Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete

7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete

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SEMANTICS: INTRODUCTION

Study of the meaning of;

Words

Phrases

Sentences

Conceptual rather than Associative

Example;

Wrinkle cream cream that causes wrinkle

= cream to decrease wrinkle

Pain pills pills to get pain

= pills to reduce pain

This chapter will be focusing on trying to describe what

constitutes conceptual meaning.


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o

o


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LEXICAL RELATIONS

- WORDS: NOTONLYCANBETREATEDASCONTAINERS OFMEANINGOR

FULFILLINGASROLES, THEYCAN

ALSOHAVERELATIONSHIPWITHOTHERS

E.G: CONCEAL ANDSHALLOW?CHARACTERIZINGTHEMEANINGOFEACH

WORDINTERMSOFITSRELATIONSHIPTOOTHERWORDS


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SYNONYMY

TWOORMOREWORDSWITHVERYCLOSELYRELATEDMEANINGSOFTEN, THOUGHNOTALWAYS, BESUBSTITUTEDFOR

EACHOTHERINSENTENCESTHEIDEAOFSAMENESS OFMEANINGISNOTNECESSARILY TOTALSAMENESS . THEREAREMANYOCCASIONSWHENONEWORDISAPPROPRIATEINASENTENCE, BUTITSSYNONYMWOULDBEODD.SYNONYMOUSFORMSMAYALSODIFFERINTERMSOFFORMALVERSUSINFORMALUSES. E.G:

- MYFATHERPURCHASEDALARGEAUTOMOBILE

-MYDADBOUGHTABIGCAR


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ANTONYMYTWOFORMSWITHOPPOSITEMEANINGS. DIVIDEDINTO:

GRADABLEANYTONYMS (OPPOSITESALONGASCALE)- COMPARATIVECONSTRUCTIONS. E.G:IMBIGGERTHANYOU

- THENEGATIVEOFONEMEMBEROFAGRADABLEPAIRDOESNOT

NECESSARILYIMPLYTHEOTHER. E.G:MYCARISNTOLD DOESNOTMEAN

MYCARISNEW

NON-GRADABLE (DIRECTOPPOSITES

- COMPLEMENTARYPAIRS- THENEGATIVEOFONEMEMBER 0FNON-

GRADABLEDOESIMPLYTHEOTHERMEMBER. E.G:

MYGRANDPARENTSAREDEAD


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REVERSIVES:- AVOIDDESCRIBINGONEMEMBEROF

ANANTONYMOUSPAIRASTHENEGATIVEOFTHEOTHER. E.G:

UNDRESSCANBETREATEDASTHEOPPOSITEOFDRESS,IT DOESNTMEANNOTDRESS.ITACTUALLYMEANSDOTHE REVERSEOFDRESS


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HYPONYMY AND PROTOTYPES


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HYPONYMY

Hyponymy words whose meanings are specificinstances of a more general word.

The concept of inclusion is involved.

E.g. 1: roseis a hyponym for flower E.g. 2: horseis a hyponym for animal


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When we consider hyponymous connections, weare looking at the meaning of words in some type ofhierarchical relationship.

Livingthing

creature

Animal horse

Insect ant

plant Flower rose


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HORSEIS

AHYPONYM

OF

ANIMAL

,WHILE

ANT

ISAHYPONYMOFINSECT.ANIMALANDINSECTHEREARECALLEDSUPERORDINATE (HIGHERLEVEL) TERMS.

ANIMALANDINSECTHEREAREALSOCO-HYPONYMSUNDERTHESUPERORDINATETERMCREATURE.


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PROTOTYPES

THEIDEAOFTHECHARACTERISTICINSTANCEOFACATEGORYISKNOWNASTHEPROTOTYPE.DOVE, DUCK, PENGUIN, FLAMINGOAREALLCO-HYPONYMSOFTHESUPERORDINATEBIRD,

THEYARENOTALLCONSIDEREDAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHECATEGORYBIRD.PROTOTYPETHERESEMBLANCETOTHECLEARESTEXAMPLES


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GIVENTHECATEGORYFURNITURE, PEOPLE

AREQUICKTORECOGNISECHAIRASABETTEREXAMPLETHANBENCHORSTOOL.THISISONEAREAWHEREINDIVIDUALEXPERIENCECANLEADTOSUBSTANTIALVARIATIONININTERPRETATION.


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HOMOPHONES HOMONYMS

When two or more different forms(written) have same the pronunciation.

When one form (written or spoken)has two or more unrelated meanings

Example

flour/flower

pail/pale

sew/so

Example

bank (of a river) and bank (financialinstitution)

pupil (at school) and pupil (in theeye)

bat (flying creature) and bat (used insport)


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POLYSEMY

ONE

FORM

(WRITTEN

OR

SPOKEN

)HAVING

MULTIPLEMEANINGSTHATAREALLRELATEDBYEXTENSION.


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WORD PLAY

Based fromHomophonesHomonymy

Polysemy

Usually forhumorous effect

Example:Why are trees oftenmistaken for dogs?

Because of their bark.

Explanation:Bark has double meaning:

1-The bark of the dog.

2-The bark of the tree.(the outer layer of the tree)


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METONYMY

It is based simply

on a close connectionin everydayexperience.

CONTAINER-CONTENTS RELATIONe.g: bottle/water, can/juiceWHOLE-PART RELATIONe.g: car/wheels, house/roof

REPRESENTATIVE-SYMBOLRELATIONSHIP

e.g: king/crown, the President,The White House

Example:He drank the wholebottle.

Explanation:He drank the liquid,not the glass object.


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COLLOCATION(PG 108-109)

A collocation is the occurrence of other words. Eg: tableelicits chair, butter elicits bread, needle elicits thread.

The study of which words occur together and theirfrequency of co-occurance has received a lot moreattention in corpus linguistic.

A corpus is a large collection of text, spoken or written,typically stored as a database in a computer.

To analyze a corpus, a computer can do a frequency

analysis of words, compute a concordance, and compute acollocation.

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Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete