Zimbabwe News, Vol. 28, No. 5

http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuzn199705

Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available athttp://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read andwill abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that thecontent in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka inconnection with research, scholarship, and education.

The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmentalworks and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must besought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distributionof these materials where required by applicable law.

Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials aboutand from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org

Zimbabwe News, Vol. 28, No. 5

Alternative title Zimbabwe News

Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union

Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Harare, Zimbabwe)

Date 1997-05-00

Resource type Magazines (Periodicals)

Language English

Subject

Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Africa (region), Southern Africa (region), Congo,the Democratic Republic of the

Coverage (temporal) 1997

Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.28

Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African NationalUnion Patriotic Front.

Description Comment. Cover Story: OAU — Successes and Failures.OAU Summit: Founding of the OAU. OAU comes south ofthe Zambezi River. Kwame Nkrumah — the rock on whichthe OAU was founded. The first secretary-general. Who willbe the next Secretary-General of the OAU? Vision of AfricanUnity. OAU — The way forward. National News: Zimbabwegovernment committed to women's cause. Chiyangwacaring for Jairos Jiri's widow. Regional File: Call forgovernments to practice gender equality. Death penalty:Which way for Southern Africa? SADC's water sharingefforts backed. Conflict in Lesotho: Burdened by intrigue.Africa File: Zaire situation explosive and dangerous. Sport:Tennis comes of age. Obituary: Major Tobias KugaraMwanjira. John Enwet Kandeya.

Format extent(length/size)

28 page(s)

http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuzn199705

http://www.aluka.org

Zimbabwe News

Zimbabwe NewsOfficial Organ of ZANU PFDepartment of tnormation and Publicitr. 144 Union Avenue, H ' TeL:790148Volume2.No. 5 1997, RegisteredattheG.POasaNewspaper MAY 1997$2.50(incl. sales tax)TheOAUat34THE WAY FRWAR: ixOi i

Zimbabwe NewsOfficial Oigan of ZANU PFContentsComment: ...................................................................... 2Cover Story: OAU - Successes and Failures:............................................................. 3OAU Summit: Founding of the OAU.............................................................................. 5OAU comes south of the Zambezi River .................................................. 7Kwame Nkrumah - the rock on which the OAU was founded.......................6The first secretary-general ....................................................................... 8Who will be the next Secretary-General of the OAU? .............................. 9Vision of African Unity ............................................................................. 10OAU - The way forward ........................................................................ I INational News: Zimbabwe government committed to women's cause.............................. 13Chiyangwa caring for Jairos Jiri's widow .................................................. 13Regional File: Call for governments to practice gender equality.......................................... 15Death penalty: Which way for Southern Africa? ....................................... 16SADC's water sharing efforts backed .................................................... 17Conflict in Lesotho: Burdened by intrigue ............................................. 18Africa File: Zaire situation explosive and dangerous.................................................. 19Sport: Tennis comes of age.............................................................................. 20

Obituary: Major Tobias Kugara Mwanjira............................................................... 22John Enwet Kandeya .............................................................................. 22I-Zimbabwe News is the official organ of the Zimbabwe African NationalUnionZANU PF and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by theDepartment of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co.,No. 14 Austin Road, Workington, Harare World Copyright, CentralCommittee(ZANU PF)Editorial Council: Code. N.M. Shamuyarira, Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende, Cde. C.Ndhlovu, Code. S. Kachingwe, Cde. A. Sikhosana.ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

EDITORIALOPTIMISM ABOUT AFRICAIN most of the capitals of the big powers, there is a lot of pessimism about Africa.The heading of newspapers focus mostly on starving or dying refugees, rivalrybetween tribal groups, any quarrels among leaders, and the sluggishperfomance'Of our national economies. The picture painted by the mass media,and by publicstatements of the experts on Africa, is one of retrogression at present, and agloomy puture. This picture of pessimism and despair is being felt and spreadamong the intelligentsia in African capitals too.It is time for Africa and Africans to be optimistic about themselves, theircountries, their continent and its future. This is NOT empty talk full ofsound andfury signifying nothing. There is a lot to be optimistic about in our continent.Firstly, genuine democracy is stringing deep roots in many African countries.Elected governments are now the norm, and the rule of the law is the acceptedpractice. Military dictatorships still left can be counted on one hand. Secondly,most of the African economies are registering economic growth ratesof 3 percent,or even more.Last year, only 12 African countries registered growth rates lower than 3 percent.In general, therefore, most of African economies can be said to be growing, andwell on the road to recovery. Thirdly, the OAU now seems to have devised aworkable formula of intervention by appropriate actors in the event of a seriousconflict within a state or between states. It should be possible for the continentalorganisation to deal with some of the perennial problems that face some states andsome regions.In our own region we commend the steps taken by SADC to strengthenthe organof politics, security, and defence. The recent meeting by Foreign Ministers, andDefence Ministers of SADC even talked of forging a defence pact amongmembers. In East Africa, the community has been revived on what appears to besound principles. In West Africa, the roots of ECOWAS are being deepened andexpanded.Finally, there is renewed interest in other regions of the world to increase theirtrade and economic interaction with Africa. The ASEAN states are seeking opprtunities for new investiments in Africa. The European Union is reviewingthe

Lome Convention. The American Congress has passed legislation aimed atincreasing investiments and trade in Africa. There is a lot of activity tobeoptimistic about as we prepare to enter the 21th century. History will record ourfight to get out of colonialism and polical subjtigation in the twentieth century. Inthe next century, we should leap ahead and develop like some of the South-EastAsian countries have done. We should not despair or be pessimisticat the verystart of what should be an exciting 21th century. Our people deservea better deal.ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 28 NO. 5

Immediately following the establishment of the OAU, Kenya, under JomoKenyatta (left), attained independence followed by Malawi and Zambia (1964)under Dr. Banda (middle) and Dr. Kaunda.I n the last 34 years the OAU has gonethrough many trials and tribulations.It has scored a major victory in one area, and has failed in two areas. Can theleaders of Southern Africa play a role in strengthening the organisation, and helpto overcome the weaknesses that led to failure in the two areas?The shining page of liberation The shining page of success scored bythe OAU isthe liberation of all parts of Africa, including Southern Africa. Thefoundingmeeting of the OAU in Addis Ababa in May, 1963, was attended by our leaders,Robert Mugabe, Joshua Nkomo, Leopold Takawira, Washington Malianga, andJason Moyo. In addition to producing the Charter (or the constitution) of theOAU, the African leaders formed' a Coordinating Committee for theLiberation ofAfrica. The focus of theZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5Charter was on African unity, while that of the committee was on liberation.Many of the founding fathers spoke at length about the need to removecolonialism from every inch of African soil, and totally liberate the continent. Theclarion call for total decolonisation came especially from Kwame Nkrumah ofGhana, Sekoe Toure of Guinea, Ben Bellah of Algeria, Gamal Nasser of Egypt,arid Mwalimu Nyerere of Tanzania. Ben Bellah departed from his written speechand called on all his colleagues to contribute one percent of their gross nationalproduct into a fund for the liberation of Africa. The headquarters of the LiberationCommittee was in Dar-Es-Salaam, the capital of Tanzania, which became thegathering point for all fighters for freedom. Under the able leadership ofMwalimu Julius Nyerere, Tanzania spearheaded the struggle for liberation.At the time of founding the OAU there were 32 countries in Africa that wereindependent. Since then 20 countries have been liberated, and indeed colonialismhas been removed from the face of Africa. The Republic of South Africa whichattained its true independence in 1994 was the last bastion of colonialismandracism. We say "true" independence because the minority white settlers had hadwhat they regarded and called independence from Britain in 1910. But, it wasonly the independence of a minority in a sea of people who were not free. It wasonly in 1994 that South Africa became truly independent. The legacy of Cabraland Mondhlane Those who had laughed at the formation of the LiberationCommittee in 1963 were surprised when one colony after

