[YRC] Kinh nghiệm nâng cao vai trò của tín dụng và tiết kiệm vi mô đối với phụ nữ nghèo ở một số nước đang phát triển và bài học dành cho

7/23/2019 [YRC] Kinh nghim nng cao vai tr ca tn dng v tit kim vi m i vi ph n ngho mt s nc ang ph

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-Oblu ~jk7 vbo q ojk jblu jkl ojk xx-Oblu su7 bjk xl klv jbjk jkl obd xlv oj o ql hob q od

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4>

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jblu x~jk bv# ju jkl jkbm ibjk o o ~ujk bd| xd| jkb xb b so m

xm x~o bmo x~mjk tu x~jb qd| qj*

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14/85

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45

kl xjk xjk o ~jk `x jk| ild# xj hjk ql ` cl x~ xbjb o bl klv

jbjk i obm qd| jjk cl qn`* Jbjk lu r| ~d* _xbjk `l bd q

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n xo q bibjk ibjjk obl x~ cl qd|*

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bl u x# sj rux `l c bjk u# xu| jblj cl sux tu odm s c `x ~m oj cj#

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xo sj rux# c` j*

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obo xl objb ql ` cuj bjk xl* @x x obo o oml c x obo xl objb ql `

nj qjk ibl j qj o xb bmx jk jk ql qdl x~ kl` jkbm q xm ~d cl jbuj

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jbuj bj= Ql ò kl jb xbjm xb jkl jkbm so obl x~ obm hob q od

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18/85

42

>*>* X c vb jxbd` kld qm oo bmx jk iljb xjk| ojk xjk qb o jbu ou q qj no qm oo bmx jk iljb x

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njk oob x~jk x~x# obj jul bmo ``x rjk xlu xb ojk jb bd| `x hmdjb

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bv ql jbu ou j| od vb j*

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oo x obo xl objb ql ` klv b x` ojk j qlo c` bmo x sj rux# iljb

hmdjb*


19/85

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bj jd` kll

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>4

cjk x~l xbo jb jbdu# j kll qj o xbu jbv xbv bj jd` kll* @o cjk x~ujk

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22/85

>>

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tu em bv od kld jb*

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jbu ou# vb j jkbm o xb hjk s xlj xl u x*


23/85

>?

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o* O jbjk bmx jk sj rux iljb hmdjb oj jblu qj# ojk o jbjk bmx

jk oj x qj* Xu| jblj# bmx jk jm ojk oj n ~d oo obl vb oj xblx ndj u

jb ùd `| ò# ojk o# jku|j clu** X~mjk tu x~jb x~jk x~x# sj rux iljb

hmdjb# qj ojk ibjk xb xblu* I x ibl nx u j ibl xbu q cl jbuj q x

o l` bd qj# `l o jbj bmo hmdjb jkblv u oj `x ibmjk xbl kldj jbx

jb* X~mjk xbl kldj cuj o oo obl vb vbx sljb o xb hu| x~ bmx jk jb

obl vb nj bjk# obl vb cu xbjk bjk bd* obl x~ obm oo obl vb j|# o jbj

ojk oj o jkuj qj ` nm v jk iv xbl oo |u ou vbx sljb x~mjk tu

x~jb x~jk x~x# sj rux# iljb hmdjb* Nj ojb # jkuj qj ojk c `x `

klv o jbj q hmdjb jkblv kl` xblu q qx tud oo ~l ~m o xb r| ~d

4*4*4 Objk x~jb xj hjk od jkj bjk K~dèejJkj bjk K~dèej o oml c x obo xl objb ql ` objb xbo u xlj x~j

xb kll* j jd|# jkj bjk K~dèej qj c `x x~mjk jbjk x obo xl objb ql `

cj jbx q o jb bjk jblu jbx x~j xb kll* Jkj bjk o hd x~j s bjbxbjb hd x~j xjk q oo ibmj xj hjk jb hjb obm jkl jkbm od klm s

@dbd`dh \ujus* Jkj bjk bmx jk hd x~j sx jku|j od oo jb` jb `

nm o s ~jk nuo q `x m o xbd| xb xl sj xb obv xbem |u ou od jkj

bjk xbjk xbjk*Co u ob o bdl xbjb qlj od `x jb` o v hjk obm


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>8

ibmj qd|*X| xbuo qm blu sux od b x~mjk qlo x~ j oo ibob bjk xlv xbem

s o obm qd|* Ju ibob bjk qd| o jbj o xlv oj xj hjk# b s o ib

jkuj qj xbd` kld qm oo bmx jk xm ~d xbu jbv ib xbl jb ob nlj j klj

"rd| rx# c` k`# hx `d|,*

Xbem nm om od `l jbx od jkj bjk K~d`eej# j xbjk 6?->64> jkj

bjk o 2#?25#>8; xbjb qlj# x~mjk 2#61>#


25/85

>5

k~dèej-ljam*m~khdxd djh ~evm~x,* _ clu x~j obm xb| jkj bjk K~dèej o s x

ob# nj qjk q xl objb c ~x odm* Jkj bjk xbjk hu| x~ x c qj dj xmj rujk

tudjb ò 46%* J` >646# x c qj dj xmj od jkj bjk c 8!Lxe

`lh04>;,*Jb oo o ob qd| xbem jb` ix bv ql s vb bv od oo ibmj qd| ql

`# x c bmj x~ oo ibmj qd| od jkl jkbm c ~x odm# cj xl


26/85

>1

xblu ~l ~m obm jkl jkbm9 `ljb nob x~mjk xx o oo kldm hob jkj bjk bu bx

u hlj ~d xl oo ouo bv x~ujk x`* Oo hob q o x~jk# obu|j su obm bmx

jk od Jkj bjk K~dèej# o xbo blj nl . qjk x~j jkj bjk. x~mjk oo

j q obl jbjb ql vbj ov jk ix~mjk bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql `

Jkml ~d# jkj bjk K~dèej oj ob x~jk ` ~jk hdjbò obm qd| v

jk jbu ou vbx x~lj d hjk od jkl jkbm* Oo objk x~jb xj hjk ` ~jk

ndm k`7 xj hjk obm r| hjk jb q sljb# xj hjk obm cv x kljk ibmdj oujk

ov jo ujk q xl xlu qj9 xj hjk obm odjb xo xbem `d ùd qx x jjk

jkblv9 obm qd| l ql xbu xblx n `| ò9 oo h j xl objb o xbo blj nl

xmj n kld jb od `x ibob bjk cu j`* Qlo ` ~jk hdjb ò obm qd| xm

lu ilj obm jkl jkbm# o nlx c vb j jkbm o n sujk jkuj qj x~mjk

tu x~jb xlu hjk# sj rux# iljb hmdjb od `jb*

Jkl xd o xjb ~jk xbu jbv od b kld jb x~ujk njb od oo xbjb qlj

Jkj bjk K~dèej c ibmjkodm bj >5% sm ql jb` ò xlu ibjk xbjb qlj

x~mjk cjk Jkj bjk K~dèej* lu j| hj j qlo kl` `jb s cjk xbjb

qlj od Jkj bjk K~dèej ` vbl sjk hl ò jkbm ib j ò >6% sm ql

ò 51% obm oo xbjb qlj ibjk xbuo jkj bjk K~dèej* Jkml ~d#ojk oo `x s xbd| l x xlj cjk cdm jk jjk jkblv jkl jkbm x c` ob

x~mjk iljb hmdjb*Jbjk k nx u jb c `xsjk ilj d vbjk# .`x nmjk njk

jb od b| qjk.# c` jj xbjb ojk od jkj bjk K~dèej jk| jd| "@h

ûbuc D`lj# @h ^dsblhuc >644,*

4*4*> N^DON^DO c `x x~mjk jbjk x obo xl objb ql ` cu l jbx q cj jbx x~j

xb kll blj jd|* Nx u x j` 4 xl Ndjkcdhesb# j jd| N^DO vbx x~ljx~j xmj xb kll# oujk ov obm 5#85>#4


27/85

>;

vb j jkbm x~j xb kll - jbjk jkl n jb bjk xl x jbx nl l jkbm# oblj

x~djb q s nx njb jk x~mjk r bl* Bj #82% oo xbjb qlj od N^DO c vb

j* N^DO xlj ~jk o jblu jku|j jbj hj j xjb x~jk l jkbm od vb j q

oo jku|j jbj u clj tudj j jbdu# q xb vb j jkbm xbmx ibl ojb

l jkbm# N^DO oj vbx x~lj xmj hlj oo hob q b x~ jkl jkbm x~j xx o

oo cjb qo jb tu|j omj jkl# x~ klv vbv c# klm ho# ob` so so ibe*

x~o xlj cjb qo xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` vb j jkbm o xb xlv oj ql

jkuj qj ibl u obm ojk qlo sj rux# iljb hmdjb od b

"bxxv7{{{*n~do*jexomjxejx{bm-{e-d~e,*

Njk >7 @x s ob s q xjb bjb bmx jk od N^DO

xj N^DO

j` ov jbx s clu ?44>>646

xl sj 4668;24?61

s cjk IB djk bmx jk 585>465?2542>16855>

s h xlj kl njb tuj ??

obl vb obm `l IB qd| 4?

hdjb `o u x o jku| o :%

"jkuj7`lr`d~iex*m~k-`al-N^DO-~evm~x,

X~mjk objk x~jb xj hjk q xlx il` ql `# x~jk x` od N^DO c n sujk

jkuj qj obm vb j jkbm klv b x xm ojk j qlo c`# xm ~d xbu jbv q ol
http://www.brac.net/content/who-we-arehttp://www.brac.net/content/who-we-arehttp://www.brac.net/content/who-we-are


