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Zambia

Country Overview

Politics ZambiaisaconstitutionalrepublicinSouthernAfrica.InAugust2016,theincumbentPresident,EdgarChagwaLunguofthePatrioticFront(PF),wasre-electedbyatightmargin.The2016electionresultswereeventuallyconsideredfreeandfairbylocalandinternationalobservers,butwithmanyvotingirregularitiescited.1Theresultswereunsuccessfullychallengedbytheoppositionparty.Limitsonpressfreedomandpoliticalpartyintoleranceduringtheelectionperiodsparkedsporadicviolenceacrossthecountry.2 Economy ZambiaisclassifiedbytheWorldBankasalowermiddleincomeeconomy.3Between2004and2014theeconomygrewbysevenpercentayearonaverage,makingitoneoftheworld’sfastestgrowingeconomies.Recentyearshaveseenthisgrowthdeclineto2.8percentand3.3percentin2015and2016respectively.4GrowthintheZambianeconomywasfueledinlargepartbyinvestmentfromChina,particularlyinthecoppersector,thelargestsegmentoftheZambianexporteconomy.570percentofZambianexportvaluecomesfromcopper.6Themorerecentdeclineingrowthisattributedtothereductionofcopperprices,depreciationoftheZambianKwachaandreducedpowergeneration;thekwachawasAfrica’sworstperformingcurrencyof2015.In2015copperpricesturneddownwardduetolessdemandfromChina,andZambiawasovertakenbytheDemocraticRepublicofCongoasAfrica’slargestcopperproducer.Poormanagementofwaterresourcesledtopowergenerationshortages,whichreducedindustrialproductivity.7ThegovernmentofZambiahasannouncedits7thNationalDevelopmentPlan2017-2021,whichcallsforafundamentalshiftinhowresourcesareallocated.Thegoalistocreateadiversifiedandresilienteconomytohelpsustaingrowth.8 Social/Human Development Zambiahasapopulationofabout15.5millionpeople,comingfromover70differentethnicgroups.ThemostpopulousethnicgroupsareBemba(21percent),Tonga(13.6percent)andChewa(7.4percent).9The2016HumanDevelopmentReportscoredZambiaanHDIof0.579,rankingZambiaasamediumhumandevelopmentcountry.ZambiahasseenconsistentincreasesinitsHDIfrom0.398in1990to0.579in2015.10Approximatelyhalfofthecountryisundernourished,andtheGlobalHungerIndexof2016rankedZambiaasthe3rdhungriestcountryintheworld.11April2016sawmanyxenophobicattacksagainstforeignnationalsincludingthelootingofRwandanandZimbabweanshops.12

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U.S. Department of State TIP Report Summary (2017)

U.S. Department of State TIP Ranking: Tier 2 Watch List AccordingtotheTraffickinginPersonsReport,traffickingriskmaybefoundamongwomenandchildreninexportsupplychainsincludingagriculture,textilemanufacturing,mining,andconstruction.SouthandEastAsiannationalsareatriskfortraffickinginthetextileandminingsectors.Zambianchildrenarevulnerabletolabortraffickinginillegalminingforthepurposeofloadingstolencopperontotrucks.Zambianchildrenarealsovulnerabletosextraffickingassociatedwiththeminingsector.ReadthefullTIPReportat:https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271315.htm

Migrant and Other Vulnerable Populations Zambiahasnetnegativemigration;lessthan1percentofthepopulationaremigrants.13ThelargestsourcecountryformigrantstoZambiaisZimbabwe,althoughAngola,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,MalawiandCongoarealsosizeablemigrantsendingcountries.OthersourcecountriesincludeIndia,Tanzania,Rwanda,SouthAfricaandBurundi.

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ThetopdestinationcountriesformigrantsfromZambiaareSouthAfrica,Malawi,theUnitedKingdomandZimbabwe.

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According to the UNHCR, 52,179 individuals are considered “persons of concern.” Over half of that population are refugees.14 Most refugees come from Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda.15

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Exports and Trade Zambia’s top exports in 2016 include copper, precious and semi-precious stones (such as emeralds, amethysts, garnets and tourmaline), tobacco, cereals, and other base metals.16

ThetopimportersofgoodsfromZambiaareChina,India,Belgium,KoreaandNamibia.17

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Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors Analysis

Legal/Policy Risk Factors

Level of Legal Protection for Civil Liberties and Workers’ Rights

FreedomofAssociation

InZambia,thelawprovidesfortherightofmostworkerstoformandjoinindependentunions,conductlegalstrikes,andbargaincollectively.Certainworkers,suchaspoliceandmilitarypersonnelareexcepted.Tradeunionsconsistingof25membersormorearerequiredtoregisterwiththeMinistryof