*Continued on next pageCover Story

ICvStorOAU - successes and failures*Continued from previous page ported the liberation movements very state.Therefore, no OAU state could inanother succeeded and attainedin- strongly inits way. They helped Africa tervene even in a state where law and dependence.With the collapse of fas- to achieve one of its major goals of liber- order hascompletely broken down, and cism in Portugal in 1974, all the former ation fromWestern European there is, no one visibly in-charge. This colonialism,was the case in Somalia when the U.N.Portuguese colonies were freed, begin- and the USA had tointervene. The OAUning with Guinea-Bissau, as it was called Unity is imperative now is now takingsteps to rectify this situathen. The illustrious son who led the war Now thefailures! There are many noble tion. In the new formula of resolving againstPortuguese colonialism in West goals in the Charter of the OAU whichconflicts,it is agreed that where law and Africa, Amilcar Cabral, did not live to have notyet been achieved. Two of order has broken down, or where serithe fruits of hislabour. He and Eduardo them are the consolidation of African ous internalconflicts have emerged, a Mondhlane, another illustrious son of unity, and thepeaceful settlement of dis- group of African states (usually the Mozambique, wereassassinated by putes between and among African neighbouringstates, orcertainly indudagents of Portuguese fascist rulers. But States. Infact the wholeCharter is a clari- ng them) can and should intervene. The that did not stop themarch to on call for UNITY and FREEDOM. new formula has given theOAU theindependence.There have been several obstacles in the teeth to act collectively on major AfriinZimbabwe. in the erly 19070 the . .. .. , . can conflicts.armed struggle which had been slow to start picked up momentum, and began toput pressure on the settlers. Manoeuvres to have a political settlement withpuppets and sell-outs failed, and finally the settlers came to the tableat LancasterHouse in London, in 1979. Again, settler agents had assassinated twoillustrioussons of Zimbabwe, Herbert Chitepo and Jason Moyo, and their armyhad killedthousands of freedom-fighters. But, the war of liberation underthe illustriousleadership of Comrade Robert Mugabe obntinued and spread to every comer -ofthe land.In South Africa the Apartheid regime committed heinous crimes that are nowbeing revealed before the Truth Commission. Thousands of freedom-fighters werekilled in a genocidal war perpetrated by the apartheid regime. But, that too faileddismally. The dawn of freedom, and the emergence of a democratic South Africain 1994 marked the end of the work and thrust of the Liberation Committee.The liberation Committee at work Over 30 years, the Committee had collectedmoney, weapons, and food for freedom-fighters, it met twice a year in various

African capitals to hear petitions from freedom-fighters, and to distribute theresources that it had. As time went on, and the colonial dominos fellone after theother, the meetings of the Committee drew more attention. Although manyAfrican states did not contribute the one percent of their gross national productdecided upon in 1963, a regular few did contribute. That contribution kept theliberation movements going. In due course, some contributions were made by thesocialist countries in Eastern Europe, led by the Soviet Union. In its strongopposition to American imperialism and the hegemony of Western (NATO)powers, the Soviet Union sup-patn or Amcan unity. One or the persistent ones is the continued grouping ofsome states as Francophone, Anglophone, and Lusophone. Thesegroupings are alegacy of colonialism. They reflect the languages and cultures leftwith us by thecolonial powers. But, why should we continue to perpetuate these groupings?Another divisive factor is religion. We have Christian, Muslim, and some localreligions in Africa, but some religious groups now want to exercise politicalpower. That causes conflict with believers of other faiths who live in the samestate. The history of the Western European states that fought many religious warsin the past, seems to suggest that the best solution is the establishmentof a secularstate that tolerates (or embraces) all religions and faiths. Although some progresshas been made, the inter-play of religious and ethnic issues, and thelegacies ofcolonialism, as well as the machinations of former colonial powers and of theUnited States of America, have made it difficult to forge greater unity. Muchgreater effort has to be made to build and consolidate the unity of Africa achievedin 1963, and pursued in the last 34 years. Settlement of disputes among AfricansThe second area of concern is that there are many African disputes;some areamong political groups within a state (such as Rwanda, Burundi, and Liberia), andothers are between states, or a fusion of both. At the founding of theOAU it wasagreed to accept the existing colonial boundaries of African states. Amechanismwas set up to mediate between states that may be in disagreement. But,still manyissues have remained unresolved. With respect to internal conflicts, the OAU wasalways handicapped by the clause which said that no state should interfere in theinternal affairs of anotherOne of the obvious solutions is to hurry up with the building of the continentalAfrican Economic Community, based on the Abuja treaty of 1991. Wedo nothave to wait until the year 2025 as the treaty envisages. It can be built muchquicker. The sub-regional economic organisations which form thebuilding blocsof the continental community should be built now, and quickly. Indeed SADC hasgone a low way. If all goes according to plan, it should be a free trade area by theyear 2004. But quite dearly, a big African market of 700 milion people couldbargain for better terms of trade, and also pay off (or trade off) itsdebt. Atpresent, the trade between and among African states is still very small. Our traderoutes are still to Europe where we are exploited and shortchanged. If we steppedup intra-African trade as some Asian countries have done, we may beable tostand up straight and not be left out or marginalised, or left behind by anybody.rhe debt and the economies

An area where little progress has been made is the whole area of managing thenational economies. The African continent has been marginalised by the bigeconomic powers, left behind by the galloping South-East Asian nations, anddevastated by persistent and severe droughts, especially in the countries of theSahel. The. African debt'has now reached the 300 billion dollar mark, and stillgrowing. In some wellknown instances, the interest rate on the debt isnow bigenough to equal the value of all exports of the particular cduniltry.It is now quiteobvious that many countries just cannot pay the debt. OAU efforts in the1980s tomeet with the creditor contries have not suc~eeded. The creditorsare avoidinig ameeting with all debtors. This is an area which demarids an African solution now.ElZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5I

Founding of the OAUStaff WriterEmperor Halle Sailassie (Ras Tafari) of Ethiopiahe launching of the OAU followed a series of Pan-African conferencesin the United States of America during the 1950s, largely organisedby 'Africanstudents studying there, in Britain and Canada. The conferences were madepossible. largely by AfricanAmerican and African-British students who saw theessence and fundamentality of a united voice of Africa as opposedto anindividualistic approach. One of the African students then was KwameNkrumahwho was later to become Ghanaian first President and statesman. He isundoubtedly, one of the foremost exponents of African unity, Pan-Africanism andthe brains behind the conceptualisation and subsequent establishment of the OAU.The OAU was founded with the objective of ensuring that Africa was rid ofcolonialism. This objective was distinctly set out by Dr Nkrumah who on the eveof Ghana's national independence, in 1957, said: "Our independence ismeaningless unless it is linked up with the total liberation of the Africancontinent".ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5GroundworkThe following year,in April 1958, Dr Nkrumah convened a conference ofindependent African states in Accra, consisting of Egypt, Ethiopia, liberia,Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia. Addressing this conference on April 15, he stated:"We have for too long been the victims of foreign domination. For toolong wehave had no say in the management of our own affairs or in deciding our owndestinies. Now times have changed, and today we are the masters ofour ownfate."In December of the same year (19!5j, he called the first All-African People'sConference, the purcursor of the OAU. In his address he said: "What is thepurpose of this historic Conference? We are here'to know ourselves and toexchange views on matters of common interest; to expose ways and means ofconsolidating and safe-guarding our hardwon independence; to strengthen theeconomic and cultural ties between our countries; to find workable arrangements

for helping our brothers still languishing under colonial rule."He wrote a bookthe same year, I Speak Of Freedom, in which he stated that "We were determinedto unite in order to form a union of African states". In pursuit of this dream, hemet the leaders of Guinea and Liberia in July, 1959, where a Declaration ofPrinciples was issued setting out the framework for a Community ofIndependentAfrican States. However, the idea was opposed at the second conference ofindependent African states held in Addis Ababa on June 15, 1960.Leading in the opposition to Dr Nkrumah's ideas of a union of African states wasNigeria, whose delegate argued that it was too early to do so. When the Congocrisis erupted in 1960, Dr Nkrumah suppported the duly elected PrimeMinister ofthe country, Cde Patrice Lumumba. He was angered by the inabilityof the UNCongo Command to prevent the arrest and death of Cde Lumumba. Hesuggestedthe establishment of an African High Command which could be called upon torepulse any threat to the independence of an African state.First mooted in November, 1960 to the leaders of Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia ,Libya,Mali, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia and the United Arab Republic(UAR), theidea failed to take root.However, it received support at the much publicised Casablanca (Morocco)Conference in 1961 where a Charter was adopted. The Charter, whichcalled forthe establishment of an African Consultative Assembly, condemnedneocolonialism and urged the promotion of economic, cultural and politicalcooperation in Africa. The Casablanca Conference was attended byGhana,Guinea, Mali, Morocco (host nation), Libya, UAR and Algeria.At yet another All-African People's Conferance in Addis Ababa, the CasablancaCharter was ratified, giving birth to the Organisation of African Unityand; AddisAbaba was duly declared capital headquarters of the OAU. The Organisation'sfounding fathers were: Dr. Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Egypt's Gamal AbdelNasser, Cde. Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika (now Tanzania), Ethiopia's EmperorHaile Selassie, Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria, Mali's Modibo Keita andGuinea'sSekou Toure. In Addis Abba, 30 of Africa's 32 independent states ratified theCasablanca Charter to launch the OAU. The remaining two,, Togo and Morocco,did so at a later staee. .Egypt's Gamal Abdul Nasser