28/85

>2

xblj l sjk* Oo ibmj qd| hjb obm vb j jkbm xbjk o vb` ql x 56 -;66

U_H* N^DO x obo oo vb j xbd` kld qm bdl jb` jkl jkbm c Qlccdke q

Vmccl _bm`dg bmx jk jb `x nm cjb ibjk objb xbo xm ~d v co xbjb xmj

iv xbl* Ibob bjk x~ j xbjk tud oo x bjk xuj* Oo ibmj qd| ql ` xbjk

o s hjk obm oo bmx jk iljb hmdjb jb jb jul kld o`# x~jk o| j

tu#x~jk ~du# xb ojk ` jkb bmo xbjk `l* Qlccdke "QM_, o s cjk ?6 -86

vb j x~mjk `l jb` q Vmccl _bm`dg o s cjk 16-15 vb j x~mjk `l jb`*

Oo jb` bmx jk x~j jj xjk xv x~ujk# mj ix vb j jkbm ql jbdu# klv b

xlv oj xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` ojk jb x~dm l oo xbjk xlj * *8 j`

-m xm jbj xbo r

bl q bmx jk xm xb

jbv "LKD,

-\ x b x~-Xlx il`

-Xj hjk ql `"ibmjxj hjk u xlj c

>*666 NHX,

Hdnl 4


29/85

>664

B jjk hj jb

vbl l `x ql s

ib ibj q jkuj

xj hjk x~mjk qlo d

hjk bd o| x~jk

q oo cjb qo vbl

jjk jkblv xbjk

tud xlj `x

@ ~jk o bl qlo

c` obm jkl jkbm

q xbo | sj rux

jjk jkblv

jjk hj jb "s

bu ? `u u bmo

jblu bj, clj tudj

-Ibmj qd| im hlx~mjk `x j` o

bmj x~ xbem oo x

bjk xuj

-Iob xbo obm qd|ql ibmj qd| u xlj

c 4>*666 NHX

"jkuj7 L`~dj @dxlj# >668,


30/85

?6

j 4>->662# objk x~jb LKQKH xbu bx 216#?66 b kld jb oo i jkbm

xbd` kld* Bu bx l xjk xbd` kld c vb j jkbm* LKQKH oujk ov `x clj

ix tudj x~jk obm vbv oo xbjb qlj x~mjk vbx x~lj oo bmx jk ob m xbjk

tud qlo oujk ov xj hjk ql `# n sujk jkuj qj# obm vbv b s hjk jbjk i

jjk ` b o m xm r| hjk oo bmx jk xm xbu jbv* Oo x obo Qlccdke

N^DO ojk x o >


31/85

?4

jjk j j xbjb tu c` j# xl sj q xbu jbv od jkl jkbm iblj b ibjk xb

x~ kv* _du ibl r| ~d jbjk ~l ~m nx jk# D_D xbjk jk obm jkl jkbm cl

xbl bj x~ kv# jk xbl sj sjk oujk ov xb` qj obm b b o xb xl r|

hjk# nx u cl bmx jk iljb hmdjbod `jb* X~mjk jblu x~jk bv ibo# D_D

xbd| q n sujk xj hjk kll xblu qlo c` hjb obm jbjk jkl n `x qlo b

o o s il` o xlj# xob c| qj obm bmx jk x~jk x~x# obj jul# iljb hmdjb

x~mjk xjk cdl od `jb* j xbjk 8 j` >662# s cjk xbjb qlj od objk x~jb

NH_ cj j 1566 jkl odm "@h ^ubuc D`lj# @h ^dsblhuc >644,*

Objk x~jb xj hjk Bd~hom~e

@x objk x~jb xj hjk ~x xbjb ojk ibo od D_D c xj hjk cl ojkhjb obm jkl jkbm* | c objk x~jb xj hjk od D_D hjb obm jbjk jkl

oo i jkbm* Oj o ob od b xbjk xj hjk j| ~x cljb bmx* Oo xbjb qlj qd|

qj o xb bmj x~ oo ibmj qd| x~j o s bjk xbjk# bjk tu bmo jd j` q

xbl kldj x| xbem s xbuj xlj q ib jjk od b ` ibjk jbx xblx vbl bmj x~

bjk xuj jb oo objk x~jb xj hjk ibo* Cl sux od ibmj qd| hjb obm jbjk

jkl jkbm ib jbx c 46%-j` Ndjkcdhesb* Objk x~jb xj hjk j| o nlx

vb bv ql jbjk jkl jkbm# o nlx c vb j q d s b c` qlo x~mjk cjb qojjk jkblv* | c cjb qo o xjb xbl q odm# xl` j jblu ~l ~m odm "@h ^ubuc

D`lj# @h ^dsblhuc >644,*

4*4*8 Jkj bjk x~o xu|j IlqdIlqd c `x x obo vbl cl jbuj od Bmd I o jbl` q ix jl `l jkl

xbjk tud obm qd| rm l kl` jkbm* Ilqd xj hjk ljxe~jex q `x `jk cl

xbjb qlj x~j xmj xb kll od oo x obo xl objb ql `# iljb hmdjb x~mjk cjb qo

obm vbv o jbj obm qd| x jbx c ( >5 klv xm ~d o bl obm jkl jkbm x~jxmj xb kll* Ilqd obm qd| objk l jkbm bjk jk| njk oob xm ~d oo ibmj qd|

jb obm ibob bjk qd| x~j ibv xb kll* O jkbd c# Ilqd iu kl ojk jk# `l

jkl hj ibv jl x~j xb kll obm jkl jkbm qd| jbjk ibmj xlj jb* _du #


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?>

ibmj xlj jb obm qd| x `l jkl so xv bv cl xbjb `x ibmj xlj cj bj

q d j xd| jkl jkbm o jbu ou qd| qj* @l jkl x~mjk s b o xb ob obm

qd| `x ibmj xlj jbjbjk ql scjk oo cj ;?5*84; jkl" s clu j` >665,

xb s xlj obm qd| c ~x cj "bxxv7{{{*ilqd*m~kdnmuxus,* Ql vbjk xbo n sujk

jkuj qj ~x o m j|# Ilqd x xjk ojk jkuj qj obm qd| od `jb `

ibjk oj bmo x vbl jbj xl x~# x~klv x objb vb bmo x obo jm "jkml x~

bjk ` vb` He~`dcmklod jl xljk od Bmd I,* Jb# Ilqd ` ~jk o s

cjk ibob bjk obm qd|# h j x~j `l ibob bjk qd| q jkl jkbm so

bjk jblu jkuj qj obm qd| bj x Ilqd*

X obo Ilqd xlj ~jk s xlv oj jkuj qj `x oob ojk njk ql kl o vbl

objk sklv jkl hj ol xblj ouo sjk od `jb* Ob ql `x ibmj xlj xjk

l jb# jkl jkbm s o ibjjk jjk odm xbu jbv# sj cjk q ol xblj ouo

sjk od `jb* Ilqd c` qlo# clj ix ql `x cmx oo x obo xl objb ql ` x~j

xmj ou jkl jkbm o oujk ov qj ` ibjk oj x~u| ov qm b xbjk jkj

bjk x~u|j xbjk* 466% oo ibmj xlj ` xbjb qlj q ibob bjk od Ilqd obm

qd| so kl j oo x obo xl objb ql ` "l xo xbo d od Ilqd, q jbjk

jkl tuj c oo ibmj qd| x~mjk cjb qo j|* @l jk cd ` xbjb qlj q

ibob bjk od Ilqd obm qd| sj x~o xlv xl oo ibmj xl x~qd| hjb obm jkl

jkbm q ibjk n ox kl` `x ru jm*

Oob xbo bmx jk od Ilqd "ilqd*m~kmqe~qle{, No 47 Ilqd jk x~j x~djk {en ilqd*m~k q oo bmj ojb q jkl jkbm o

jbu ou qd| qj

No >7 xbjb qlj# l xo od Ilqd xbo blj jbjk ibmj obm qd| jb hjbobm jkl jkbm " `l jkl obm qd| `x ibmj jb xb jblu jkl s xm jj`x ibmj obm qd|cj obm jkl jkbm,

No ?7 x~mjk sux xbl bj od ibmj obm qd|# `l xbjk xlj s o ov jbx No 87 ibl jkl jkbm x~ cl oo ibmj o qd|# xlj s o x~ cl qm xl

ibmj o jbj od jkl obm qd|
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??

No 57 oo xbjb qlj# l xo# jkl xbmx ibl jkbm xlv xo obm jbjk jkljkbm ibo qd| bmo s hjk qm jbu ou ibo

Oo xbjb qlj# l xo# jkl xbmx ibl jkbmx objk x~jb od Ilqd s xlv

xo obm jbjk jkl jkbm ibo qd| bmo s hjk qm jbu ou ibo*

4*>* @ ~jko bl u x obm vb j jkbmXj hjk q xlx il` ql ` oujk ov oo o bl oj xblx obm oo hmdjb jkblv

jb nx u bmo ol xblj iljb hmdjb* Ib jjk od oo vb j jkbm s hjk

oo o bl o oujk ov ql oo |u x od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` ` nm

blu sux c` qlo od b vb xbuo qm xbl x~o ~l ~m od b* c ib jjk b

x~u| ov xbjk xlj q sj sjk bjb jk x~j oo xbjk xlj "^eneood @* Qmjhe~cdoi

djh @d~i _ob~elje~# >664,* Jb q|# qj xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` o xb xo jk

xob oo q o bl iljb hmdjb bmx jk od oo vb j jkbm*

X~j xbo x# hm s nx njb jk kll xjb jj vb j ib o tu|j tu|xjb

x~mjk iljb x q qlo ibjk jbj o s klm ho m xm | jb jd` kll ix

bv ql s xblu xbjk xljiblj vb j vbl n tud ~x jblu o bl ol xblj ouo

sjk* H vb j jbj ~d jbjk o bl jbjk b ojk ~x ib j` nx q o ~x jblu

|u x oj x~ b u x qm oo o bl jb xblu qj# xblu i jjk* X~mjk bmj ojb# xlv oj ql oo objk x~jb xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` c `x omj jk x~ klv

vb j jkbm xlv oj ql o ql jkuj qj u x* X~mjk vbj x~j# objk xd

ojk x` blu oo iljb jkbl` jjk odm qdl x~ odxj hjkq xlx il` ql ` x~mjk

qlon sujk jkuj qj obm vb j jkbm x~mjk cjb qo iljb hmdjb# x~jk x~x# obj

jul* X~mjk vbj j|# objk xd s x` blu iljb jkbl` jjk odm qdl x~ od xj

hjk q xlx il` ql ` l ql vb j jkbm oo jo djk vbx x~lj q ` ~jk

o bl u x obm vb j jkbm xbjk tud iljb jkbl` od objk x~jb xj hjk ql` q iljb hmdjb od VAH Jlkle~ld*

