Zhou dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediawildehistory.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/7/0/16706304/zhou_dynasty...Zhou dynasty 周朝 Kingdom ← c.!1046 BC–256 BC → Population concentration

Zhou dynasty周朝

Kingdom

← c.  1046 BC–256 BC →

Population concentration and boundaries of theWestern Zhou dynasty (1050–771 BC) in China

Capital HaojingLuoyi

Languages Old Chinese

Religion Chinese folk religion,Hundred Schools ofThought

Government Monarchy/FeudalismKing - c. 1046–1043 BC King Wu - 781–771 BC King You - 770–720 BC King Ping - 314–256 BC King Nan

History - Battle of Muye c.  1046 BC

Zhou dynastyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Zhou dynasty (c.  1046–256 BC; Chinese: 周朝;pinyin: Zhōu Cháo; Wade–Giles: Chou1 Ch'ao2 [tʂóʊtʂʰɑ̌ʊ]) was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shangdynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty. Although theZhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty inChinese history, the actual political and military controlof China by the dynasty, surnamed Ji (Chinese: 姬),lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the WesternZhou.

This period of Chinese history produced what manyconsider the zenith of Chinese bronze-ware making. Thedynasty also spans the period in which the written scriptevolved into its modern form with the use of an archaicclerical script that emerged during the late WarringStates period.

Contents

1 History1.1 Foundation1.2 Western Zhou1.3 Eastern Zhou

2 Culture and society2.1 Feudalism and the rise of Confucianbureaucracy2.2 Military2.3 Mandate of Heaven2.4 Philosophy2.5 Li2.6 Agriculture2.7 Art gallery

2.7.1 Western Zhou2.7.2 Spring and Autumn period

Zhou dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty

1 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

- Relocation toChengzhou 771 BC

- Fall to Qin 256 BC

Population - 273 BC est. 30,000,000 - 230 BC est. 38,000,000

Currency Mostly spade coinsand knife coins

Zhou dynastyChinese

周朝

Transcriptions

Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Zhōu Cháo

Wade–Giles Chou1 Ch'ao2

IPA [tʂóu tʂʰɑ̌ʊ]

Min

Hokkien POJ Chiu tiâu

Wu

Romanization Tseu zau

Cantonese

Jyutping Zau1 Ciu4

Yale Romanization Jāu chìuh

2.7.3 Warring States period3 Kings4 Zhou in astronomy5 See also6 Notes7 References8 Further reading9 External links

HistoryFoundation

According to Chinese mythology, the Zhou lineagebegan when a consort of the legendary Emperor Kumiraculously conceived Qi (lit. "the Abandoned One")after stepping into a divine footprint.[1][2] Qi was aculture hero credited with surviving threeabandonments by his mother and with greatlyimproving Xia agriculture,[1] to the point where hewas granted lordship over Tai and the ancestral nameJi by his own Xia king and a later posthumous name(Houji, "Lord of Millet") by the Shang king Tang. Heeven received sacrifice as a harvest god.

Qi's son Buzhu abandoned his position at court andeither he or his son Ju abandoned agriculture entirely, living a nomadic life in the manner of their Rongand Di barbarian neighbors.[3] Ju's son Duke Liu,[4] however, led his people to prosperity by restoringagriculture and settling them at a place called Bin,[a] which his descendants ruled for generations. OldDuke Danfu later led the clan from Bin to Zhou, an area in the Wei River valley of modern-day QishanCounty.

The duke passed over his two elder sons Taibo and Zhongyong to favor Jili, a warrior who conqueredseveral Rong tribes as a vassal of the Shang kings Wu Yi and Wen Ding before being treacherouslykilled. Taibo and Zhongyong had supposedly already fled to the Yangtze delta, where they establishedthe state of Wu among the tribes there. Jili's son King Wen bribed his way out of imprisonment andmoved the Zhou capital to Feng (within present-day Xi'an). Around 1046 BC, King Wen's son King Wuand his ally Jiang Ziya led an army of 45,000 men and 300 chariots across the Yellow River anddefeated King Zhou of Shang at the Battle of Muye, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty.[b] TheZhou, however are a later wave of the same or a more or less closely related group to the Shang.[c]