Kwame Nkrumah - the rock on which the OAU was foundedStaff Writere spoke, wrote and dreamt ofAfrican unity. From his early days in school in the United States, throughout hisdays as President of Ghana, to the very last days of his life, Kwame Francis NwiaNkrumah urged the people of Africa to be united, consolidate their peace byworking together in their endeavours for socio-economic and politicalindependence. In 1971, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, now in exile in Guinea andseriously ill, said: "If we are to remain free, if we are to enjoy the full benefits ofAfrica's rich resources, we must unite to plan for our total defenceand the fullexploitation of our material and human means, in the full interestsof our people.To go it alone will limit our horizons, curtail our expectations and threaten our

liberty." The above statement, made barely a month before his death on April 271972, was consistent with the principle and spirit that characterised the illustriouslife of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah who, as a student wrote the largely agreed"Declaration to the peoples of the colonies" calling on them to organise anend tocolonial rule.Early daysKwame Nkrumah was born on September 21, 1909 at Nkrouful, south-westernGhana. He spent eight years of primary school at the Roman Catholic ChurchSchool in Half-Assinie where his father was a goldsmith. In 1930, hequalified asa teacher at a Government Training College in Accra, and taught there until 1935.Nkrumah then left for the USA where he graduated in 1939 from LincolnUniversity, Oxford, Pennysylvannia, with a major in Economics and Sociology.He also studied Theology and obtained post-graduate degrees in Education andPhilosophy from the University of Pennysylvannia in Philadelphia.He was appointed lecturer in Political Science at Lincoln University, where hewas also elected President of the African Students Organisation ofAmerica andCanada. In June 1945 he went to study at the London School of Economics andPolitical Science and to read lawThe brains behind OAU - Dr. Kwame Nkrumahat Gray's Inn. Here, he was elected vicePresident of the WestAfrican StudentsUnion and, in October of the same year, was elected co-Secretary ofthe FifthPanAfrican Conference held in Manchester, England.At the Conference, Kwame Nkrumah was elected Secretary-General of theWorking Committee and also Secretary of the West African National Secretariat.At the same time, he became editor of the New African, a Pan-African publicationfor African students in Britain.Back in GhanaWriting later about the years he spent abroad, Nkrumah stated: "Those years inAmerica and England were years of sorrow and loneliness, poverty and hardwork. But I have never regretted them, because the background that they providedhelped me to formulate my philosophy of life and politics." On November 14,1947, he returned to the then Gold Coast and became General Secretary of theUnited Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). Nkrumah began to implement some ofthe political principles which had been part of his education abroad. One of thecrucial elements included creation of a mass politicalparty which could be mobilised for "positive action" in the struggle forindependence. (He was later to write a book, in 1950, entitled What ! mean byPositive Action).Following demonstrations by exservicemen and workers against high prices, andthe boycott of European and Syrian traders, Nkrumah was detainedon March 12,1948. His arrest, with those of five other UGCC leaders, followed allegations thatthe UGCC was to blame for the agitation and riots in which the colonialadministration had shot dead 29 Africans, injuring 237 others.Later, following disagreements between the UGCC leadership and Nkrumah, thelatter organised the Committee of Youth Organisation (CYO). However,efforts tomake CYO a sub-committee of UGCC as a measure towards patching up

differences were in vain and, Nkrumah went on to form the Convention People'sParty (CPP).Nkrumah as leader On December 25, 1949, Nkrumah made a speechin which heurged the people to remain organised and resolute. When workers went on strikein January 1950, Nkrumah was arrested, convicted and sentenced to three years inprison. The CPP, however, continued to function and emerged victorious in boththe municipal and general elections of February 1951. Campaigning from prison,Nkrumah won the Accra central constituency which led to his releasefrom prisonthe same month to become Leader of Government Business, a title which waslater changed to Prime Minister in March, 1952. In elections of June 1954, theCPP again won but fresh elections were called in July 1956. Again,the CPP wonconvincingly and, on March 6, 1957, Gold Coast became independent Ghana. InDecember 1957, Nkrumah married an Egyptian, Fathia Helen, in a privateceremony attended by close relatives and friends. They had three children. Pan-AfricanistHis concern for unity and progress at home was unflinchingly matched by his$Continued on page 8ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

OAU comes south of the Zambezi Riverarly next month - on June 2the Organisation of African Unity will be holding its regular annual Summitmeeting in Zimbabwe. This will be the first time this august body of AfricanHeads of States and Government 4 will have met in a capital southof theZambezi river. That will be a historic occasion symbolising the successes andfailures of the organisation in the last 34years.No doubt every Zimbabwean will join in welcoming to our country theleaders ofAfrica. Our traditional hospitality must be extended in full to thesecourageousmen and women. They played a deciit sive part in our struggle forfreedom andindependence. They assisted us and made it possible for us to overthrowT 'minority and recist rulers, the last ofwhom was Ian Smith. The erogant and9 unrependent racist, Ian Smith, declaredthat there would be no black government in Zimbabwe in his lifetime. Now,because of the work of the OAU, he has :6 been living under a blackgovernmentk for the last seventeen years.All Zimbabweans are rejoicing at the fact that our President and First Secretary ofZANU PF Comrade Robert Mugabe, will be Chairman of the OAU for thenextyear. This is a great honour to the 11 million people of Zimbabwe, and anopportunity to render our services to thecontinent.The white line on the ZambeziThe big problems we had in liberating the countries of Southern Africa, especiallySouth Africa, Mozambique, Angola, and Zimbabwe, is that colonialismin our

countries was based on the rule by white settlers. In West, Central and EastAfrica, the colonisers (British, Belgian, French, and Portuguese) governed theircolonies directly from their capitals in Europe. One of their Cabinet Ministers wasgiven special responsibilities for managing the colonies, and he in turnappointedGovernors for each colony.Production of cocoa, coffee, tea, mineral products, or whateverwas produced inthose colonies, was based on the native peasants. The land remainedtheproperty of the peasantry.But this was not the case in Southern Africa. Here the task of governing thenatives was given to the white settlers.They settled in larger numbers, and the production of mineral and agriculturalproducts was based on plantationsZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5By Our Correspondentowned by them. In South Africa, they even claimed that they arrivedthere in 1652at the same time as the black South Africans. In the 1930s, there wasa bitterdebate in East Africa on who was entitled to a vote and citizenship between theEuropean settlers and the Indians. The British Government appointed aCommission which concluded that the land belongs to the Natives, therefore theirinterests were paramount. Lord Passifield, a peer of the Labour Party, who wasthen Colonial Secretary, announced the doctrine of "African paramountcy".White paramountcyThe white settlers in Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, andtheProtectorates, revolted and demanded white areas in which there would be "whitesupremacy". General Smuts from South Africa, proposed linking up all whitesettlements in one Federal state under the hegemony of South Africa. A bitterdebate ensued which ended up with the creation of the Central African Federationbased on white rule, and the enactment of the obnoxious doctrine of Apartheid inSouth Africa. In the former Portguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola, adoctrine of "assimilation" was adopted, based again on white minority rule,although racism was not so pronounced.So, then, the response to the doctrine of "African paramountcy" in East Africawas to draw the white line across the Zambezi. All colonies south of the Zambeziwere to be developed as "whiteman's country". The whitemen and women werethere to stay, and to rule. That is the white line that was broken by the combinedefforts of theOAU and the native peoples of this region, working together, and fighting thewhite settlers.OAU Summit in Cape TownIn the year 2000 the last OAU Summit of this century must be held in Cape Townin South Africa. That city was the citadel of white colonial power. Whentheimperialist, Cecil John Rhodes, was Prime Minister of the Cape Colony at the turnof the century, he urged all his followers to go north and grab the colonies forthemselves. He personally organised columns of Policemen to move intoBotswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. He urged the British Government tobe imperialist, and to colour the African map red (the British colours). Asked

what his aim in his life was he said "colour that whole map red" (lookingat themap of Africa). He started building a railway, a road, and a telephone line whichwas to stretch from Cape Town to Cairo. The brooding figure of Cecil JohnRhodes still sits in a park in Cape Town looking north - to Cairo.The defeat of that imperial dream was a major victory for Africa and its peoples.It should be celebrated before this century is over, and we enter the21 st century.It is gratifying that we are entering the next century without colonial or imperialambitions of any sort in Africa. That event should be celebrated in Cape Town.We are certain that President Nelson Mandela, the illustrious son ofAfrica wholed the heroic struggle against Apartheid, will invite the OAU to such an event inCape Town. The white line has been obliterated from the Zambezi, as well as theLimpopo rivers.D

