cured in nine months. You are unlikely to suffer harm. No one else can save him. Do you have an obligation to stay connected?

Stretching Your Core:KS3 Spine Activities

• The following pages focus on your core subjects (maths, English and science) and they discuss relevant topics in detail. Again- this is not homework but just prompts to get you thinking more deeply about your curriculum subjects.

2. Fate: what does it mean?noun The Oxford Dictionary defines fate as, "The development of events outside a person's control, regarded as predetermined by a supernatural power.”

An example sentence would be, "The course of his journey was decided by fate.”

1. Your experiences of the word ‘fate’Have you heard of the word before?

a. How might you define the word to somebody else?b. Write a sentence including the word ‘fate’.c. Within that sentence, what type of word is ‘fate’?d. Can you think of a text you’ve read where fate is a theme?

4. Fate as an agency of power.

One interpretation of fate suggests that it is governed by a power above, or natural order of the universe, and is therefore outside of our control. Fate can be attributed to past, present and future events, and it can have either

a positive or negative impact.

Fate plays a role in superstitions, e.g. the idea that breaking a mirror will have an impact on future “luck” for a set period of time.

The idiom written in the stars relates to fate as it suggests that something is “written in the stars” (pre-planned and set out before we even had a choice) by a higher being or universal power.

3. Etymology (where the word comes from)

The word fate originates from the Latin fatum, which means, “that which has been spoken”, originally from the Latin fari, meaning speak.

The first recorded use of ‘fate’ as a noun and as a verb appears to be during the fourteenth century (1300s) in Old French. Lots of the meanings included the idea of destiny, a predetermined course in life. It is also related to something that has ben determined by God/s. Fate is often used in the bad sense in Latin: “bad luck, ill fortune, mishap or ruin”.

5. Free will

Free will is defined as, “the ability to decide what to do independently of any outside influence” (Cambridge Dictionary).

Whilst free will is not the opposite of fate, they can be seen as conflicting. Free will suggests that we have the ability to choose between different possible courses of action without the constraints of fate. Philosophically, if you believe in free will, you believe that human beings can be the authors of their own actions, rather than being influenced or led by something external or a higher universal power.

a. Can someone believe in free will and in fate?b. How might the two ideas conflict with each other?c. Thinking about your own life, do you have complete free

will? d. Does anyone have complete free will?

6. SynonymsComplete the table below, listing as many synonyms for fate as you can. An example has been added to start you off.

Synonyms

preordained

© March 2019 PiXL Spine Strategy and templates: The PiXL Club Ltd. All rights

reserved.

KS3 Spine Fate

7. Fate and religion

Fate and religion are often seen as being closely linked. Religious leaders will often talk about “a calling” into religion or to their role, suggesting that there was an element of predestination. However, there are slight differences we need to be aware of.

Religion is the belief in a supernatural power which calls us to certain things and, depending on the religious belief, may also be the belief in a high power pre-planning our destiny. Fate itself refers to a force that predetermines events, an order in the Universe that we are powerless to change, no matter how much we wish to. However, in several religions, such as Christianity, the concept of prayer and a personal relationship with God leads away from the idea of fate, especially as God granted man free will.

Belief in destiny and fate is one of the basic beliefs of Islam. Muslims believe Allah is the Knower of all things and the Creator of all things; nothing exists outside of His will and decree. Everything in the universe, every creature and the things it does, is the creation of Allah. Whatever He wills happens, and whatever He does not will does not happen.

Key Vocabulary

Free Will: The power to act independently on your own without the restriction of fate.Religion: The belief in and worship of a superhuman power often known as a God or gods.Mythology: a collection of myths, stories or beliefs often belonging to a religion, culture or condition.Superstition: A widely held but irrational belief in supernatural influence often leading to good or bad luck.Context: The context of a text is the place and time in which it was written, who it was written by, and where it was published.Genre: the type of text and how it is categorised e.g. thriller, romance, gothic…

9. Fate in ShakespeareFate appears in a number of Shakespeare’s tragedies. Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet are good examples.

In Macbeth, Shakespeare includes a prophecy of the three witches (inspired by the Fates) which persuades Macbeth into evil in the first half of the play; then, in the second half, they reveal a prophecy regarding Macduff which seals Macbeth’s defeat and death. However, this could be seen in an alternative way. Instead of being fate, just as with Thebes and Oedipus, it could be seen that the duel between Macbeth and Macduff is actually a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Similarly in Romeo and Juliet, despite being referred to as ‘star cross’d lovers’, it could be argued that they take enough steps themselves to suggest that fate is not present at all.

