[YRC]-Cac Quy Dinh Cua Phap Luat Viet Nam Ve Giao Ket Hop Dong Dien Tu Co Yeu to Nuoc Ngoai

7/31/2019 [YRC]-Cac Quy Dinh Cua Phap Luat Viet Nam Ve Giao Ket Hop Dong Dien Tu Co Yeu to Nuoc Ngoai

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MC LC

MC LC .................................................................................................................. i

MC LC BNG BIU........................................................................................ iii

DANH MC VIT TT......................................................................................... iv

LI M U ...................................................................................................... -1 -

CHNG 1: HP NG IN T V HP NG IN T C YU T

NC NGOI ......................................................................................................... 3

I. Hp ng in t ................................................................................................. 3

1.1. Khi nim v hp ng in t ................................................................... 3

1.2. c im ca hp ng in t.................................................................... 3

1.3. Nhng khc bit v Giao kt hp ng in t v Giao kt hp ngtruyn thng......................................................................................................... 7

II. Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ........................................................... 12

2.1. Khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ............................... 12

2.2. c im ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ............................... 17

2.3. Ch k v bng chng v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoinc

ngoi .................................................................................................................. 26

III.Tm hiu cc quy nh php lut ca Hoa K v hp ng in t c yu t

3.1 Hoa K cha c o lut ring v Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi............ 26

3.2. Lut giao dch in t tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t

nh hp ng truyn thng ............................................................................... 27

3.3. UETA a ra quy nh v trnh t giao kt hp ng in t ................... 28

CHNG 2: THC TRNG CC QUY NH CA PHP LUT VIT NAM

V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI ................... -29-

I. Nhn xt chung .................................................................................................. 30

1.1. Nhng thun li v kt qu ........................................................................ 30

1.2. Nhng bt cp v nguyn nhn .................................................................. 32

II. Thc trng cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v hp ng in t c yu

t nc ngoi VN............................................................................................... 35

2.1. Nhng quy dnh lin quan n khi nim hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi .................................................................................................................. 35

2.2. Thc trng nhng quy nh v th tc giao kt hp ng in t c yu tnc ngoi ......................................................................................................... 37


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2.3. Nhng quy nh v ni dung cahp ng in t................................... 47

CHNG 3: PHNG HNG V GII PHP HON THIN CC QUY

NH CA PHP LUT VIT NAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T

C YU T NC NGOI ................................................................................ 50

I. D bo xu hng pht trin giao kt hp ng thng mi in t c yu t

nc ngoi Vit Nam ......................................................................................... 50

1.1. C s d bo.......................................................................................... 50

1.2. S liu d bo ........................................................................................ 58

II. Phng hng hon thin php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c

yu t nc ngoi.................................................................................................. 72

2.1. Phng hng chung ................................................................................. 72

III. Cc gii php hon thin cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt

hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ................................................................ 77

3.1. Nhm gii php sa i cc quy nh ca php lut VN v giao kt hp

ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ................................................................... 77

3.2. Nhm gii php mi ban hnh vn bn dn lut hng dn thc hin

giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ............................................... 81

3.3. Nhm gii php khc.................................................................................. 84

LI KT

TI LIU THAM KHO

PH LC 1

PH LC 2


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MC LC BNG BIU

BIU

Biu 1 Doanh thu t TMT, giai on t 1997 n 2008

Biu 2 T l doanh nghip c website qua cc nm

20042008

Biu 3 Quy m doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch

thng mi in t

BNG

Bng 1 Thng k s tng trng lng ngi s dng

Internet t nm 2000 n nm 2008 mt s

chu lc v th gii.

Bng 2 Danh sch mt s hng hng khng Vit Nam

cho php tra cu thng tin v t ch trc tuyn

Bng 3 Chng trnh bn v my bay in t ca mt s

hng hng khng Vit Nam

Bng 4 Tnh nng thng mi in t ca cc trang web

Vit Nam

H NH

Hnh 1 T l doanh nghip c website nm 2008

Hnh 2 Mc tham gia v k c hp ng t sn

giao dch Thng mi in tca doanh nghip

nm 2008HP

Hp 1 Chng trnh bn v my bay in t ca Vit

Nam Airline

DANH MC VIT TT


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B2B

Giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip

vi doanh nghip

(Business to Business)

B2C

Giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip

vi c nhn

(Business to Consumer)

CNTT Cng ngh thng tin

UNCITRAL

U ban Lin Hp quc v Lut Thng mi

quc t

(United Nations Conference on International

Trade Law)

UNCTAD

Din n Lin Hp quc v Thng mi v Pht

trin

(United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development)

LTM Lut thng mi

BLDSVN B lut dn s Vit Nam

TMDT Thng mi in t

GD T Giao dch in t

WTOT chc Thng mi th gii (World Trade

Organization)


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LI M U

1. Tnh cp thit ca ti

Trong bi cnh thng mi in t ton cu ang pht trin mnh m, giao

kt hp ng truyn thng ang dn c thay th bi mt phng thc mi - giao

kt hp ng in t. Giao kt hp ng in t gip cc doanh nghip gim c

chi ph giao dch, tit kim c thi gian giao dch, d dng tip xc c vi cc

khch hng v th trng trong nc v nc ngoimt cch nhanh chng v hiu

quVn khong cch a l vn l tr ngi ln tronggiao kt hp ng truyn

thng th vi giao kt in t b xa b hon ton.

c bit trong giai on hi nhp v m ca hin nay, giao kt hp ngin t khng ch gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th vn ra th trng th

gii m cn to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip va v nh cng c th thc hin

c nhng hp ng c yu t nc ngoi.

Giao kt hp ng in t vi khch hang trong nc i hi cc doanh

nghip phi am hiu v php lut, v nghip v, v k thut cng ngh khc xa vi

giao kt hp ng truyn thng. Giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

cn kh khn hn nhiu.

Trong cc kh khn lin quan n giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi, c kh khn v c s php l. Nhng quy nh ca php lut v giao kt hp

ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c khc g vi cc quy nh v giao kt hp

ng truyn thng? Php lut Vit Nam quy nh v vn ny nh th no? C

nhng bt cp no v gii php no loi b nhng bt cp ? Nhng cu hi

ny khin chng ti - nhng sinh vin ngnh Qun tr kinh doanh, chuyn ngnhLut Kinh doanh quc t - quan tm v quyt nh tm hiu. y cng chnh l l

do nhm nghin cu chn vn : Cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v

giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nhng bt cp v gii php

hon thin lm ti cho cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ca mnh.


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2. Mc tiu nghin cu

Trn c s tm hiu v nhng quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt

hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v nu bt nhng bt cp nhng quy

nh ny tr nn ph hp hn, y hn trong vic hng dn cc ch th Vit

Nam giao kt hp ng in t vi i tc nc ngoi.

3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

i tng nghin cu ca ti l cc quy nh ca php lut v hp ng

in t, hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v giao kt hp ng in t c yu

t nc ngoi.

Phm nghin cu ca ti gii hn vic phn tch nhng quy nh caphp lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, khng phn

tch vic thc hin hay gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng in t. Phm vi

nghin cu ca ti cng gii hn ch cc hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi trong lnh vc thng mi.

4. Phng php nghin cu

ti c thc hin da trn vic p dng cc phng php nghin cu

tng hp nh: phng php phn tch, phng php tng hp, phng php so

snh, phng php dn chiu ti cc lut v cam kt quc t nh cam kt gia nhp

WTO ca Vit Namnhm t c yu cu t ra i vi bi nghin cu.

5. B cc ca ti

Bi nghin cu ngoi phn m u, kt lun, ti liu tham kho c kt cu

gm 3 chng:

Chng 1: Hp ng in t v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

Chng 2: Thc trng cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt

hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

Chng 3: Phng hng v gii php hon thin cc quy nh ca

php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi


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CHNG I:

HP NG IN T V

HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI

I.HP NG IN T

1.1. Khi nim v hp ng in t

Lut Giao dch in t ca Vit Nam nm 2005 quy nh: Hp ng in t

l hp ng c thit lp di dng thng ip d liu theo Quy nh ca Lut

ny1. Cng theo quy nh ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005, thng ip dliu c hiu l thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c nhn v lu tr bng

phng tin in t.2Theo , phng tin in t l phng tin hot ng da

trn cng ngh in, in t, k thut s, t tnh, truyn dn khng dy, quang hc,

in t hoc cng ngh tng t.3

T nhng im nu trn, trong th t, khi nim v hp ng in t nh

c trong Lut ca cc nc. V d, Theo iu 11(1) Lut mu v Thng mi

in t ca UNCITRAL nm 1996. Hp ng in t c hiul hp ng c

hnh thnh thng qua vic s dng cc phng tin truyn d liu in t.

1.2. c im ca hp ng in t

L mt hp ng, hp ng in t c nhiu im ging hp ng truyn

thng. l:

-Hp ng in t cng l s tho thun thng nht ch gia cc bn. Viu ny, iu 308 B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005 khng nh: s tho

thun gia cc bn v vic xc lp, thay i, chm dt quyn v ngha v i vi

nhau. D l hp ng truyn thng hay hp ng in t, d l hp ng c

giao kt bng li ni, bng hnh vi, bng vn bn hay bng cc phng tin in t

th iu quan trng l hp ng ch hnh thnh nu cc bn giao kt t c s

1

iu 33 Lut giao dch in t nm 20052 iu 4 khon 12 Lut Giao dch in t nm 20053 iu 4 khon 10 Lut giao dch in t nm 2005


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tho thun r rng, c th v quyn v ngha v i vi nhau. Trong s thng

nht ch gia cc bn ng s l iu quan trng nht lm nn hp ng, cho d

l hp ng truyn thng hay hp ng in t.

-Hp ng in t khi giao kt v thc hin, chng u phi da trn nhng

c s php l nht nh v phi tun th nhng quy nh lin quan n hnh thc

ca hp ng, ch th ca hp ng, iu kin hiu lc ca hp ng, quy trnh

giao kt hp ng, ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng v gii quyt tranh

chp pht sinh, nu c.

-Khi giao kt hp ng in t, cc bn giao kt hp ng in t phi tun

th nguyn tc giao kt hp ng. C hai nguyn tc giao kt hp ng l nguyn

tc t do giao kt hp ng nhng khng c tri php lut, o c x hi vnguyn tc t nguyn, bnh ng, thn ch, hp tc, trung thc v ngay thng.

Hai nguyn tc ny c quy nh ti iu 389 B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005

(c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/2006). Hai nguyn tc ny c p dng cho tt c cc

loi hp ng, k c vi hp ng in t.

-Vic th hin hp ng in t phi tun theo 3 nguyn c lin quan n vic

thc hin hp ng. Nguyn tc th nht l nguyn tc thc hin ng hp ng:

ng i tng, s lng, cht lng, chng loi, thi hn, phng thc v cc

tho thun khc; Nguyn tc th hai l nguyn tc thc hin hp ng mt cch

trung thc theo tih thn hp tc v cc bn cng c li, bo m tin cy ln nhau;

V nguyn tc th ba l nguyn tc khng c xm phm n li ch ca Nh

nc, li ch cng cng, quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi khc (iu 412, B

lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005).4

Ngoi nhng c im nu trn, hp ng in t cn c mt s im ring

m cc hp ng truyn thng khng c. l:

V ch th

Trong hp ng in t, ngoi ch th l cc ch th tham gia giao kt nh

i vi hp ng truyn thng (ngi bn, ngi mua, v.v) xut hin cc bn

th ba c lin quan cht ch n hp ng in t. l cc nh cung cp cc dch

4Mc 7 chng XVII t 388 n 427 v chng XVIII t 428 n 589 B Lut Dn s Nm 2005


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v mng v cc c quan chng thc ch k in t. Nhng bn th ba ny c

nhim v truyn i, lu tr cc thng tin gia cc bn giao kt hp ng in t.