Objk x~jb vbx x~lj xj hjk ql ` q iljb hmdjb od VAH Jlkle~ld

o nx u qm j` >662* Objk x~jbo s b x~ od oo x obo vbl objb


34/85

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vb d vbjk q oo o qjqlj# ix bv ql s b x~ x jkj bjk xb kll q tu

Adjxdsdu`*

@o xlu od objk x~jb c klv x~dm tu|j obm ojk jk q obm vbv oo

vb j jkbm xjhjk cl xb od o bl iljb x xl d vbjk od b*@o xlu j|

o xbo bljxbjk tud nd cml objb od hob q7 hd qm ojk jk hmdjb jkblv#

oo objk x~jb xj hjk ql ` q iljb hmdjb oo objk x~jb vbx x~lj xbdjb jlj*

X~mjk # objk x~jb s xv x~ujk qm oo objk x~jb xj hjk ql `* Objk

x~jb xbo blj njk oob s hjk oo ` bjb jb` q bv xo r ql vbjk vbv

obm qd| xbem qjk* O jkbd c x~mjk `x jb` oo jkl jkbm# vb j jkbm xbd`

kld qm objk x~jb# b s cuj vblj o qd| qj xj hjk xbem oo x* Oo vb

j xbd` kld objk x~jb u o xv buj# m xm oo i jjk nx u ibl

jkblv* o nlx# b o jb bjk oo cjb qo jj u x# oo jkjb jkb vb

bv ql b q vb bv ql lu ilj d vbjk*

_ xbjb ojk od objk x~jb o objk `ljb tud oo s clu xbo x q

oo ou obu|j od oo o jbj* j j` >66


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jb u vbjk# km# jk q bx kljk hd ql s cjk cj nj cl* Xbjk tud m

xm iljb hmdjb# `x vbj ibjk xb xblu od bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql `#

Dcloe bo o oob c` xb jm tuj c xj hjk# d hjk bd sj vb` od

`jb q u x `x oob ibj jkmdj* j j` >646# sdu 5 j` xbd` kld objk

x~jb# ojk qlo iljb hmdjb od Dcloe ~x vbx x ql `x kldj bjk xbjk x~ xl

^l`l Uiu q oo tu| bjk hu cob xl oo xb x~jk bjk xuj x~mjk NDH# Dssdilm*

O jl ~jk obd ibd xbjb ojk od o c ob j jbu ou xb x~jk x~mjk ibl

d hjk bd sj vb` od `jb*

Ou obu|j xb nd c od o Jdlsucd Xdjwdjld x~mjk cjb qo obj jul kld

o`* X~oibl j ql objk x~jb xj hjk ql ` q iljb hmdjb od VAH# o ojk

kljk jb jblu jkl hj x~mjk d vbjk ibjk `uj u x jblu x~mjk obj

jul k i x ibl bu bx x~mjk s k jul n obx q njb Je{odsce* I x ibl xbd`

kld objk x~jb# Jdlsucd o oujk ov qj obm xl u x qm kld o`# jk xbl

o xbd` kld objk x~jb xl` objk obm kld o`* Objk x~jb xl` objk

kl` jk i xj xbx k q klv sj cjk k xjk odm* j jd|# Jdlsucd xjk s

cjk k cj >66% q xbu jbv 45 x~jk `l jk|* Ibmj xlj j| x k q x~jk klv

o ib jjk `ud jblu xbo vb` bj obm kld jb q bo vb obm bdl omj od

o* Jkml ~d# blj jd| o oj o xlj xjk c jkl xl` qdorlj objb obm j k

od o d vbjk* j jd|# oo ou obu|j xbjb ojk x s xbd` kld VAH od vb

j Jlkle~ld qj c jbjk nl bo ijb jkbl` tu kl obm oo x obo xl objb ql `

x~mjk ojk xo jjk odm qdl x~ od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` l ql vb j jkbm

q ` ~jk u x* "bxxv7{{{*vah*m~kced~j-`m~esxm~les,*

4*?* Vbjk jkd# kl` xblu~l ~m obm vb j jkbmJkl jkbm# o nlx c vb j jkbm cuj l `x ql ~x jblu ~l ~m nx jk

jb xblj xdl# xdl jj# rujk x# n n ~l Hm # b ~x oj o o ob vb bv

vbjk jkd# iv xbl vbj jk x~o oo ~l ~m* Xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` c `x

x~mjk jbjk ojk o# nlj vbv klv vb j jkbm vbjk jkd ~l ~m*
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?1

@x s xlj xob c| bd| `x ibmj xj hjk# h ob c cjk xlj jb ojk o xb

klv o vb j qx tud xbl i ib ibj sdu ibl ~l ~m r| ~d* Q h# qm `d o|#

ibl jkl jjk hj qd klem ` rmjk xb x jkx o oj nm cj r| ~d c` ` klem

o| n bjk bx* X~mjk bmj ojb # ju vb j o `x ibmj xlj xlx il` bmo

o qd| `x ibmj xj hjk jb xb b s o ib jjk ùd xbo kljk q klem ` cl

iv xbl kldj o| od q `d*

Jkml ~d# xlx il` oj c `x x` ` obm jbjk obl vb h ilj bmo nx jk

x~mjk kld jb jb obl vb obm sljb # bo bjb# ` du njb xx bmo sd obd jb

odbd| nm co kld jb* o nlx# ibl vb j cuj vbl obu ~l ~m c l r nx ojk

x jkl objk bmo kld jb jkl objk xb xlx il` ql ` c `x ou ojb l ql

b* Xbjk xbjk jjk xbj# vb j bu jb ibjk o kbl xj `jb x~mjk tu|j

s bu xl sj jb jb od# x dl* @o h xbo x c od objk ojk q jbjk

vbv cux s ~x ib bmo ibjk xb l cl tu|j cl obm vb j x~mjk x~jk bv b

n ul l# bmo n l r nx ojk j ò nuo vbl ~l ibl jb* Ibl # `x ibmj

xlj xlx il` ibjk ob klv vb j qx tud o jbjk jk| xbjk ib ibj | q

`x qx obx òj c clu xbuo rmd hu jl du# o so xjb xbj ` b vbl obu

jk# klv b jbdjb objk c| cl xbjk njk q qx cj x~mjk ouo sjk bj*

Blj jd|# x~j xb kll o ib jblu x obo xl objb ql ` oujk ov hob q

xlx il` dj xmj q blu tu hjb obm vb j jkbm jb jkj bjk ^di|dx

Ljhmjesld# @-Vesd Iej|d# ^m_ODs* Objk xd s ojk x` blu su bj oo bmx

jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` klv vb j vbjk jkd ~l ~m jb xb jm q iljb

jkbl` jjk odm qdl x~ jkj jkd# bj ob ~l ~m od `x s jo djk vbx x~lj ~d

sdm*

Jkj bjk ^di|dx Ljhmjesld "N^L,N^L c `x x~mjk j` jkj bjk jb jo cj jbx Ljhmjesld o x~ob jbl`

objb x~mjk qlo oujk ov hob q jkj bjk jjk xbj q o nlx c xbo | s vbx

x~lj od jj jjk jkblv jjk xbj*X~mjk xbjk 8 j` 4


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?;

xbj,* | c `x no l tu|x jb bjk xl s vbx x~lj od b xbjk jkj bjk

jjk xbj xmj hlj q | bj "Hmj Gmbjsxmj ! Gmjdxbdj @m~huob# >66;,* _du

ibl jkblj ou `x oob oj xbj oo xl ibmj xlx il` ibjk objb xbo# jkj bjk

^di|dx vbx x~lj xl ibmj s xlx il` ql x c cl sux hjk jbx jb# ibjk o

s h xl xblu q o xb ~x xlj jkd| cv xo "^mnljsbmj#466;,*Jko cl ql bu bx oo x obo xl objb ql ` ibo# x

c ibob bjk xbd` kld xlx il` ql ` od N^L odm bj ~x jblu sm ql x c ibob

bjk xbd` kld xj hjk ql ` od* Xl sdm s cjk ibob bjk kl xlx il` xl N^L

cl kv 46 cj sm ql s cjk ibob bjk qd| qj jb q|= Jku|j jbj ibjk vbl

q xlx il` c hob q ox cl hu| jbx od N^L bd| N^L ob xv x~ujk vbx x~lj hob q

xlx il` ql `* Jku|j jbj objb x~mjk x~jk bv j| c hm x` c cm jkl j od

jkl hj*

Njk 87 Bjb ql xlx il` x~mjk oo jb` xbu jbv "%,

Hl `o

jkbm

Xbu jbv njb tuj

kv 4-? cj sm ql

obuj jkbm

Xbu jbv njb

tuj kv bj ?

cj obuj jkbm

s jkl xlx il`7

Xlx il` jbjk ibjk

qd| qj

1> 85 >2


38/85

?2

xlu obuj qd| j 81 11 21

xlu obuj qd| j

jbjk cm jkl j

>8 >1 55

Tudj sx ??6 14; 825

"jkuj7 `lo~mo~ehlx qs* `lo~msdqljk7 ehlqejoe a~m` Ljhmjesld# >66;,

Njk 8obm xb| ~jk ?2#;% s jkl hl `o jkbm# ?