Perhaps fate does not exist at all, but it’s human action. This idea was presented in the 20th century philosophical idea of existentialism. Despite random and meaningless events, humans have the power and freedom to act however they choose and should be accountable for that.

Activitiesa. Considering the information from this mat, summarise the concept of fate.b. What is the difference between fate and free will?c. What were the three Fates called in Greek mythology?d. Do you think fate is as relevant in today’s society as it was in the past?e. Can you think of another text you have read where fate is a theme? What impact

does fate have on characters, action or plot?f. Research the plot of Romeo and Juliet and decide how fate plays a part.

List three ways fate plays a role in the story of Romeo and Juliet. Does fate play a positive or negative role in the play?

8. Fate in Greek mythology

Many ancient Greeks believed you couldn’t escape your fate.

In Greek and Roman mythology, the Fates (known as Moirae in Greek) were three goddesses who determined the destinies of humans. Their names were Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis. Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate, Lachesis measured the thread of life and handed it out, and Atropos cut the thread (which decided the individual's moment of death). Even the gods were fearful of the Fates.

In Greek myths, we see many characters who try to change their fate. Despite their attempts, their efforts are useless. In most stories where a character tries to prevent a negative fate, we see that the attempts actually provide the circumstances needed for this fate to take place. For example, the King of Thebes learns that his son, Oedipus, will kill him. He therefore tries to have Oedipus killed, but only ensures that many years later, the two don’t recognise each other. A dispute arises and Oedipus kills his father, without realising who he is. It could be said that this wasn’t fate, but a result of Thebes actions.


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AQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQKS3 Spine

MEASUREMEN

T

“2 hours 45 mins is the same as 2.45”Incorrect because…Start with an example of something you know; 2hours 30 mins is 2.5 hours “two and a half hours”. We wouldn’t read this as “two hours 50 minutes”. We need to calculate the minutes as a fraction of an hour.

45 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 =45

60= 0.75 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

2.3 hours in minutes would be;2 × 60 = 1200.3 × 60 = 18 Total 138 mins

“The area of a parallelogram is length times width because its just like a rectangle” incorrect because….

“The area of a triangle is easy, because its just half a rectangle” The most common mistake is to forget to divide by two. A triangle is half of a parallelogram. This is important because we use the perpendicular height of the triangle in the same way we do for a parallelogram.

Length

Wid

th

Rectangle 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙 × 𝑤

Length

(𝑙)

Perp

endic

ul

ar h

eig

ht

(h)

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙 × ℎ

So why can’t we just use the slanted edge?

If we continued to reduce the perpendicular height

the area would reduce, but the edge would remain

the same therefore it wouldn’t work. e.g.

There are other ways to see this- can you see how

to use triangles and rectangles to find the area?

Investigate different ways to show the area of a

parallelogram.

3cm

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 8 × 324𝑐𝑚2

8cm

3cm

8cm

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

=1

2𝑙 × ℎ

𝑂𝑟1

2(𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

× ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)


reserved.

Did you

know?We measure the rotation of the Earth in terms of hours. Each rotation is 24 hours in respect to the sun. The Earth’s rotation is actually slowing down, so days would have been shorter in previous times. This is due to the moon’s effect on the rotation.

The average depth of the ocean is about 13,000 ft. This is around 2.5 miles. Parts of the ocean will never have sunlight. This part of the ocean is called the “deep sea”.

The mass of the Earth constantly changes. It gains approximately 40,000 tons each year due to particles from space.

In ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh’s surveyors used

measurements based on body parts to measure

land and buildings.

A cubit – is measured from the elbow to the

fingertip.

A digit – this is a finger, used for counting. How

does this word fit with “digital age”?

The phrase “rule of thumb” comes from carpenters

using a thumb to measure approximately an inch.

Maths KS3

Measurement

Test Me!Each question matches the checklist of basic skill.

1. Convert the following into cm a) 30mm b) 4cm 45mm c) 12m

2. Convert the following into mma) 3cm b) 33m c) 13cm 4mm

3. Write down the formula for the area ofa) rectangle b) triangle c)

parallelogram

4. Calculate the area of a triangle with base 4cm and height 12cm.

5. The two triangles are similar. Calculate the length of the missing side.

Challenge These questions test your understanding of the misconceptions people have.