Vi c th giao kt di dng cc phng tin in t, vic giao kt hp

ng in t s gp ri ro nu khng c cc nh cung cp dch v mng v cc c

quan chng thc ch k in t. Cc nh cung cp dch v mng c trch nhim

duy tr h thng mng (mng ni b ca doanh nghip cng nh mng quc gia)

lun trong tnh trng hot ng tt vi vi c ch 24/24 gi. H thng mng trc

trc lp tc s nh hng ti vic giao kt hp ng in t phm vi tng n v,

tng doanh nghipcng nh phm vi quc gia. Cn c quan chng thc ch k

in t s ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng v to ra c mt c ch

cung cp bng chng sao cho cc hp ng in t khng th b gi mo v khngth b ph nhn khi tranh chp pht sinh.

Chnh v vy, i vi hp ng in t, chng no h thng mng c trc trc,

chng no cc c quan chng thc ch k in t cha c thnh lp, thm ch

c thnh lp nhng cha hot ng th chng , vic giao kt hp ng in t

cng nh vic thc hin hp ng in t cng kh c th thnh cng. Ri ro s l rt

ln nu cha c ngi th ba ny tham gia vo qu trnh giao kt hp ng in t.

Nhng ngi th ba ny khng tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh m phn,

giao kt hay thc hin hp ng in t. H tham gia mt cch gin tip vi t

cch l cc c quan h tr nhm m bo tnh hiu qu v gi tr php l cho vic

giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t.

a v php l ca h, vi t cch l cc ch th tham gia gin tip vo mt

khu ca qu trnh giao kt hay thc hin hp ng in t cn phi c quy nh

trong lut. y l im lm nn s khc bit ca giao kt hp ng in t.

V ni dung

V ni dung, hp ng in t c mt s im khc bit vi hp ng truyn

thng. Nhng im khc bit l:

-a ch php l: ngoi a ch php l thng thng (a ch bu in) hp

ng in t cn c a ch e-mail, a ch website, a ch xc nh ni, ngy gi

gi faxNhng a ch in t ny c ngha rt ln xc nh tnh hin hu, s


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tn ti tht s ca cc bn giao kt hp ng vi t cch l ch th ca vic giao

kt hp ng in t.

-Cc quy nh v truy cp, ci chnh thng tin in t (v d nh vic thu hi

hay hu mt ngh giao kt hp ng trnmng internet)

-Cc quy nh v ch k in t hay mt cch thc khc ( nh mt khu, m

s) xc nh c cc thng tin c gi tr v cc ch th giao kt hp ng.

-Vic thanh ton trong cc hp ng in t cng thng c thc hin

thng qua cc phng tin in t. V vy, trong hp ng in t thng c

nhng quy nh chi tit v phng thc thanh ton in t, v d nh vic thanh

ton bng th tn dng, vic bo mt cc thng tin lin quan n th tn dng cho

khch hngV quy trnh, th tc giao kt

y l im khc bit ln nht gia hp ng in t v hp ng truyn

thng. Mt hp ng truyn thng, c bit l hp ng thng mi truyn thng,

s c giao kt bng vic cc bn trc tip gp nhau hay trao i vi nhau bng

cc phng tin giy t, vt cht v k bng ch k tay. Cn mt hp ng

in t s c giao kt bng phng tin in t v hp ng s c k bng

ch k in t. i khi, vic giao kt hp ng in t c thc hin ch bng

mt thao tc n chut vo mt lnh t mua. Vy l hnh thnh hp ng.

Hai phng thc giao kt hon ton khc nhau s lm pht sinh nhng im

khc bit ln lin quan n quy trnh giao kt: vic xc nh thi gian v a im

giao kt hp ng in t s tr nn kh khn hn vihp ng truyn thng v

thi im gi v nhn mt thng ip d liu (chnh l mt cho hng hay mt

chp nhn cho hng) tr nn kh xc nh trong mi trng in t. Vic to lp

mt ch k in t hay vic p mt con du s khng th thc hin nh i vi

hp ng truyn thng

V lut iu chnh

-V lut iu chnh, ngoi cc quy nh chung v hp ng trong B lut Dn

s s c p dng cho c hp ng truyn thng v hp ng in t, do tnh cht

c th ca hp ng in t v do nhng vn k thut cng ngh c bit (hay


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chnh l cc ri ro v mt cng ngh) ny sinh trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin

cc hp ng in t m loi hp ng ny thng cn phi c c bit iu

chnh bi mt h thng quy phm php lut c th, dnh ring cho hp ng in

t. l nhng quy nh v hp n in t.

iu gii thch ti sao pht trin hot ng thng mi ni chung v

tng cng giao kt hp ng in t ni ring, phm vi quc gia hay quc t,

cc quc gia v cc t chc quc t u xy dng mt khung php l dnh ring

cho hot ng thng mi in t trong c nhng quy nh v vic giao kt hp

ng in tV v vy, ngy nay, nhiu nc, bn cnh cc o lut v hp

ng truyn thng, ngi ta phi ban hnh Lut giao dch in t, Lut v Giao

kt hp ng in t, Lut v Thng mi in t, Lut v ch k in t v.v

1.3. Nhng khc bit v Giao kt hp ng in t v Giao kt hp ng

truyn thng

1.3.1. Khi nim v giao kt hp ng in t

Giao kt hp ng l thut ng c B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005 s

dng ch vic k kt hp ng5. V vy, giao kt hp ng in t l qu trnh

m phn, thung tho, to lp v k kt hp ng thng qua vic trao i cc dliu in t.

Lut giao dch in t nm 2005 ca Vit Nam nh ngha: Giao kt hp

ng in t l vic s dng thng ip d liu tin hnh mt phn hoc ton b

giao dch trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng6

1.3.2.. Th tc giao kt hp ng in t

V bn cht, vic nhn v gi mt cho hng hay chp nhn mt cho

hng c th hin di hnh thc mt thng ip d liu c tnh cht khc vi

vic gi v nhn mt hnh thc vt cht thng thng.

Vn c t ra khi giao kt hp ng in t l: Khi no cho hng bt

u c hiu lc, khi no chp nhn cho hng uc coi l c gi i hay

c nhn bi ngi cho hng? V cho hng v chp nhn cho hng l nhng

5 Mc 7, chng XVII, phn th ba B lut Dn s nm 2005 6 iu 36 khon 1, Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005


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thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c nhn v c lu tr bng phng tin

in t cho nn qu trnh ny thng khng cn c s can thip trc tip ca con

ngi. iu ny dn n mt kh khn trong vic xc nh thi gian v a im

giao kt hp ng. Thi gian giao kt hp ng l yu t quan trng xc nh

thi im hiu lc ca hp ng khi khng c mt tho thun no khc ca cc

bn. Cn a im giao kt hp ng l mt trong nhng cn c xc nh lut

iu chnh cc giao dch trong hp ng quc t.

Cu hi u tin c t ra l, khi no hp ng in t c coi l giao

kt. D p dng thuyt tip thu hay thuyt tng pht7 th cng cn phi xc nh

thi im mt thng ip d liu (v d, mt chp nhn cho hng) c gi bi

ngi khi to (ngi c cho hng) hay c nhn bi ngi nhn (ngi chohng). Thi im gi thng ip s i s l thi im thng ip s c chuyn ra

ngoi h thng thng tin ca ngi gi, hay l thi im thng ip c nhp

vo h thng thng tin ngoi ngoi tm kim sot ca ngi gi ( c th l h

thng ca mt bn trung gian hay chnh l h thng ca ngi nhn). Cn thi gian

nhn c thng ip s l thi im thng tin nhp vo h thng thng tin ca

ngi nhn, khi n n my ch ca ngi cho hng, khi n c ti v my tnh

ca ngi ny, hay khi ngi cho hng c n? Cc thi im ny c th khc

nhau ph thuc vo thi im ngi cho hng ni mng (connect).

Lin quan n vic xc nh thi im gi v nhn thng ip d liu, c mt

s quan im nh sau:

1. Khi quy nh v thi im gi thng ip d liu, khon 1 iu 15 ca Lut

mu v Thng mi in t nm 1998 ca INCITRAL8 cp n h thng

thng tin (information systerm)trn mng nh l mi trng thng ip c

gi i. iu ny gin tip th hin quan im xem mi trng mng l mi

trng thng ip d liuc gi i

7 T huyt tng pht cho rng mt thng ip c hiu lc t khi thng ip c gi i (thuyt ny tnti ch yu Anh, M v cc quc gia theo h thng Common Law). Cn thuyt tip thu cho rng mt thngip ch c hiu lc khi n n tay ngi nhn (cc quc gia theo h thng Civil Law, trong c Vit Nam, uchp nhn thuyt ny)8 Khon 1 iu 15 Lut mu v Thng mi in t nm 1998 ca UNCITRAL: "Unless otherwise agreed between

the originator and the addressee, the dispatch of a data message occurs when it enters an information system outside thecontrol of the originator or of the person who sent the data message on behalf of the originator". Trch t trang 8 Tp 2 ti"Mt s vn php l v giao dch in t" nm 2003 ca i hc Lut TP.HCM.


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2. Khi quy nh v thi im gi v nhn thng ip d liu, khon 1.a iu

15 Lut GDT thng nht nm 1999 ca Hoa K9 cp n h thng x l

thng tin (information processing system) trn mng nh l phng tin gi

v nhn thng ip d liu. iu cho php suy ra rng: Trong suy ngh ca h,

thng ip d liu c gi hoc nhn qua mng thng tin nn mi cn n h

thng x l thng tin gi v nhn. Ni cch khc, quan im gn lin GDT

vi mi trng mng th hin kh r nt.

3. Khi quy nh v thi im gi v nhn electronic communication, iu

10 v 11 Lut GDT nm 2000 ca New Zealand10 cp n h thng thng

tin(informaiton system) trn mng nh l phng tin gi v nhn. Thm vo

, h khng dng t data message (thng ip d liu), m li dng tcommunication (trao i) th hin quan im nhn mnh n c tnh truyn

thngtruyn gi thng tin qua mng Internet v cc mng thng tin khc

Kh khn tng t cng s pht sinh khi xc nh a im giao kt hp

ng. Ngi cho hng v ngi c cho hng c th thc hin vic trao i d

liu giao kt hp ng in t mi ni, khng nht thit phi ti tr s, hay

ti ni c tr ca mnh. Cc bn trong giao dch thng mi in t tip xc vinhau trong mt mi trng o, mt mi trng s ha nn mi ni mi lc u

c th truy cp vo mng gi v nhn thng ip d liu. Vy a im gi v

nhn thng ip d liu (nhm xc nh a im giao kt hp ng) c phi l a

im cc bn c mt, mt cch thc t, khi gi/nhn hay hay khng? Mt a im

nh vy s c xc nh v chng minh nh th no? iu ny dng nh kh c

th thc hin c do tnh phi bin gii v tnh o ca mi trng in t. V khi

9 Khon 1.a iu 15 o lut Giao dch in t thng nht nm 1999 ca Hoa K: "Unless of otherwise agreed

between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is sent when it: (a) is addressed properly or otherwise directedproperly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronicrecords or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record". Trch t trang29 Tp 2 ti "Mt s vn d php l v giao dch in t" nm 2003 ca i hc Lut TP.HCM.10iu 10 v 11 Lut Giao dch in t nm 2000 ca New Zealand:"10. Time of dispatch(1) An electronic communication is taken to be dispatched at the time the electronic communication first enters aninformation system outside the control of the originator11. Time of receiptAn electronic communications is taken to be received, -(a) in the case of an addressee who has designated an information system for the purpose of receiving electronic

communications, at the time the electronic communication enters that information system; or(b)in any other case, at the time the electronic communication comes to the attention of the addressee."Trch t trang 164, 165 Tp 2 ti "Mt s vn d php l v giao dch in t" nm 2003 ca i hc Lut TP.HCM.


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xc nh c mt a im nh vy th s xy ra trng hp a im ny li

khng c mi lin h vi cc ch th tham gia, vi ni pht sinh ngha v hay vi

ni thc hin ngha v. Trong bi cnh , vn t ra s l cn xc nh a im

gi v nhn thng ip d liu nh th no v theo nguyn tc no?

1.3.3. Ch k in t trong hp ng in t

Ch k trong hp ng nhm khng nh s ng ca cc bn i vi cc

tho thun trong hp ng, ghi nhn tnh xc thc ca thng tin cha trong

vn bn.

i vihp ng in t, nu hiu ch k theo phng php truyn thng th

khng th c hp ng. V vy hp ng in t cn phi ck bi mt ch kkhc- ch k in t v ch r s chp thun ca bn k kt v ni dung cc

thng tin trong vn bn. Chk in t c nh ngha l d liu tn ti di

dng in t trong hoc i km vi vn bn in t v ch r s chp thun ca

bn k kt v ni dung cc thng tin trong vn bn in t .11

Gia ch k in t v ch k truyn thng tn ti mt s khc bit kh ln

v chc nng. Ch k truyn thng c chc nng rt quan trng, do c im ca

vn bn giy mang li. Ch k l bng chng chng minh s hin din ca mt ch

th ti thi gian v a im k vo vn bn. Cn ch k in t th khc. Ch th

ca giao dch c th lp trnh sn mt chng trnh tr li, hay k kt cc giao

dch nht nh. Khi , d khng c d khng c s hin din ca ch th th h

thng vn hot ng bnh thng, vn k vo vn bn in t v rng buc ch

th . Vi k thut nh vy, trong thng mi in t , ch k in t c th c

nhiu loi khc nhau. V d, l ch k in t an ton do mt cng ty cung cpdch v chng thc ch k in t tin cy pht hnh hoc ch k in t do cc bn

giao dch t to ra. V mt php l, nhng ch k in t nh vy phi c tha

nhn nhm nhm to thun li cho giao kt hp ng in t.

Khi s dng ch k in t, cn phi bo m cc yu cu v cng ngh v

php l ca ch k in t, tc l m bo vic ch k in t c s dng l an

ton v tht hin ch r rng ca cc bn v thng tin trong vn bn in t, hay

11 iu 2 - Lut mu ca UNCITRAL nm 2001 v ch k in t


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ni cch khc cn c bin php no cc bn c th xc nh c ch k in t

ca i tc. Trong lnh vc ny, cn c mt cch thc no mang tnh k thut

hoc mt c quan trung gian nhm chng thc tnh xc thc v m bo tin cy

ca ch k in t. Cch thc ny hoc c quan ny c hnh thnh nhm cung

cp mt chng thc (certification) mang nhiu ngha c v mt php l ln v mt

cng ngh. y l mt vn khng pht sinh khi giao kt hp ng truyn thng

nhng li rt cn c quan tm nhm bo m cho vic giao kt hp ng in t

c an ton.

1.3.4. Vn v bn gc v lu tr hp ng in t

Cc hp ng c k kt theophng thc truyn thng thng c kt

thc bng ni dung nh sau: Hp ng ny c lm thnh 4 bn c gi tr ngang

nhau, mi bn gi 2 bn. iu c ngha l, c 4 bn gc ca hp ng v mi

bn gi hai bn. Bn gc l th hin tnh ton vn ca thng tin cha ng trong

vn bn, m bo thng tin trong ti liu khng b thay i. chng minh hp

ng, cc bn thng phi a ra bn gc ca hp ng . Bn gc ca cc hp

ng truyn thng c vai tr rt quan trng khi c tranh chp pht sinh. Chng l

bng chng c tnh quyt nh v s tn ti hp ng gia cc bn.i vi hp ng in t, v hp ng c th hin qua cc d liu in

t, cc thng ip s, m cc thng ip s ny c th c sao, lu, pht tn trn

mng, do m c th to ra nhiu bn gc. V vy, khi nim bn gc v vic

lu tr hp ng in t tr nn kh khn hn so vi mt hp ng truyn thng.

Hp ng in t thng thng s c lu tr di dng thng ip s m

khng c th hin ra di mt hnh thc c th s m, cm nm c. Lm

th no thng tin lu tr khng b sa i trong thi gian lu tr? c bit,

khi mun tra cu mt bn gc trong mi trng in t cn phi sao thng ip

t my lu tr v my tra cu ri mi hin th. Nucc thng ip b sa i th

s kh xc nh c u l bn gc. Mun gii quyt c cc vn lin quan

n bn gc ca mt hp ng in t cng nh trong cc phng tin in t th

trc tin cn phi s dng mt s bin php nht nh m bo thng ip s

s khng b thay i, m bo c s nguyn vn v tnh chnh xc. y l cng


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vic phc tp, i hi c s phi kt hp cht ch c vn k thut cng ngh vi

vn php l m cc bn giao kt hp ng in t khng th b qua nu mun

c chng c hp l cho mt v tranh chp.

1.3.5. S tham gia ca cc c quan trung gian, cc c quan chng nhn

Trong giao kt hp ng truyn thng khng nht thit lc no cng cn c s

tham gia ca c quan trung gian. V d, trong hp ng mua bn hng ho phc v

cho tiu dng thng ch cn ch k ca hai bn l . Trong nhng trng hp

cn c c quan trung gian th cc c quan ny thng l c quan chng nhn,

chng thc gi tr php l ca bn hp n, nh c quan cng an, u ban nhn dn

phng, cng chng nh nc, v.v

Trong thng mi in t cng nh trong giao kt hp ng in t, cc c

quan trung gian li l cc c quan lm nhim v cung cp dch v mng (c th l

cc mng ni b hay cc mng ton cu nh Internet). Cc c quan chng nhn l

cc c quan c thnh lp nhm thc hin mt s dch v lin quan n vic giao

kt hp ng in t nh xc thc hay chng nhn (authentication-certification)

ch k in t, bo m cho cc hnh thc thanh ton in t

II.HP NG IN TC YU T NC NGOI

2.1. Khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi trc ht l hp ng c yu t nc

ngoi. V vy, hiu th no l hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, trc ht

cn hiu v hp ng cyu t nc ngoi.

2.1.1. Khi nim hp ng c yu t nc ngoi.

Hp ng c yu t nc ngoi l hp ng mang tnh cht quc t. Tnh

quc t ca hp ng in t c th hin ch ch th ca hp ng l cc bn

c quc tch khc nhau hoc c tr s Thng mi cc nc khc nhau; hng ho

dch v l i tng ca hp ng c th c chuyn qua bin gii; ng tin

thanh ton c th l ngoi t.


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2.1.2. V ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t

Kho cu v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, c th thy t xa ti nay,

c trong v ngoi nc, trong vn bn php l cng nh tc phm ca cc nh lut

hc, kinh t hc xut hin qu nhiu tn gi v loi hp ng ny: hp ngmua bn trong t php quc t, hp ng mua bn ngoi thng,hp ng xut

nhp khu hng ha, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, hp ng mua bn

hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi, hp ng mua bn quc t, hp ng mua

bn c tnh cht quc t... Khi m tn gi khc nhau, th cng l l thng cho

mt thc t l vic nh v ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t

v mt l lun hin vn cn tn ti nhiu quan im khc nhau. B qua s khc bit

v tn gi, nhn mt cch tng th th nhn thc v ni hm khi nim hp ng

mua bn hng ha quc t ca gii khoa hc php l ng trc mt cu hi ln:

Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t l hp ng mua bn trong t php quc t

(ngha l bao gm c vic mua bn trong lnh vc dn s - dn s hiu theo tinh

thn B lut dn s Vit Nam 1995 (BLDSVN 1995) v mua bn trong lnh vc

thng mi) hay ch l mt phn ca hp ng mua

bn trong t php quc t (ngha l ch l hp ng mua bn hng ha trong lnh

vc thng mi nhng c yu t nc ngoi)?

Nh vy, v mt l lun hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t phi m bo

cn v hai yu t: th nht, l hp ng mua bn hng ha trong lnh vc

thng mi; v th hai, hp ng ny phi c yu t nc ngoi. Yu t nc

ngoi ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c th ri vo mt trong ba trng

hp ging nh i vi hp ng trong T php quc t ni chung l: ch th, skin php l v i tng ca hp ng12.

V mt php lut thc nh, do cch tip cn, nhu cu, mc ch khc nhau

m php lut mi nc, mi iu c quc t hay tp qun quc t c cch gi tn

v xc nh ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t mt cch ph

hp. V l , vic phn tch, bnh lun v tn gi, ni hm ca khi nim hp ng

mua bn hng ha quc t cc vn bn php lut thc nh cn phi trn quan

12 xem thm Gio trnh T php quc t - i hc Lut H Ni, Nxb Cng an nhn dn, 2007.


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im ht sc mm do v gn vi bi cnh hnh thnh, mc ch, phm vi iu

chnh ca vn bn y.

Theo iu 1 Ph lc ca Cng c La Haye 1964 v lut thng nht v mua

bn hng ha quc t (Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International

Sale ofGoods) th hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t l hp ng mua bn hng

ha c k kt gia cc bn c tr s thng mi ng trn lnh th cc quc gia

khc nhau nu c thm mt trong cc iu kin sau:

Th nht, hp ng lin quan n vt m trong thi gian k kt hp ng vt

c chuyn ch hoc phi c chuyn ch t lnh th ca quc gia ny n

lnh th ca quc gia khc;

Th hai, hnh vi cho hng v hnh vi chp nhn cho hng c thc hintrn lnh th ca cc quc gia khc nhau;

Th ba, vicgiao hng c thc hin trn lnh th ca mt quc gia khc

vi quc gia ni tin hnh hnh vi cho hng hoc hnh vi chp nhn cho hng.

Cng c Vin 1980 ca Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc

t (United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods)

khng a ra nh ngha no v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nhng iu 1

quy nh:

1. Cng c ny p dng cho cc hp ng mua bn hng ha gia cc bn

c tr s thng mi ti cc quc gia khc nhau:

a. Khi cc quc gia ny l cc quc gia thnh vin ca Cng c hoc,

b. Khi theo cc quy tc t php quc t th lut c p dng l lut ca nc

thnh vin Cng c ny.

2. S kin cc bn c tr s thng mi ti cc quc gia khc nhau khng

tnh n nu s kin ny khng xut pht t hp ng, t cc mi quan h hnh

thnh hoc vo thi im k hp ng gia cc bn hoc l t vic trao i thng

tin gia cc bn.

3. Quc tch ca cc bn, quy ch dn s hoc thng mi ca h, tnh cht

dn s hay thng mi ca hp ng khng c xt ti khi xc nh phm vi p

dng ca Cng c ny.


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Qua , c th hiu rng, theo Cng c th vic ch th ca hp ng l cc

bn c tr s cc nc khc nhau c coi l du hiu xc nh yu t nc

ngoi trong quan h hp ng. Tip tc lm r hn vn ny, iu 10 Cng c

quy nh, nu mt bn c hn mt tr s thng mi tr ln th tr s thng mi

ca h s l tr s no c mi lin h cht ch nht i vi hp ng v i vi

vic thc hin hp ng , c tnhti nhng tnh hung m cc bn u bit hoc

u d on c vo bt k lc no trc hoc vo thi im hp ng. Trong

trng hp cc bn khng c tr s thng mi th s ly ni c tr thng xuyn

ca h lm cn c xc nh.

