77
Introduction to Computer Syst ems 1 Yun Zhang Unit 5. Network Systems

Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

1

Yun Zhang

Unit 5 Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

2

Yun Zhang

Network Systems

bull Reading Sequence

bull 51 Internet Basics

bull 52 Local and Wide Area Networks

bull 53 Communication Strategies

bull 54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull 55 Internet Architecture

Introduction to Computer Systems

3

Yun Zhang

Network amp Internet

bull A communications network is the combination of hardware software and connecting links that transport data

bull The Internet refers to a global public network that uses TCPIP protocol and includes servers that handle e-mail Web sites file downloads and so on

Introduction to Computer Systems

4

Yun Zhang

Network Topology

点对点连接(这是最简单的网络)

总线网

星形网

集线器

环形网

Introduction to Computer Systems

5

Yun Zhang

51 Internet Basics

bull In a short period of time the Internet has become essential to how people and businesses communicate with each other around the world Using a browser and email are important skills today This section provides some general background on the Internet and helps you become more familiar with the features of your browser and email programs

Introduction to Computer Systems

6

Yun Zhang

The World Wide Web

bull Introduce the World Wide Web and its workings ndash Using the Web ndash Whats in the Web ndash Introduction to HTML Forms and Servlets

Introduction to Computer Systems

7

Yun Zhang

Using the Web

bull Surfing the Web

bull Your Web Pages

bull Clients Servers and URLs

bull Searching the Web

bull Commerce on the Web

bull Some Ethical Considerations

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 2: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

2

Yun Zhang

Network Systems

bull Reading Sequence

bull 51 Internet Basics

bull 52 Local and Wide Area Networks

bull 53 Communication Strategies

bull 54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull 55 Internet Architecture

Introduction to Computer Systems

3

Yun Zhang

Network amp Internet

bull A communications network is the combination of hardware software and connecting links that transport data

bull The Internet refers to a global public network that uses TCPIP protocol and includes servers that handle e-mail Web sites file downloads and so on

Introduction to Computer Systems

4

Yun Zhang

Network Topology

点对点连接(这是最简单的网络)

总线网

星形网

集线器

环形网

Introduction to Computer Systems

5

Yun Zhang

51 Internet Basics

bull In a short period of time the Internet has become essential to how people and businesses communicate with each other around the world Using a browser and email are important skills today This section provides some general background on the Internet and helps you become more familiar with the features of your browser and email programs

Introduction to Computer Systems

6

Yun Zhang

The World Wide Web

bull Introduce the World Wide Web and its workings ndash Using the Web ndash Whats in the Web ndash Introduction to HTML Forms and Servlets

Introduction to Computer Systems

7

Yun Zhang

Using the Web

bull Surfing the Web

bull Your Web Pages

bull Clients Servers and URLs

bull Searching the Web

bull Commerce on the Web

bull Some Ethical Considerations

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 3: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

3

Yun Zhang

Network amp Internet

bull A communications network is the combination of hardware software and connecting links that transport data

bull The Internet refers to a global public network that uses TCPIP protocol and includes servers that handle e-mail Web sites file downloads and so on

Introduction to Computer Systems

4

Yun Zhang

Network Topology

点对点连接(这是最简单的网络)

总线网

星形网

集线器

环形网

Introduction to Computer Systems

5

Yun Zhang

51 Internet Basics

bull In a short period of time the Internet has become essential to how people and businesses communicate with each other around the world Using a browser and email are important skills today This section provides some general background on the Internet and helps you become more familiar with the features of your browser and email programs

Introduction to Computer Systems

6

Yun Zhang

The World Wide Web

bull Introduce the World Wide Web and its workings ndash Using the Web ndash Whats in the Web ndash Introduction to HTML Forms and Servlets

Introduction to Computer Systems

7

Yun Zhang

Using the Web

bull Surfing the Web

bull Your Web Pages

bull Clients Servers and URLs

bull Searching the Web

bull Commerce on the Web

bull Some Ethical Considerations

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 4: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

4

Yun Zhang

Network Topology

点对点连接(这是最简单的网络)