O SummiThe first secretary-generauinean diplomat, Cde DialloBoubacar Telli, was the first Secretary-General of the Organisation of AfricanUnity. He studied law at Paris University and worked as a magistrate in Senegaland in Dahomey (now Benin). Then he became chef de cabinet to the FrenchHigh Commissioner for West Africa and, in 1957, became Secretary-Generai tothe Grand Council of French West Africa.When Guinea attained national independence in October 1958, Cde Telli becamea Roving Ambassador for the new state, then was Permanent Representative tothe United Nations from 1958 to 1964. He was for some time, chairmanof theStaff WriterUN's Committees on Decolonisation and South Africa's apartheid. In 1962, CdeTelli travelled around Africa as a representantive of President Toure, who didmuch then to prepare the ground for the Addis Ababa Summit of May 1963. Atthe Cairo Summit of the OAU in 1964, Cde Diallo Telli was unanimously electedSecretary-General of the organisation on July 21.He was re-elected in 1968 and for eight years, Cde Diallo Telli was always aspokesman for the OAU and for Africa. Although he failed to win re-election atthe Rabat (Morocco) OAU Sammit in 1972, he had done extremely wellforKwame Nkrumah - the rock onwhich the OAU was foundedO Continued from page 6 desire to Pan-African unity. He convened a conferenceof independence African states in 1958 and, in May 1959, Nkrumah helpedestablish the GhanaGuinea Union. He went on to call for another conference ofindependent African states which led to the Casablanca Conference in1961 wherea Charter was drawn up and ratified in 1963, giving birth to the Organisation ofAfrican Unity.On February 24, 1966, while on a peace mission to end the Vietnam War, he wasoverthrown by a military coup. Nkrumah went to Guinea where he waswelcomedand made co-President to President Sekou Toure. He published many books.After Towards Colonial Freedomin 1946, and What I Mean by PositiveAction in

1950, he wrote his autobiography, Ghana,published at the time of independencein 1957. While ruling Ghana he published I Speak Of Freedom (1961), AfricaMust Unite (1963), Consciencism (1964) and Neo-Colonialism in 1965. He thenwrote Axioms of Kwame Nkrumahin 1967 with a special edition dedicated to the liberation fighters in the remainingcolonies and, in 1970, he published Class Struggle in Africa.Nkrumah died in hospital in Bucharest, Romania, in 1972 and was buried inGuinea. There was though, prolonged mourning in Ghana followed byanargument between the Guinea government and military rulers in the former. Hisremains were eventually sent back to Ghana for reburial with full traditionalhonours amid national mourning. His mother, Elizabeth Nyaniba, was still alivethen and lived for several years afterwards. Later, his widow, Fathia, and his threechildren were allowed to return from exile in Egypt to Ghana. It appears thatwhile Pan-African conferences in Manchester, England, influenced most ofAfrica's would-be leaders, the successes scored by Kwame Nkrumah both asGhananian statesman, Pan-Africanist and founder of the OAU, hadan impact onthe AfricanAmericans. The latter raised their struggle against such oppressivelaws as the Civil Rights Act at the very same period that the OAU was launched,with some colonies attaining national independence.For instance, three months following the establishment of the OAU, MartinLuther King Jnr. made the timeless inspirational speech, I Have A Dream inWashington DC.Diallo Telli - for eight years, he w the spokesman for OAU and AfricaOAU and had the respect of most of t African governments. Cde Tellithenreturned to Guinea whe he was appointed Minister of Justice. I served assuch forfour years. In 197 Cde Diallo Telli was awarded a gold n dal at the celebrationsheld to ma OAU's tenth anniversary.IIlh va,ashe IereHe 73, iearkHe was, however, arrested together with other leading politicians following theannouncement of a "Fulani plot" to overthrow the government of President Toure,and was never heard of again.On February 25, 1977, Cde Diallo Telli was found dead in his cell in Guinea. Hewas aged 52.Others who have held the post since then were Nigerian Peter Onu, Liberia's IdeOumarou who was succeeded by the present incumbent, Cde Salim Ahmed Salim,former deputy Prime Minister of Tanzania. Cde. Salim will be seeking reelectionat the OAU June Summit in Harare. 0ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

OAU Summi

he second term of office of the Secretary-General of the OAU, Comrade SalimAhmed Salim, comes to an end at the 33rd Summit of the continental organisationnext month (on June 2). The Summit has to name a new Secretary-General for thenext four years, either by electing a new candidate, or renewing the mandate ofthe incumbent.We hope there will be a consensus and an agreement on a particularcandidate.What should be avoided is having to vote for two or more candidates. Usuallyvoting at the OAU becomes a rather grisly tussle between FrancophoneandAnglophone states fighting for different candidates. In one well-publicised votingin the 1970s, the Summit voted several times and was deadlocked for awholenight. Such a divisive exercise should be avoided at all times. However, wheneverthere is to be a vote, now or in the future; the Summit should adopt the system ofdropping the name of the candidate with the least number of votes, even if theleading candidate has not scored the two-thirds majority required by the Charter.The elimination of the bottom candidate helps the leading candidate to quicklysecure the required majority.Salim's track recordIn our view, the Tanzanian Ndugu, Salim Ahmed Salim, has been enjoying hiswork, and established a very good track record. He has scrupulously avoidedquarrels with his peers, and taken several decisive measures aimed atstrengthening the organisation. One measure that has transformed the organisationis the mechanism for conflict prevention, management, and resolution. It gives therecognisation (through the SecretaryGeneral) powers to intervenein those stateswhere law and order has broken down, or a serious conflict has emerged betweentwo or more member states. The mandate or power to intervene waters downconsiderably the impact of the old clause which prohibits any interference in theinternal affairs of member-states. The watering down or modification of thisclause was long long overdue. Salim A. Salim has given a new dimension to theconstitutional task of mediation in the numerous disputes in our continent. Wehope there will be no repetition of the situation like in SomaZIMBABWE NEWSVOL. 28 NO. 5lia in 1992-95 when the whole of Africa had to watch helplessly when Mogadishuwas burning on television, with no Government in control.Salim A. Salim has also been working hard to lay the foundation stones for theprojected African Economic Community by the year 2022. After the signing ofthe Abuja Treat in 1991, he travelled Wildly in the continent seeking ratificationby the national authorities of each member state. That was completedby 1993. Hehas also been active in promoting the sub-regional economic groupings in the fivesub-regions. These will form the building blocs on which the ambitious plan ofthe African Economic Community will be constructed.Acute shortage of moneyOne of the perennial problems of the OAU is the acute shortage of money forrunning the administration because most of the member-states do not pay theirassessed contributions annually. The Secretary-General and his staff have to begand plead with member-states year in and year out, to pay their subscriptions.Although the levels of payment still remain very low, Salim has suceeded to push

it much higher than in the past. His peers have continued to hold him in highregard, and to respond positively to his annual desperate pleasfor more money.In our view, the Secretary-General has established a very good track record.Another term may be a good idea. 0]There are no birdsof our feather.Because we offer the truly definitive example of the printer's art.The total job:typesetting, origination, printing and binding- utilising the latesttechnology andcompleted to the highest international standards. Our very competitive prices willalso give you something to crow aboutJONGWE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO. PVT) LTD. 14 Austin Road,Workington, Harare Telephone 621451-6/00000"

I US urni1#"de. -Herbert Munangatire a I renowned journalist is former iODeputyTreasurer of ZANU PF Mashonaland West Province. He is currentlyworkingwith ZANU PF in Zvimba. He farms at Zowa and Goromonzi and runs tradingstores in zvimba, Goromonzi and Harare and a pight dub at Masiyarwa inZvimba. He is also a Director of David Whitehead Textiles Ltd, Chegutu andConsultant in Public Relations for Lonrho Zimbabwe Ltd.Pan Africanism- the movement towards African Unity- was the major force whichhelped to bring independence to Africa and led to the creation of the Organisationof African Unity (OAU). In the forefront of that campaign for African Unity wasDr Kwame Nkurumah, the first President of Ghana. Kwame Nkurumah was botha visionary and patriotic par excellence. Following the independence of hiscountry in 1957 he took bold steps to implement his Pan African beliefs.Heconvened two PanAfrican Conferences in Accra in 1958. First wasthe conferenceof Independent African States in April and the All African People'sConference inDecember. The next year,1959 he convened in Accra the All-African TradeUnion Federal Conference.These Conferences marked a shift in PanAfricanism away from the concern withthe grievances of black people in general, towards a concern with unity of thenewly emerging independent African States and the liberation of the rest of thecontinent still under colonial rule. Nkrumah believed that Africa could never betruly independent of former colonial powers unless it was strong andthat it could only be strong if it was politically and economically united.Hiscampaign was for independence for every African country to be followed by aunion of all these states under a single Government. That was 50 years ago. Hisfirst dream-independence for every African State-has now been achieved.But thesecond dream, Continental Government of Africa is still to be achieved.The history of Pan Africanism begins in the United States sometime between thetwo World Wars (1917 to 1945) African, American and West Indian nationalistsand interilectuals objected to blacks being recruited to fight "white people'swars"when still subjected to discrimination in Africa and diaspora. The founding