1. The time is 3.04pm a journey takes 67 minutes. What time will the journey end?

2. Convert the following into minutesa) 1 hour 34 mins b) 2.65 hours

3. The area of the triangle and the parallelogram are the same. Find the perimeter of the triangle.

4. The area of the compound shape is 47𝑐𝑚2. Can you find possible lengths for sides 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 (whole numbers). Can you find any other possible values?(there are lots of possible answers here!)

ExtendEach question uses the same diagram BUT you will

have to do a different calculation using the skills you

have. When you are answering the questions try and

think or write down what is the same and what is

different about each question.

3c

m 9c

m

12c

m

?cm

𝑎+ 6

2𝑎𝑎3 3

2𝑎 +1

𝑎

7

𝑏

3

1. What time is on the clock?

2. What time will it be in 34

minutes?

3. I start watching a program at

1.20 and it finishes at the time

on the clock. How many

MINUTES is the programme?

Write the length in hours.

4. What is the acute angle

between hands?

1. Measure each side of the rectangle to the nearest

mm.

2. Calculate the perimeter, round your answer to the

nearest cm.

3. Draw all the lines of symmetry.


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Science KS3 Forces and motion

Glossary:• Acceleration

Speeding up.• Deceleration

Slowing down.• Density

A measure of how close the particles are packed together.

• DisplacedMoved from its position and replaced

• ForcePush, pull or twist an object, changing their motion or shape.

• GravityThe universal attraction between objects.

• InertiaObject continues its existing state or motion unless the state is changed by a force.

• IrregularNot regular, object has different sized sides.

• Magnitude Size

• MassAmount of matter something contains, kilograms.

• MomentTurning effect of a force.

• Motionmovement

• Newton Unit of force.• Particle

Atom or molecule.• Pivot

Central point where something turns.• Speed

Energy• Stationary

Not moving.• Weight

Force caused by the effect of gravity on a mass, newton.

Activities• Describe the forces acting on a stationary

object.

• Look at this diagram of a stationary boat floating on water. The boat is made of metal and is heavy.

a) Draw and label the forces acting on the boat.

b) Explain why the boat floats even though it is made of a heavy metal.

• Draw and label the forces acting on this plane as it travels at a steady speed.

• Calculate the density of the following blocks in g/cm3

a) 1Kg block with a volume of 100cm3

b) 0.5Kg block with a volume of 20cm3.

• Calculate the moment the balloon produces about the pivot in the following diagram.

QUICK QUESTIONS:1. State the equation linking distance, time

and speed.2. State the equation linking force, moment

and distance.3. State the equation linking density, volume

and mass.4. What is the unit for force? What is the unit

for weight?5. What is the unit for mass?6. What is a moment?

0.16

m

0.05

N

Pivot


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1. Speed• Speed (m/s) = distance (m) ÷ time (s)• The speed of a moving object is a measure of how far it

will travel in a certain time. • How quickly an object travels depends on its mass and

the force acting on it.• The greater the mass of an object the longer it takes to

speed up or slow down, a property of mass called inertia.

4. Unbalanced forces• If the forces acting on an object are unbalanced the

object will either speed up (acceleration), slow down (deceleration) or change direction.

• Unbalanced forces cause change.

6. Floating• Objects float on water because they are less dense

than the water.• An object floating on a liquid, or in air, does not move

because there is an upward force balancing the downward force of gravity.

• The upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. So heavy objects can float if they are hollowed out to displace a large weight of water.

3. Force diagrams• We can show the forces acting

on an object using force arrows. • These arrows show the

size (magnitude) and direction of the force.

7. Moments• Moment (Nm) = force (N) x distance (m)• A moment is the turning effect of a force around a

pivot.

8. Density• Density = mass ÷ volume• Density is a measure of how closely the particles are

packed together in a particular space. The closer the particles are packed together, the heavier the object feels for its size.

• The volume of an irregular shaped object, like a stone, can be found by measuring the volume of the water displaced by the object.

5. Balanced forces• Equal and opposite forces are found on stationary

objects and those travelling at a steady speed.• An object with equal and opposite forces acting on it

will carry on doing whatit is already doing.

• Balanced forces cause no change.

2. Gravitational forces• All objects on Earth are affected by gravitational

forces. An object which stays at rest on the surface of the Earth has one or more forces acting on it, thus balancing the force of gravity.

• A book lying on a table does not fall because the atoms in the table are pushing upwards on the book with a force equal to the force of gravity.