39/85

?664,* Jbjk jkl

vb j o kld jb xbjk s hjk bjb xbo ^M_ODs nm q xlx il` kld jb#

objk cl jbjk xu|j n q s jb bjk x jkl objk "Djhe~smj djh Ndcdjh#

>66>,*

>* Iljb jkbl` jjk odm qdl x~ od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` l qlvb jjkbm oo jo djk vbx x~lj q `x r bl

Vb j oj qj vbx x~lj sj rux q jjk odm l sjk# xu| jblj qj ibjk

vbl c xx o jbjk k b oj* X~mjk jblu x~jk bv# s xl x~ jb ol xblj `l

x~jk# kll tu|x qlo c`# xbd` kld oo objk x~jb m xm# q oo hob q vbl xl

objb ibo o xb c ojk o xbob bv bj obm qlo kl` jkbm* Oo objk x~jb xj

hjk q xlx il` ql ` xbjk ibjk j xbuj ob obm vb j jkbm qd| ` oj

xbjk i` xbem `x s bmx jk ibo jb xm ojk j qlo c`# ob` so so ibe#

m xm ilj xbo# xv buj ijjk* Objb jbjk hob q# bmx jk i` xbem j|

kv vbj tudj x~jk x~mjk s xbjb ojk od oo ` bjb xj hjk q xlx il` ql

`# x jjk odm qdl x~ od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` l ql vb j jkbm*

>*4* Xjk ojk qlo x~dm tu|j obm vb jjkbmJbj obujk# hm s nx njb jk q kll xjb# oo jo djk vbx x~lj# jkl

j jk xbjk s hjk nm co q oo xbjb ilj r bl v x `uj od b cj

jkl vb j* X~mjk `x bkld jb# ndm co bmo se hd nm co xbjk qj oj

c `x oob ` jkl j jk ibjk jb o tu|j bj jkl vb j* l ql vb


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j o xb objk cl nm co kld jb bd| s cjk tu|j od j jk xb s rux blj oo

bjb vbx q x~jkl ibo iblj obm ouo bj jbj x~jj ru l q ~l qm jku| o

xdj ~* d s vb joo jo djk vbx x~lj u ibjk `mjk `uj r| ~d lu j|

nl tudj jl`# jb ilj r bl q qj bj jbj l ql vb j oj ~x jjk j*

Ju `x jkl vb j ~l ibl `x ouo bj jbj bmo ibjk c| objk# jkl vb

j o xb kv cl jbjk nx cl jkbl` x~jk x~mjk xbx~jk cdm jk "^eneood @*

Qmjhe~cdoi djh @d~i _ob~elje~# >664,*

Xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` o xbc` k xjk ojk q x~dm tu|j obm vb

j= X~o bx# oo ` bjb xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` `djk j jkuj qj obm

vb j* O jkuj qj nx u x~jk x~x# obj jul bmo iljb hmdjb# sj rux c

no u xlj `djk j obm vb j jkbm tu|j x tu|x jb* Xlv xbem# `x ibmj

xlj xlx il` jb bmo `x ibmj obm qd| jb c `x x` ` c` kl` nx bu

tu od ~l ~m klv vb j o xb x xlj q sj sjk tu|x jb bj x~mjk ojk qlo q

kld jb h tu|x jb o xb obu s vbj jk ibjk jk xjb xvbd jkl

objk bmo xkld jb* Ojk ql # `x cmx oo hob ql i` jb m xm# ob`

so so ibe# xm ojk j qlo c` od oo x obo xl objb ql ` `djk j obm vb

j x` blu nlx q xbjk xlj ~jk q su bj# x b x xbo q nlx oob c` xbjm nm q tu|j q cl ob od b*

_du | c `x s iljb jkbl` x oo hj# objk x~jb o xo jk blu tu

xl ojk xo jjk odm qdl x~ od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` l ql vb j jkbm

`x sjo djk vbx x~lj q qj xjk ojk x~dm tu|j obm vb j*

_BKs

_BKs chj xb l` vbl bv ql oo x obo vbl objb vbl xo x~dm

tu|j obm vb j iljb xq hm klv jkj obj oo xl o objk cl vb j* _BKk` jbjk jkl oo qjk jjk xbj jkbm ix bv ojk jbdu xm xbjb `x jb`

ol xblj xjb x~jk r bl q iljb x od oo xbjb qlj* _BK bmx jk hd x~j

jku|j xo xlx il`# xj hjk q x x~klv "_BKs# >64>,* Oo xbjb qlj od _BK


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84

jk xlx il` xbjk ru|j q jk kv qm `x tu obujk q s hjk jkuj

tu obujk j| ix bv ql oo tuibo "jb ibmj x~ov q oo ibmj qd| x jkj

bjk, oujk ov oo ibmj qd| jb obm oo xbjb qlj jkbm xbem tu|x jb od

jb`* Oo jb` bmx jk x~mjk _BKs xbjk o x 46->6 xbjb qlj x~mjk `x

jb`* Oo jb` ndm k` oo ob e` vb jxbjk bmx jk xx bj oo jb` bj

bv "ndm k` o jd` kll q vb j, q bxbjk xbo blj xx bj x~mjk xlx il` q

xbjk ` nm s hjk q x~ oo ibmj qd| xx q jk bj bj "_BKs# >64>,*

_BKs s jbj ~d ~jk o jbj# ob `x jkl jkbm j o# o nlx c vb j

jkbm xb ibjk ob |u x~mjk oo blu nlx q iljb x r bl ` oj xblu xlv oj ql

jbjk ilj xbo q xbjk xlj-jbjk xbjb vbj tudj x~jk jbx od tu x~jb vbx

x~lj od jk| b` jd|# jbjk x~mjk `x jb` b so x~dm tu|j qx tud ~x

jblu l` |u*

X s jbj xbo # _BKs x obo jkl jkbm xbjb oo jb`# ojk bmx

jk q x~dm l jb` bu| jk oo jkuj co od oo xbjb qlj o jbj obm s vbx

x~lj iljb x xv xb# klv jjk odm lu ilj sjk od jkl jkbm# klv jjk odm

jbj xbo q tu|j cl o jbj# m xm oo ijjk o jbj jb ibjjk iljb hmdjb#

ijjk cjb m# c` qlo jb`* Jkml ~d# _BKs oj clj ix ql oo x obo objb

vb q vbl objb vb ibo jb` b x~xl objb obm oo xbjb qlj ibl oj xblx# o

nlx c xjk ojk x~u|j xbjk# klm ho q m xm klv oo xbjb qlj od jb`

jjk odm o jbj xbo q tu|j cl# blu nlx qoo cjb qo oj xblx x~mjk l

sjk* Nj ojb # _BKs ojk x obo oo nul x~u|j xbjk x~mjk ojk jk "l

xjk bjk xl ob |u c j jk, jb` klv jkl hj# i o jbjk jkl ibjk

vbl c xbjb qlj _BKs blu nlx q tu|j cl q x~ob jbl` od nj xbj `jb b

ibjk l tu kll bj tu|j cl bmo c` hjk tu|j cl od bv x cj jklibo* O s blu nlx x `l jkl hj x~mjk ojk jk xb qlo xjk ojk x~dm tu|j

obm vb j `l o xb xbo blj jbdjb objk q xmj hlj o*


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8>

>*>* Ol xblj so ibe obm vb jjkbm_o ibe qd c xlj qd c `o xlu tudj x~jk x~mjk s ol xblj# jjk odm

l sjk od vb j* Ibjk o so ibe# vb j ibjk xb bmo ~x ib cdm jk q

c` qlo* X~mjk jblu x~jk bv# q ibjk o so ibe bd| ibjk `d| `o vbl njb

xx jj vb j cl x~xbjb kjb jjk obm kld jb q r bl* _ jbj xbo o x`

tudj x~jk od so ibe l ql vb j# o nlx c vb j jkbm# oo x obo xl objb

ql ` qj cuj tudj x`# x obo oo objk x~jb ob` so so ibe obm vb j

smjk smjk bmo cjk qm x~mjk oo objk x~jb xj hjk q xlx il` ql `* Xlu nlu

obm oo objk x~jb ob` so so ibe ix bv ql objk x~jb xj hjk q xlx il`

ql ` c ojk jk xjb jku|j qlj \ x N^DO "OBQs, q D_D Ndjkcdhesb

Ojk jk xjb jku|j qlj \ x N^DO "OBQs,

OBQs c objk x~jb ob` so so ibe obm vb j `djk xbdl# oo n ` q

xl` qdorlj obm x~ e` jkbm od N^DO Ukdjhd* N^DO o `x oob xlv oj d

hlj oujk ov ob` so so ibe xblx |u* N^DO xv x~ujk qm ojk xo vbjk

objk njb sx ~x# njb cdm "XN, q BLQ DLH_ q kl` x c x qmjk x~s sljb q

x~ hl 5 xul* N^DO xjk ojk ib jjk xlv oj ob` so so ibe njk oob

xbd` kld oo hob q | xx~o od jb od jkl hj q ol xblj qlo s hjk oo

o s| x od objb vb*

Xl x~ujk x` od oob xlv oj od N^DO c xjb jku|j qlj \ x Ojk jk

"OBQs,# c jkl vb j o cd obj x oo jb` xl objb ql ` od N^DO q m

xm oujk ov hob q ob` so so ibe o nj* @l jk|# 4*166 jbj qlj OBQ

`djk oo hjk o obu|j hjk vbo q oo hob q ob` so so ibm xblx |u obm

jkjk od od oo ojk jk ibv Ukdjhd*@l OBQ o x~ob jbl` xjk xb obm

456 j >66 b kld jb x~mjk ibu qo od `jb ~jk b s j xb`# xx o x~mjk `xo| s od jb b* X~mjk ibl ib`# il` x~d OBQ q so ibe od oo xbjb qlj

x~mjk kld jb# oujk ov lu x~ obm njb o nj q il` x~d re` ju o nx i vb

j `djk xbdl x~mjk jb# x~mjk x~jk bv j|# b o xb kll xblu jbjk vb j `djk

xbdl j vbjk ib` il` x~d so ibe xlj sj* Oo jbj qlj OBQ il` o `x


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8?