总线网

星形网

集线器

环形网

Introduction to Computer Systems

5

Yun Zhang

51 Internet Basics

bull In a short period of time the Internet has become essential to how people and businesses communicate with each other around the world Using a browser and email are important skills today This section provides some general background on the Internet and helps you become more familiar with the features of your browser and email programs

Introduction to Computer Systems

6

Yun Zhang

The World Wide Web

bull Introduce the World Wide Web and its workings ndash Using the Web ndash Whats in the Web ndash Introduction to HTML Forms and Servlets

Introduction to Computer Systems

7

Yun Zhang

Using the Web

bull Surfing the Web

bull Your Web Pages

bull Clients Servers and URLs

bull Searching the Web

bull Commerce on the Web

bull Some Ethical Considerations

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 5: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

5

Yun Zhang

51 Internet Basics

bull In a short period of time the Internet has become essential to how people and businesses communicate with each other around the world Using a browser and email are important skills today This section provides some general background on the Internet and helps you become more familiar with the features of your browser and email programs

Introduction to Computer Systems

6

Yun Zhang

The World Wide Web

bull Introduce the World Wide Web and its workings ndash Using the Web ndash Whats in the Web ndash Introduction to HTML Forms and Servlets

Introduction to Computer Systems

7

Yun Zhang

Using the Web

bull Surfing the Web

bull Your Web Pages

bull Clients Servers and URLs

bull Searching the Web

bull Commerce on the Web

bull Some Ethical Considerations

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 6: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

6

Yun Zhang

The World Wide Web

bull Introduce the World Wide Web and its workings ndash Using the Web ndash Whats in the Web ndash Introduction to HTML Forms and Servlets

Introduction to Computer Systems

7

Yun Zhang

Using the Web

bull Surfing the Web

bull Your Web Pages

bull Clients Servers and URLs

bull Searching the Web

bull Commerce on the Web

bull Some Ethical Considerations

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 7: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

7

Yun Zhang

Using the Web

bull Surfing the Web

bull Your Web Pages

bull Clients Servers and URLs

bull Searching the Web

bull Commerce on the Web

bull Some Ethical Considerations

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 8: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

8

Yun Zhang

Surfing the Webbull Internet

bull World Wide Web

bull Surfing

bull Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 9: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

9

Yun Zhang

Internetbull Internet is a computer network that connects

millions of computers across a number of countries

bull There is no central authority that controls the Internet different organizations own different pieces of it

bull The Internet was originally conceived of by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US government in the 1960s

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 10: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

10

Yun Zhang

Word Wide Webbull the Web WWW or W3

bull Portion of the computers on the Internet that can communicate with each other using a computer-network protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

bull All browsers use HTTP to request and receive Web pages from other computers

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 11: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

11

Yun Zhang

Surfingbull Browse on the Web

bull page place site web sitendash Locations on the Web that you can visit

and view through a browser

bull homepage

bull No one can certify that information presented on the Web is accurate correct and up-to-date

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 12: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

12

Yun Zhang

Internet Service Provider ( ISP )

bull An ISP is any one of a number of companies that enable people not only to connect to the Internet and surf the Web but also to publish Web pages

bull All Web sites must have unique names or addressesmdashone per machine

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 13: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

13

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 14: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

14

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 15: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

15

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 16: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

16

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 17: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

17

Yun Zhang

httpwwwwhueducnindexphp

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 18: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

18

Yun Zhang

URLsbull Uniform Resource Locator naming scheme

ndash Provides user with a way to access Web resources using a uniform means for addressing resources

[protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 19: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

19

Yun Zhang

URLs (Cont)bull [protocol][name of machine][name of resource]

ndash ex http wwwicarnegiecomcourseshtml

Hypertext Transfer Protocolmdashmdash a communication protocl

name of the machine hosting

the resource ndash ftp wwwicarnegiecomindexhtmndash http2021143566

name of the resource addressed by the URL

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 20: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

20

Yun Zhang

Basic Work Modelbull Client sends a request for a resource

ndash A protocol (How do I get the resource)ndash The server (What server has this resource)ndash The resource itself (What resource

specifically)

bull Serverndash Locates the resource requestedndash Transmits a copy of the resource back to the

client using the specified protocol

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 21: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