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Laborandtheprocesscantakeuptosixmonths,whichcausesmostunionstostrikeillegallytobypassproceduralrequirements.18Thelawrequiresunionstonotifyemployerstendaysinadvanceofplannedactionanddemandsthatstrikeactiondoesnotexceed14days.19Thereisnolawthatprotectsworkersfromdismissaliftheyparticipateinanillegalstrikeandafineof50,000kwacha(USD5,056)or20,000kwacha(USD2,022)maybeappliedtothetradeunionorindividual,respectively.20

WorkingConditions

ThelawpermitstheMinistryofLaborandSocialSecurityauthoritytosetwagesbysector.Minimumwagecategoriesrangefrom700kwacha(USD79)to1,445kwacha(USD162)permonth.21Foreignandmigrantworkersdonotreceiveaminimumwageandarenotprotectedbymostlaborlaws.22TheMinistryofLaborandSocialSecurityisresponsibleforestablishingandenforcinglawsrelatedtoacceptableconditionsofworkyethealthandsafetystandardsarereportedlynoteffectivelyenforced,especiallyintheinformalsector,duetostaffingshortagesregardinglaborinspectors.23Whileworkersaregrantedtherighttoremovethemselvesfromworkplacesituationswhichcompromisetheirhealthandsafety,authoritieshavenoteffectivelyupheldthisrightandworkerswhoprotestedtheirworkingconditionshavefaceddismissalinsomecases.24

Discrimination

Thelawprohibitsdiscriminationinemploymentbasedonrace,sex,disability,politicalopinion,socialorigin,religionandlanguagebutthelawdoesnotapplytodiscriminationbasedonsexualorientationorgenderidentity.25Itisreportedthatthegovernmenthaseffectivelyenforcedthelawbutmigrantworkersareexcludedfromlegalprotectionsunlesstheyaredocumented.26

ForcedLabor

Thelawprohibitsallformsofforcedorcompulsorylaborbutexceptionsaremadeintheeventofanationalemergencyordisaster.27Thegovernmentreportedlyhasnoteffectivelyupheldthislawasitlacksadequateresourcestoinvestigatetraffickingoperationspossiblyrelatedtothemining,constructionandagriculturalsectors.28

ChildLabor

TheminimumageforworkinZambiais15.Theminimumageforhazardousworkis18.29Hazardoustasksaredefinedinlegislationandincludeawiderangeofactivitiesincludinghandlingtobaccoorcotton,fishing,liftingheavyloads,nightwork,longhoursandexcavation,amongothers.30PrimaryschoolinZambiahasanentryageofsevenwithadurationofsevengradesbutitisnotcompulsory.Attheageof16,40percentofgirlsand14percentofmalesareoutofschool.31

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CivilSocietyOrganizations

Non-governmentalorganizationsarerequiredtoregisterandre-registereveryfiveyearsundertheNGOAct.WhilesomeNGOscomplied,othersbelievedthelawtobeaviolationoftherighttofreeassociationandeventuallyresolvedthedisputeincourt,whichendedforcedregistration.32NGOsoperatinginZambiaadvocatedforworkers’rightsthroughouttheyearandreportedlydidnotfaceanygovernmentrestrictions.33Immigration Policies Limiting the Employment Options or Movements of Migrants

Refugeesarerequiredtoobtaingovernmentpermissiontomoveorliveoutsideofrefugeecamps,andpermissionisfrequentlygranted.Thegovernmentalsolimitsrefugees’legalemploymentoptionstorefugeecamps,unlessrefugeesobtainspecificgovernmentauthorizationtoworkoutsidecamps.34Migrantworkers,unlessdocumented,arenotprotectedbymostlaborlawprotectionsandfacediscriminationinwagesandworkingconditions.35

Ratification of ILO Conventions Related to Human Trafficking or Rights of Workers and Migrants

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Use of Export Processing Zones (EPZs)

ZambianMulti-FacilityEconomicZones(MFEZ)werefirstestablishedthroughtheTriangleofHopeInitiative(ToH)introducedin2005bytheJapanInternationalCorporationAgency(JICA).37InvestorsinMFEZreceivewaiversoncustomsdutyonimportedequipment,exciseduty,andvalueaddedtax,amongotherconcessions.TherearetwoMFEZ’scurrentlyinoperation:theChineseChambishiMFEZlocatedintheCopperbelt(includingitsextensionLusakaEastMFEZ)andtheLusakaSouthMFEZ.38

Political Risk Factors Political Instability or Conflict

Zambiascoresan86.3onthe2016FragileStateIndexandranks49outof178countries.39TheelectiononAugust2016whichreinstatedEdgarChagwaLunguaspresidentresultedinincreasedtensionandviolencebetweenmembersoftherulingPatrioticFront(PF)andtheoppositionUnitedPartyforNationalDevelopment(UPND).40