B nguyn tc ca Unidroit (Vin thng nht v t php quc t) v hp ng

thng mi quc t 2004 (Principles of International Commercial Contracts - vittt l PICC) khng a ra quy nh trc tip v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc

t, nhng phn bnh lun v li m u ca PICC (phn bnh lun cng l mt phn

ca B nguyn tc hon chnh) ch r rng tnh cht quc t (yu t nc ngoi)

ca mt hp ng c th c xc nh bi nhiu cch: Php lut quc gia v php

lut quc t v ang a ra nhiu gii php xc nh tnh cht quc t ca hp

ng nh da vo tr s hay ni thng tr ca cc bn ti cc quc gia khc nhau,

p dng nhng tiu ch mang tnh cht tng qut nh hp ng c cc mi lin h

mt thit vi hn mt quc gia , hp ng i hi c s la chn gia php lut

ca cc quc gia khc nhau, hp ng c nh hng n cc li ch trong

thng mi quc t. PICC khng nhn mnh bt c tiu ch no trong s cc tiu

ch trn, tuy nhin quan nim v tnh quc t ca hp ng cn phi c gii thch

theo ngha rng nht c th, ch khng coi l hp ng khng c tnh quc t nu

n khng c bt k mt yu t quc t no - ngha l tt c cc yu t c bn ca

hp ng ch lin quan n mt quc gia duy nht.

i vi Vit Nam, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c bit n trong

nhiu vn bn vi cc tn gi khc nhau nh hp ng mua bn ngoi thng

(c ghi nhn trong Quy ch tm thi s 4794/TN-XNK ngy 31/07/1991 ca B

Thng nghip - nay l B Cng Thng), hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng

nhn nc ngoi (ghi nhn trong Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 - sau y


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gi l LTMVN 1997), hp ng xut, nhp khu hng ha, hp ng mua bn hng

ha (Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 - sau y gi l LTMVN 2005).

Trc thi im ban hnh LTMVN 1997, khi nim hp ng mua bn

ngoi thng c ghi nhn trong Quy ch tm thi s 4794/TN-XNK v hng

dn vic k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng do B Thng nghip (nay l B

Cng Thng) ban hnh ngy 31/07/1991: hp ng mua bn ngoi thng l

hp ng mua bn c tnh cht quc tvi ba tnh cht sau: th nht, ch th ca

hp ng l nhng php nhn c quc tch khc nhau; th hai, hng ha l i

tng ca hp ng c dch chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc; th ba, ng

tin thanh ton trong hp ng l ngoi t i vi mt bn hoc c hai bn k kt

hp ng.n thi k ra i v vn hnh LTMVN 1997, th li xut hin tn gi hp

ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi (quy nh ti iu 80

LTMVN 1997): hp ng mua bn hngha vi thng nhn nc ngoi l hp

ng mua bn hng ha c k kt gia mt bn l thng nhn Vit Nam vi

mt bn l thng nhn nc ngoi. Nh vy, tiu ch xc nh yu t nc

ngoi cho hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (c gi vi ci tn hp ng

mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi) ch l yu t quc tch ca cc

bn ch th hp ng. Theo , c th thy LTMVN 1997 thu hp ni hm khi

nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. Vi cch hiu ny th mt lot cc hp

ng mua bn hng ha quc t khc s khng thuc phm vi iu chnh LTMVN

1997 nh hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t gia cc thng nhn Vit Nam vi

nhau nhng vic k kt c tin hnh nc ngoi, hp ng mua bn hng ha

gia thng nhn nc ngoi vi nhau Vit Nam... iu ny khng ch t ra

nhng vn kh phc p v l lun m cn c s kh khn i vi vic p dng

php lut trong thc tin khi m BLDSVN 1995 cha c xc nh r l o lut

m hay khng.

Hin nay, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c quy nh trong LTMVN

2005 v Ngh nh 12/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 23/01/2006 quy nh chi

tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi v hot ng mua bn hng ho quc t v cc hot


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ng i l mua, bn, gia cng v qu cnh hng ha vi nc ngoi. Theo iu 27

khon 1 LTMVN 2005 th Mua bn hng ho quc t c thc hin di cc

hnh thc xut khu, nhp khu, tm nhp, ti xut, tm xut, ti nhp v chuyn

khu. Nh vy, chiu theo quy nh ny th tiu ch xc nh yu t nc ngoi

ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t theo php lut Vit Nam hin hnh ch l

vic hng ha l i tng ca hp ng c th c chuyn giao qua bin gii

hoc qua khu vc hi quan c bit.

2.1.3. Khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

T nhng phntch trn, c th kt lun:

Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi l hp ng in t tho mn mt s

cc iu kin sau:

-C t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c quan, t chc, c nhn nc

ngoi ;

-Ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi ;

- C t nhtmt trong cc bn tham gia c tr s nc ngoi ;

-Hoc l cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit

Nam nhng cn c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut ncngoi, pht sinh ti nc ngoi hoc ti sn lin quan n quan h nc ngoi

ch l nh ngha n gin nht v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi,

bn cnh cn xem xt v dn chiu vi bn cht khi nim ni hm ca hp

ng in t v hp ng mua bn quc t c th nm c bn cht ni hm

ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi.

2.2. c im ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

Do bn cht ca n l mt hp ng in t nn hp ng in t c yu t

nc ngoi mang y c im, tnh cht ca hp ng in t. Ngoi bn cht

l mt hp ng in t th hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cn mang m

yu t nc ngoi. Chnh v vy m hp ng in t cng tun theo nhng im

tng ng ging nh hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t.


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Tuy nhin, hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c nhng im khc bit

i vi hai loi hp ng ny.

2.2.1. V ch th giao kt

S khc bit ln nht v ch th ca giao kt hp ng in t ni chung vhp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi l phm vi iu chnh. Ch th ca hp

ng in t rng hn ch th ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nu

khng k n s c mt ca cc bn th ba c lin quan cht ch n hp ng

in t c nhim v chuyni, lu tr cc thng tin gia cc bn tham gia giao

dch thng mi in t, ng thi h cng c th ng vai tr trong giao dch

thng mi in t th ch th tham gia giao kt hp ng in t ging nh ch

th tham gia giao kt i vi thng mi truyn thng ni chung (tc l gm ngi

bn, ngi mua,v.v... ni chung). Nhng i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi th ch th tham gia c quy nh c th hn (ging vi giao kt hp ng

n thun c yu t nc ngoi), l:c t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c

quan, t chc, c nhn nc ngoi, ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi hoc l

cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit Nam nhng cn

c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut nc ngo

Chnh ch th hp, c th hn s gip cho vic qun l cng nh iu chnh

cc giao kt hp ngin t c yu t nc ngoi cht ch hn, gip cc bn d

dng p dng cc lut iu chnh trong qu trnh thc hin giao kt hp ng in

t mang yu t nc ngoi.Cn c vo c im ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t thy

c c im v ch th giao kt ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

C th ni khi tham gia mt giao dch (c bit l mt giao dch thng

mi th nht thit phi ch n ch th v nng lc ca ch th . Ch th ca

hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi bn cnh c ch th ging vi hp ng

mua bn quc t th cn c ch th l bn th ba nh trnh by trn. l cc

c quan chng thc, bn th ba ny c th c hoc khng tham gia vo qu trnh


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giao kt. Cn li ch th ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cng ging

nh hp ng mua bn quc t.

V theo vic xc nh nng lc hnh vi v nng lc php l cng c th c

xc nh tng t nh vi hp ng mua bn ngoi thng.

i vi vic xc nh nng lc ch th ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc

t, d rng php lut cc nc quy nh khc nhau, nhng im chung nht l

hp ng phi c k v thc hin bi ngi c thm quyn v c y nng

lc theo php lut. Vic chn h thng php lut p dng nhm lm r nng lc

php lut dn s v nng lc hnh vi dn s ca ch th hp ng thng da vo

h thuc lut nhn thn ca ch th hp ng (lex personalis). Trong khi , i

vi Vit Nam, vic gii quyt xung t php lut v nng lc ch th ca hp ngmua bn hng ha quc t khng c quy nh chuyn bit trong LTMVN 2005,

do v nguyn tc s p dng cc h thuc nh i vi nng lc ch th ca hp

ng trong T php quc t ni chung (tc l s dng cc iu 761, 762 v 765

BLDSVN 2005) vi h thuc lut ch o c s dng cho c nhn l lut quc

tch, cho php nhn l lut ni thnh lp php nhn.13

Hip nh tng tr t php gia Vit Nam vi cc nc cng khng c quy

nh ring v phng thc gii quyt xung t php lut cho nng lc ch th ca

hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nh vy h thuc c dng cng s ging

nh trong trng hp nng lc ch th ca hp ng trong T php quc t ni

chung: nu ch th l c nhn th nng lc ch th c xc nh theo php lut ca

nc k kt m ngi l cng dn; cn nu ch th l php nhn th nng lc

ch th xc nh theo php lut nc k kt ni thnh lp php nhn (a s

HTTTP xc nh theo cch ny) hoc ni php nhn c tr s (mt s HTTTP

nh HTTTP Vit Nam - Ba Lan, HTTTP Vit Nam - Hungary).

Cho d khng a ra h thuc lut trc tip iu chnh nng lc ch th trong

hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nhng php lut Vit Nam cng c nhng

quy nh trc tip v nng lc ch th ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t:

13xem thm Gio trnh T php quc t - i hc Lut H Ni, Nxb Cng an nhn dn, 2007.


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Thng nhn14Vit Nam khng c vn u t ca nc ngoi (Thng nhn

khng c vn u t trc tip nc ngoi gm c: cc doanh nghip Nh nc, cc

doanh nghip c thnh lp theo Lut Doanh nghip, Lut Hp tc x; cc h

kinh doanh c th c thnh lp v ng k kinh doanh theo Ngh nh s

109/2004/N-CP ngy 02 thng 4 nm 2004 ca Chnh ph v ng k kinh

doanh)15c xut khu, nhp khu hng ha khng ph thuc vo ngnh ngh

ng k kinh doanh, ch tr cc hng ha thuc Danh mc cm xut khu, tm

ngng xut khu, hng ha thuc Danh mc cm nhp khu, tm ngng nhp khu.

Chi nhnh thng nhn cng c xut khu, nhp khu hng ha theo y quyn

ca thng nhn (iu 3 Ngh nh 12/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy

23/01/2006 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi v hot ng mua bn hngho quc t v cc hot ng i l mua, bn, gia cng v qu cnh hng ha vi

nc ngoi).

i vi thng nhn c vn u t nc ngoi, cng ty v chi nhnh cng ty

nc ngoi ti Vit Nam th khi tin hnh k kt, thc hin hp ng mua bn hng

ha quc t ngoi vic phi thc hin cc quy nh ti Ngh nh 12/2006/N -CP

cn phi tun theo cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan (v d Lut u t

Vit Nam nm 2006) v cc cam kt ca Vit Nam trong cc iu c quc t m

Vit Nam l thnh vin (v d cc Hip nh bo h v khuyn khch u t gia

Vit Nam vi cc nc). Cn c php lut hin hnh v cc iu c quc t, B

trng B Cng Thng s cng b l trnh v phm vi hot ng kinh doanh ca

cc thng nhn ny.

C th ni, ch th ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, phng din

ch th n thun - hai bn mua bn - cng ging nh i vi ch th hp ng ca

hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t, ch th l c quan, t chc c nhn c quc

tch nc ngoi, ngiVit Nam nh c nc ngoi hoc t nht mt bn tham

14 Theo iu 6 khon 1 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 th Thng nhn bao gm t chc kinht c thnh lp hp php, c nhn hot ng thng mi mt cch c lp, thng xuyn v c ng k kinhdoanh.15 Theo tiu mc 1 ca Mc I Thng t 04/2006/TT-BTM ngy 06/04/2006 ca B Thng mi hng

dn mt s ni dung quy nh ti Ngh nh12/2006/N-CP ngy 23/01/2006 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi titthi hnh Lut Thng mi v hot ng mua bn hng ha quc t v cc hot ng i l mua, bn, gia cng vqu cnh hng ha vi nc ngoi.


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gia c tr s t nc ngoi. y cng chnh l mt im quy nh ring , bt

buc i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi m hp ng in t khng c.

S kt hp ca hai yu t n lm nn c im ca ch th hp ng c yu t

nc ngoi.