21

Yun Zhang

Browse Sample

Dynamic Web Content

mdashmdash extend the basic client-server model

浏览武大网站 httpwwwwhueducn

武汉大学的网页

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 22: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

22

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web

bull Browsing and searching

bull Search engine is a program that allows one to search for keywords in files at one or more Internet sites ndash Excite wwwexcitecom ndash AltaVista wwwaltavistacom ndash Lycos wwwlycoscom ndash Google wwwgooglecom

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 23: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

23

Yun Zhang

How to search

bull Use a search site

bull Type key words of your search into the search engine

bull Searchhellip

bull Use the help information offered by each search engine

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 24: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

24

Yun Zhang

A search Sample

httpwwwgooglecomintlzh-CN

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 25: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

25

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 26: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

26

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a search engine bull Sites of this type maintain indexes or

databases of the addresses of virtually all of the pages and documents on the Web These indexes and databases are updated regularly and automatically by programs known as spiders ldquocrawlerrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 27: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

27

Yun Zhang

Searching the Web (Cont)

bull Tow types of Search Sites

ndash Sites that feature a Web directory bull it organizes information available on the Web

into different categories and subcategories

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 28: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

28

Yun Zhang

Search Engine

bull Full Text Search Enginendash Google FastAllTheWeb AltaVista Inktomi Wis

eNut Teoma Baidu Lycoshellip

bull Search indexDirectoryndash Yahoo LookSmart 搜狐 新浪 网易hellip

bull Meta Search Enginendash InforSpace Dogpile Vivisimo 搜星hellip

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 29: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

29

Yun Zhang

Commerce on the Web

bull Web-based Internet commerce

ndash Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

bull sell you access to the Internet

ndash Advertising

ndash Commercial Transactions

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 30: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

30

Yun Zhang

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 31: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

31

Yun Zhang

Some Ethical Considerations

bull Can you go to your favorite sports teams Web page make a copy of the jpeg or gif file that is their logo and put that logo on your Web page

bull Can you put a link on your page to the home page of your favorite sports team

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 32: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

32

Yun Zhang

Internet Languages

bull HTML

bull XML

bull JavaScript

bull Java

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 33: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

33

Yun Zhang

HTMLbull HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language An HTM

L file is a text file containing a set of predefined tags that are used to specify how data should be displayed in a browser or another application program For example inserting the built-in tag ltigt and ltigt around a phrase would italicized the phrase displayed Because HTML is composed of text you can create an HTML file using a text editor To enable the Web browser to interpret how you want the page to be displayed you must save the file with an htm or html file extension Note that lt and gt indicates the beginning and end of a tag respectively

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 34: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

34

Yun Zhang

HTML examplebull 1 Open a text editor application such as Notepadexebull 2 Copy the following text and paste it into the text editor

programbull lthtmlgt

ltheadgtlttitlegtPage titlelttitlegtltheadgtltbodygtThis is an example of a Web page ltbgtA tag is used to make this text appear boldltbgtltbodygtlthtmlgt

bull 3 Save the file on Desktop as samplehtmlbull 4 Open a Web browser application

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 35: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

35

Yun Zhang

XML

bull XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

bull Differences between HTML and XMLndash HTML tags are primarily concerned with how t

ext should be displayed XML tags can be used to describe what a piece of text means

ndash There are no predefined tags in XML Users have the freedom to define their own tags

ndash For example ltphonegt4125551212ltphonegt

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 36: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

36

Yun Zhang

JavaScriptbull JavaScript is a scripting language which

means the instructions the programmer writes are not compiled in advance Instead they are interpreted by an application when the script is run by the computer  

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 37: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

37

Yun Zhang

JavaScript examplebull lthtmlgt

ltheadgt lttitlegtJavaScript Demonstrationlttitlegt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt function display() documentbodybgColor = black

var ln1 = Hello World var ln2 = This is the + documenttitle + page var str = ln1fontcolor(lime) + ltbr gt + ln2fontcolor(red)

documentwriteln(str) ltscriptgt ltheadgt ltbodygt ltscript type=textjavascript language=JavaScript12gt display() ltscriptgt ltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 38: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

38

Yun Zhang

Java

bull Java is a high-level programming language that was developed by Sun Microsystems and has become a popular programming tool for web-based projects Small Java applications are called Java applets