KS3 SpineForces and motion

Pivot


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1. Morality: noun The distinction between right and wrongor good and bad.

Very similar to ethics but morality is normally concerned with the individual’s own determination of what is correct behaviour.

4. Philosophical approaches

Philosophy (from the Greek philosophia, meaning love of wisdom) deals with the fundamental questions of human existence. What morality is and where it comes from is one of these important questions.

Aristotle’s Moral Theory: The ancient Greek philosopher believed in balance between extreme behaviours (too much or not enough), both of which were considered vices or sins. Adjective to describe his works/ideas: Aristotelian

Hobbes’ Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher whose life overlapped with Shakespeare’s, suggested that without the moralrule of law, life would descend into a chaotic and evil mess.Adjective to describe his works/ideas: Hobbesian

Immanuel Kant: A German enlightenment philosopher who tried to establish how one can be moral based on individual and internal motivations. Kant proposed that all your behaviour should be good, or moral, enough to be made into a universal law.Adjective to describe his works/ideas: Kantian

2. Where does morality come from?

A difficult question but usually broken down into three areas:1. the individual and their internal responses2. social interactions amongst groups of

people, including the family3. religion.These individual or combined factors usually determine an individual’s perception of what is acceptable and what is unacceptable.

KS3 Spine: Morality 5. A psychological approach

Psychology, the study of the human mind and human behaviour, also seeks to determine the origins of morality.

One key name in psychology, an Austrian psychologist named Sigmund Freud, proposed a theory that metaphorically separated the human mind into three component parts. This Structural Model suggested that each of our minds, or psyches, was composed of:

The id: A Latin word meaning it. This is the part of the mind which runs only on impulses, desires and needs. It is the dark and unconscious part of our mind which has no sense of right and wrong.

The ego: A Latin word meaning I/self. This is the rational and realistic part of our mind which deals with control and restraint in terms of correct behaviour. The ego’s role is to mediate between the primal id and the last part of the model.

The super-ego: A Latin term meaning above I/self. This part of the mind is concerned with perfection and making you the best, or most moral, person you can be. The super-ego tells you something is right or wrong via your conscience and feelings of guilt. The rules governing the super-ego’s correct behaviour come from parents, society or religion (think of God as the ultimate parental figure).

A common visual metaphor for The Structural Model isthat of an angel (super-ego) and a devil (id) sitting on either shoulder with the person (ego)being conflicted in the middle.


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3. Etymology (where the word comes from)

The word morality comes the from French word moral. Moral refers to a standard of behaviour or a principle of right and wrong. The word moral originates from the Latin moralis, originally from mor/mos, meaning custom.

6. Morality Tale:

A type of text that has a hidden message, or moral, on how to be good and avoid the corrupting power of evil/sin. Within morality tales, characters would often personify the correct, moral virtues and incorrect, or immoral, sins and it was up to the protagonist, and by extension the audience, to follow the correct path.

Activities

Recap Quiz1. Where does someone’s morality come from?2. What did Hobbes believe would occur if we lived without moral rule? 3. Freud’s Structural Model suggested our minds are separated into three parts. Identify the names of these three parts and write a sentence explaining each one. Create an image to represent each one. 4. What is the difference between the Seven Deadly Sins and the Seven Contrary Virtues?

Vocabulary of Analysis BuilderPick a series of words that relate to morality. Don’t just use ones from this sheet but use any that relate to the difference between good and bad. Then, for each, come up with three grammatical forms for each word. The three best for analysis are noun, adjective, adverb. Three have been done for you.

Self Quiz ConstructionDevelop a short quiz (10 questions) for yourself. The answers must be knowledge-based so one-word answers are ideal. Once you have constructed the quiz, put this sheet away and test yourself. Repeat until you get 100%. Once achieved, repeat the whole process with new questions.

Advanced Philosophical Question Subjective (personal) response with no real wrong answer. Using the information in this sheet, where do youthink morality comes from? Does it even exist? Provide evidence, ideally personal to you, to support your response.

7. The Seven Deadly Sins

Often fundamental to morality tales, these were a group of vices within Christian teachings and showed people how not to live. Committing one of these deadly or capital sins could lead to hell. Linked quite closely to the more well known Ten Commandments.