2 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

States of the Western Zhou dynasty

Western Zhou

King Wu maintained the old capital for ceremonial purposes butconstructed a new one for his palace and administration nearbyat Hao. Although Wu's early death left a young andinexperienced heir, the Duke of Zhou assisted his nephew KingCheng in consolidating royal power. He quelled rebellious Zhouprinces, feudal rulers, and Shang partisans;[7][8] countered Zhou'scrisis of legitimacy by expounding the doctrine of the Mandateof Heaven while accommodating important Shang rituals atChengzhou;[9] and set up the fengjian system to maintain Zhouauthority over its greatly expanded territory.[7]

Over time, this decentralized system became strained as the familial relationships between the Zhoukings and the regional dynasties thinned over the generations. Peripheral territories developed localpower and prestige on par with that of the Zhou.[10] When King You demoted and exiled his Jiang queenin favor of the beautiful but common Bao Si, the disgraced queen's father the Marquis of Shen joinedwith Zeng and the Quanrong barbarians to sack Hao in 771 BC. With King You dead, a conclave ofnobles met at Shen and declared the Marquis's grandson King Ping. The capital was moved eastward toChengzhou, marking the end of the "Western Zhou" (西周, p Xī Zhōu) and the beginning of the "EasternZhou" dynasty (東周, p Dōng Zhōu).

Eastern Zhou

The Eastern Zhou was characterized by an accelerating collapse of royal authority, although the king'sritual importance allowed over five more centuries of rule. The Confucian chronicle of the early years ofthis process led to its title of the "Spring and Autumn" period. The partition of Jin in the mid-5th centuryBC initiated a second phase, the "Warring States".[10] In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized Han, Zhao,and Wei as fully independent states; in 344 BC, the first – Duke Hui of Wei – claimed the royal title ofking for himself. A series of states rose to prominence before each falling in turn, but Zhou was a minorplayer in these conflicts.

The last Zhou king is traditionally taken to be Nan, who was killed when Qin captured the capitalChengzhou in 256 BC. A "King Hui" was declared, but his splinter state was fully removed by 249 BC.Qin's unification of China concluded in 221 BC with Qin Shihuang's annexation of Qi.

The Eastern Zhou, however, is also remembered as the golden age of Chinese philosophy: the HundredSchools of Thought which flourished as rival lords patronized itinerant shi scholars is led by the exampleof Qi's Jixia Academy. The Nine Schools of Thought which came to dominate the others wereConfucianism (as interpreted by Mencius and others), Legalism, Taoism, Mohism, the utopiancommunalist Agriculturalism, two strains of Diplomatists, the sophistic Logicians, Sun-tzu's Militarists,and the Naturalists.[11] Although only the first three of these went on to receive imperial patronage inlater dynasties, doctrines from each influenced the others and Chinese society in sometimes unusualways. The Mohists, for instance, found little interest in their praise of meritocracy but much acceptancefor their mastery of siege warfare; much later, however, their arguments against nepotism were used in


3 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

A Western Zhou ceremonialbronze of cooking-vessel forminscribed to record that the Kingof Zhou gave a fiefdom to ShiYou, ordering that he inherit thetitle as well as the land and peopleliving there

favor of establishing the imperial examination system.

Culture and societyFeudalism and the rise of Confucian bureaucracy

Western writers often describe the Zhou period as "feudal" becausethe Zhou's fēngjiàn (封建) system invites comparison with medievalrule in Europe.

