• Theveryessenceofmindfulness ismeditation.

• Sati (remembrance,memory)↔ sampajanna (clearcomprehension).

• Mindfulness: Anon-elaborative,nonjudgmental,present-centeredawarenessinwhicheachthought,feeling,orsensationthatarisesintheattentionalfieldisacknowledgedandacceptedasitis(Kabat-Zinn,1990;Shapiro&Schwartz,1999;Segaletal.,2002).

• Traitmindfulness: Anaturalpredisposition topayattentiontoandbeawareofon-goingeventsindailylife(Brown&Ryan,2003).

• Statemindfulness: Atwocomponents of(i)sustainedattentionontheimmediateexperience,and(ii)anattitudeofcuriosity,openness, andacceptancetowardsone'sexperiences(Bishopetal.,2004).

Definingmindfulness

Goldberg,S.B.,Tucker,R.P.,Greene,P.A.,Simpson,T.L.,Kearney,D.J.,Davidson,R..J.(2017).Ismindfulnessresearchmethodologyimprovingovertime?Asystematicreview,PLoS ONE12(10):e0187298.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187298

Mindfulness-basedinterventions

Psychoanalysis HumanisticPsychology

BehaviouralPsychology

Behaviourtherapy

(1950-1960)

Cognitivebehaviour

therapy(1970– now)

Mindfulness-basedtherapy(1990– now)

Mindfulness-basedinterventions(“Thirdwave”behaviourtherapy)

Mindfulness soles onthefeet(Msof:Singhetal.,2003).

Relapseprevention(RP:Bowen,Chawla,&Marlatt,2010).

Acceptanceandcommitmenttherapy(ACT:Hayes,Strosahl,&Wilson, 2011).

Dialecticalbehaviour therapy(DBT:Linehan, 1993).

Mindfulness-based cognitivetherapy(MBCT:Segal,Williams,&Teasdale,2012).

Mindfulness-based stressreductions (MBSR:Kabat-Zinn,1990).

Mindfulness-based cancerrecovery(MBCR:Carlson&Speca,2010)

Mani,M.,Kavanagh,D.J.,Hides,L.,Stoyanov,S.R.(2015).Reviewandevaluationofmindfulness-basediPhoneapps.JMIRMhealth Uhealth,3(3):e82.http://10.2196/mhealth.4328

PracticingmindfulnessMalinowski,P. (2013)Neuralmechanismsofattentionalcontrolinmindfulnessmeditation. FrontiersinNeuroscience,7:8.http://10.3389/fnins.2013.00008

Mind

Reality

Incaram matris meaememoriam.

Lossofcontrol Uncertainty Constant

change

Copingwithcancer

Problem-focusedstrategies(discrete,

controllable,andsolvableproblems).

Emotion-focusedstrategies(existentialimplicationsof

cancerandanewlyuncertainfuture).

Carlson,L.,E.(2013).Mindfulness-basedcancerrecovery,Thedevelopmentofanevidence-basedpsychosocialoncology intervention.OncologicalExchange,12(2),21–25.http://www.openground.com.au/Documents/Mindfulness-based-cancer-recovery.pdf

Processmodelofemotionregulation(Phan&Sripada, 2013,p.378,modified fromGross&Thompson,2007)

Study 1: Visual stimuli Study 2: Auditory stimuli

ComparisonbetweenemotionregulationstrategiesMER=mindfulemotionregulation;PRER=positivereappraisalemotionregulation;SER=suppression

emotionregulation;DER=distractionemotionregulation;NER=noemotionregulation

Yusainy,C.(2016).Panduan riset eksperimental dalam Psikologi.Malang:UBPress.

Mindfulness-basedcancerrecovery8weeklygroupsessionsof@90minplusa6-hsilentretreatbetweenweeks6and7foratotal18contacthours.

Improvementsof65%onmoodand35%onstresssymptoms.Lessself-reportedtension,depression,angerandconcentrationproblems,andmorevigour,aswellasfewerphysicalmanifestationsofstress(e.g.tinglinginhandsandfeet),cardiopulmonarysymptomsofarousal(e.g.racingheart,hyperventilation),centralneurologicsymptoms(e.g.dizziness,faintness),gastrointestinalsymptoms(e.g.upsetstomach,diarrhea),habitualstressbehavioural patterns(e.g.smoking,grindingteeth,overeating,insomnia),anxiety/fear,andemotionalinstability.

Similarbenefitswereseenandmaintained6monthslater.Overalleffectsizeswereverylargeandclinicallysignificant.

Psychologicaloutcomes

Responsetoanimmunechallenge:Tcellproduction ofinterleukin4(IL-4,anantiinflammatory cytokine)increasedwhenstimulated,whileinterferongamma(IFN-g)andNKcellproduction ofIL-10decreased.Thiswasconsistentwithashiftinimmuneprofilefromonethatistypicallyassociatedwithdepressivesymptomstoahealthierprofile.Patternsofchangeincytokinesoveroneyearoffollow-upalsosupportedacontinued reduction inproinflammatorycytokines.Cortisol(i.e.,primaryhormonesecretedunderstress):Cortisolprofilesalsoshiftedpre- topost-intervention,withfewereveningcortisolelevationsfoundpost-MBCR,andsomenormalizationofabnormaldiurnalsalivarycortisolprofiles.Over theyearoffollow-up,continuingdecreasesinoverallcortisollevelswereseen,mostlyduetofurtherdecreasesineveningcortisollevels,whichwouldtend tosupportbettersleep-wakepatterns.

Measuresofautonomicsystemfunction:Systolicbloodpressure(SBP)decreasedsignificantlyinbreastandprostatecancerpatients.SBPdecreasedoverthecourseoftheprogramforwomenwithhigherpremorbidSBPcomparedtothoseinawaitlistgroup.

Biomarkers

Carlson, L.,E.(2013).Mindfulness-basedcancerrecovery:Thedevelopment ofanevidence-basedpsychosocialoncologyintervention.OncologicalExchange, 12(2),21–25.http://www.openground.com.au/Documents/Mindfulness-based-cancer-recovery.pdf

Mindfulness-basedstressreductionsandthebrain

LOT-R=RevisedLifeOrientationTest(optimism-pessimism)MAAS=Mindfulness AttentionAwarenessScaleCL-FODS=RevisedCollett-LesterFearofDeathandDyingscale

Yusainy,C.,etal.(2018).Betweenhere-and-nowandhereafter:Mindfulnesssebagai pengawal orientasi terhadapkehidupan dan ketakutanterhadap kematian.Jurnal Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Diponegoro,17(1),18-30.https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.17.1.18-30.

Mindfulness,lifeorientation,andfearofdeath

Mindfulnessmeanslettinggoofthelifeweimagined,andexperiencingreality,the

pleasureandpain,asitis.