Lust (noun)/Lustful (adj.): Uncontrolled desire and passion

Gluttony/Gluttonous:Eating/consuming too much

Sloth/Slothful:Laziness but also wastefulness

Greed/Greedy:The overt love of money

Wrath/Wrathful: Anger, rage, violence

Envy/Envious: Resentment and jealousy of others

Pride/Prideful: Abundant self-love, hubris and arrogance

8. The Seven Contrary Virtues

To give people something to strive towards and show them how to live a moral life, seven virtues were also given so that sin and eternal punishment could be avoided. All of the virtues share a theme of self-control.

Chasity (noun)/Chaste (adj.): Controlled sexual behaviour

Temperance/Temperate: Self-restraint and control

Diligence/Diligent: Hardworking

Charity/Charitable: Generosity and benevolence

Patience/Patient: Tolerance and forgiveness

Kindness/Kind: Compassion and satisfaction

Humility/Humble: Modesty and a sense of being unworthy in comparison to God.

Noun adjective adverb

morality moral morally

righteousness righteous righteously

immorality immoral immorally


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“Multiply by 10 you just add a zero”Incorrect because….

What about decimals? 4.35 × 10 = 43.5

We don’t “add a zero” , instead each place holder is ten times bigger.

Here we have 𝟔. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎We can see that the 6 has now become 60 and the 0.3 has become 3

“When you multiply by a number the answer will always be bigger”

This is sometimes true!3 × 12 = 36 which clearly is getting bigger… We could think about this in the context- “ there are 12 eggs in a dozen and I want 3 boxes, so I want 3 of the 12 egg boxes”

What about 1

2× 12? If this was a sentence we are

wanting “half of 12 which is 6”If the temperature is −3𝑜 and it gets twice as cold we need to do −3 × 2 = −6 again the answer is smaller.

“The longer the number the bigger it is”This is sometimes true because…

What do we mean by “longer”? More digits? 3456 is certainly bigger than 23 BUT1.23432 is smaller than 2 even though it has more digits.We need to look at the PLACE VALUE of those digits to decide which is bigger.

“Two minuses makes a plus”

This is true SOMETIMES! −4 ×−5 = 20We have two minus numbers multiplied together and we get a positive answer. GREAT! … BUT…….If the temperature is −5𝑜 and it drops by another 3 degrees it is now −8𝑜, we did the calculation −5 − 3 = −8We have two minus numbers but get a negative answer. BUT… 3 −−5 = 8Make sure you try the questions and ask for help if you are still confused!

“Whatever you do to the top you do to the bottom, so add the top add the bottom”

1

2+

1

2=

2

4? !? ! This doesn’t makes sense

Think about the example above in real terms, if you have half of something and add another half you only have two quarters at the end??

When adding fractions we need a common denominator . In the example above we

would have 2

2which is 1.

H T . 𝟏

𝟏𝟎

6 . 3

6 3

KS3 SpineNUMBER


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Did you

know?The word fraction comes from the Latin fractus which means “to break”.

If you multiply by 1s the answer will ALWAYS be a palindrome. A palindrome is a number which is the same forwards as backwards. e.g 11111 × 11 = 122221

1. Start with any four digit number (that has at least two different digits).2. Arrange the digits of the four digit number to make the largest and smallest numbers possible.3. Subtract the smaller number from the larger one.4. Take the answer and repeat the process.

Eventually you'll end up at 6174 or 'Kaprekar'sConstant’. Interestingly, it will never take more than 7 steps to get to 6174!

Did you know? If you shuffle a pack of cards really well, there is a greater chance that this sequence of cards has NEVER been seen before in history than that it has been seen before!

Maths KS3

NUMBER

Test Me!Each question matches the checklist of basic skill.

1. Write the following numbers in ascending order3.4 3.04 3.404

3.044

2. Round the following to 1dp and 2dpa) 3.567 b) 0.0564 c)1.9999

3. The temperature is −5𝑜 in Berlin. The temperature in Edinburgh is 4𝑜 what is the difference in temperature?

4. Use whatever written method you like to calculate the exact solution to the following

𝑎) 216 ÷ 18 b) 1728 ÷ 36 c) 16 × 213

5. If each box contains 16 books, how many books in 12 boxes?6. Write an estimation for the following calculation

1236 ÷ 127. Is 12 a prime number? Explain.

8. Calculate 2

3+

1

4

9. Write the decimal equivalent for 1

2,3

4, 10%, 80%

10. Calculate a) 23.45 × 10 𝑏) 0.4563 ×10011. Cancel down as far as possible

𝑎)9

12𝑏)

16

6𝑐)

−3

6

Challenge These questions test your understanding of the misconceptions people have.