There were many similarities between the decentralized systems.When the dynasty was established, the conquered land was dividedinto hereditary fiefs (諸侯, zhūhóu) that eventually becamepowerful in their own right. In matters of inheritance, the Zhoudynasty recognized only patrilineal primogeniture as legal.[12][13]

According to Tao (1934: 17-31), "the Tsung-fa or descent linesystem has the following characteristics: patrilineal descent,patrilineal succession, patriarchate, sib-exogamy, andprimogeniture"[14]

The system, also called "extensive stratified patrilineage", wasdefined by the anthropologist Chang Kuang-chih as "characterizedby the fact that the eldest son of each generation formed the main ofline descent and political authority, whereas the younger brotherswere moved out to establish new lineages of lesser authority. Thefarther removed, the lesser the political authority". K.E. Brashierwrites in his book "Ancestral Memory in Early China" about the tsung-fa system of patrilinealprimogeniture: "The greater lineage, if it has survived, is the direct succession from father to eldest sonand is not defined via the collateral shifts of the lesser lineages. In discussions that demarcate betweentrunk and collateral lines, the former is called a zong and the latter a zu, whereas the whole lineage isdubbed the shi. [...] On one hand every son who is not the eldest and hence not heir to the lineageterritory has the potential of becoming a progenitor and fostering a new trunk lineage (Ideally he wouldstrike out to cultivate new lineage territory). [...] According to the Zou commentary, the son of heavendivided land among his feudal lords, his feudal lords divided land among their dependent families and soforth down the pecking order to the officers who had their dependent kin and the commoners who "eachhad his apportioned relations and all had their graded precedence""[15] Ebrey defines the descent-linesystem as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from afounding ancestor. A lesser line is the line of eldest sons going back no more than five generations. Greatlines and lesser lines continually spin off new lesser lines, founded by younger sons".

This type of unilineal descent-group later became the model of the Korean family through the influenceof Neo-Confucianism, as Zhu Xi and others advocated its re-establishment in China.[16]

There were five peerage ranks below the royal ranks, in descending order with common Englishtranslations: gōng 公 "duke", hóu 侯 "marquis", bó 伯 "count", zǐ 子 "viscount", and nán 男 "baron".[17]


4 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

At times, a vigorous duke would take power from his nobles and centralize the state. Centralizationbecame more necessary as the states began to war among themselves and decentralization encouragedmore war. If a duke took power from his nobles, the state would have to be administeredbureaucratically by appointed officials.

Despite these similarities, there are a number of important differences from medieval Europe. Oneobvious difference is that the Zhou ruled from walled cities rather than castles. Another was China'sdistinct class system, which lacked an organized clergy but saw the Shang Zi-clan yeomen becomemasters of ritual and ceremony known as Shi (士). When a dukedom was centralized, these peoplewould find employment as government officials or officers. These hereditary classes were similar toWestern knights in status and breeding, but like Western clergy were expected to be something of ascholar instead of a warrior. Being appointed, they could move from one state to another. Some wouldtravel from state to state peddling schemes of administrative or military reform. Those who could notfind employment would often end up teaching young men who aspired to official status. The mostfamous of these was Confucius, who taught a system of mutual duty between superiors and inferiors. Incontrast, the Legalists had no time for Confucian virtue and advocated a system of strict laws and harshpunishments. The wars of the Warring States were finally ended by the most legalist state of all, Qin.When the Qin dynasty fell and was replaced by the Han dynasty, many Chinese were relieved to returnto the more humane virtues of Confucius.

Military

The early Western Zhou supported a strong army, split into two major units: "the Six Armies of thewest" and "the Eight Armies of Chengzhou". The armies campaigned in the northern Loess Plateau,modern Ningxia and the Yellow River floodplain. The military prowess of Zhou peaked during the 19thyear of King Zhao's reign, when the six armies were wiped out along with King Zhao on a campaignaround the Han River. Early Zhou kings were true commanders-in-chief. They were in constant warswith barbarians on behalf of the fiefs called guo, which at that time meant "statelet" or "principality".

King Zhao was famous for repeated campaigns in the Yangtze areas and died in his last action. Laterkings' campaigns were less effective. King Li led 14 armies against barbarians in the south, but failed toachieve any victory. King Xuan fought the Quanrong nomads in vain. King You was killed by theQuanrong when Haojing was sacked. Although chariots had been introduced to China during the Shangdynasty from Central Asia, the Zhou period saw the first major use of chariots in battle.[18][19]

Mandate of Heaven

In the Chinese historical tradition, the Zhou defeated the Shang and oriented the Shang system ofancestor worship towards a universalized worship, away from the worship of Shangdi and to that of Tianor "heaven". They legitimized their rule by invoking the "Mandate of Heaven", the notion that the ruler(the "Son of Heaven") governed by divine right and that his dethronement would prove that he had lostthe Mandate. Disasters and successful rebellions would thus show that the ruling family had lost thisMandate.