fathers of the movement were W.E.B.DuBois, a Black American and two WestIndians, Marcus Garvey from Jamaica and George Padmore from Trinidad.A factor which helped to promote PanAfricanism at that time was the Italianinvasion of Ethiopia, which began on 3 October 1935. This single act had aresounding impact on colonial Africa, Black Americans, West Indians and blackintellectuals studying or working in Europe condemned the invasion. Blackpeople all over were profoundly shaken by the destruction of a country that wasthe proud symbol of African Independence and black achievement in colonialAfrica.Africans in Europe and Africa condemned the deed. In America every sizeableblack community held a protest meeting whilst in New York 20 000 people stageda protest. In London AfricansVision ofAfricanUnityBy Herbert Munangatireand West indians organised huge protest meetings against Italy.In Jamaica, who since the coronation of Ras Tafari as Haile Selassie in1932, acult that had strong Rastafarians (Rastas) who idolised the Ethiopian Emperor andregarded him ad God-King, there were huge demonstrations. But thefact is thatthis act of aggression by Italy had helped to bring Africans and blacks inthediaspora closer together under the Pan-African umbrella. SeveralPanAfricanconferences were held durirn succeeding years. But the most notable was the FifthPan-African Congress held at Manchester in England in 1945.Among scores of delegates present were two obscure students whowere destinedto make a mark in Africa. One was Kwame Nkrumah who was to lead the GoldCost to independence and change its name to Ghana and Jomo Kenyatta, the firstPresident of Kenya. Dr. W.E.B. DuBois chaired the meeting which was alsoattended by George Padmore and Peter Abrahams, the South African novelist,The delegates demanded independence for African "even if it meant using violentmeans to achieve it'. This was a turning point in the struggle for Africanindependence. Hitherto African organisations had sought to be accepted by thewhite rulers and to be fairly treated. They never demanded power to rule withoutpower.Encouraged by this Pan-African militancy Africans from Ghapla to South Africanow changed their tone. Their battle cry was "majority rule now." A neworganisation was formed to coordinate this desire to independence. It was aptlynamed the Pan-African Movement for East and Central Africa (PAFMESCA).The era of African iindependence had come.In Zimbabwe the African National Con*Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

OAU the way forwardBy Zvenyika KambiziH istory has it on good authoritythat when the Congo crisis erupted in 1960, Dr Kwame Nkrumah,

appalled by the apparent inability of the UN Congo Command to avert thearrestand subsequent death of Cde Patrice Lumumba, suggested that an African HighCommand be set up. This Command, he suggested, could be called upon toid repulse any threat to the independence1 of an African state.4 Although widely supported at the Casablanca Conference in 1961,the ideafailed t to take root. Dr Nkrumah went furtherik to suggest that an African Consultative w Assembly be set up whichideaagaini failed to materialise.Political unityIn contemporary Africa, people are dy0 ing in their thousands everyday from sdisease, hunger and famine. The real 45 causative factor, however, are endlesswars between and amongst rival ethnicities and civil wars, mostly fuelled by WestEuropean and North Americaninterests.Of major concern is the passivity with which the OAU is executing its role visa-vis the many political crises which have seen well over 20 million people0Continued from previous pagegress had gone defunct. But 1956 saw the birth of City Youths Leaguewhoshowed a new type of militancy. They demanded Africa for the Africans andSouthern Rhodesia for the Africans. But the Youth League lasted for a year. It0. was decided to resuscitate the old 0 Southern Rhodesia African NationalCon* gress. This was the beginning of the roadto Zimbabwe's independence. The ANC was banned in 1959 and at the same timethousands of its leaders and members were detained or imprisoned. it wassucceeded by the National Democratic Party (NDP) which in turn was banned andin its place arose ZAPU. Differences among ZAPU leaders on launching aguerilla war lead to a division in the party which culminated in a groupZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5Cde. Patrice Lumumbadead since the inception of the continental body in 1963. Not that theorganisationhas done really nothing, but thatwhich included Robert Mugabe, Ndabaningi Sithole and Enos Nkala amongothers, breaking away from ZAPU and forming the Zimbabawe AfricanNationalUnion (ZANU) early in 1963.Within months both ZANU and ZAPU were banned and thousands of theirleaders and followers were arrested and detained.In response the leaders of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and theZimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) decided to take arms and declaredwar. The chimurenga which followed ended with the defeat of the white minorityregime and the inauguration of a People's Government under ZANU (PF) withCde Robert Mugabe as the first freely elected leader of Zimbabwe.more could be done to either avert or calm militant crises. This entailstheapplication of either diplomatic means or force, depending of course, on thenature of obtaining circumstances.

While dialogue is welcome and arguably, the most civilised medium of resolvingpolitical crises, this seldomly works in Africa where almost a fifth of the states arepresently ruled by soldiers. However, recent events reflect a positive politicalclimate which could well become the norm during and beyond the nextmillenium: The initiative taken by Sudan to improve relations with Egypt, the twohaving been long-standing rivals; successful mediation by the OAUin theNigerian/Cameroonian territorial dispute and; the signing of the peace agreementbetween Uganda and Sudan, again two long-standing rivals. In Mozambique,Liberia, Angola and Burundi amongst other nations, people of goodwill hope thatsanity has eventually taken root and that all will soon be normal in thesecountries.in Angola, the National Union for the Total Independence ofAngola(UNITA) has committed itself to abide by the UN Security Council resolutionsand to fulfil all its obligations as stipulated in the Lusaka Peace Agreement,according to schedule.Yet it would further help stabilise th, African political situation if the idea of theConsultative Assembly was to be implemented. Europe has done so andhasgreatly enhanced understanding amongst EC-member states and,has taken itseconomic cooperation to unprecedented heights, the highlight of which is thepresent endeavour to consolidate its common currency.Economic integrationWhile most of the prevailing economic woes are a result of ceaseless ethnical andcivil clashes, they are deeply rooted in the ravaging liberation wars (notablyAfrica south of the Sahara) due to colonial stubbornness to handover power to themajority. For this, and the devastating effects of the Slave Trade, the so-calledheavy debtsowed by African nations to the IMF and World Bank as wellasEuropean nations must beOContinued on next page'Vision of African unity

OA U the way forward*Continued from previous pagewritten off unconditionally since Europe is fully responsible for the situation.However, efforts need not be spared by African states to come up withselfreliantpolicies aimed at improving the present pathetic living standards which have leftmany living below the poverty datum line. In this regard, the OAU should becommended for adopting a resolution on reinforcing economic integrity.To this end, regional groupings should be encouraged to accelerate inter-statetrade via enabling policies with the ultimate view of integrating the economies ofOAU-member states.Member states must pay upMotwithstanding the general low level economic performance over thepast years,member states must strive toPresident of the war-torn Angola, Cde. Dos Santosmeet their obligations. As of the 1996/97 fiscal year, the OAU was owed Z$61.8billion in unpaid contributions. This figure is ludicrously high given that OAU'sannual budget is about $330 million.

Only 11 out of the 53-member states are up-to-date. They are Senegal, Botswana,South Africa, Cote d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius,Namibia Ghanaand Zimbabwe. It is interesting to note that Senegal, a relatively poor country,paid its contributions well in advance to the 1997/98 fiscal year. EquatorialGuinea, Chad and the Central African Republic are in arrears of between 10 and12 years. As such, they risk denial of their voting rights and associated privileges.Yet even this punitive measure is not proving deterrent enough, promptingsuggestions that these countries should be suspended from the OAUuntil suchtime they start acting seriously.A better future for all Indications are, however, that Africa is poisedforphenomenal growth in the future but only if it can realise total peace andstabilitydemocratic governance rooted in the spirit of tolerance and, economicintegration of the OAU nations.Although OAU Secretary-General Cde Salim Ahmed Salim was correct to sayAfrica's economic performance was generally poor last year in his 1997 NewYears eve address, noting that social and health conditions were declining, areport by the UN Economic Commission for Africa says the continentsGDPincreased by a record 5 percent. The 1996 growth rate was much higher comparedto 2.9 percent in the previous year. It was the highest in 20 years. Latest statisticsmade available by the African Development Bank indicate that the number ofcountries with GDP growth rates higher than that of population leaped from 20 to32. In eastern Africa, Uganda's economic growth maintained some 6 percentwhile in Kenya, where a medium-term reform programme was launched lastFebruary, the growth was expected to head for 7 percent.In Southern Africa, South Africa's GDP accounted for 30 percentof thecontinent§ total, with 40 percent for its manufacturing sector. SA economicgrowth rate was 3.5 percent. At thesame time, the economies of Botswana and Zimbabwe were on the increase withthe latter registering growth in the region of 6 percent. In west Africa,Francophone countries had a rise of over 5 percent, with Cote dlvoireand Togoeven better at about6.5 percent.North Africa also registered high rates of economic growth with Moroccorealising 8.4 percent while Tunisia had between 7.5 and 8 percent.Algeria,benefiting from gradual political stabilisation, scored 5 percent,its best since1993 while Libya, despite sanctions imposed against it by the UN at theinstigation of the United States following the Pan-Am jetliner bombing overLorkerbie, had 5.8 percent at the related index. By the way, all observers expectthe Libyan issue to top the agenda at the Harare Summit as most African statesnow feel that the American and British governments have overplayed the issue,especially their insistence on trying the two Libyan suspects in either theformeror the latter. The prevailing consensus amongst African nations is that the twosuspects should be tried in the International Court of Justiced at theHague andthat the suspects be tried by Scottish judges in accordance with Scottish Law.Factors cited as having contributed to the record growth in the African economyinclude gradually stabilising politics, a fairly favourable world economy as

demand and prices for agricultural and mineral products rose, economic reformsand, regional economic integration.Thus political stability creates conducive environment for economic recovery,growth and development. It therefore becomes logically imperative that theforthcoming June Summit of the OAU in Harare, where Zimbabwe will assumethe chairmanship of the organisation, be resolute in its quest for total peace,stability and unity. Whether one likes it or not, there is no substitute to theseprerequisites as the premise upon which economic recovery measures can beundertaken. Realisation of the above would obviously go a long way inhelpingAfrica rid itself of its present day beggar status and achieve prosperity for a betterfuture for all. Aluta Continua! ElZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NC. 5