1. Multiply the following numbers by 10 and 100a)0.00043 b) 23.4596

2. If I carry out the calculation 6 × 0.5 will my answer be bigger or smaller than 6? Explain why

3. Put these numbers in order, smallest first and explain why

4. Match the solution to the question−6 × 4 − 4 × −6 − 24 ÷ 4 − 24 ÷ −6

24 4 -6-24

5. Jan writes down the following calculation, has she got the answer right? How do you know?

1

5+2

3=

3

15+10

15=

13

30

ExtendEach question looks similar BUT you will have to do a

different calculation using the skills you have. When you

are answering the questions try and think or write down

what is the same and what is different about each

question.

A can of lemonade costs 67p

a) If you buy one can how much change will you get from £5?

b) If you only have 33p, how much more do you need to buy 1 can?

c) How many cans can I buy with £5?d) You buy 3 cans and pay with £5 how

much change will you get?

The number 24

a) What is 2

3𝑜𝑓 24?

b) Calculate 24 ×3

8

c)2

3of a number is 24, what is the original number?

d) Find 24 ÷2

3


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Activities• Smoking can cause mutations in DNA.

Carry out some research to find out what types of chemical are found in cigarette smoke and how they can lead to cancer.

• Explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation. Give two examples of each type of variation.

• Watson and Crick used ‘Photo 51’ to help work out the structure of DNA. This image was created by Rosalind Franklin. Produce a biography of Rosalind Franklin. Your biography should include her work on DNA and how it was used to find its structure.

• DNA is the genetic material of human cells. Describe the structure of DNA and where it is found in a human cell.

QUICK QUESTIONS:1. What are chromosomes and where are they

found?2. What is a gene?3. Give two reasons cells divide.4. What is a mutation?5. Name two causes of variation.6. State the two types of variation.7. How many chromosomes in:

a) A normal human body cell.b) A sperm.c) An egg?

Science KS3 Inheritance and genetics

Glossary:• Cell division

Cell dividing to produce more cells.• Chromosome

Molecule of DNA.• DNA

Carries genetic information.• Egg

Female sex cell.• Fertile

Able to produce offspring.• Fertilisation

Fusing of male and female sex cells.• Gene

Length of DNA which codes for a protein.

• InheritedPassed from one generation to the next.

• MutationError when copying a gene during cell division.

• NucleusControls the cell, contains DNA.

• OffspringChildren.

• OrganismIndividual in a species

• Sexual reproductionProducing offspring by fusing sex cells.

• Specialised cellsCells adapted for a function.

• SpeciesA group of similar organisms which can breed and produce fertile offspring.

• SpermMale sex cell.

• VariationDifferences between organisms of the same species.


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1. Chromosomes• Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of plant and

animal cells.• Chromosomes contain complex molecules of DNA.• The DNA contains the information needed to make

more cells.• Most cells in humans contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

(46 chromosomes in total).

4. Mutations• Sometimes an error occurs when genetic information is

copied, this causes a mutation.• Not all mutations are harmful.• Changes in genes can be caused

by the environment.• These changes affect the individual,

but only affect their offspring if they occur in sperm or egg cells.

6. Variation• Sexual reproduction causes a lot of variation;

differences between organisms in the same species. • This is because the genetic information in an offspring

is a combination of genetic information from the parents.

• The environment can also cause variation in a species e.g. diet and lifestyle.

• Variation can be continuous, e.g. height, or discontinuous, e.g. blood type.

3. Cell division• Cells divide for growth and repair.• When a cell divides, genetic information stored in the

genes is copied so that each new cell is a copy of the original cell.

7. Inheritance• Inherited variation is due to differences in the genes.• These differences can be inherited, passed from one

generation to the next.

8. Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin• DNA is made from two strands bonded together in a

double helix. James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the structure of DNA in the 1950’s using an x-ray image, photo 51, produced by Rosalind Franklin. Maurice Wilkins produced work which supported the model.

• Watson, Crick and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize. Unfortunately, Franklin died before the prize was awarded.

5. Sexual reproduction• A sperm cell from a male fuses with an egg cell from a

female. This is called fertilisation.• Sperm and egg cells are specialised.

They only contain 23 chromosomes,one copy of each pair.

• Half the genetic material in a fertilised egg is from the sperm and half from the egg, making 46 chromosomes in total.

2. Genes• A gene is a length of DNA.• Hundreds and thousands of genes are found on a

single chromosome.• Humans have around

20,000 genes.

KS3 SpineInheritance and genetics


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