xbu jbv jb x qlo nj oo sj vb` ob` so so ibe# objk bj jb cl xbuo

o lu x~# xbuo x~jb xbdl q `x s cml xbuo ibo* l ql oo x~jk bv

jkbl` x~jk# njb jbjo kll xblu j o s | x* OBQs o b x~ q kl` sx

jkl cdm jk \ x Ojk jk "OB[s,# jbj qlj obu x~ob jbl` q xbo blj

objk x~jb | x od N^DO ov obl jbjb*@x x~mjk jbjk jbl` q od `jb c

klv OBQs xlj bjb oo hlj j so ibe ojk jk q oo ob jb q sljb# q

sljb `l x~jk# BLQ - DLH_ q sx ~x*

Nj ojb objk x~jbOBQs# N^DO ojk x obo objk x~jb ob` so so

ibe xblx |u "EBO,* "EBO, c `x ` bjb ib jjk ` ~jk ob` so so ibe

ojk jk*@o xlu xjk xb od objk x~jb c oujk ov oo hob q | x o nj

x~mjk oo ojk jk jl N^DO o `x jb` xl objb ql ` o xbjb cv*@x

xbjb qlj od `l jb` o ob jb q o m xm jb `x xjb jku|j qlj so

ibe ojk jk*OBQs vbo q jbu ou so ibe od xmj xb ojk jk# ql s tudj

x` o nlx obm vb j jkbm q x~ e`* "bxxv7{{{*n~do*jexomjxejxOBQs,*

>*?* Jjk odm ilj xbo# ijjk obm vb jjkbmIlj xbo# i jjk c `x |u ou ~x tudj x~jk vb j o xb jjk odm l

sjk* Ob o qj xj hjk ` ibjk o ilj xbo# i jjk xb ojk jb vb j o

x~mjk xd| cjk xbo jbjk ibjk nlx c` xb jm ob nlj objk xbjb xbo j*

Ibl # qj bu jb ibjk `djk cl blu tu q xm ~d kl x~ kld xjk ~x xbv* _mjk

smjk ql oo objk x~jb ov xj hjk ql ` q xlx il` ql `# oo x obo xl objb

ql ` xbjk oujk ov xb` oo objk x~jb m xm# xv buj ilj xbo# i jjk obm

vb j jkbm* Ju jb qj q so ibe c lu ilj oj# `djk cl o bl vbx x~lj

obm vb j xb ilj xbo# i jjk c lu ilj klv o bl vbx x~lj x~ xbjb

blj xbo*N^DO c `x x~mjk jbjk x obo xl objb ql ` xlj vbmjk x~mjk cjb qo m

xm# xv buj ilj xbo# i jjk obm vb j jkbm* lj bjb c objk x~jb Klm

ho N^DO "NEV, kldl mj xb x ">668->66


44/85

88

klm ho x~ujk bo o s* l xjk od NEV c jkl jkbm# jbjk jkl sjk

qjk su qjk rd# oo o kl n bo bmo obd ndm kl o kbl hdjb qm oo

x~jk bo#x~ e` x oo jb` hj xo xblu s q x~ e` ibu|x xx* j 66< o

8#446#666 x~ e` xx jkblv x b xbjk klm ho od N^DO# x c n bo ob xbv

`o 5 -1% "~dxljk ~evm~x N^DO# >646,* ;6% bo sljb bo xbem objk x~jb NEV c

x~ e` kl# xbl kldj bo od oo e` ~x cljb bmx vb bv ql bmj ojb od oo e`*

Oo klm qlj xbjk ru|j j xb` bl kld jb bo sljb# o nlx c oo bo sljb

qjk `x jblu x~mjk oo nul bo*

@x objk x~jb lj bjb ibo c x~ujk x` sd N^DO* Objk x~jb j| qd

`djk cl qlo c` obm jkl hj Ndjkcdhesb qd m xm ilj xbo obm jkl hj

jkbm* X~ujk x` sd N^DO c u `l xbu `ud sd obm jbjk jkl qd| xj hjk ql

` x N^DO sj rux `djk cl jkuj xbu jbv# u ~d j jb obm jkl sj rux*

Qm j` 4646,*


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85

OBJK LLL

NL BO HJB OBM QLX JD@

4*_tudj x` od objb vb Qlx Jd` l ql bmx jk xj hjk q xlxil` ql `

Q x~mjk xl objb ql `# oo bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` obl` vbj

cj jj oo objb sob# oblj co# su x od objb vb Qlx Jd` j jkjb xl

objb ql ` o xbo blu c oo objb sob# oblj co od objb vb Qlx Jd` l

ql bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql `* Objb vb o oo objb sob tudj x` q

u x j s vbx x~lj od jkjb xl objb ql ` xl Qlx Jd`# xu| jblj x~mjk oo

objb sob qj xj xl `x s nx ov# ib ibj obm oo x obo xl objb ql ` Qlx

Jd`*

Xbem |u ou od s vbx x~lj iljb x# Qlx Jd` q djk r| hjk `x s cux

x~mjk cjb qo xl objb* Jbjk cux j| ojk xo jk xl bmx jk xj hjk# xo jk

x~o xlv q jb bjk ib jblu j xjb bjb xl objb ql ` od Qlx Jd` jl obujk

q oo bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` jl ~ljk

Njk 57 cx~jb objb sob clj tudj j xl objb ql `

J` Objb sob

4


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81

>66> Xbjb cv jkj bjk objb sob r bl Qlx Jd`

>66?Cux oo x obo xj hjk "sd l, jjk odm obx cjk bmx jk#

tuj c q ibu|j ibob tu|j x ob od oo x obo xj hjk

>66?Cux Bv xo r "sd l,# BXR bmx jk kljk hmdjb jkblv# o xjb

vbv c# tu|j x obq o tu| jb q qj ~ ~jk

>668 Obm vbv xbjb cv ojk x| xl objb 466% qj jo jkml

_du ibl ~d jbv [XM

>66; Obm vbv xbjb cv jkj bjk 466% qj jo jkml

>644 Rd n `l bj ob ql jkj bjk 466% qj jo jkml

" jkuj7 JBJJ# Dsld Vdolalo û~dc Aljdjoe# DV^DOD 8>66? ,

Xbjk tud c x~jb objb sob# objb vb ol xblj jk i xjb bjb xl objb

ql ` Qlx Jd`* Objb vb xob ~ljk nlx jkjb xl objb j| ibl oo bmx jk

xj hjk xbjk `l q kldm obm oo x obo xl objb ql ` q jkj bjk objb sob

r bl* | c `x no xlj jk i nl jkj bjk xbjk `l q jkj bjk objbsob r bl bmx jk xbem bdl ò xlu ibo jbdu#xbem o ou x obo bmx jk q

ò cl sux ibo jbdu* Jkj bjk xbjk `l bmx jk bjk j cl jbuj oj

jkj bjk objb sob r bl bmx jk bjk j ò xlu r bl# ò xlu rd l

kl` jkbm q b xbjk cl sux od jkj bjk objb sob r bl xbv bj ib jblu

sm ql jkj bjk xbjk `l*

Q oo oblj co vbx x~lj xl objb ql ` od objb vb# jk| 14>>644# Xb

xjk Objb vb ndj bjb tu|x jb s >46>6* j jb` r|

hjk q vbx x~lj b xbjk x obo xl objb ql ` dj xmj# nj qjk# bjk xl vbo

qjkl jkbm# jkl o xbu jbv xbv# oo hmdjb jkblv slu jb# hmdjb jkblv jb#


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8;

kv vbj xbo blj ob x~jk od jk q Jb jo q` nm dj sljb r bl q

kl` jkbm nj qjk* Jbjk objb sob q oblj co od objb vb Qlx Jd` q

djk vbx bu| blu tu oo x obo xl objb ql ` xjk ojk qj xl oo b

jkbm x~j x jo

Nj ojb # qj xj xl `x s objb sob od objb vb k| jblu nx ov# ib

ibj obm bmx jk od oo x obo xl objb ql `* u xlj c objb sob xbu od

objb vb v hjk obm oo x obo xl objb ql `* @x s x obo xl objb ql ` jb

X\@ djk vbl obu ò cl sux >5% jb oo hmdjb jkblv xbjk `l x~mjk ibl

ò ob bmx jk ob |u od X\@ c rd l kl` jkbm# ol xblj l sjk obm

ob e` vb j jkbm oo d vbjk* Objb sob xbu jblu nx ov j| c` jb

bjk ibjk jb j ix tu bmx jk q vbx x~lj od X\@* Ju X\@ o

bjk ò xbuu l ` ibjk vbl obu ò xbu>5% jb n| klxb s xlj xbu

` X\@ vbl jv sklv o jblu ob e` vb jdjk kv bmj ojb ib ibj

bj "bxxv7x|àujh*m~k*qjXljXuo_uIlej!doxlmj0qle{Je{s!lh0>;;,*

Nj ojb objb sob xbu# jkbjb >2>665 od objb vbojk x ~d ibjk x

xbob xbo obm oo x obo xl objb ql `# oo x obo ùj bmx jk x~mjk cjb qo

xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd`* X xbjk 44>665# objb vb xbjk tud jkbjb >2-

ojk ou xlj òd obm oo x obo xl objb ql ` o tu| ` cj sdjk cml bjb

x obo xl objb ql ` bmx jk xbem kl| vbv o ov* Xu| jblj# jkbjb >2

ojk xm ~d jblu xbob xbo l ql ibjk x ob xb nl o ou sbu obx obbj

~x jblu# o nlx ibjk obm vbv bjb xbo sbu x jbj ` xbd| qm # ob o oo

x obo tuj objk q oo x obo vbl objb vb x~mjk jo `l o vbv sbu

oo x obo xl objb ql `* Vbj jk cl h cuj x~j# Jkbjb 415>66;JH-OV

o xbjk tud xbjk 44>66; sd l# n sujk jkb ljb >2# jk xbl xbjk x6>>662JH-OV ojk o ndj bjb qm xbjk 8->662 bjk hj xbl bjb jkbjb

j|* Jl hujk sd l o nj jb sdu7
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82

Njk 17 Jbjk sd l o nj od Jkbjb 415

Blj xl "Jkbjb >2-415 q oo Xbjk x bjk hj,

Ojk x| 4 xbjb Ojk x| XJBB jblu xbjb qlj

X obo xl objb

ql ` vbl

o sbu

xmj vbj

nl 4 X obo

objb x~-r bl

Qlx Jd`*

X> j 5 ob sbu "X~ibl o u tu|j nl Xbjko Jkj bjk Jb jo,

Oo xbjb qlj xlu obuj7 "D, oo x obo objb x~-rbl# "N, oo x obo r bl# "O, oo Tu r bl ! x xblj#