Level of Crime and Violence

TheWorldEconomicForumGlobalCompetitivenessReportrankedZambia65outof138and41outof138forbusinesscostsofcrimeandviolenceandbusinesscostsoforganizedcrimerespectively.41In2016,therewereseveralinstancesofxenophobicviolenceagainstforeignnationalsinZingalumeandGeorgeCompounds,followingallegationsofritualkillings.42Violenceagainstwomenandgirls,includingrape,marriagesofgirlsundertheageof18andprostitution,havebeenespeciallyreportedamongfemaleasylumseekersandrefugees.43

Level of Corruption

TheTransparencyInternationalCorruptionPerceptionIndexscoresZambiaa38outof100,wherea0signals“HighlyCorrupt”anda100signals“VeryClean.”Zambiaisranked87outof176onthatindex.44Corruptionamongpoliceisanemergingtrendandofparticularconcern,inadditiontocorruptionineducationandhealthservices.45Forexample,policehavebeenobservedusingroadblockstolimitparticipationinpoliticalgatherings,especiallyduringparliamentaryby-electionsandhavealsoroutinelyextortedmoneyandgoodsfrommotoristsatroadblocks.46U.S.firmsandtheZambiangovernmenthaveidentifiedcorruptionasanobstacletoforeigndirectinvestment.47

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Socio-Economic Risk Factors Level of National Economic Development

Zambia’sHDIvaluefor2015is0.579whichplacesthecountryinthemediumdevelopmentcategory,rankingit139outof188countriesandterritories.48Whenadjustedforinequality,however,theHDIfallsto0.373,alossof35.6percent.49

Level and Extent of Poverty

ThemostrecentsurveydatathatwerepubliclyavailableforZambia’smultidimensionalpovertyindex(MPI)arefrom2014.InZambia,54.4percentofthepopulation(8,554people)aremultidimensionallypoorwhileanadditional23.1percentlivenearmultidimensionalpoverty(3,629people).InruralpartsofZambia,about83percentofinhabitantsarepoorand71percentofthemareextremelypoor;thetotalpopulationoftheruralpoorisaroundsevenmillion.50

Degree of Gender Inequality

TheUNDPGenderInequalityIndexscoredZambiaa0.526andrankedit139outof188countries.51Zambiahasatwo-tiersystemoflandownershipconsistingofbothstateandcustomarylaw.52DespitetheLandActof1996whichguaranteeswomentherighttobelandowners,customarylawisgivenequalvaliditywheremendominatetheallocation,inheritanceanduseofland.53Measureshavebeentakentoreducetheinequalitythatwomenexperience,suchasareinstatementofapreviouslyenacted30percentquotaonlandallocation,butwomencontinuetofacedifficultiesobtainingsufficientcredittopurchaseland.54TheUNCommitteeontheRightsoftheChildhasexpressedconcernsthatvulnerablechildrenarebeingdeniedaccesstohealthandeducation,notingtheimpositionofprimaryschoolfeesasapossiblecontributingfactoraswellasthediscriminatorytraditionalattitudesresultinginhighdropoutratesamonggirls.55

Landlessness and Dispossession

Zambia’slandtenureandtitlingsystemhasledtoincidentsoflandgrabbing,particularlyaffectingvulnerablemembersofthecommunity.56Landheldundercustomarylaw(about85percentofthecountry’sland)hasnotitleandonlythechiefcangiveconsenttopotentialinvestorstoleasetheland.57TheMinistryofLandshasastatedgoalofaddressingchallengespertainingtotheslowprocessingoftitledeedsbyreforminglandpolicythatwill,amongotherthings,demarcatelandforspecialeconomiczones,orMulti-FacilityEconomicZones(MFEZ).ItispossiblethatthislandreformcouldleadtodispossessionaslandisallocatedforfutureMFEZprojects.58

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Womenarefrequentlydispossessedfromtheirlandbytheirdeceasedspouse’sfamilyandareleftwithnolegalrecourseaswomenarenotguaranteedlandownershiprightsundercustomarylaw.59Environmental Factors ZambiawashitbyaseveredroughtinAprilof2016,whichreducedwaterlevelstoarecordlow.Throughthepowergeneratedbythehydro-electricKaribaDam,Zambiahasbeenabletoprovideitspeople,andsomeneighboringcountries,withcheapandabundantelectricity.60However,thedroughtledtoblackoutsthatimpactedthecountry’sproductivitylevelsinbothindustrialandagriculturalsectors.61Blackoutsincreasedproductioncostsincoppermines,Zambia’smainexport,whichledtothousandsofworkersbeinglaidoffinadditiontoadevaluationofcopperasdemandfromChinafell.62