The doctrine explained and justified the demise of the Xia and Shang dynasties and, at the same time,supported the legitimacy of present and future rulers. Before conquering Shang, Zhou was a state in


5 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

A Western Zhou bronze guivessel, c.  1000 BC

Shaanxi. Gernet (1996:51) describes the Zhou state as a "city"which was in contact with the barbarian peoples of the westernregions and more warlike than the Shang. The Zhou dynasty wasfounded by the Ji family and operated from four capitals throughoutits history.[20] Sharing the language and culture of the Shang, theearly Zhou rulers, through conquest and colonization, established alarge imperial territory wherein states as far as Shandongacknowledged Zhou rule and took part in elite culture. The spreadof Zhou bronzes, though, was concurrent with the continued use ofShang-style pottery in the distant regions, and these states were thelast to recede during the late Western war. The mandate of heavenwas based on rules. The emperor was granted the right to rule byheaven.

Philosophy

During the Zhou dynasty, the origins of native Chinese philosophy developed, its initial stages beginningin the 6th century BC. The greatest Chinese philosophers, those who made the greatest impact on latergenerations of Chinese, were Confucius, founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Taoism. Otherphilosophers, theorists, and schools of thought in this era were Mozi, founder of Mohism; Mencius, afamous Confucian who expanded upon Confucius' legacy; Shang Yang and Han Fei, responsible for thedevelopment of ancient Chinese Legalism (the core philosophy of the Qin dynasty); and Xun Zi, whowas arguably the center of ancient Chinese intellectual life during his time, even more so than iconicintellectual figures such as Mencius.[21]

Li

Established during the Western period, the Li traditional Chinese: 禮; simplified Chinese: 礼; pinyin: lǐ)ritual system encoded an understanding of manners as an expression of the social hierarchy, ethics, andregulation concerning material life; the corresponding social practices became idealized withinConfucian ideology.

The system was canonized in the Book of Rites, Zhouli, and Yili compendiums of the Han dynasty (206BC–220 AD), thus becoming the heart of the Chinese imperial ideology. While the system was initiallya respected body of concrete regulations, the fragmentation of the Western Zhou period led the ritual todrift towards moralization and formalization in regard to:

The five orders of Chinese nobility.Ancestral temples (size, legitimate number of pavilions)Ceremonial regulations (number of ritual vessels, musical instruments, people in the dancingtroupe)

Agriculture


6 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

Zhou vase with glass inlays,4th-3rd century BC, BritishMuseum.

Agriculture in the Zhou dynasty was very intensive and, in manycases, directed by the government. All farming lands were ownedby nobles, who then gave their land to their serfs, a situation similarto European feudalism. For example, a piece of land was dividedinto nine squares in the well-field system, with the grain from themiddle square taken by the government and that of surroundingsquares kept by individual farmers. This way, the government wasable to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or badharvest. Some important manufacturing sectors during this periodincluded bronze smelting, which was integral to making weaponsand farming tools. Again, these industries were dominated by thenobility who directed the production of such materials.

China's first projects of hydraulic engineering were initiated duringthe Zhou dynasty, ultimately as a means to aid agricultural irrigation. The chancellor of Wei, Sunshu Ao,who served King Zhuang of Chu, dammed a river to create an enormous irrigation reservoir inmodern-day northern Anhui province. For this, Sunshu is credited as China's first hydraulic engineer.The later Wei statesman Ximen Bao, who served Marquis Wen of Wei (445-396 BC), was the firsthydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. As the main focus of hisgrandiose project, his canal work eventually diverted the waters of the entire Zhang River to a spotfurther up the Yellow River.