"H, oo x obo jkb jkblv "E, oo X obo vbl Objb

vb od Qlx Jd` "Jkbjb 22# ?6;>66?,9 oo x obo#

o jbj x~mjk jo# jo jkml*

Oo xbjb qlj xD j E vbl sbu x jbx >5%# q vblc jbjk ojk cj jbx*

Oo ojk jo jkml ob sbu xl d c 56% o vbjod ojk x|*

"jkuj7 415>66;JH]OV# >66;,

Nj ojb # oo x obo xl objb ql ` ùj o ov vbv vbl v jk `xs |u ou "jkbjb 415>66;JH-OV,

Qj lu c xl xblu vbl x 5 x QJH H jxl objb ql ` x x jbx 15% xjk oo hdjb ò u x " h jxl objb

ql ` xbem tu| jb c hl ?6 x~lu QJH,

Hdjb ò obm qd| o ~l ~m vbl hl 5% xjk hdjb ò obm qd| X~o ibl ov vbv# @AM vbl od` ix njk qj nj q qlo o ibjjk x~djk

x~l obl vb bmx jk " o xb x clu bd qj vbl x~j 466%,Qlo tu| jb o xb q ibx ibe qlo ov vbv bmx jk obm oo x obo xl

objb ql ` klv objb vb tuj c blu tu q obx obbj xjb bjb jbjk ojk c

~m oj obm jkjb xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` vbx x~lj*


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8*Xjk tudj xjb bjb bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` Qlx Jd`Xbem h clu od `lr`d~iex*m~k`alomujx~|Qlexjd`#j j` >646 oo x obo

xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` obm 2#5 x~lu jkl jkbm qd| xj hjk 8#; x U_H q

jbj xlj kl xlx il` 4#1 x U_H x??5#5646# hj s Qlx

Jd` c 2< x~lu jkl "xjb bjb hj s xbkll >646Clj Blv Tuo# >646,* Jb

q|# scjk jkl hj Qlx Jd` xbd` kld qm xj hjk ql ` ob obl` 646 od Xjk oo Xbjk i Qlx

Jd`# j` >646 Qlx Jd` o x c b jkbm c 48#>%* Xbem oo s clu x~j# j j`

>646 oj 8# 15% sjkl jkbm Qlx Jd` obd o xlv oj ql oo bmx jk od

xl objb ql `# o nlx c oo bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql `*

Jbj obujk# oo bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` Qlx Jd` o jblu o

l` kljk jb oo jo ibo x~j xb kll* Oo ibmj xj hjk ql ` hjb obm jkl

jkbm xbjk o o l` c cjk xj hjk obm qd| jb# ` bjb qd| xbem jb` xbd|

obm xl sj xb obv# x~ jqd| xbem oo x bjk xuj bjk xbjk* Oj oo ibmj xlx

il` ql ` xbjk o tu| ` ~x jb# o v hjk hd x~j bjb xbo x jku|j

bmo nx nuo xbem oo ibmj xj hjk ql `* d s ibob bjk xbd` kld qm bmx

jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` c vb j jkbm* Bxbjk qd| bmo xlx il` obm

`o ob xlu hjk# jul x~jk# sj rux# iljb hmdjb* ^x jblu vb jjkbm xbmx

jkbm q ol xblj o l sjk od nj xbj q kld jb jbxbd` kld oo bmx jk

xj hjk q xlx il` ql `*

J` >6666< @lr Kcmndc 466* u xlj c x obo OEV# q x~

rv bjk c ?6* j j` >644# OEV obm 4


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Njk ;7 xjb bjb `x s x obo xl objb ql ` cj Qlx Jd`

"jkuj7 bxxv7{{{*`lr`d~iex*m~k`alomujx~|Qlexjd`xbjk xlj ov jbx xobo xl objb ql `,

@ALLH

Xj x oboXOQ@

J`ov

jbx sclu

Iblcjk qd|

"(,

Obl vbobm `lIB qd|

"(,

Xlj kl"(,

Iblcjk obm

qd| "(,

_ cjkIB qd|

bmxjk

_ jklkl xlj

_ cjkvb j

qd|

464541 Nljb`ljb OHO >646 ??>#;8; 8? 41?#84? ;662? ODAVE N^-QX >646 2 845#268 4#??5#1?8

46684< OEV >644 4>#?6 >6 4;#2 88#18;#25#252 4#;82#;4< 4?#45> >8#5>1 4?#45>

468>;66< 4 @; Odj Co >646 ;#8;< 48 ?;1##2?; 8#1?2 >#2?;

46>6;; @; tuj HN >646 6 ; 2>#164 >>4#646 6 4? 4#1?1 8#>?8 >#1?1

46>6;< @; jk X~lu >646 >66#>88 48 156#55#65? 5#2?8 ;#824 5#2?8

46>6;1 @; @dl _j >646 465#1;5 42 ?>5#;8> 218#5>5 ?#612 5#8?< ?#612

46>626 @; Jljb Vbo >646 6 4? 4>?#2;< 8>2#8?< 5#6?2 5#6?2 5#6?2

46>6;2 @; Ujk N >646 45 882#>


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54

Xbem njk 1# d s oo ibob bjk od oo x obo xl objb ql ` c vb j*

Xb` ob# ql b xbjk @;# 466% ibob bjk qd| qj c vb j* Oo x obo xl objb

ql ` Qlx Jd` u xv x~ujk bjk xl l xjk c ibob bjk j kll* lu j|

~x vb bv ql oo o l` od xl objb ql ` q o l` od vb j# jbx c vb

j jkbm Qlx Jd`* lu j| ojk vb bv ql ru xb obujk od oo objk x~jb

xl objb ql ` x~j xb kll* Jkml ~d# xbem njk 1# obl vb obm `l ibob bjk qd|

od oo x obo xl objb ql ` c ~x ibo nlx jbdu* X obo Njb @ljb OHO o obl

vb obm `l ibob bjk cj xl 8?(-jkl x~mjk ibl obl vb obm `l ibob bjk qd|

od Vcdj Ljxe~jdxlmjdc Qlex Jd` ob o >(-jkl* lu j| objk x blu tu bmx

jk od oo x obo xl objb ql ` c xjk l ibo nlx jbdu* Obl vb x~ujk njb

obm `l ibob bjk qd| c 45*>?5>


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5>

X obo Cjb qo bv xo Xbl kldj bv xo

Om~hdlh# B Cdj B x~i xbux "m xm# obu|j kld q D_Dq TuXjk x~,

>661 j jd|

Bdnlxdx am~ Bu`djlx|B x~i xbux r| hjk jb od q qj obm

oo obl jbjb X\@ xbuo xjb Qjb Vbo>661 j jd|

Am~h AmujhdxlmjB x~jjk ov bmx jk TuXjk X~

od X\@*>662->646

DHD Cur`ljx#

Cure`nmu~kB x~i xbux q Rv bjk X obo >662

Olxl Amujhdxlmjm xm obm xbjb qlj od X\@ q Nm

bl` ql `>662

LCM Qlexjd`

B x~i xbux qm xm# xlx il`# nm

bl`* >662

^l`djslB x~i xbux X\@ vbx x~lj sj vb`

Nm bl` ql `

Ilqd

B x~bu| jk qj ql cl sux 6% njk

oob jk nl qlx q xbjb qlj X\@ cj

x~djk xlj Ilqd*m~k bu| jk qj x oo ojbj x~j ibv xb kll

Mrad` Jmqln Obm qd| qj >66; j jd|


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5?

^dnmndji

Obm qd| qj# B x~i xbux "x~lj ibdl oblj

hob tujk n sj vb` xlx il`# vbj ``

xbjk xlj tuj c

>66; j jd|

@lo~mO~ehlx

Ejxe~v~lsesObm qd| qj >662 - >64>

MlimO~ehlx Obm qd| qj >662 - >64>

"jkuj7 x|`aujh*m~k*qj,

Kj | jbx# qm 4?-4>->644# Kl` o Tuo kld od O tudj Vbx x~lj Vbv"DAH, xl Qlx Jd` i ql Jkj bjk jb jo Qlx Jd` `x ov xbd xbuj x~

kl 4 x~lu U_H oujk ov b x~i xbux obm hj ol xblj ibuj ibvbv c q

xjk ojk jjk co kl` sx q tuj c od jkjb xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd`* _

b x~# u x cj x oo x obo jo jkml kv vbj vbx x~lj `jb ` oo bmx

jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` Qlx Jd`*

Jkjb xl objb ql ` jl obujk q oo bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` jl

~ljk Qlx Jd` xu| o jblu no vbx x~lj jbjk qj oj jblu bj objb `djb

`j# o ob xv x~ujk# qj xj xl o ob ndm ov obm `x s x obo xl objb ql `

bmx jk obd o blu tu* j jd|# jkjb xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` qj obd

vbx x~lj xbjb `x b xbjk o* J` >646# `lr`d~iex*m~k oj jb kl ~jk

jkjb xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` xbl kldj kj | djk o hu blu objk cl*

?*Oo nl bo# nlj vbv oo x obo xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` jjk odmqdl x~ od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` l ql vb jjkbm q `x iljb x

?*4*Nl bo n sujk jkuj qj obm vb jjkbmJbj obujk# tud oo j`# oo x obo xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` jk| ojk vbx

x~lj q ibjk jb o qdl x~ q x` tudj x~jk od `jb l ql s vbx x~lj od

vb j jkbm* Jkj bjk objb sob r bl Qlx Jd` "QN_V, c `x x~mjk bdl x obo


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xl objb ql ` cj jbx Qlx Jd`* Re` rx xjk cjk xj hjk obm qd| q h j

x~ujk njb x~j `l ibob bjk xd xb| oo ob sj| u xjk tud oo j`*

Nlu ?7 xjk cjk xj hjk obm qd| od QN_V oo j` >66?->646"q7 U_H,

"jkuj7bxxv7{{{*`lr`d~iex*m~k`alomujx~|Qlexjd` ,

Tud nlu ?# xd xb| cjk xj hjk obm qd| od QN_V xjk hj tud oo j`#

xjk `jb jbx xj` >661 j j` >646* Xj` >66< j j` >646# cjk xj

hjk obm qd| od QN_V xjk xl 41*2%* Xj` >661 j j` >646# cjk xj

hjk obm qd| od QN_V xjk ib u* Qlo xjk cjk xj hjk obm xb| vb j

o xlv oj jblu bj ql jkuj qj x QN_V* Ojk ql cjk xj hjk obm qd|# h

jobm qd| x~ujk njb x~j `l ibob bjk od QN_V ojk xjk hj tud oo j`*Nlu 87 h j obm qd| x~ujk nljb `l ibob bjk od QN_V oo j`