2.2.2. V lut iu chnh

Vi s xut hin ca thng mi in t, c tnh ranh gii vn l c tnh c

hu ca ngoi thng truyn thng b xo b hon ton. Tuy nhin n cng tr

thnh vn kh khn cho cc quc gia trong vic xy dng mt khung php l v

Giao dch in t trong phm vi quc t. H thng php lut thng nht t c

tho thun mang tnh a bin m khng gp cc ro cn v lnh th. Chnh v vy,

cc t chc quc t, trong khun kh hot ng ca mnh, u xy dng nhng

chng trnh chung, nh hng chung hay nhng quy tc chung nhm hng dn

cho cc quc gia xy dng khung php l cho thng mi in t ca mnh sao cho

phi t c s thng nht, hi ho trn phm vi khu vc hay quc t. EU th ban

hnh mt lot cc ch th lin quan n thng mi in t, ch k in t cho cc

quc gia thanh vin; ASEAN th c Hip nh khung v thng mi in

t...Cc quc gia, tu vo iu kin, tnh hnh ca mnh m ban hnh cc vn bnphp lut v thng mi in t, nhng v nguyn tc phi tun th nhng quy tc

hay chng trnh chung c a ra.

Tnh thng nht l yu cu quan trng nht ca c s php l cho thng mi

in t ni chung v hp ng in t ni ring trn phm vi quc t. Gi s mt

dng ch k in t c cng nhn theo php lut ca quc gia ny nhng li

khng c cng nhn mt quc gia khc, th hp ng in t c giao ktgia cc ch th ca hai quc gia s kh c th m bo v tnh hiu lc cngnh

an ton cho cc giao dch. Chnh trn t duy ny m hai Lut mu ca

UNCITRAL c son tho nhm hng dn cc quc gia ban hnh cc vn bn

lut thng nht v thng mi in t. Mc d ch l Lut mu nhng gi tr tham

kho ca n l rt ln, c bit vi cc nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam.

Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l cc quc gia phi n lc hn na bin Lut ny

thnh Lut khung, c gi tr php l phm vi cc nc thnh vin ca Lin hp


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quc, iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t trong lnh vc thng mi quc t.

Ni cch khc, cc quc gia phi n lc hn na bin lut mu ca UNCITRAL

thnh lut chi chung v thng mi in t v giao kt hp ng in t.

2.2.3. V ni dung

Trn mt kha cnh c th, tham gia hp ng ca hp ng in t c yu t

nc ngoi v hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t u c yu t nc ngoi,

theo h thng lut iu chnh i vi hai loi hp ng ny cng c i nt

tng ng.

V h thng lut c dng gii quyt xung tphp lut v ni dung ca

hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, php lut cc nc trn th gii, cc iu c

quc t, php lut Vit Nam v cc hip nh tng tr t php gia Vit Nam vi

cc nc u s dng ging nh cho ni dung ca hp ng trong T php quc t

ni chung16.

Xt v php lut thc nh ca Vit Nam, LTMVN 2005 v cc vn bn

hng dn thi hnh khng c quy nh chuyn bit no v ni dung ca hp ng

mua bn hng ha quc t cng nh i vi hp ng in t hay hp ng in t

c yut nc ngoi, v th vic xc nh vn ny s da trn quy nh chungv ni dung ca hp ng dn s trong BLDSVN 2005, theo th ni dung ca

mt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c th hm cha cc iu khon v: 1.

i tng ca hp ng l ti sn phi giao, cng vic phi lm hoc khng c

lm; 2. S lng, cht lng; 3. Gi, phng thc thanh ton; 4. Thi hn, a

im, phng thc thc hin hp ng; 5. Quyn, ngha v ca cc bn; 6. Trch

nhim do vi phm hp ng; 7. Pht vi phm hp ng; 8. Cc ni dung khc(iu 402 BLDSVN 2005).

Cc ni dung ny ch mang tnh cht tu ch khng phi bt buc cho cc

bn ch th, ngha l php lut Vit Nam khng n nh cc iu khon ch yu

ca hp ng dn s ni chung v hp ng thngmi ni rin m cho cc bn

tham gia quan h hp ng c quyn t do tho thun. Ni dung ca hp ng s

16xem thm Gio trnh T php quc t - i hc Lut H Ni, Nxb Cng an nhn dn, 2007.


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c coi l hp php nu nh khng vi phm cc iu cm ca php lut v o

c x hi (iu 4 v iu 122 BLDSVN 2005).

i vi cc hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, cc iu khon trong ni

dung mang tnh cht in t cao v thng do ngi bn (hoc ngi cung ng

dch v) lm sn v hin th trn trang web ca mnh.

V vy, khi ni n ni dung ca hp ng in t ni chung hay hp ng

in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring, khc vi hp ng truyn thng hp ng

m khi m phn tin ti giao kt, cc bn thng ch ch n iu khon ch

yu lm thnh ni dung ca hp ng, gi c, iu kin thanh ton, iu kin giao

hng...- hp ng in t, cc bn giao kt hp ng bt buc v trc ht phi

ch n cc quy nh c tnh k thut ca cng ngh tin hc. iu ny cn cbit ch i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v trnh cng ngh ca

cc quc gia khc nhau l khc nhau.

chnh l cch hin th ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi.

Nu khng c thao tc tt, chnh xc quy trnh k thut ny th vic giao kt hp

ng in t v mt ni dung cng khng th t c. V vy, kha cnh k thut

cng ngh gn kt cht ch vi cc kha cnh php l ca quy trnh giao kt lin

quan n ni dung ca hp ng in t.

T c th khng nh, cc yu cu v mt k thut ca cch hin th ni

dung ca hp ng in t cng chnh l c s php l m cc bn phi tun th

khi giao kt hp ng in t, c bit l hp ng thng mi in t v hp ng

in t c yu t nc ngoi.

2.2.4. Hnh thc ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

Hnh thc ca hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t cyu t nc

ngoi khng ging nh hnh thc ca hp ng bng li ni, bng hnh vi hay

bng vn bn. Loi hp ng ny c th l hp ng c tho v gi qua th in

t hoc l hp ng nhn nt ng qua cc trang Web bn hng (c cha cc

iu kin mua bn trc khi giao dch hon thnh) th hp ng c coi l giao

kt v cc bn phi thc hin cc cam kt ca mnh.


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Mt trong nhng vn kh khn ca hp ng in t ni chung v ca hp

ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring l cc tho thun nh vy thng c

thc hin trong mi trng hon ton trc tuyn.

Php lut Vit Nam quy nh hnh thc ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc

t phi c lp thnh vn bn hoc bng hnh thc khc c gi tr php l

tng ng. Trong , ti khon 2,iu 27 ca LTM nm 2005 quy nh: Mua

bn hng ho quc t phi c thc hin trn c s hp ng bng vn bn hoc

bng hnh thc khc c gi tr php l tng ng. Cng trong khon 15, iu 3

ca Lut ny c quy nh thm: Cc hnh thc c gi tr tng ng vn bn bao

gm in bo, telex, fax, thng ip d liu v cc hnh thc khc theo quy nh

ca php lut. Bn cnh , Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 khi cp n:Hp ng in t l hp ng c thit lp di dng thng ip d liu theo

Quy nh ca Lut ny17. Cng theo quy nh ca Lut Giao dch in t nm

2005, thng ip d liu c hiu l thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c

nhn v lu tr bng phng tin in t. V cc phng thc nh telex,

faxcng chnh l cc phng thc s dng phng tin in t.

Cng nh hp ng in t, hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cng c

thc hin thng qua cc thng ip d liu, thng qua cc phng tin in t. V

vy, t cc im trn c th thy rng, cc hnh thc ca hp ng in t ni

chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni chung c mm ho, rt

a dng v phong ph. Ga tr hnh thc ca hp ng in t ni chung hay hp

ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring c php lut cng nhn tng ng

vi gi tr php l ca hp ng mua bn hang ho quc t cng nh hp ng

truyn thng thng thng.

2.3. Ch k v bng chng v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

Mt trong nhng iu kin quan trng da vo c th xc nh c

tnh hiu lc ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi l nhng quy nh v ch

k in t trong hp ng .

17 iu 33 Lut giao dch in t nm 2005


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Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c k bng ch k in t c yu

t nc ngoi. Ging nh ch k in t, ch k in t c yu t nc ngoicng

c to lp di dng t, ch, s, k hiu, m thanh, hoc cc hnh thc khc

bng phng tin in t gn lin, hoc kt hp mt cch logic vi thng ip d

liu, c kh nng xc nhn ngi k thng ip d liu v xc nhn s chp thun

ca ngi i vi ni dung thng ip d liu c k.

Trong tho lun v d tho lut ln th 7 c nh ngha:

iu 23: Ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi l ch k in t c mt trong

cc yu t sau:

a) Ch k in t c to ra hoc s dng nc ngoi;

b) Tr s hoc ni c tr thng xuyn ca ngi k ch k in t nmngoi lnh th Vit Nam.

iu 24: 18Chng th in t c yu t nc ngoi l Chng th in t c

mt trong nhng yu t:

a) Chng th in t c pht hnh nc ngoi

b) Tr s ca t chc pht hnh chng th in t nm ngoi lnh th Vit Nam

Ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi c Nh nc cng nhn c tin cytng ng vi ch k in t19V th, khi s dng ch k in t c yu t

nc ngoi cng cn phi bo m cc yu cu v cng ngh v php l ca ch k

in t c yu t nc ngoi, tc l m bo vic ch k in t c s dng l

an ton v th hin ch r rng ca cc bn v thng tin (c nhn hoc doanh

nghip nc ngoi) trong vn bn in t, hay ni cch khc cn c bin php no

cc bn c th xc nh c ch k in t ca i tc nc ngoi. Trong lnhvc ny, cn c mt cch thc no mang tnh k thut hoc mt c quan trung

gian nhm chng thc tnh xc thc v m bo tin cy ca ch k in t.

Cch thc ny hoc c quan ny c hnh thnh nhm cung cp mt chng thc

(certification) mang nhiu ngha c v mt php l ln v mt cng ngh. y l

18http://www.ddth.com19iu 27, khon 1, Lut Giao dchin t nm 2005
http://www.ddth.com/http://www.ddth.com/http://www.ddth.com/http://www.ddth.com/


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mt vn khng pht sinh khi giao kt hp ng truyn thng nhng li rt cn

c quan tm nhm bo m cho vic giao kt hp ng in t c an ton.

Ch in t nc ngoi cng ging nh ch k in t ni chung trn thc t

tn ti nhiu dng. V d, Anh, con du ca mt cng ty c coi l ch k,

hoc bn fax ca mt ch k cng c gi tr nh bn chnh. Nhiu phng php

p cc du hiu trn giy c cng nhn nh l mt ch k, v d nh l mt

bc th c in trn giy tiu ca cng ty cng c th c coi l c k.

Nh vy, pht trin vic giao kt hp ng in t cng nh hp ng in t

c yu t nc ngoi, ngi ta mm ho cc quy nh v ch k in t v

cng nhn nhiu hnh thc ca ch k ny.

Ch cn tn ti mt s xc nhn (authentication) no l iu kin ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi tr thnh mt ch k in t c hiu lc. i

vi cc th in t c yu t nc ngoi, ngi vit thng to ra mt d liu ch

k (signature file) cui th v hnh thc ny cng c php lut nhiu nc, c

bit l cc nc theo h thng Common Law (h thng anh-M)chp nhn c gi

tr nh mt ch k. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, cch thc ny khng an ton v d b

n cp (ch bng mt thao tc ct-dn n gin). V vy cc nc thng a ra

nhng quy nh lin quan n ch k in t nhm chng li cc hnh vi n cp

hay hnh vi mo danh ch k in t. Giao kt hp ng in t, c bit l giao

kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi m khng quy nh c th trong lut,

khng tm hiu cc quy nh hin hnh ca php lut ca cc bn tham gia v ch

k in t s t cc doanh nghip vo nhng ri ro khn lng.