Zimbabwe Chiyangwa caring forgovernmentcommittedto women scauseStaff Writerhe ZANU PF Government has given Spriority to initiatives taken bywomen in their efforts to economically empower themselves.Addressing a jubilant capacity crowd at the giant 60 000-seater National SportsStadium on the Independence Day (April 18), the Executive President of theRepublic of Zimbabwe, Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe said as such,$5 million ofthe Credit Guarantee company funds was set aside specifically for women'sprojects."Women," he said, "are also expected to benefit from the $700 million loanfacility that has been made available to government."The money was made available by the World Bank Enterprise Developmentproject as a result of the on-going negotiations between the government and thirdparties to provide working capital and other requirements for smalland mediumscale enterprises. In line with government's commitment on supporting women inbusiness, the recapitalisation of the Small Enterprise DevelopmentCorporation(SEDCO), saw an increase in the number of approved projects and anequallyraised volume of employment. The pilot micro-finance scheme benefited fivehundred groups in the informal sector that included1 305 women."Further, govemment has facilitated the establishment of banking projects whichwill seek to provide micro-credit to wom. en whose active participation in the*Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5he President of the Affirmative Action Group, Cde Phillip Chiyangwa,has undertaken to give Cde Esther jiri, the money they had pledged toprovide forher family together with his senior vice-president, the late Cde Peter Pamire.The two had promised Cde liri, wife of the late Jairos Jiri, $25 000,00.The moneywas meant for her six daughters college fees, who together with their

mother,inherited nothing when their father died. Cde Jiri said all her latehusband's property which included a farm and two plots in Bulawayo wasseizedby the children from his previous marriages."Cde Chiyangwa has already given me $2 500 00 for my daughter who is going todo hotel and catering course in Bulawayo this year and advised me to goback tohim whenever I needed more until such a time when the $25 000,00 has beenpaid. Part of the money will be used to start a co-operative for disabled womenwho were trained by the lairos liri Association but not formal employment.Cde. JairosJiri 's widowseen in the picture with herdisableddaughter"I am currently doing a project proposal for a co-operative we aredoing with 12former lairos liri students, some of whom are under my shelter. We need sixsewing and six knitting machines. We have already been given two sewingmachines by Edgars Stores and we are appealing to well-wishersto help us withthe remaining machines so that the needy disabled can work for themselves,"Cdejiri said. She said after the completion of secondary education by her children, theAssociation has been giving her $700,00 for her food every monthand that shewas grateful, since the salary she gets as a typist at Chikato PrimarySchool,Masvingo, cannot meet her daily expenses.Commenting on the pledge, Cde Chiyangwa had this to say: "We had promised togive her the money and my colleague died before we had done so. Now Ihaveundertaken to meet the pledge on my own because she is geting more desperateall the time and very few people are willing to help her despite the fact that herlate husband did a lot for the nation." ElJairos Jiri's widowBy Ladislus Ndoro

Zimbabwe government committed to women's causeJ.. ,OContinued from previous pagemainstream economy has been hampered by lack of access to finance capital,"said President Mugabe.HealthIn the area of health, Cde. Mugabe said, the government was committed toguaranteeing access to comprehensive and integrated health services to the peoplein line with the health policy document, Planning for Equity in Health. He said:"In pursuing this goal, great strides have been made in improving the health of thenation in spite of the ravages of the HIV/AIDS pandemic." Adding, "Access tohealth care facilities is set to improve with the anticipated completion by themiddle of the year, of eight hospitals being constructed under the Second FamilyHealth Project, with the remaining eight scheduled for completion before the endof the year". A total of 72 Rural Health Centres are being constructed throughoutthe country and are expeced to be completed by the middle of the year.

Development of the master plans for the Provincial Hospitals arescheduled forcompletion this year while bids for the upgrading exercise will be made in thenext financial year.Explained Cde. Mugabe: "Work has continued on the decentralisationof healthservices to ensure that decisions on the day-to-day management ofservicedelivery are taken closer to the point at which services are delivered. Future rolesof the various levels are being defined and steps are being taken to build .thecapacity of the local managers to deal with their new roles." He told the gatheringthat a general review of the country's health system was being planned and to thisend, a Health Review Commission would soon be set up.EducationIn education, he said, the government continued to emphasise its commitment tomeet the educational needs of the people by improving quality, efficiency andrelevance of curricula and; providing an equitable, affordable and accessibletraining system to the students. "The completion of the localisation ofexaminations offered at Polytechnics and Technical Colleges isa welcomedevelopment and all courses are now under the auspices of the-Higher EducationExaminations Council," said the President."To ensure that the curriculum addresses the needs of the economy,new coursesshall be developed and ratified in consultation with the private sector and all otherstakeholders," he added. In an effort to increase private sector participation inmanpower development and skills training, a total of 39 private colleges wereregistered and four National Trade Testing Committees represented by theAutomotive, Construction and Mechanical Industries were formed. PresidentMugabe said this was clear testimony of the government's positive thrust in thedevelopment of human resources.He also noted that as a measure to cater for the increasing number of schoolleavers and at the same time ease pressure on the existing universities, thegovernment had devolved and will continue to transfer some degree programmesto teacher training colleges and polytechnics."Notwithstanding the impressive gains witnessed in the health and educationsectors, government is presently working on the establishment of a Commissionof Inquiry into the educational system of the country with a view of reviewing itand improving its quality and relevance," said Cde. Mugabe.IndigenisationIn pursuance of the aspirations of the people and the strategic issuesraised at theSecond National People's Conference held in Bulawayo last December, theGovernment, he said, was fully committed to the indigenisation of the economy,and was intensifying efforts to de-The Editor and Staff of Zimbabwe Newswould like to convey their deepest sympathies to the Hlatshwayo family on theloss of their son, Cde. Mao, a veteran freedom fighter anddedicated civil servant.May His Soul Rest In PeaceZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5velop a democratised domestic private sector.

"Furthermore, my government has also held private discussions with a number ofmulti-nati6nal companies. I ,am pleased to note that the majority of them havenow realised the need for change, and a reasonable number have already put inplace -programmes on sub-contracting and corporate mentoring."Others are putting in place mechanisms for employee stock ownership schemeswhile a few have agreed to sell some of their shares to indigenous entrepreneurs.While the present efforts are welcome, our major focus as we move ahead will betargeted at creating new enterprises and expanding the scope of present operationsso as to create more wealth and generate employment for our people"he said. ThePresident observed that the coming to fruition of the National Investment Trustwill also be a major boost.to the cause of indigenisation, adding that work on theestablishment of the Trust was at an advanced stage."Work is also in progress on the establishment of a semi-autonomousIndigenisation and Privatisation Agency to speed up the process ofindigenisationand privatisation," he said.He asked the people, gathered to celebrate their 17th Independence Anniversaryto remain united "in the face of challenges which we continue to encounter as weendeavour to develop our country." El

L- ei o lFldvocacy for gender equality will fail unless governments fully commit themselvesto international agreements aimed at the total elimination of all formsofdiscrimination against women.This was underscored at a mediatraining .workshop on the Convention on theElimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) which wasrecently organised by Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency in Harare.It was also noted that the score on the status of women will remain low unless themedia sensitises policy-makers and the public at large on the issue of genderequality.CEDAW, which was approved by the UN General Assembly in 1979 and adoptedas a treaty in 1981, is a human rights instrument aimed at advancing thestatus ofwomen in their political, economic, social and cultural endeavour. The conventionguarantees gender equality before the law as well as ensuring equal protectionunder the law, setting out measures as to how this can be achieved. Althoughsome countries ratified or signed CEDAW, their signatures have notbeenfollowed by corresponding constitutional reforms which would translate the goalsof the convention into practical application. Addressing participants at the IPSworkshop, Tendai Bare, Senior Secretary in the Zimbabwe Ministryof NationalAffairs, Employment Creation and Cooperatives, said CEDAW also calls uponstate parties to initiate constitutional, administrative and other measures in orderto ensure equality between men and women, as well as allowing for temporarymeasures of affirmative action to be taken into account. "In recognition of the factthat much of the discrimination against women has its basis in cultural andtraditional patterns that perpetuate gender stereotypes, Article5 of the conventionrequires state parties to remove the social,ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