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Key Commodity Supply Chains

Copper Copper Overview

ZambiahasthelargestreservesofcopperinAfricaandcopperplaysacriticalroleinthecountry’srelativelyundiversifiedeconomy.63Themineswereprivatizedinthe2000s.Althoughminingactivitieshavetraditionallybeenconcentratedintheareaknownasthe“copperbelt,”surveyssuggestcopperdepositsinotherregionsaswell.64Copperproductionrequireshighlevelsoffinancialinvestment.Becausethepriceofcopperissetinthemarket,productioncostsdetermineprofitlevelsforinvestors.ManyoftheolderminesinZambiahavebeendepletednearthesurface,requiringgreaterinvestmenttomineatgreaterdepth.65

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Copper

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState2016TraffickinginPersonsReport,forcedlabororforcedchildlaborisinvolvedincopperproductioninZambia.66HumanRightsWatch(HRW)hasreportedseriousexploitation,includingindicatorsofhumantrafficking,ofadultZambianworkersinChinese-stateownedcoppermines.67In2015and2016,itwasreportedthattheChineseeconomicdownturnsignificantlydecreasedminingactivity68andmanyworkerswerelaidofforwereatriskoflosingtheirjobs69,angeringlocalunionsandeconomicallydevastatedtownsinthecopperbelt.70TheU.S.DepartmentofStatealsoreportsthatchildreninZambiamaybeforcedbygangstoloadcopperontotrucksinthecopperbeltregion.71

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Gemstones other than Diamonds Gemstones other than Diamonds Overview

Zambiaishometoawealthofpreciousandsemi-preciousstones,includingemeralds,mostnotably.20percentoftheworld’semeraldsareminedinZambia.72Otherstonesincludeamethyst,beryl,andgarnets.73Bothlargescalecommercialmineswithhiredworkersandsmall-scaleartisanalminesarepresentinthesector,74althoughsmall-scaleminesarereportedlyunder-utilizedastherearesignificantchallengesinaccessingthenecessarycapital.75

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Gemstones other than Diamonds

TheU.S.DepartmentofLabor’s2016ListofGoodsProducedbyChildLaborofForcedLabornotesthatvariousgemsareminedwithchildlaborinZambia.76Itisestimatedthatillegalminingaccountsfor40percentofemeraldproduction.Commercialminesusehiredsecurityguards,someofwhomaremigrantworkersfromNepaltopatrolmineswithdogsseekingworkerswhomaybesmugglinggemsoutoftheiroperations.ItshouldbenotedthattheseNepaliguardsthemselves,asmigrantworkers,couldbeatriskofTIPthemselvesasNepalisecurityguardshavebeennotedtobeinothercontexts.77Tobacco Tobacco Overview

Over60percentoftheZambianpopulationreliesonagriculturefortheirlivelihoodandtobaccoisoneofZambia’skeyagriculturalexportcrops(inadditiontocotton,teaandcoffee).About59,000hectaresareplantedwithtobacco.Tobaccoisgrownbyabout10,000smallandmedium-scalefarmers.78

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Tobacco

TheU.S.DepartmentofLaborhasnotedchildlaborintobaccoproduction.79Althoughtobaccoisnotnotedspecifically,theU.S.DepartmentofStatenotestraffickingriskinagriculture.Accordingtorecentresearch,contractfarmerswhotakeloansfrombuyersforinputsendupearninglessinprofitthanthetotaloftheirloan,leavingthemin“debtcycles.”Thesefarmersmaybemorelikelytorelyonloworunpaidvulnerablelaborsuchaschildren.Hiredworkershavealsobeennotedinsmallholdertobaccoproduction.80

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ThisreportwasfundedbyagrantfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.Theopinions,findingsandconclusionsstatedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.

Endnotes

1U.S.DepartmentofState.HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265528.pdf2U.S.DepartmentofState.HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265528.pdf3TheWorldBank.Data:Zambia.http://data.worldbank.org/country/zambia4TheWorldBank.Overview:Zambia.http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zambia/overview5England,Andrew.“ZambiabearsthebruntofChina’seconomicslowdown.”FinancialTimes.September9,2015.https://www.ft.com/content/065afc1e-556b-11e5-a28b-50226830d644.6U.S.DepartmentofState.InvestmentClimateStatement.2016.https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/investmentclimatestatements/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=2542597CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Zambia.2017.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html8TheWorldBank.Overview:Zambia.http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zambia/overview9CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Zambia.2017.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html10UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.HumanDevelopmentReportExplanatoryNote.2016.http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ZMB.pdf11InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute.GlobalHungerIndex.2016.http://ghi.ifpri.org12AmnestyInternational.AnnualReport.2016-2017.https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/ZAMBIA/report-zambia/13TheWorldBank.Data:Internationalmigrantstock.http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZM14UNHCR.PopulationsofConcernDatabase.http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern15EWBChallenge.RefugeesinZambia.http://www.ewbchallenge.org/unhcr-zambia/refugees-zambia16InternationalTradeCenter.TradeMap.www.trademap.org.

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