Art gallery

Western Zhou

Defang ritual bronzevessel

Dake bronze ritualvessel

You bronze ritual vessel

Qizhong Hu bronzevessel


7 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

Bronze mirror holderc.  1000 BC (HainanProvincial Museum)

Spring and Autumn period

Dou vessel with ahunting scene

A bo bell of the Duke ofQin

Pu vessel with dragondesigns

bronze ding vessel

bronze musical bell

bronze vessels(rightmost fromWestern Zhou)

A square bronze huvessel

bronze bird-shapedwine server


8 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

Western Zhou dynastymusical bronze bell

Silk painting of a manrailing a dragon, 6thcentury BC

Warring States period

bronze ritual foodvessel (ding) withlacquer design, 5th-4thcentury BC

A jade bi with twodragons

embroidered silk gauzegarment from a4th-century BC tomb atMashan, Hubeiprovince

bronze and silvercanteen

KingsThe rulers of the Zhou dynasty were titled Wang (王) like the Shang rulers before them. The position isnormally translated into English as "king". In addition to these rulers, King Wu's immediate ancestors –Danfu, Jili, and Wen – are also referred to as "Kings of Zhou", despite having been nominal vassals ofthe Shang kings.

NB: Dates in Chinese history before the first year of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are contentious andvary by source. Those below are those published by Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and EdwardL. Shaughnessy's The Absolute Chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty.


9 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

Personal name Posthumous name Reign period

發 Fa 周武王 King Wu of Zhou 1046–1043 BC1045–1043 BC

誦 Song 周成王 King Cheng of Zhou 1042–1021 BC1042/1035–1006 BC

釗 Zhao 周康王 King Kang of Zhou 1020–996 BC1005/1003–978 BC

瑕 Xia 周昭王 King Zhao of Zhou 995–977 BC977/975–957 BC

滿 Man 周穆王 King Mu of Zhou 976–922 BC956–918 BC

繄扈 Yihu 周共王/周龔王 King Gong of Zhou 922–900 BC917/915–900 BC

囏 Jian 周懿王 King Yi of Zhou 899–892 BC899/897–873 BC

辟方 Pifang 周孝王 King Xiao of Zhou 891–886 BC872?–866 BC

燮 Xie 周夷王 King Yi of Zhou 885–878 BC865–858 BC

胡 Hu 周厲王/周剌王 King Li of Zhou 877–841 BC857/853–842/828 BC

共和 Gonghe Regency 841–828 BC

靜 Jing 周宣王 King Xuan of Zhou 827–782 BC

宮湦 Gongsheng 周幽王 King You of Zhou 781–771 BC

End of Western Zhou / Beginning of Eastern Zhou宜臼 Yijiu 周平王 King Ping of Zhou 770–720 BC