UN Secretary-General, Dr. Kofi Annancultural and traditional practices which continue to undermine the status ofwomen," she explained.Some countries, notably South Africa and Namibia, which are fairly newdemocracies in the region, have gone a step further in advancing the status ofwomen. Activities at government level in South Africa show a lot of progress. Ithas adopted a gender commission which is empowered to monitor policies of thestate, public bodies and private businesses and institutions in orderto promoteequality.The commission is also responsible for the evaluation of laws andrecommendations for new legislation affecting the status of women.In Namibia, the constitution provides that international agreements which arebinding on the country, such as CEDAW, automatically form part ofthe law.However, a country report on Namibia prepared by the department of womenaffairs in the office of the president says Namibian women are not fully exercisingtheir rights because they do not have access to the information.In Tanzania, where the government ratified CEDAW without reservations, veryfew people, including the media which is supposed to lead the crusade, arefamiliar with the operations of the convention. However, Zimbabweis current-ly translating all CEDAW documents from English to Shona and Ndebele so thateven the grassroots people can understand it.Gender experts say delays in the implementation of CEDAW is caused bycountries which ratified the convention with reservations.Bare complained that Article 16 of the convention, which is concerned withtopical issues vis a vis marriage, family laws and inheritance was not beingimnlemented in many countries. She says that is a result of the fact that in mostAfrican countries there is misconception that a man is superior to awoman sowomen are not allowed to inherit from their fathers and deceased spouse."Ceciwa Khonje, Director of the United Nations Information Centre(UNIC) inHarare, said although the UN has helped the world community to create a historiclegacy of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals toadvance the status of women, their situation was still bad the world over.Of the world's 1.3 billion poor people, 70.1 percent are women. TheUNICDirector also noted that of the 185 highest-ranking diplomats to the UN; only sixare women.In a message to mark the International Women's Day 1997, Kofi Annan, the UNSecretary-General, admitted the absence of women from the PeaceTable "despiteevidence suggesting they bring a particular and positive perspective to preventivediplomacy, peace-making and peace-keeping".Annan cited UN peace and security missions which benefited from theinvolvement of women, among them Namibia and South Africa."The women who participated were perceived to be compassionate, averse tochoosing force over reconciliation and willing to listen and learn," he said,pledging his support for women in their quest for gender equality(SARDC). El

Death penalty: which way

for Southern Africa?By Tinashe Madava"I don't supportthe deathpenalty becauseI know what it islike to be on thedeath row, "Cde. EmmersonMnangagwa,Zimbabwe'sMinister ofJustice, Legaland Parliamentary Affairsouthern Africa is at crossroads asS states differ on the use of the death penalty for certain capital crimes amid callsby human rights groups and others to scrap it throughout the region.South Africa and Namibia, the newly born democracies, have abolished the deathpenalty while other countries in the region argue that it is necessary to curbincreasingly violent crimes.Amnesty International, a global human rights body which has beencampaigningfor the abolition of the death sentence worldwide, has constantly accusedcountries administering capital punishment of violating the individual's right tolife.Most human rights organisations oppose capital punishment of brutalising thoseinvolved in the process (that is hangmen and the victim), saying that it can resultin the execution of the innocent and, ultimately, a violation of the right to life.More importantly, humanrights activists say death penalty brutalises the whole society because it is done inthe name of the citizens and the country.In Malawi, "the death penalty is mandatory for prisoners convicted of murder ortreason, and is optional for rape. Anyone convicted of robbery with violence,house breaking or burglary must be sentenced either to death or to lifeimprisonment," says the Malawian Penal Code.Any offence carrying the death penalty used to be tried in "traditional courts"where the defendant did not have the benefit of being represented by a lawyer andpresided over by judges who were not adequately trained to guaranteea fair trial.Furthermore, the accused could not call any witnesses during the reign of KamuzuBanda. Traditional courts were stripped of the powers to try cases carrying thedeath penalty by the current government of Bakili Muluzi which came into powerin1994. However, capital punishment is still administered in Malawi. In Zambia,the death penalty has existed since the country's independence in 1964. It isapplied to cases of treason, murder and "aggravated" robbery. The judges,however, have the power to decide on which cases warrant the death penalty.

Ultimately, it is the state president who signs the death warrant and currentPresident Frederick Chiluba has not done so since coming into power in 1990.But, an official at the Zambian High Commission in Zimbabwe recentlyconfirmed that the death penalty is still in force in the country.The manifesto of Chiluba's political party, Movement for Multi-party Democracy(MMD), says the party is against the death penalty, but "Zambia seemsundecided" on the issue, writes Barbara Lopi in an article, "Zambia's deathpenalty lives on," published by the Daily Mail, a Zambian newspaper. The deathpenalty, which is enforced in Zimbabwe for prisoners convicted of murder andtreason With no "extenuating circumstances," was abolished in South Africaimmediately after President Nelson Mandela came to power at the turn of thedecade. However, there has been considerable support for the reinstatement of thedeath penalty in South Africa because of the increase in violent crime.Zimbabwe's Minister of Justice Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, EmmersonMnangagwa, who was once on the death row under the Rhodesian government ofIan Smith, says he personally does not support the death penalty."I don't supportthe death penalty because I know what it is like to be on the death row," he said inan interview with the Financial Gazette.Urging public pressure and debate on the issue, Mnangagwa said that the deathpenalty will exist in Zimbabwe until the general public changes in its mind; TheZimbabwean government has been under immense pressure fromhumanOContinued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

Death penalty:SADC's waterWhich.way for sharing effortsSouthernAfrica?eContinued from previous pagerights groups to abolish capital punishment.Botswana still administers the death penalty to those found guilty of murder andserious armed robbery. An official at the Botswana High Commission inZimbabwe, Swift Mpoloka, pointed out that recent consultations done in thecountry to determine whether capital punishment should be abolished, haveindicated that the majority of Botswana want it to stay."There is an increase in crime probably because our police are notarmed," saysMpoloka, adding that lifting the death penalty might fan the already high crimewave in Botswana.In Namibia, where the death penalty was abolished, there has been considerablesupport for the re-introduction of capital punishment as revealedby the recentfindings of the Commission of Inquiry into the More Effective Combating ofCrime, writes Tyappa Namutewa of The Namibian."The death penalty is regarded by a growing number of Namibians as the onlyeffective and appropriate sentence for cruel, inhuman and degrading crimes ofviolence," says Namutewa. Namutewa also reveals that there was a generalfeeling that the rights of the accused and convicted persons were over-emphasised

at the expense of the victims, their witnesses and generally law-abiding membersof the society. But, human rights groups are calling on all countriesin the regionto abolish capital punishment, arguing that it leaves no room for the rehabilitationof the offender and does not reduce political violence.Countries administering the death penalty in the region argue that contrary toclaims by the human rights groups, capital punishment helps reduce crime since itis "an 'unmatched way of deterring murderers.., and a necessaryevil." (SARDC).ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5As southern African countriesponder ways to share the region's water, the United Nations is urging memberstates to find suitable measures and technologies to safeguard andproperly utiliselimited water resources for future generations. With the principles ofthe slogan"Think Globally, Act Locally", the UN is warning that the global water resourcesare not enough and people should act nationally or regionally to ensure that wateris shared equally. "One World, One Water, One Way", says another recent sloganurging a united, and global approach to solving water and environmentalproblems. Many regional agreements, worldwide, are being signed toensure thatquality of water is maintained. SADC countries have long realised the need forsuch an agreement to equally share the region's water. In August 1995, theysigned a Shared Water Course Systems Protocol that will guide anywaterextraction activities across the borders.Eight southern African countries share the region's longest river,the Zambezi andseveral other countries share watercourse systems which form theirborders.In a message to mark this year's World Day for Water on March 22, beingobserved under the theme "Water Resources Assessment" and with theslogan"The world's water is there enough?", the UN's World MeteorologicalOrganisation says water is now an issue of global significance. The message byWMO Secretary General, Professor Godwin Obasi, adds that water is importantfor national economies and the well-being of peoples and environment of theworld and therefore should be shared equally. For decades, water has always beenconsidered as a plentiful, a renewable and an infinite resource, yet of all the wateron earth 97.5 percent is salf primarily in the oceans and only 2.5 percent is fresh.The state of water availability causes concern as people look at the local ornational water supplies. The whole world is competing for the 2.5 percent whichis not even closer enough for people to use because most of it is stored in theicecaps of Antarctica and Arctic and as groundwater. According to astatementfrom the United Nations office, out of the remaining 2.5 percent, only 0.26percent is in storage and 0.007 percent of the water on earth is renewable andactually available for use on a sustainable basis. , The world's water becomesmore critical as each country examines its available water resources, compared tothe growing needs and pressures. It is for this reason that United Nations is urgingmember states to respond to this year's theme as nations and relate it tothe globalwater crisis. Each country has been urged to consider the theme: "The Nation'sWater. I There Enough?"At a SADC regional level in what could be viewed as a response to a regionaltheme "The Region's Water; Is there Enough?" the SADC's Shared Watercourse