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 39: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

39

Yun Zhang

Java examplebull import javaappletApplet

import javaawtGraphics

public class Demonstration extends Applet public void paint(Graphics g) gdrawRoundRect(5 5 100 50 10 10) gdrawString(Hello World 23 35)

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 40: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

40

Yun Zhang

52 Local and Wide Area Networksbull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Subsection Internet Resources in Section 1B

bull Textbook Section 5B

bull Textbook Section 5D

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 41: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

41

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull An internetwork or ldquointernetrdquo is a network that is composed of many smaller networks

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 42: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

42

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull Intranet ldquoIntrardquo 的意思是ldquo内部的rdquo合起来就是ldquo内部网rdquo由于它主要是指企业内部的计算机网络所以也称ldquo企业内部网rdquo从原理上来说 Intranet 其实就是一个局域网只是功能非常全面在 Intranet内部可以象 Internet 上一样收发电子邮件进行 WWW 浏览当然这些操作都只限于在企业内部并不能直接从 Internet 获取信息

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 43: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

43

Yun Zhang

Network Classificationsbull LAN (Local Area Network 局域网 ) 在一个相对有

限的地理范围内由一组 PC 服务器打印机和类似的设备连接组成的网络

bull WAN (Wide Area Network 广域网 ) 是一种跨地区的数据通讯网络 通常包含一个国家或地区广域网通常由两个或多个局域网组成计算机常常使用电信运营商提供的设备作为信息传输平台 例如通过公用网 如电话网 连接到广域网 也可以通过专线或卫星连接

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 44: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

44

Yun Zhang

Network Classifications

bull MAN (Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 ) 是在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信网 范围在 80km 之内 80 年代末在 LAN 的发展基础上提出的

bull Wireless network 无线网络 就是利用无线电波作为信息传输的媒介构成的网络与有线网络的用途十分类似 最大的不同在于传输媒介的不同

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 45: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

45

Yun Zhang

53 Communication Strategies

bull Read

bull 531 Client-Server Framework Learning Goal Understanding thin and thick clients

bull 532 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity Learning Goal Understanding how each machine is both a client and a server and what impact this has on computing

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 46: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

46

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull Many network applications are organized as client-

server systems The client runs on the users computer and interacts with both the user and the server

bull The server can accept requests from any number of clients It performs some service for them and returns the results

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 47: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

47

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Clients Servers

ndash A client application requests information from a server application or asks the server to perform some task

ndash Client asks for servicendash Server provides the service

请求服务

提供服务

The browser is

considered a client

The site that supplies the information

is considered a

server

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 48: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

48

Yun Zhang

Examplebull World Wide Web The client is the Web browser

program For a machine to host a Web site it must run a Web server program that clients can talk to

bull Email Microsoft Outlook is the client The server is a program that accepts and stores incoming mail for users and delivers the mail to them when their client requests it Servers can also forward mail to other servers if necessary

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 49: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

49

Yun Zhang

Clients Serversbull Server applications are typically run on

powerful computers since they need to be able to service concurrent requests from a number of clients

bull Client applications are typically run on less powerful computers such as PCs or workstations

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 50: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

50

Yun Zhang

client-server systemsbull thick clients amp thin clients bull based on how much work is done on the client

side a thin client does relatively little work A thick client carries out a substantial portion of the overall work of the system

bull Web surfing use the browser acts as a thin client while the work of searching a database and organizing the results is carried out by servers

bull a system might download a Java applet to the browser and that applet might act as a thick client

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 51: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

51

Yun Zhang

Peer-to-Peer Connectivity

bull Peer-to-peer (P2P) Instead of having a central server that all clients communicate with every member of a peer-to-peer network can communicate with any other member

bull Ega multi-player network game Napster emule

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 52: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

52

Yun Zhang

Clientserver amp Peer-to-peer

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 53: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

53

Yun Zhang

54 Data Transfer Technologies

bull Reading Sequence

bull Textbook Section 5A

bull Textbook Section 5C

bull Domain Name Service amp URL

bull OSI Layers

bull TCPIP Protocols

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 54: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

54

Yun Zhang

分组从 A 传送到 B 的过程

网络

网络

网络网络

网络

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

路由器

A

B

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

查找路由表

目 的 地 下一跳路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 55: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