林 Lin 周桓王 King Huan of Zhou 719–697 BC

佗 Tuo 周莊王 King Zhuang of Zhou 696–682 BC

胡齊 Huqi 周釐王 King Xi of Zhou 681–677 BC

閬 Lang 周惠王 King Hui of Zhou 676–652 BC

鄭 Zheng 周襄王 King Xiang of Zhou 651–619 BC

壬臣 Renchen 周頃王 King Qing of Zhou 618–613 BC

班 Ban 周匡王 King Kuang of Zhou 612–607 BC

瑜 Yu 周定王 King Ding of Zhou 606–586 BC

夷 Yi 周簡王 King Jian of Zhou 585–572 BC


10 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

泄心 Xiexin 周靈王 King Ling of Zhou 571–545 BC

貴 Gui 周景王 King Jing of Zhou 544–521 BC

猛 Meng 周悼王 King Dao of Zhou 520 BC

丐 Gai 周敬王 King Jing of Zhou 519–476 BC

仁 Ren 周元王 King Yuan of Zhou 475–469 BC

介 Jie 周貞定王 King Zhending of Zhou 468–442 BC

去疾 Quji 周哀王 King Ai of Zhou 441 BC

叔 Shu 周思王 King Si of Zhou 441 BC

嵬 Wei 周考王 King Kao of Zhou 440–426 BC

午 Wu 周威烈王 King Weilie of Zhou 425–402 BC

驕 Jiao 周安王 King An of Zhou 401–376 BC

喜 Xi 周烈王 King Lie of Zhou 375–369 BC

扁 Bian 周顯王 King Xian of Zhou 368–321 BC

定 Ding 周慎靚王 King Shenjing of Zhou 320–315 BC

延 Yan 周赧王 King Nan of Zhou 314–256 BC

Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed Duke Hui of Eastern Zhou as King Nan's successor after their capital,Chengzhou, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. Ji Zhao, a son of King Nan, led a resistance against Qin forfive years. The dukedom fell in 249 BC. The remaining Ji family ruled Yan and Wei until 209 BC.

Zhou in astronomyZhou is represented by two stars, Eta Capricorni (周一 Zhōu yī, "the First Star of Zhou") and 21Capricorni (周二 Zhōu èr, "the Second Star of Zhou"), in "Twelve States" asterism.[22] Zhou is alsorepresented by the star Beta Serpentis in asterism "Right Wall", Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chineseconstellation).[23]

See also

Family tree of the Zhou dynastyFour occupationsHistorical capitals of ChinaTomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng

Notes


11 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

^ The exact location of Bin remains obscure, but it may have been close to Linfen on the Fen River inpresent-day Shanxi.[5][6]

a.

^ Sima Qian was only able to establish historical dates after the time of the Gonghe Regency. Earlier dates,like that of 1046 BC for the Battle of Muye, are given in this article according to the official PRCXia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, but they remain contentious. Various historians have offered dates forthe battle ranging between 1122 and 1027 BC.

b.

^ Bodman (1980), p. 41: "Moreover, Shang dynasty Chinese at least in its syntax and lexicon seems not todiffer basically from that of the Zhou dynasty whose language is amply attested in inscriptions on bronzevessels and which was transmitted in the early classical literature."

c.

References

^ a b Shijing, Ode 245.1.^ "Hou Ji". Encyclopædia Britannica.2.^ Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Annals of Zhou, §3 (http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=4579&remap=gb).

3.

^ Wu (1982), p. 235.4.^ Shaughnessy (1999), p. 303.5.^ Wu (1982), p. 273.6.^ a b Chinn (2007), p. 43.7.^ Hucker (1978), p. 32.8.^ Hucker (1978), p. 33.9.^ a b Hucker (1978), p. 37.10.^ .Carr, Brian & al. Companion Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=osxPipnXeN0C&pg=PA466), p. 466. Taylor & Francis, 2012. ISBN 041503535X,9780415035354.

11.

^ Brashier, K. E. Ancestral Memory in Early China (http://books.google.es/books?id=aJAMLt5NYAQC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=%22The+White+tiger+hall+discussion+is+here%22&source=bl&ots=_v909EbDMK&sig=eOK5lPHbTo7DSSNLqHstF1mHAEg&hl=es&sa=X&ei=i6E8UpziCIbR7AatzoDwBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20White%20tiger%20hall%20discussion%20is%20here%22&f=false).

12.

^ The ramage system in China and Polynesia Li Hwei http://c.ianthro.tw/sites/c.ianthro.tw/files/da/df/401/401104_0001.pdf

13.

^ Tao, Hsi-Sheng. Marriage and Family, Shanghai. 193414.^ Ancestral Memory in Early China Written By K. E. Brashier http://books.google.es/books?id=aJAMLt5NYAQC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=%22The+White+tiger+hall+discussion+is+here%22&source=bl&ots=_v909EbDMK&

15.


12 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

sig=eOK5lPHbTo7DSSNLqHstF1mHAEg&hl=es&sa=X&ei=i6E8UpziCIbR7AatzoDwBQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20White%20tiger%20hall%20discussion%20is%20here%22&f=false^ The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology Written By Martina Deuchlerhttp://books.google.es/books?id=NQeeYOyUx64C&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=%22Neo-Confucian+sociopolitical+theory%22&source=bl&ots=UJTD4wONr7&sig=FOkr8GRYphi2x2yhonC59CSLiik&hl=es&sa=X&ei=WMWKUvSxIs-N7Abg0oDIDA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Neo-Confucian%20sociopolitical%20theory%22&f=false

16.