III.TM HIU CC QUY NH PHP LUT CA HOA K V HP NGIN T C YU T NC NGOI

3.1 Hoa K cha c o lut ring v Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

Hoa K l mt cng quc v cng ngh thng tin v l c s quc gia

ny pht trin nhanh chng hot ng thng mi in t. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nn

tng cng ngh k thut th c s php l hay lut iu chnh cng l mt yu t

thit yu gp phn thc y vic ng dng thng mi in t ni chung v giao


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kt hp ng in t ni ring, mt vn php l quan trng trong hot ng

thng mi in t.

T trc nm 1999, nhng qui nh iu chnh hp ng in t ti Hoa K

c nhng nm ri rc trong n l cc bang khc nhau. iu ny thc s gy

cn tr cho vic giao kt hp ng in t gia cc doanh nghip ni chung khi

khng c mt khung php l thng nht chung cho ton lin bang, c bit l trong

iu kin thng mi in t ngy cng pht trinrng vi tnh phi bin gii c

th ca n. Nhu cu pht trin ny buc cc nh lm lut phi xy dng nn mt

khung php l chung iu chnh cc giao dch in t trong c lnh vc thng

mi in t v vn giao kt hp ng in t.

Hin ti Hoa K c 3 vn bn php lut qui nh lin quan n giao dch int l: Lut thng nht v giao dch Thng tin trn my tnh (Uniform computer

Information Transaction Act UCITA), Lut thng nht v Giao dch in t

(Uniform Electronic Transaction Act UETA) v Lut ch k in t trong

Thng mi Quc gia v Quc t (Electronic signature in Global and Commercial

ActE-sign). Trong s ba lut ny th ch c Lut Giao dch in t l c cp

nhiu n vn hp ng in t. Tuy nhin yu t nc ngoi trong giao kt hp

ng in t khng c cp n. Nh vy l Hoa K, mt trong nhng nc i

u v cng ngh thng tin cng nh c h thng php lut rt pht trin cng cha

a ra mt o lut ring no iu chnh vn hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi khi cc qui nh ch nm phn tn trong mt s lut, b lut ca bang hay

ton lin bang.

3.2. Lut giao dch in t tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in tnh hp ng truyn thng

Lut thng nht v giao dch in t - UETA c 46 bang ca Hoa K

thng qua (theo Wikipedia) bc u a ra mt s c s php l hng dn

vic giao kt hp ng in t. Mt qui nh quan trng trong l s tha nhn

gi tr php l ca hp ng in t nh hp ng truyn thng.


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UETA qui nh rng mt bn ghi hay mt ch k s khng b ph nhn gi tr

php l ch v n tn ti dng in t. Hn na, UETA cn khng nh r rng

mt hp ng cng khng b mt hiu lc php l ch v hp ng hnh thnh c s

dng bn ghi in t. (Mc 7 UETA)

Tuy nhin mt im cn lu l UETA s khng c p dng i vi cc

loi giao dch hoc hp ng m cc lut, b lut ra i trc iu chnh

trnh nhng qui nh chng cho, mu thun.

3.3. UETA a ra quy nh v trnh t giao kt hp ng in t

Theo UETA, mt thng ip in t c xem l gi khi n c chuyn

trc tip, hoc truyn qua h thng thng tin, theo yu cu ca ngi nhn. Mt

thng ip in t c xem l nhn khi n c chuyn vo h thng truyn

thng tin c ch ra trc v ngi nhn c th ly ra c20

Trong lut cng din gii k mt thng ip c xem l gi khi no v

nhn khi no. l nhng ranh gii quan trng xc nh thi im hnh thnh

hp ng in t. Theo , c th hnh dung c th hn v mt giao kt hp ng

in t nh sau: nu mt tha thun mua bn c lp bng email th hp ng sc hiu lc ngay khi ngi c cho hng gi a ch e-mail m ngi cho hng

cho ngi cho hng theo a ch e-mail m ngi cho hng cung cp cho

ngi c cho hng. Hp ng c coi l hnh thnh ngay khi ngi cho hng

ly ra chp nhn cho hng (tc l m e-mail) mc d ngi cho hng cha h

c thng ip chp nhn cho hng ny.21Nu phn tch k nhng quy nh ny

c th nhn thy rng quy trnh giao kt hp ng truyn thng c quy nh

trong UCC (B lut Thng mi Thng nht Hoa K) vn c tn trng v

UETA ch b sung v lm r hn khi quy trnh c p dng cho giao kt hp

ng in t. Vi cch lm lut nh vy th r rng cc qui nh khng h b chng

cho m b sung mt cch thng nht vi nhau, to iu kin thun li cho ngi

p dng lut.

20

Theo Cm nang php lut v Giao kt hpngin t-GS.TS.NGND Nguyn Th M21Theo Cm nang php lut v Giao kt hp ng in t - GS.TS.NGND Nguyn Th M


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CHNG2: THC TRNG CC QUY NH CA PHP LUT VITNAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI

I.NHN XT CHUNG

1.1. Nhng thun li v kt qu

C th ni vic Vit Nam c khung php lut v hp ng in t l mt thun

li c bn trong vic tip tc xy dng cc quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t

c yu t nc ngoi.

1.1.1. ban hnh Lut Thng mi nm 2005 trong tha nhn gi tr php

l ca hp ng in t.

Hp ng in t c hiu l hp ng c thit lp di dng thng ip

d liu, hay ni cch khc, l hp ng khng s dng cc hnh thc hp ng

truyn thng nh hp ng bng li ni, bng hnh vi hay bng vn bn. Cu hi

t ra l: Liu mt hp ng c k dng phng tin in t (nh l Telex,

in bo, th in t) c c coi l hnh thc vn bn khng v gi tr php l

ca n c c tha nhn khng? Cn cvo iu 24 Lut Thng mi nm 2005

quy nh v hnh thc ca hp ng, theo , hp ng c th c giao kt bng

li ni, bng vn bn hay bng hnh vi c th.Tuy nhin lut ny i hi nhiu loi

hp ng c th phi c giao kt bng hnh thc vn bn v d nh hp ng

nhng quyn thng mi (iu 285 Lut Thng mi nm 2005). iu ng ch

l iu 3 khon 15 Lut Thng mi nm 2005 khng nh r: Cc hnh thc c

gi tr tng ng vn bn bao gm in bo, telex, fax, thng ip d liu v cchnh thc khc theo quy nh ca php lut. Bng quy nh ny, Lut Thng mi

nm 2005 cng nhn cc thng ip in t cng c gi tr php l nh mt hnh

thc vn bn. V nh vy, tt c cc loi hp ng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca

Lut Thng mi nm 2005, khi c k kt thng qua cc phng tin in t,

u tho mn yu cu v hnh thc vn bn, m bo tnh hiu lc ca h ng.

Quy nh ny to c s php l ban u rt quan trng cho vic s dng cc


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chng t in t trong giao dch in t ni chung v trong giao kt hp ng

thng mi in t ni ring.

1.1.2. ban hnh Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 o lut khung iu

chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t

Lut Giao dch in t u tin ca Vit Nam c Quc hi thng qua

ngy29/11/2005, c hiu lc ngy 01/03/2006. S ra i ca Lut Giao dch in t

nm 2005 nh du mt bc ngot quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng khung

php l cho thng mi in t, cho giao dch in t, trong c hp ng in

t. y l olut u tin iu chnh trc tip vic s dng cc phng tin in

t trong trao i, giao dch. Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 c phm vi iu

chnh kh bao qut, bao gm cc giao dch in t trong cc lnh vc hnh chnh,

dn s v thng mi.Vic ban hnh lut giao dch in t nm 2005 l ph hp

vi xu hng chung ca php lut quc t v php lut quc gia v thng mi

in t v hp ng in t. Trn thc t, hu ht cc nc nh Hoa K,

Singapore, Philippines u xy dng Lut iu chnh thng mi in t cho d

c s khc nhau trong cch gi tn cc o lut ny tng nc. c bit, Lut

Giao dch in t nm 2005 cng a ra mt s quy nh lin quan n giao kthp ng in t nh: quy nh khi nim v hp ng in t (iu 33); khng

nh gi tr php l ca hp ng in t (iu 34); nguyn tc giao kt hp ng

in t (iu 36); khi nim giao kt hp ng in t (iu 37). Ngoi ra, Lut cn

quy nh v ch k in t; nguyn tc s dng ch k in t; ngha v ca ngi

k ch k in t v bn chp nhn ch k in t v.vTuy cha tht l y

v c th nhng nhng quy nh ny l nhng c s php l u tin ca Vit

Nam iu chnh giao kt hp ng in t- a ra s c ngha nh nhng quy

nh c bn , nn tng iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t. Vi nhng

quy tc php lut ny, c th thy r Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 chnh l

o lut khung iu chnh giao dch in t ni chung v giao kt hp ng

in t ni ring.


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1.1.3. ban hnh cc vn bn di lut c ban hnh nhm hng dn

thc hin hp ng in t.

Ngy 9/6/2006 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP v thng

mi in t. y l Ngh nh hng dn kh chi tit nhiu vn php l v gioa

kt hp ng thng mi in t. Ngh nh ny quy nh chi tit vic tha nhn

gi tr php l cu thng ip d liu trong cc hot ng thng mi Vit Nam

hoc nc ngoi (iu 3); tha nhn gi tr php l cc chng t in t trong

giao kt hp ng thng mi; quy nh v qun l nh nc v thng mi in

t, k c x l vi phm php lut v thng mi in t v.vVic ban hnh Ngh

nh s 57/2006/N-CP l c s php l cc doanh nghip Vit nam tin hnh

giao kt hp ng in t trong lnh vc thng mi. Cho n thi im thng06/2009, c kh nhiu vn bn php lut ca Vit Nam cp n cc kha cnh

php l lin quan n giao dch in t, n thng mi in t, n nhng vn

nh thanh ton in t, hi quan in t, thu in t, k ton in t, vic m bo

an ton, an ninh ch cc thng tin in t (xem ph lc 2). Nhng vn bn ny

to c s bc u hnh thnh khung php l cho giao kt v thc hin hp

ng in t Vit Nam.Nh vy, vic Lut Thng mi 2005 cng nhn gi tr php l ca hp

ngin t cng vi s ra i Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v mt lot cc vn

bn di lut nu trn to thnh khung php lut v giao kt hp ng in t

trong c nhng quy nh v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. y l

thun li rt c bn.

1.2. Nhng bt cp v nguyn nhn

1.2.1. Cha c vn bn php lut c th v giao kt hp ng thng mi in t

c yu t nc ngoi

Tng t nh vi cc hp ng truyn thng, cc vn bn php lut hin

hnh ca cc nc v ca Vit Nam, khi quy nh v giao kt v thc hin hp

ng, u c nhng quy nh dnh ring cho nhng hp ng c giao kt vi

cc c nhn v php nhn nc ngoi. B lut Dn s nm 2005 dnh Phn th


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by ca B lut quy nh v nhng vn Dn s c yu t nc ngoi.Lut

Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 cng c nhng quy nh v thng nhn nc

ngoi hot ng ti Vit Nam (mc 3 chng 1); hoc v mua bn hng ho quc t

(iu 27) v xut nhp khu hng ho ( iu 28, iu 29, iu 30, iu 31...).

Trong khi , c 8 chng v 54 iu khon ca Lut giao dch in t nm 2005

li khng c mt iu khon no v giao dch in t, hoc hp ng in t c

yu t nc ngoi. Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 quy nh ch mt iu duy

nht v tha nhn ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi, l iu 27.

iu 27 khon 1 quy nh: Nh nc cng nhn gi tr php l ca ca ch k

in t v chng th in t nc ngoi nu ch k in t hoc chng th in t

c tin cy tng ng vi tin cy ca ch k in t v chng th int theo quy nh ca php lut. Vic xc nh mc tin cy ca ch k in t v

chng th in t nc ngoi phi cn c vo cc tiu chun quc t c tha

nhn, iu c quc t m nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin

v cac yu t c lin quan.