55

Yun Zhang

网络

网络

路由器

路由器

每个分组的首部都有 IP 地址信息

源 IP 地址目的 IP 地址

网络

路由器

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

根据目的 IP 地址查找路由表

查出下一跳路由器的地址

网络路由器

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 56: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

56

Yun Zhang

What is a URL

bull Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform resource locator 统一资源定位符 )

bull Most URLs begin with http

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 57: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

57

Yun Zhang

开放系统互连基本参考模型 (OSIRM)bull 国际标准化组织( International Standards Organization--

ISO )经过反复地研究在已有的网络体系结构 ( 如 DNA SNA 等 ) 的基础上制定了开放系统互连参考模型 (Open Systems Interconnection Reference ModelmdashOSIRM) 供设计实现和

应用各种计算机 网络参考1048698bull 一个系统是开放 的是指它可与世 界上任何地方的遵 守相同标准的其他 任何系统通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 58: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

58

Yun Zhang

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

H3

物 理 传 输 媒 体

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

数 据 部 分

10100110100101 比 特 流 11 010111010

T2

计算机 1

H5

H4

H2

首部

尾部

helliphellip

AP2AP1应 用 程 序 数 据

计算机 2

比特

IP 数据报IP 分组

TCP 报文段UDP 报文段

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 59: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

59

Yun Zhang

protocol 协议bull 在计算机网络中协议 (protocol 网络协议 )

是通信双方必须严格遵守的规则是为进行网络中的数据交换而建立的规则标准或约定这些规则明确规定了所交换的数据的格式及有关同步问题

bull 协议精确地规定在网络通信中使用的各种控制信息的格式意义以及各种事件出现的先后顺序

bull 协议在计算机网络中起着非常重要的作用

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 60: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

60

Yun Zhang

划分层次的重要性bull 协议的三要素( 1 )语法数据与控制信息的结构或格

式( 2 )语义即需要发出何种控制信息完成何种动作以及做出何种应答

( 3 )同步即事件实现顺序的详细说明

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 61: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

61

Yun Zhang

IPTCP

bull 因特网使用的协议很多但其中最为重要的协议就是 IP 和 TCP

bull 分组在因特网中传送要使用 IP 协议计算机数据传输的可靠性由 TCP 协议来保证

bull 通常用 TCPIP 这样的记法表示以 TCP 和 IP 为核心的协议族

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 62: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

62

Yun Zhang

因特网

应用程序

TCP 协议保证了应用程序之间的可靠通信 应用

程序

IP 协议控制分组在因特网的传输但因特网不保证可靠交付

最重要的两个协议 IP 和 TCP

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 63: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

63

Yun Zhang

IP Protocol

bull 因特网的 IP 协议最重要它为分组在互连网中的发送传输和接收制定了详尽的规则

bull IP 是 Internet Protocol 的缩写中文标准译名是ldquo网际协议rdquo

bull 使用 IP 协议的互连网络常称为ndash IP 网络或 IP 网

bull 在 IP 网络传送的分组常称为ndash IP 分组或 IP 数据报 (IP datagram)

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 64: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

64

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol bull TCP 是 Transmission Control Protocol 的缩写中文译名是传输控制协议

bull TCP 协议驻留在用户计算机中它的作用是保证应用程序之间端到端的可靠通信

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 65: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

65

Yun Zhang

TCP Protocol

bull TCP 给要传送的每一个字节的数据都进行编号ndash 接收端在收到数据后必须向发送端发送确认信

息ndash若发送端在规定的时间内没有收到对方的确认

就重传这部分数据bull 当网络中的通信量过大时 TCP 就告诉发

送端要放慢发送数据这叫做流量控制

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 66: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

66

Yun Zhang

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

bull HTTP (hypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传送协议 ) is the communications standard thatrsquos instrumental in ferrying Web documents to all corners of the Internet

bull 万维网客户程序与服务器程序之间的交互遵守超文本传送协议 HTTP

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 67: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

67

Yun Zhang

Email

bull 电子邮件是因特网最受欢迎的应用bull 电子邮件大大方便了人们的生活工作和学习

bull 电子邮件也改变了人们生活工作和学习的方式

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 68: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