>66?->646 "j q7 U_H,

"jkuj7 bxxv7{{{*`lr`d~iex*m~k`alomujx~|Qlexjd` ,

1>?#516##424#1#418

?#64;#211#6?8

?#668 >665 >661 >66; >662 >66< >646

xjk cjk xj hjk obm qd|

422 >>18

>85

?21888

5>451>

>66? >668 >665 >661 >66; >662 >66< >646

h j obm qd| x~ujk njb `l ibob bjk
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Tud nlu 8 xd xb| h jobm qd| x~ujk njb `l ibob bjk od QN_V kldl

mj >66?->646 xjk ib xjk jk ql xjk cjk xj hjk obm qd| od QN_V* Ob

j` >665->661 h jobm qd| x~ujk njb od QN_V n kl` x >18 U_H rujk >85

U_H# kl` ;*>% hm scjk ibob bjk od QN_V xbl ij| xjk jbdjb objk x

8#4>5#>18 cj 8#1646

"jkuj7 bxxv7{{{*`lr`d~iex*m~k`alomujx~|Qlexjd` ,

Cl jbuj x~j xjk xl sj od oo x obo xl objb ql ` ibjk j jb tud oo

j`* X c cl jbuj x~j xjk xl sj od ? x obo u xbv jbx qm j` >665 q x`o odm jbx qm j` >662* j j` >6666< x cl jbuj x~j xjk xl sj c

**??% -4*28% ->*85%

2*22%

>*11% ?*5;%

5*26%

;*52% ;*


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51

objk x ò h c x obo xl objb ql ` cj Qlx Jd`# jbjk QN_V bmx jk

ibjk blu tu# oj vb xbuo jblu qm jkuj qj u x# jkj sob x objb vb*

_ bmx jk ibjk blu tu j| s bj ob qdl x~ n sujk jkuj qj obm vb j

jkbm od QN_V* Blu tu i` c `x x~mjk jbjk xbob xbo cj jbx od oo x

obo xl objb ql `* \u x vbj jb ibjkj od x obo x~mjk qlo tuj c obl vb

xjb x~j `l j q sj vb`# hm njb bjk x~o xlv x o bdl |u x ibjjk

il` smx obl vb q ò vbx x~lj xb x~jk* Oo x obo xl objb ql ` bmx

jk ibjk blu tu xbjk cjk vb oo jkuj co q oujk ov ibob bjk jbjk

sj vb`# hob q i` obx cjk* C hm c q ibob bjk objb c jkl oul ojk

obu jbjk obl vb vb x~l hm bmx jk ibjk blu tu k| jj# hl bjb xbo cl

sux odm bj q obl vb kldm hob odm bj "LCM#>644,

Xbem tudj l` xjkj bjk K~d`èj# jjk odm qdl x~ n sujk jkuj qj

obm vb j# x~o xlj oo x obo xl objb ql ` oj ` nm tuj c# s hjk q

xjk ojk jkuj qj od `jb `x oob blu tu* Oo x obo o jkuj qj xb vb

j `l o xb qd| qj x oo x obo * Nl xmj s hjk# xjk ojk jkuj qj `x

oob blu tu c nl xmj ibjk j klj l ql nx i `x x obo xl objb ql `

jm q b qd vbl ` nm ò xlu rd l kl` jkbm# dj sljb r bl qd vbl `

nm xm ~d cl jbuj hu| x~ q vbx x~lj x obo# oo bmx jk od b x~mjk ibl

jkuj qj ob o bj* ` nm o oo ò xlu j|# oo x obo xl objb ql `

oj vbl xbd| l o ou x obo q bmx jk `x oob bv c# xjk ojk `~jk

oo ijb bu| jk qj# tuj c jkuj qj q oo ~l ~m vbx sljb `x oob blu tu*

?*4*4* Xbd| l o ou x obo q o ou bmx jk od x obo xl objb ql `Xbd| l o ou x obo q bmx jk `x oob bv c cuj c nlj vbv o oo

x obo xl objb ql ` tudj x`# ob * | c nlj vbv `djk xjb nj qjk# cu hljbjk l bl sjjk jk# xbob jk jbdjb ql bmj ojb* Xbd| l o ou x obo

c qlo xbd| l n `| jbj s od x obo sdm obm vb bv ql xbo xlj bmx jk*

Jblu x obo x~mjk tu x~jb xbo blj bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` cl x

obo `x n `| jbj s tu ojk ijb# k| ~d cjk vb q jbj s q xlj cjk*


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5;

@x s x obo ibo cl o tu x jkl xbo blj k| ~d xjb x~jk `l jbj qlj od

b vbl obu ibl cjk q v co ojk qlo tu cj jk xbl ibjk kll tu|x iv

jblu qj # |u ou vbx sljb x~mjk tu x~jb bmx jk* Oo x obo xl objb ql `

vbl oj jbo x obo n `| jbj s sdm obm vb bv# scjk jbj qlj qd vbl*

Jkml ~d# vb` obx q ibjjk od oo jbj qlj ojk oj o tudj x`*

Oo x obo xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` xbjk d xbob s hjk jbjk jbj

qlj o bo qj qd vbl bj jbjk jkl o bo qj odm nl ibl s hjk jbjk jbj

qlj o bo qj qd vbl# cjk vbl x~ obm b s x bj# jk xbl b s x jb|

qlo bd| obu|j qlo bj* Jkml ~d# kljk jb jblu x obo jo jkml# q hjb

jkj bjk K~d``ej# oo x obo xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` cuj ob re` rx j

jbjk jkl obd o bmo o x iljb jkbl` q b obm ~jk oj no sxx xbjk c

jbjk jkl hm x obo m xm o ob ibjk vbl x` o* Jj re` rx xu|j

hjk jbjk jk qlj ibjk obj xbuj c` q xlj ` oj q cjk sd| ` ql ojk

qlo# jbjk jkl xbo s `uj kv so `jb obm ojk ouo rd l kl` jkbm

Qlx Jd`* o xb od bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` c vbo q ob |u obm

jkl jkbm# bmx jk q s vbx x~lj# ol xblj l sjk obm jkl jkbm jj oj

xu|j jbjk jbj qlj o x` bu|x# jblx xjb# nlx jk o` q s obld ql jbjk

bmj ojb ib ibj* Jkml ~d# oo jbj qlj vbl c jbjk jkl ibjk jkl ib jkl

ib ibl vbl xbjk ru|j ojk xo oo qjk su qjk rd# qjk o nlx ib ibj#

jbjk qjk ` o s qx obx oj xblu xbj ~x jblu q jbj xbo od jkl hj

oo qjk oj xbv*Jj u xlj xu|j jbj qlj j vbo q ibob bjk j7 d s

ibob bjk od oo x obo xl objb ql ` QJ c j# q vb jjkbm xbjk o`

xb| xbml `l bj ibl c` qlo ql jbjk vb j ibo* Ju ib xu|j hjk jbj

qlj c j xb o xb re` rx xu|j hjk oo jk qlj jd` o xljb xbj# xbl xjx~jk vb j* l ql jbj qlj jd`# bo u l` c o so ibe xx bj q o ib

jjk ojk xo rd jb cu bj ibl vbl bmx jk x~mjk oo qjk su qjk rd ib ibj

x~mjk `x xbl kldj jbx jb jm *


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52

Xbd| l o ou bmx jk ojk c nlj vbv ~x oj xblx xjk ojk qdl x~

od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` l ql vb j* O ou bmx jk c oo ` bjb bmx

jk# sj vb` od x obo* O ou bmx jk vb bv s kv vbj klv ob e` vb

j h hjk xlv oj bj q bl cjk ql oo objk x~jb xj hjk q xlx il` ql `*

d s ` bjb bmx jk od xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` c obm qd| xbem jb` ibjk

oj xb obv# x~ cl q qj qd| xbem xuj bmo xbjk# xlx il` xbjk l l ql xj

hjk ql `* X| qm xjk qjk `lj# d vbjk q l xjk# oo x obo xl objb ql

` o xbd ~d oo ` bjb sdm obm vb bv jbx ql bmj ojb q jku|j qjk od

jkl hj# o nlx c od vb j jkbm* Q h# l ql oo l xjk vb j c` qlo

x~mjk cjb qo jjk jkblv x~jk x~x# xbu jbv od b xbjk ibjk xjb xbem xbjk

` xjb xbem `d q* vb bv# oo x obo o xbd ~d ` bjb xj hjk x~ cl

xbem `d q cljb bmx ql o l` xbu jbv od b*

?*4*>* Nlj vbv xjk ojk bu| jk# n sujk qj obm x obo xl objb ql `Jbu ou qd| qj xj hjk od jkl jkbm c ~x cj jbjk q jkuj qj# jkuj

tu xj hjk od oo x obo o bj jj oo x obo ibjk xbv jk o bx oo

jbu ou qd| qj od jkl jkbm* Q xbxjk ojk `~jk oo ijb bu| jk qj

c nlj vbv ~x oj xblx l ql oo x obo xl objb ql `* Jkml oo ijb bu| jk

qj x~u|j xbjk x su x# x~ov od objb vb bmo oo x obo x~mjk q jkml

jo# x bmx jk xlx il` od jkl hj# oj `x ijb bu| jk qj ib `l `

Qlx Jd` blj jd| c bu| jk mjclje* Ju o s b x~x oo jk hjk od xbjk

`l lj x# oo bmx jk x~j s jbdjb objk# blu tu# vb nlj j jblu jkl

bj q obl vb s xbv bj* X oo qj x~j# xl rlj rux xjk ` bjb ojk

jk obm qd|*

@ bjb ojk jk obm qd| c ` bjb hd x~j oo jk hjk od xbjk `llj x obm vbv `l jkl x~ob `x ibmj xlj jb obm qd|# oo ibmj xlj jb s