Vy th no l tin cy tng ng gia ch k in t nc ngoi vi

ch k in t theo quy nh ca php lut? Nhng tiu chun quc t c tha

nhn v vn ny l nhng tiu chun no? Nhng tiu chun no c iu

c quc t m nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin cng

nhn? Hng lot nhng cu hi ny n nay vn cha c cu tr li.

Mt iu ng lu hn na l iu 27 khon 2 ni trn li khng nh

rng: Chnh ph quynh c th v vic tha nhn ch k in t v chng th

in t nc ngoi. Nhng n tn thi im hin ti, Chnh ph vn cha c quy

nh c th no v vn ny. V do , cc doanh nghip nc ngoi, cc doanh

nghip Vit Nam no mun giao kt hp ng in t vi i tc nc ngoi ch c

mt cch duy nht l ch i.

R rng iu ny tht s s gy kh khn cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam

khi h giao kt v thc hin cc hp ng in t vi cc i tc cc nc khc.

1.2.2. Cha c vn bn di lut hng dn thi hnh giao kt hp ng in t

c yu t nc ngoi


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Vi thc tin lun vn ng bin i th mt Lut khi mi c ban hnh c

th khng trnh khi c nhng thiu st. Chnh v th m vic ban hnh cc vn

bn di php lut hng dn thi hnh c th nhng vn m Lut cn cha

lm r hay cha iu chnh ht l mt cch lm lut hay. Nh m nhng thiu

st trong cc B lut cng nh Lut chuyn ngnh c th c b sung. Nh

phn tch trn th Lut giao dch in t 2005tuy l o lut khung iu chnh

giao dch in t ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t ni ring nhng li cha

c quy nh c th no v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. hn

3 nm k t khi Lut ny ra i, nhiu vn bn di lut c ban hnh nhm

thc thi Lut ny trong cuc sng v hng dn cc ch th php lut thc hin cc

giao dch in t v giao kt hp ng in t song nhng thiu st trong cc quynh v yu t nc ngoi trong hp ng in t vn cha c b sung. y l

mt tr ngi ln cho cc doanh nghip, c nhn mun k kt hp ng in t vi

i tc nc ngoi bi tm l e ngi ri ro. Trong bi cnh ton cu ha v hi

nhp kinh t quc t ang din ra v cng si ng th nhu cu k kt cc hp ng

bunbn quc t (c bit l hp ng in t - mt xu hng tt yu trong thi

i cng ngh thng tin) vi i tc nc ngoi ang v s ngy cng ln. Nu cc

vn bn php lut ca Vit Nam vn thiu cc quy nh c th v hp ng in t

c yu t nc ngoi th chc chn s l mt ro cn php l hn ch s pht

trin hot ng kinh doanh quc t ca doanh nghip ni ring v hot ng giao

thng quc t ca quc gia ni chung.

1.2.3. Cha c khung php l chung gia cc nc v giao kt hp ng in t

c yu t nc ngoi cng nh v ch k in t

Mc d thng mi in t bng n t cui nhng nm 1990 song cho

n hin nay cha c mt khung php l chung hay o lut ring thng nht no

iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t

c yu t nc ngoi ni ring. Nhng quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t ch l

mt phn trong php lut v giao dch in t hoc php lut v thng mi in t

ch thc t cha c mt o lut ring no iu chnh vn giao kt hp ng

in t.


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Nm 1996, y ban ca Lin hp quc v Lut Thng mi Quc t

(UNCITRAL) ban hnh mt o lut l Lut mu v Thng mi in t ca

Uncitral v tip nm 2000 ban hnh lut mu v Ch k in t trong c

nhng quy nh hng dn vic giao kt hp ng in t v ng nhin c ch

k in t. Tuy nhin hai o lut ny c ban hnh mi gip c cc nc

thnh vin ca Lin hp quc c th ly cn c xy dng lut iu chnh cc vn

lin quan n thng mi in t, trong c giao kt hp ng in t ch

cha phi l o lut c cng nhn v thng nht p dng trn th gii. Trong

khi , tnh thng nht li l yu cu quan trng nht ca c s php l cho thng

mi in t ni chung v hp ng in t ni ring trn phm vi quc t. Mt khi

cha c mt khung php l chung cho vic giao kt hp ng in t c yu tnc ngoi th tranh chp cn d xy ra v quyn li ca cc bn c th khng

c m bo, t km hm thc t pht trin mnh m ca thng mi in t

v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nu nh cc hip nh a bin

ca WTO v Thng mi hng ha, dch v, u t, quyn s hu tr tu gp

phn y mnh giao thng ton cu th mt o lut khung, hay khung php l

chung v Thng mi in t trong c giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi cng s thc y s pht trin nhanh chng ca thng mi ton cu.

II. THC TRNG CC QUY NH PHP LUT CA VIT NAM V HP

NG IN T C YU T NCNGOI

2.1. Nhng quy dnh lin quan n khi nim hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi

- c khi nim v hp ng in t- c s ban u hnh thnh hp ng in tc yu t nc ngoi

Vic ra i nh ngha v hp ng in t l mt bc tin ln ca cc giao

dch thng mai in t, phn bit hon ton hp ng truyn thng vi hp ng

in t. y l mt nh ngha mang tnh bc ngot v vic chuyn i phng

thc giao kt hp ng. T hnh thc m phn trc tip sang hnh thc s dung

cc phng tin in t, cc thng ip d liuc s tc ng ca cng ngh

thng tin.


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Vi ngha l mt nhn t cu thnh nn hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi th khi nim v hp ng in t chnh l c s php l hnh thnh nn

khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi.

Trc thi im ban hnh LTM 1997, khi nim hp ng mua bn ngoi

thng c ghi nhn trong Quy ch tm thi s 4794/TN-XNK v hng dn

vic k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng do B Thng nghip (nay l B Cng

Thng) ban hnh ngy 31/07/1991: hp ng mua bn ngoi thng l hp

ng mua bn c tnh cht quc tvi ba tnh cht sau: th nht, ch th ca hp

ng lnhng php nhn c quc tch khc nhau; th hai, hng ha l i tng

ca hp ng c dch chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc; th ba, ng tin

thanh ton trong hp ng l ngoi t i vi mt bn hoc c hai bn k kthp ng.

n thi k LTM 1997 ra i th li xut hin tn gi hp ng mua bn

hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi (quy nh ti iu 80 LTM 1997): hp

ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi l hp ng mua bn hng

ha c k kt gia mt bn l thng nhn Vit Nam vi mt bn l thng nhn

nc ngoi. Nh vy, tiu ch xc nh yu t nc ngoi cho hp ng mua

bn hng ha quc t (c gi vi ci tn hp ng mua bn hng ha vi

thng nhn nc ngoi) ch l yu t quc tch ca cc bn ch th hp ng.

Nh vy, tt c cc yu t lin quan n c yu t nc ngoi c tp

trung cc kha cnh nh: ch th, i tng, quc tchLut ca cc quc gia

khc nhau c khi nim v hp ng in t khc nhau, c cch hiu v yu t

nc ngoi khc nhau. Trn cc cn c , nn hc tp v hiu ni hm ca yu

t nc ngoi trong hp ng sao cho ph hp.

- c khi nim ca mt s hp ng c yu t nc ngoi (hp ng dn s c

yu t nc ngoi, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t)

Yu t th hai quan trng c nhc ti trong ni hm ca hp ng in t l

yu t c yu t nc ngoi. Vic a ra cc khi nim v cc loi hp ng c

yu t nc ngoi cho ta c mt ci nhn tng quan v c im c yu t nc

ngoi ca hp ng.


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B Lut Dn s nm 2005 dnh ra Phn th by ca B lut quy nh v

nhng vn dn s c yu t nc ngoi. Trong lut lm r mi quan h c yu t

nc ngoi, l: quan h dn s c t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c

quan, t chc, c nhn nc ngoi, ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi hoc l

cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit Nam nhng cn

c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut nc ngoi, pht sinh

ti nc ngoi hoc ti sn lin quan n quan h nc ngoi.

- Cha c khi nim hay nh ngha c th, r rng no trong lut VN v hp ng

in t c yu t nc ngoi

Php lut Vit Nam cng cha c quy nh hay nh ngha c th no v hp

ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng ging nhcc doanh nghip nc ngoi khi thc hin cc giao kt hp ng c yu t nc

ngoi, l tun th cc quy nh ca mt hp ng thng mi truyn thng ng

thi tha mn cc yu cu ca mt hp ng in t.

Theo T php quc t Vit Nam, trng hp cc bn khng tha thun chn

php lut dn chiu trong hp ng th quyn v ngha v ca cc bn c xy

nh theo php lut ca ni thc hin hp ng.

2.2. Thc trng nhng quy nh v th tc giao kt hp ng in t c yu t

nc ngoi

2.2.1. V ch th

Nh phn tch trn, cc ch th tham gia trong hp ng in t gm

c: bn bn, bn mua v bn trung gian. l cch gi tn cc ch th khi nhn t

gc thng mi. Cn nu nhn t gc php lut hay kha cnh k thut th ccch th tham gia trong hp ng in t bao gm: ngi khi to, ngi nhn v

ngi trung gian.

V ngi khi to, c Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v Ngh nh 57 c

nhng quy nh ban u v ch th ny. iu 16 - Lut Giao dch in t 2005

cp n khi nim trn nh sau: Ngi khi to thng ip d liu l c quan,

t chc, c nhn to hoc gi mtthng ip d liu trc khi thng ip d liu

c lu gi nhng khng bao hm ngi trung gian chuyn thng ip d


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liu.. C th trong lnh vc thng mi in t trong giao kt hp ng in t

l mt trong nhng vn chnh th khon 4 iu 3 -Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP

a ra khi nim nh sau: "Ngi khi to" l bn, hoc ngi i din ca bn

, to ra hoc gi i chng t in t trc khi lu tr n. Ngi khi to

khng bao gm bn hot ng vi t cch l ngi trung gian linquan ti chng

t in t. Hai khi nim ny v c bn l ging nhau, ch khc ch thng ip

d liu trong lnh vc thng mi in t chnh l chng t in t. y l nhng

quy nh kh r rng gip hiu v phn bit cc th trong hp ng in t c yu

t ngc ngoi

V ngi nhn,tng t nh nhng quy nh v ngi khi to, khi nim

ny c nghin cu a ra trong c Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v Ngh nh57/2006/N-CP. C th l:Ngi nhn thng ip d liu l ngi c ch nh

nhn thng ip d liu t ngi khi to thng ip d liu nhng khng bao hm

ngi trung gian chuyn thng ip d liu . (iu 18 Lut Giao dch in t

2005), 5. "Ngi nhn" l bn nhn c chng t in t theo ch ca ngi

khi to. Ngi nhn khng bao gm bn hot ng vi t cch l ngi trung gian

lin quan ti chng t in t.

V t chc trung gian hay bn trung gian, iu 4 khon 9 Lut Giao dch

in t 2005 quy nh: Ngi trung gian l c quan, t chc, c nhn i din cho

c quan, t chc, c nhn khc thc hin vic gi, nhn hoc lu tr mt thng

ip d liu hoc cung cp cc dch v khc lin quan n thng ip d liu .

Nh vy, ngi trung gian y c th l t chc cung cp dch v mng hay t

chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t. Cng trong iu 4, cc khi nim

v hai t chc trung gian ny cng c cp n.

Nhng cch nh ngha v cc ch th nh trn kh r rng v nu ln c

bn cht, c im c bn ca ch th thay v vic lit k nhng i tng no l

ch th ca hp ng in t. Bc u a ra y cc khi nim v cc ch th

tham gia hp ng in t l c s tip tc xy dng nhng quy nh iu chnh

vic giao kt hp ng in t. Bi mun giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v

giao kt hp ng in t ni ring th vn cn quan tm u tin chnh l nhng


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quy nh lin quan n ch th, mt trong nhng iu kin hiu lc ca hp ng.