68

Yun Zhang

发送方

邮件缓存 邮件服务器

因特网

使用 SMTP 协议

用户邮箱

接收方

发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议发送邮件使用的协议mdashmdash简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

邮件服务器

接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本接收邮件使用的协议mdashmdash邮局协议版本 33POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

发送端 ISP 接收端 ISP

使用 SMTP 协议

使用 POP3 协议

sinacom mailcctvcom

发信人地址 xyz5678sinacom 收信人地址 ab30mailcctvcom

邮件服务器的域名读作 ldquo atrdquo

用户名(用户邮箱)

邮件的传送仍然要使用 邮件的传送仍然要使用 IP IP 和 和 TCP TCP 协议协议

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 69: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

69

Yun Zhang

MIME Typesbull It is possible to attach images and other types of

documents to an email message This raises a problem how is the mail client supposed to know what to do with these documents

bull The solution is to give each attachment a label explaining what kind of document it is The labels are called MIME types (the acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension 多用途互联网邮件扩展 )

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 70: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

70

Yun Zhang

电子邮件的优点与缺点bull 优点

ndash快捷ndash价廉ndash 不打断对方工作或休息

bull 缺点ndash 有时邮件很慢或甚至丢失ndash 对垃圾邮件尚无有效对策

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 71: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

71

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Question1 XML and HTMLbull One necessary component to facilitate electronic

commerce is the capability to exchange data over varying systems In this section you will strengthen your knowledge of XML as a portable language that enables data to be handled by any computer system

bull a What does the term ldquoXMLrdquo stand for What is the function of XML tags and how does the function of XML tags differ from the function of HTML tags

bull b Contrast the flexibility of using XML tags and HTML tags

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 72: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

72

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull c What is one reason why storing data in XML may be preferred to enable multiple systems to exchange data

bull Download and save Movies100EXxml and displayhtml on your Desktop

bull Open Movies100EXxml using Notepadexe to see the content of the XML file

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 73: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

73

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull f For the movie titled ldquoTop Gunrdquo list the following

Year Score

bull Open displayhtml using Notepadexe to see the content of the HTML file Note that the references used to embed the xml file are highlighted in bold font below

bull lthtmlgtltbodygtltxml id=movies src=Movies100EXxmlgtltxmlgtThis is a nice use of non-standard HTML Do we really want to use IE only items Also since it is non-standard will the students have gained the knowledge necessary to answer this questionlttable border=1 datasrc=moviesgtlttrgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Titlegtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Yeargtltspangtlttdgtlttdgtltspan datafld=Scoregtltspangtlttdgtlttrgtlttablegtltbodygtlthtmlgt

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 74: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

74

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull Drag and drop displayhtml into an Internet Explorer wind

ow to see how it is displayedbull g Generate another HTML file that displays additional d

ata fields from the XML file listing Movie_id Title Year Score and Votes Save the HTML file as ldquomyXMLhtmlrdquo Copy and paste your HTML code

bull h Use Internet Explorer to display myXMLhtml Copy the screen shot of this file showing 20 movie entries and paste the screen shot into your assignment submission

bull Delete Movies100EXxml displayhtml and myXMLhtml from Desktop

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 75: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

75

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5 bull Question 2 Network Failurebull In addition to Tracert other network tools s

uch as IPconfig and Ping can be used to troubleshoot network issues

bull You can use ipconfig command to see whether your computer is connected to the Internet

bull Pull up the command console Type ldquoipconfig allrdquo

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 76: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

76

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5bull a Are you connected to the Internet Paste the screens

hot showing the result of the command ipconfigbull b What is your IP addressbull c What are the IP addresses of your DNS servers bull You can use Ping to test the response of the destination

serverbull d First launch the Windows Command Console Type

ldquoping wwwyahoocomrdquo Copy and paste the screenshot of the Ping command

bull e Did you get a response from the target server bull f List two possible explanation(s) for the result of the Pin

g command belowbull

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result

Page 77: Yun ZhangIntroduction to Computer Systems 1 Unit 5. Network Systems

Introduction to Computer Systems

77

Yun Zhang

Exercise 5

bull Figure 2 Ping Result