o xv bv xbjb jbjk ibmj xj hjk cj bj q o d xl jbjk jkl jkbm

o jbu ou qd| qj* @ bjb ojk jk obm qd| o xbo r| hjk x~xbjb `x

{enslxe ~ljk bmo `x jbjb x~mjk {enslxe od x obo xl objb ql `*


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ibmjk xbl kldj s vbo qo jblu ibob bjk# jkl s hjk bj,* jk xbl#

xbjk tud ` bjb ojk jk obm qd|# oo x obo xl objb ql ` s clj ix o

jblu bj ql oo x obo# {enslxe# o nlx c clj ix `jb `bj ql ojk jk#

jkl hj* Ibl o s xbd` kld# ojk xbo blj od jk m ojk jk# jkl hj xb

oo bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql ` sxbjb ojk bj# jjk odm qdl x~ `x oob

su so q xmj hlj bj l ql jkl hj jkbm jl obujk q vb j jkbm jl ~ljk

Qlx Jd`*

Xu| jblj# ` bjb ojk jk obm qd| ojk o ` x s bj ob jbx jb* Xb

jbx# r| hjk ` bjb ojk jk obm qd| ibjk vbl j klj* Oo x obo xl

objb ql ` vbl xbo sjkbl` xo q u x obm qlo r| hjk ` bjb xb ` bjb

`l o xb bmj xblj o* Ibjk obu x q qj# oo x obo xl objb ql ` ojk

vbl u x q b xbjk x~djk xblx n blj l# jbj qlj o ilj xbo q ibjjk tuj

c q c` qlo x~j ljxe~jex* Ojk xo xu|j hjk q m xm jbj qlj c` x~j ljxe~jex

ojk s kv ibjk x ib ibj jkuj jbj co xd| jkb odm c` qlo x~mjk cjb qo

xbjk `l lj xjo xd oj x* Xb bdl# oo jk hjk xbjk `l lj x `djk

cl blu tuodm jbjk ojk xl` j jblu ~l ~m* Oo ~l ~m o xbc jku| o n xj

ojk xoo ql~ux# bdoie~# jku| o cl x~mjk b xbjk xl ibmj# jku| o cl r| ~d x~mjk

ibl xbo blj kldm hob# jku| o cl x s xblu sx od jbj qlj bmo jkl s hjk*

Jku| o n xj ojk x oo ql~ux# bdoie~ o xb oml c jku| bl` jbx q oo bdoie~ o

xb k| cl xl ibmj# j ov xbjk xlj ibob bjk# xbo blj oo kldm hob m***# o

nlx c ibl oo bdoie~ xj ojk vb bml b xbjk k| `x tu|j tuj x~ b xbjk# `x

xj `lj* l ql ~l ~m x cl b xbjk q cl xl ibmj# jku| o r| ~d ojk odm q b

xbjk od ` bjb ibjk xb bmj xblj jkd| xndj u o ` vbl xjk no bmj

xblj xbem xbl kldj* lu j| jb bjk o nlx jkbl` x~jk j u| xj od x oboxl objb ql ` q ` bjb ojk jk obm qd|* Xbnd# x~mjk x~jk bv ` bjb

ibjk xbu bx o s ob # tudj x` xjkl hj xb ` bjb s xbx nl q o s

objb ` bjb bmx jk c s xbd` kld od jkl hj*


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Ju oo x obo xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` u x xmj hlj q o qj# ojk jkb

xblx n q jbj co# ix bv ql s xl x~# bjk hj x objb vb q oo x obo o

iljb jkbl` xb oo ~l ~m x~j so jkj jkd q kl` xblu* Xbl kldj u no

qm bmx jk# ` bjb ojk jk obm qd| s kv jblu ib ibj ojk jb xj xl

jblu bj ob# xu| jblj ibl o s kv so r| hjk q xbd` kld od o oo x obo

xl objb ql ` q ojk jk xb hj hj ` bjb s cj `jb# kv vbj nsujk# xjk

ojk jkuj qj obm oo x obo xl objb ql ` x~mjk ojk ouo ol xblj l sjk

obm jkl jkbm# vb j jkbm*

?*4*?* Nlj vbv tuj c jkuj qj q oo ~l ~m vbx sljb xqlo obm qd| qjOo x obo xl objb ql ` o xb tuj c jkuj qj q oo ~l ~m vbx sljb x

qlo obm qd| njk nj oob* Oob xb jbx c b obv jbj ~l ~m# xjk ojk n sujk

obm tu h vbjk `x qj* oob j| xu| j klj q vb nlj jbjk ibjk vbl

vbjk j bd| q o xb c` kl` blu tu bmx jk od oo x obo xl objb ql `

x~mjk nl ojb oo x obo xl objb ql ` xbjk ru|j xblu jkuj qj obm oo bmx

jk xj hjk ql ` q oo bmx jk vb x~od `jb* Oob xb bdl c oo x obo xl

objb ql ` s obu|j kldm ~l ~m obm `x jkl ibo* Vb nlj jbx c xbjk tud nm

bl`# q hjb ùd nm bl` jbj xb xj hjk xbem jb`* Ibl # ojk x| nm bl`

s obu x~ob jbl` bmj x~ ibmj j ju jkl qd| kv vbl ~l ~m "LCM#>644,*

Jblu x obo xl objb ql ` xbjk cv oo i bmob hvbjk x~mjk oo x~jk bv

ibj ov# q xb bxbjk ùd nm bl` obm oo ibmj qd|# xb` ob ùd nm bl`

obm oo ibob bjk qd| od `jb* | c `x x~mjk jbjk c hm klv bmx jk nm

bl` ql ` ojk ib vbx x~lj x~mjk jkjb xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd` ojk jb

oo jo ibo x~j xb kll* Xu| jblj# x~mjk vb` ql nl jkblj ou# xl rlj vbv

ibjk ov su qm bmx jk j|* Bdl oob sdu tuj c jkuj qj q ~l ~m coo x obo xl objb ql ` o xb kl` jbjb bjk od ~l ~m njk oob r| hjk

oo objb sob q tu| x~jb xbx oj xbj q vbjk x~jb `x s ilu kldj cj jbx jb

njk oob ibjk obm oo oj n xj hjk x~o xlv c` qlo ql ibob bjk o o`

xlj `x# xbd| qm # xx o qlo kll jkj q xbu jbj u vbl hm jkj bjk l xo


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od x obo xl objb ql ` ` jbl` "LCM#>644,* Oo x obo xl objb ql ` xbjk

ix bv xx ooo oob x~j xjk ojk ` nm dj xmj obm jkuj qj od `jb

jb` bmx jk blu tu q nj qjk bj*

Jkml ~d# xb` jb hmdjb jkblv q bkld jb# l xjk ojk ~x oj xblx q

xj hjk ql ` c obm qd|# c bmx jk iljb hmdjb# ibjk vbl bmx jk x xblj# jj

oj ` nm o s xbu bl qj obm qd|* Qlo obm qd| jk l xjk s` nm

obm qlo jkuj qj od oo x obo xl objb ql ` o s hjk# tuj c blu tu*

lu j| s klv obm jkuj qj o xjk ojk n sujk# oujk ov j jbjk vb j

xbo s o jbu ou qd| qj q xbo s o `mjk `uj ol xblj l sjk# qj cj

xbmx jkbm q c` klu* Oo oj n xj hjk j tudj sx bmx jk od hmdjb jkbv

q jb kl oob c` qlo od jkl rlj qd| ql ibob bjk od b ojk jb xjb

x~jk xblx n od hmdjb jkblv * Q oo hmdjb jkblv ql ` ibjk o jbjk cml

kl| x` jkj bjk x~u|j xbjk |u ou jj jkl obm qd| ql ` xbjk xbu xbv

xbjk xlj tud qlo tudj sx* X~mjk tu x~jb jb kl# oo oj n xj hjk o xbx

ou bl xb` h xb` ju oo ou x~ cl od jkl jk i qd| x ~d vbl xbo x bmo

ibjk jbx tuj# ob ibjk jj obv jbj jkd| xbjk xlj ` b jbj o

"Obu~oblcc#4


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15

klv vb j jkbm xlv oj q xbo blj bd o oo o bl u x# oo x

obo xl objb ql ` xl Qlx Jd` xbjk tud oo bmx jk xj hjk q xlx il` ql `

xm lu ilj obm vb j jkbm* Oo ibmj xj hjk ql `# xj hjk u l c jkuj

qj oj xblx obm vb j jkbm ibl u oo bmx jk sj rux# jul x~jk# iljb

hmdjb od `jb* Jkml ~d# oo x obo xl objb ql ` oj x obo oo nul xu|j

x~u|j xbjk xlj# xv buj ijjk* Xl Qlx Jd` o ~x jblu objk x~jb xj hjk

q xlx il` ql ` xbjb ojk x~mjk qlo `~d o bl u x obm vb j jkbm*

Objk x~jb xl objb ql ` nj xd| qjk ql oo bmx jk obm c xj

hjk q xlx il` ql ` hm X obo Ou x~X~ e` vbl bv ql Bl vb j Oj Xb

xbo blj x 5>646 c `x objk x~jb xbjb ojk xlu nlu* X~mjk objk x~jb j|#

vb j jkbm q xbu jbv xbv od Oj Xb xlv oj ql oo hob q xl objb# jjk

odm ibjjk xbu jbv q k| hjk xl sj* @o xlu od objk x~jb c ol xblj xbu

jbv q xm hjk xl sj obm oo bkld jb o xbu jbv xbv qjk jkml xbjb

vb Oj Xb* l xjk od objk x~jb ob |u c ob e` vb j xbd` kld qm bmx

jk sj rux jjk jkblv# jul x~jk xb| sj x~mjk xul 42-56 q o xbu jbv

hl 86#666 jk-jk|* Objk x~jb kll xblu jbjk vbjk xbo sljb i `l q

xbob bv ql d vbjk# klv kld xjk xbu jbv# b x~ob e` vb j xlv oj ql

ooo hob qxl objb# jk xbl x~djk n oo ijjk cv jkj sob q xbo bjb xlx

il`* X# objk x~jb `~d o bl u x# sj rux# iljb hmdjb `l obm vb

j jkbm "jb` Ojk xo Xl objb ql ` Qlx Jd`# >64>,*

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