^ ChinaKnowledge.de encyclopedia, http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/zhou-admin.html.Alternatively, the sequence was translated as prince, lord, elder, master, chieftain: Brooks 1997:3 n.9.

17.

^ Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006), p. 14.18.^ Shaughnessy (1988).19.^ Khayutina (2003).20.^ Schirokauer & Brown (2006), pp. 25–47.21.^ (Chinese)"AEEA – Astronomy Education Network (天文教育資訊網)" (http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060704.html) (in Chinese). July 4, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2010.

22.

^ (Chinese) "AEEA – Astronomy Education Network (天文教育資訊網)" (http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060624.html) (in Chinese). June 24, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2010.

23.

Works cited

Bodman, Nicholas C. (1980), "Proto-Chinese and Sino-Tibetan: data towards establishing thenature of the relationship", in van Coetsem, Frans; Waugh, Linda R., Contributions to historicallinguistics: issues and materials, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 34–199, ISBN 978-90-04-06130-9.Chinn, Ann-ping (2007), The Authentic Confucius, Scribner, ISBN 0-7432-4618-7Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social,and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0-618-13384-4Gernet, Jacques (1996), A History of Chinese Civilization (Second ed.), Cambridge UniversityPress, ISBN 0-521-49781-7Hucker, Charles O. (1978), China to 1850: A short history, Stanford University Press,ISBN 0-8047-0958-0Khayutina, Maria (2003), "Where Was the Western Zhou Capital?" (http://www.sinits.com/research/WesternZhouCapital.pdf), The Warring States Working Group, WSWG-17(http://www.umass.edu/wsp/conferences/wswg/17/index.html), Leiden, Germany: Warring StatesProject, p. 14Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006), A Brief History of Chinese Civilization (Second


13 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to ZhouDynasty.

ed.), Wadsworth: Thomson Learning, pp. 25–47Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988), "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot IntoChina", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 48 (1): 189–237, doi:10.2307/2719276(http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2719276)Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999), "Western Zhou History", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy,Edward L., The Cambridge History of Ancient China, pp. 292–351, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8Wu, K. C. (1982), The Chinese Heritage, New York: Crown Publishers, ISBN 0-517-54475-X

Further reading

Feng, Li (2006), Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou1045–771 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85272-2.Fong, Wen (ed.) (1980). The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republicof China (http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/107906). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870992260.Lee, Yuan-Yuan; Shen, Sinyan (1999), Chinese Musical Instruments, Chinese Music MonographSeries, Chinese Music Society of North America Press, ISBN 978-1-880464-03-8.Shen, Sinyan (1987), "Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells", Scientific American 256: 94.Sun, Yan (2006), "Cultural and Political Control in North China: Style and Use of the Bronzes ofYan at Liulihe during the Early Western Zhou", in Mair, Victor H., Contact and Exchange in theAncient World, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 215–237, ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.Wagner, Donald B. (1999), "The Earliest Use of Iron in China", in Young, S. M. M.; Pollard, A.M.; Budd, P. et al., Metals in Antiquity, Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 1–9, ISBN 978-1-84171-008-2.

External links

Chinese Text Project (http://ctext.org/dynasty.pl?if=en&dynasty=27), Rulers of the Zhou period – with links totheir occurrences in pre-Qin and Han texts.

Preceded byShang dynasty

Dynasties in Chinese history1046 – 256 BC

Succeeded byQin dynasty

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhou_dynasty&oldid=623965747"Categories: Former countries in Asia States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BCZhou dynasty 1046 BC establishments in China 256 BC disestablishments in China


14 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

Former countries in Chinese history

This page was last modified on 3 September 2014 at 05:57.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional termsmay apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.


15 of 15 9/15/14 10:33 AM

Documents

Zhou dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediawildehistory.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/7/0/16706304/zhou_dynasty...Zhou dynasty 周朝 Kingdom ← c.!1046 BC–256 BC → Population concentration