Mt ch th c kh nng giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi hay

khng cn phthuc vo nng lc php lut dn s v nng lc hnh vi dn s ca

ch th .

i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th vic xc nh ch th c

nng lc k kt hay khng l mt vn bc thit v cng kh phc tp. Vic

nhn nh v nhn thn, v nng lc php lut, nng lc hnh vi ca ch th trong

mt mi trng o nh mi trng in t l rt kh v n nh hng n mc

an ton ca vic giao kt hp ng. Chnh v th yu cu t ra l cn c nhng quy

nh php l iu chnh vn ny. B lut Dn s 2005 dnh hn phn th 7

quy nh v quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi trong c cc quy nh vnng lc php lut dn s v hnh vi dn s ca c nhn cng nh php nhn. iu

761 lut ny quy nh v nng lc php lut dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc

ngoi nh sau: 1. Nng lc php lut dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc ngoi

c xc nh theo php lut ca nc m ngi c quc tch. 2. Ngi nc

ngoi c nng lc php lut dn s ti Vit Nam nh cng dn Vit Nam, tr

trng hp php lut Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam c quy nh khc.

iu 762quy nh v nng lc hnh vi dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc ngoinh

sau: 1. Nng lc hnh vi dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc ngoi c xc nh

theo php lut ca nc m ngi l cng dn, tr trng hp php lut Cng

ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam c quy nh khc. 2. Trong trng hp ngi nc

ngoi xc lp, thc hin cc giao dch dn s ti Vit Nam th nng lc hnh vi dn

s ca ngi nc ngoi c xc nh theo php lut Cng ho x hi ch ngha

Vit Nam. iu 765quy nh v nng lc php lut dn s ca php nhn nc

ngoi: 1. Nng lc php lut dn s ca php nhn nc ngoi c xc nh theo

php lut ca nc ni php nhn c thnh lp, tr trng hp quy nh ti

khon 2 iu ny. 2. Trong trng hp php nhn nc ngoi xc lp, thc hin

cc giao dch dn s ti Vit Nam th nng lc php lut dn s ca php nhn

c xc nh theo php lut Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam.


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T nhng quy nh trn c th rt ra mt vi nhn xt sau: c th xc

nh c nng lc php lut dn s cng nh nng lc hnh vi dn s ca c nhn

hay php nhn nc ngoi th cc ch th c nh k kt hp ng in t cn c

s tm hiu k lng v lut php quc t (theo ni i tc c quc tch hay thnh

lp). y l mt tr ngi kh ln bi vic tm hiu lut php vn khng d cha

k n nhng ro cn v ngn ng, v chuyn mn php l lin quan n vic c

hiu, gii thch v p dng lut.

Ngoi nhng quy nh lin quan n khi nim v ch th, lgd cn c thm

cc quy nh v t chc chng thc ch k in t (iu 30) cng vi quyn v

ngha v ca t chc chng thc ch k in t (iu 31), v trch nhim ca t

chc cung cp dch v mng (iu 47). Nhng iu lut ny gp phn c th ha

hn khi nim v ch th Ngi trung gian trong giao kt hp ng in t, to

hnh lang php l cho s pht trin ca cc t chc cung cp dch v truyn, gi s

liu v chng thc ch k in t.

2.2. Nhng quy nh v hnh thc ca hp ng in t

iu 27 LTM 2005 khon 2 c quy nh: Mua bn hng ha quc t phi

c thc hin trn c s hp ng bng vn bn hoc bng hnh thc khc c gi

tr tng ng. Nh vy liu mt hp ng thng mi in t mang yu t quc

t liu c gi tr php l? iu ng ch l iu 3 khon 15 LTM nm 2005

khng nh r: Cc hnh thc c gi tr tng ng vn bn bao gm in bo,

telex, fax, thng ip d liu v cc hnh thc khc theo quy nh ca php lut.

Bng quy nh ny, Lut Thng mi nm 2005 cng nhn cc thng ip in

t cng c gi tr php l nh mt hnh thc vn bn. V nh vy, tt c cc loihp ng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Lut Thng mi nm 2005, khi c k

kt thng qua cc phng tin in t, u tho mn yu cu v hnh thc vn bn,

m bo tnh hiu lc ca hp ng. Quy nh ny to c s php l ban u rt

quan trng cho vic s dng cc chng t in t trong giao dch in t ni chung

v trong giao kthp ng thng mi in t ni ring. iu 12 Lut Giao dch

in t nm 2005 cng quy nh: Trong trng hp php lut yu cu thng tin

phi c th hin bng vn bn th thng ip d liu c xem l p ng yu


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cu ny, nu thng tin cha trong thng ip d liu c th truy cp v s dng

c tham chiu khi cn thit.

Song mt thc t t ra l trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t

l cha c mt quy nh no v ci gi l truy cp v s dng c khi cn thit.

Mnh hn, Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 cn khng nh: Thng tin

trong thng ip d liu khng b ph nhn gi tr php l ch v thng tin c

th hin di dng thng ip d liu. (iu 11) v Gi tr php l ca hp ng

in t khng th b ph nhn ch v hp ng c th hin di dng thng

ip d liu. (iu 34). Nh vy l Lut Giao dch in t cn khng nh r v

gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu cng nh hp ng in t trn mt phm vi

kh bao qut bao qut, bao gm cc giao dch in t trong cc lnh vc hnhchnh, dn s ch khng ch thng mi.

Nh vy l gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu hnh thc th hin ca hp

ng in t c cng nhn. C th ho hnh thc ca hp ng in t, iu

10 ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 quy nh:Thng ip d liu c th

hin di hnh thc trao i d liu in t, chng t in t, th in t, in bo,

in tn, fax v cc hnh thc tng t khc. Nh vy, khi hp ng in t c

th hin di mt trong cc dng lit k trn th gi tr php l ca n s c

cng nhn.

Nhng quy nh nh va phn tch s l c s php l quan trng tha nhn gi tr

php l cc hnh thc khc nhau ca hp ng in t nu nhng hnh thc ny c cha

nhng thng tin c th truy cp v s dng c tham chiu khi cn thit.

Nhng nhng quy nh va nu v phn tch trn mi l nhng quy nh

chung cng nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t cn c th Php lut Vit

Nam c nhng quy nh c th no v cc hnh thcc th ca hp ng in t

nh nu trong iu 10 Lut Giao dch in t 2005 th cn phi tm hiu v phn

tch k hn trong h thng vn bn php lut Vit Nam

2.2.1. Hnh thc trao i d liu

Trao i d liu in t (electronic data interchange - EDI) c hiu l vic

trao i trc tip cc d liu di dng "c cu trc" (structured form) t my tnh


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in t ny sang my tnh in t khc, gia cc cng ty hay t chc tho thun

bunbn vi nhau theo cch ny mt cch t ng m khng cn c s can thip

ca con ngi. Trao i d liu in t c vai tr quan trng i vi giao dch

thng mi in t quy m ln gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip. (ngun:

ecommerce.gov.vn) Vi vic hnh thnh nhng h thng ng dng thng mi in

t k thut cao nh mng gi tr gia tng (VAN), h thng qun l dy chuyn cung

ng (SCM), mng ca cc nh cung cp dch v trung gian , c s tham gia ca

nhiu doanh nghip s dng dch v p dng nhng tiu chun trao i d liu

thng nht to thun li cho cc giao dch thng mi in t.

S dng EDI, doanh nghip s gim c li sai st do con ngi gy nn,

gim thi gian x l thng tin trong cc giao dch kinh doanh, tit kim thi gian vchi ph trao i d liu. Hin nay, s xut hin ca cc ngn ng lp trnh hin i

nh XML lm cho EDI tr nn d thit k v d s dng hn, do EDI c ng

dng rt ph bin trong nhiu ngnh trn th gii.

Vic xy dng nhng quy nh php l v EDI l cn thit. Chnh v vy m

trong K hoch tng th ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin ngnh Thng

mi n nm 2010 (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 40/2006/Q-BTM ngy 29

thng 12 nm 2006 ca B trng B Thng mi nay l B Cng Thng) a

ra k hoch xy dng v ban hnh cc chun EDI ca ngnh Thng mi nh sau:

n nm 2010, hon thnh v c bn vic xy dng v ban hnh cc chun trao

i d liu in t ca ngnh thng mi da trn cng ngh EDI/ebXML, bao

gm chun trao i d liu in t trong ni b cc n v B Cng Thng, chun

trao i d liu in t gia cc S Cng Thng vi B Cng Thng v gia cc

S Cng Thng vi nhau. Nhng chun ny phi tun th mi qui nh lin quan

ti cc chun trao i d liu in t thuc cc chng trnh xy dng chnh ph

in t ca Chnh ph.

Nh vy l hin ti Vit Nam cha c mt vn bn php lut no quy nh

c th v chun trao i d liu in t.

2.2.2. Hnh thc thanh ton in t


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Thng mi in t ni ring v thc hin hp ng in t c yu t nc

ngoi khng th pht trin ton din v em li hiu qu cao nht nu khng c

thanh ton in t. Do , hnh thc thanh ton m doanh nghip p dng l mt

tiu ch quan trng trong iu tra. Theo kt qu thng k, 74,1% doanh nghip

s dng hnh thc thanh ton l khch hng tr tin mt khi giao hng, 74,8%

doanh nghip chp nhn thanh ton chuyn khon qua ngn hng v ch c 25%

doanh nghip thanh ton bng chuyn tin qua bu in. (c nhng doanh nghip

s dng ng thi nhiu hnh thc thanh ton)22

T nm 2007 n nay, hng lot nh cung cp dch v thanh ton in t ra

i v pht trin. y chnh l nguyn nhn ca s st gim lin tip qua cc nm

trong vic p dng hnh thc thanh ton bng chuyn tin qua bu in. Thay vo, hnh thc chuyn khon qua ngn hng ngy cng ph bin. Mc d vy, t l

thanh ton bng tin mt vn cn cao v t l thanh ton trc tuyn vn cn thp.

T l 3,5% doanh nghip p dng phng thc thanh ton trc tuyn l rt thp so

vi mt bng chung ca th gii v yu cu thanh ton ca thng mi in t

BIU 1: Cc phng thc thanh ton c doanh nghip s dng qua cc

nm 2006 2008

22 Ngun: Bo co Thng miin t 2008


48/105


Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/ trang 122

Trc ht, thanh ton in t c hiu l vic thanh ton tin thng qua bn

tin in t thay cho vic dng tin mt. (ngun: Cm nang Php lut v giao kt

hp ng in t, trang 66). Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t,

thanh ton in t m rng ngoi cch thanh ton bng th th ngi ta cn c

th thc hin vic thanh ton di cc hnh thc khc nh: trao i d liu ti

chnh, tin mt Internet, ti tin in t, giao dch ngn hng s ha

Trong cc vn bn php lut hin thi mi ch c quy ch ca Ngn hng

nh nc ban hnh theo quyt nh s 20/2007/Q-NHNN v vic pht hnh,

thanh ton, s dng v cung cp dch v h tr hot ng th ngn hng. Quy ch

ny c kh nhiu quy nh chi tit v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn lin quan

trong hot ng thanh ton bng th ng thi cng a ra cc chun pht hnh,

thanh ton v s dng th. Tuy cn mt s quy nh cha r rng c th (nh quy

nh v iu kin pht hnh, thanh ton th) song y l nhng c s ban u cho

cc t chc, c nhn hot ng lin quan n dch v th cng nh cho vic xy

dng mt khung php l hon chnh hn v thanh ton in t.

2.2.3. Hnh thc th in t


49/105


Mt hnh thc ph bin ca hp ng in t chnh l th in t. Cc

doanh nghip, cc c quan nh nc s dng th in t gi cho nhau mt

cch trc tuyn thng qua mng, gi l th in t. Khc vi EDI, thng tin

trong th in t khng phi tun theo mt cu trc nh trc no.

Tuy th in t l mt hnh thc ph bin ca hp ng in t song y

vn l kha cnh php l cn b b ng trong cc quy nh php l ca Vit Namv

hp

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