Systems Protocol (1995) allows for equal utilisation of shared watercoursesystems.Under the protocol member states within a shared watercourse system, shouldexchange information and data regarding the hydrological, hydrogeological, waterquality, meteorological and ecological condition of such watercourse system. Thiswill ensure peace and stability is maintained in the region. Water experts areexpecting that Namibia and Botswana should use the same protocol and avoidconflict over the resource.The UN statement says country responses should also be "considering suitablemeasures and technologies to safeguard and properly utilise this limited resourcefor future generations of humankind."*Conlinued on next pagebackedBy Maxwell ChivasaL Regional File

Conflict in Lesotho: burdened by intrigueBy Phyllis Johnsononfict in Lesotho is embedded in the politics of internal intrigue, but heavilyburdened by the allpervasive influence and history of neighbouringSouth Africa,which completely surrounds it."The mountain kingdom", with a population of just 2.1 million, is generally apeaceful place but internal conflict, once easily fuelled by its powerful apartheidneighbour, is now of considerable concern to neighbouring countries in theSouthern African Development Community (SADC).The most recent chain of events began in late 1995, although "began" Is amisnomer because the political instability in Lesotho "continues" rather thanbeginning or ending.There has been steadily growing dissatisfaction with the elderly and ailing PrimeMinister, Ntsu Mokhehle, who at 78 is the same age as Nelson Mandela butnotnearly as fit. Mokhehle was removed as leader of the Basotholand Congress Party(BCP) on 2 March when the party's national executive committee endorsed adecision of the party congress held the same weekend. A report bythe party'ssecretary-general said Mokhehle failed to perform his duties effectively,disregarded administrative dutiesand failed to attend meetings of the executivecommittee..Late last'year, he dismissed as "blatant lies" the South African media reportsalleging he was involved in former security police activities at the notoriousVlakplaas base near Pretoria. He said he was unaware that the farmwas a securitypolice base, but the opposition parties in Lesotho attacked, sayinghe should comeclean on the allegations. It was well known during the 1980s that Mokhehle'sLesotho Liberation Army (LLA) conducted military operations from bases inSouth Africa. However, his party reacted strongly to a public statement byPresident Nelson Mandela that Mokhehle's alleged involvement with the formersecurity police would be investigated.

Monthly Review Bulletin (MRB) said in December that the accusations wouldfurther weaken "an elderly and ailing leader, who has shown in the past that heneeds regional backing to secure stability in the country." MRB predicted that hisposition could be precarious at the new party congress early this year, after theHigh Court ruled that the governing party must re-elect its nationalexecutivecommittee. The annual general meeting last year was declared null and void. FourBCP consituencies had taken their leadership to court early last year followingcomplaints of irregularities. Two factions within the governing party supporteither the deputy party leader, Molapo Qhobela, or the deputy prime minister,Phatelitha Mosisili. Qhobela was seen to have the larger turnout at separate ralliesin December, and also had a larger following at the annual conference which wasannulled. In early February this year, Mokhehle*Continued from previous pageThe International Food Research Policy Institute predicts that waterwill causeconflicts in the next century, reinforcing water scarcity fears. The institute isurging nations to learn for the experience of the Middle East which havemanagedto cope with minimum amounts of water.Different users of water, between and within countries will be left with increasedcompetition for access to water, leading to conflicts that may ignite wars.Realising water needs of other countries is an important element in preventingwars and conflicts over the resource which impede development. According to arecently released book, Water in Southern Africa published by SADC, IUCN andSADC, the distribution and availability of the water resources in SADC is unevenamong the region'sleft the country again for hospital in ,South Africa, and the gulf betweensupporters and detractors within his own party deepened.Police and soldiers patrolled the streets of Maseru after the shooting ofapoliceman and the subsequent arrest of 11 former members of the LLA at thebeginning of February. They were taken from the offices of the BCP YouthLeage. The supposedly defunct LLA is widely considered as an unofficial securitywing of the BCP.A few days later, eight mutinous policemen, who had resisted arrest since thedeath of three colleagues in a shoot-out at the central police station in October1995, "dismissed" the police commissioner, Maj-Gen Bolutu Makoaba, andseized control of the headquarters. Makoaba insisted that he was stillin command.The confrontation grew as opposing fac*Continued on page 2016 main river basins. There seems to be little choice other than sharingthe.resource to meet the water needs of others or neighbours. The SADC region'swater experts estimate the renewable freshwater resources at about650 billioncubic metres (cu m) in rivers, lakes and groundwater bodies and river basinsystems. A substantial amount of water is not easily accessible even duringdroughts.There is plenty of water in the international system but it will mean agreat deal ofwater transfers costing nearly US$1 - 2 billion.

With escalating costs, transfering water from sources to human settlements or foragriculturual use, water conservation: becomes cost effective,just as good assaving fuel to last a longer journey (SARDC).ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5S AD C's, Water sharingeffiorts backed

Zaire situation explosive and dangerousPBy Our Diplomatic Correspondenthe situation in Zaire is very explo'sive and dangerous for Africa, and , regionalpeace. If it is not handled properly all the countries of Central, Eastern, andSouthern Africa, could be drawn into a situation of bloodshed and cross-borderviolence. The history of Zaire in the last 32 years of dictatorial rule by MobutuSese Seko has been one of continuous bloodshed, and total neglect of the massesof the people. No roads, schools, hospitals, and bridges have been built. All themoney of this rich state went into maintaining an expensive Presidential Guard toguard the President, and billions spent on buying his personal properties inEurope (especially in Belgium, France, and Switzerland) and in Africa (especiallyin .Gabon, Senegal, and Morocco). After the death of patriotic Patrice Lumumba,and others, Mobutu rose to power with the help and support of the Americans. Hemaintained that power for 32 years largely because of the support ofAmericans,the French, and the Belgians. Whenever he had trouble with the army, orParliament, or the population, they sent mercenaries, and sometimes their ownsoldiers to quell the rebellions. The good news this time is that these powers nolonger support Mobutu Sese Seko. They have urged him to resign. Inany case heis too ill now to govern such a big state like Zaire.Enter Kabila from the EastKabila's entry into Zaire from the east, and his sweeping take-over of most of thecountry in a few weeks was indeed dramatic. Everywhere he went his men werewelcomed with open arms by the people of Zaire, in the face of massive andshameful looting by the demoralised Zairian army which had not been paid formonths. The people were genuinely happy to see them (the ZairianArmy) goaway. To-day's viable solution is the take-over of the whole of Zaire by Kabila,and his men. Only they can establish peace, and protect the people from perpetuallooting and even killings by the Zairian Army.The stumbling bloc to Kabila's resumption of power is the stance of theUSAGovernment. 'he American Envoy, Mr. Richardson, has been insisting on what hecalls soft landing of Kabila in Kinshasa. That simply means, they do not want anoutright victory by Kabila, both po-litically and militarily. They insist that he should compromise and do adeal withsome of Mobutu's followers, members of Parliament, and the discredited rump ofTishekedi. In plain language they want to see weak post-Mobutu Government inZaire, rather than a strong one. And, yet all the experience of the last few decadesin Africa, is that progress can only be made where there are strong governments,but democratic governments, we must add. That is what Zaire needs, and that is

what Kabila is promising to give the people - a popularly elected democraticgovernment, to replace the corrupt dictatorship.Impotence of the United Nations A future that has become obvious in the currentZairian crisis is the impotance of the United Nations. The negoti:ations andmediation have been taken lover by the Americans, and to some extent the SouthAfricans. The SecretaryGeneral of the U.N., Mr. Kofi Annan, has confined hisrole to taking care of the refugees in eastern Zaire, and expressinghis concern fortheir safety. He has contributed to the torrent of criticism directed at Kabila'sforces, and therebyraising doubts about the kind of goVernment he would establish. The efforts todiscredit Kabila and his men have been quite concentrated and sustained. TheAmerican and the European press too have been saying that Kabila is a Maoist. Ifhe was, what is wrong with that? Chairman Mao's thoughts on how to conduct aguerrilla war have had a deep influence on those Africans and Asians who had tofight for their own independence. What is wrong with that? On the economic side,Zairian economy has been structured along capitalist lines. Kabilahas promisednot to change that. Even if he wanted to, it is impossible to reverse or stop thecurrent trend for building open market economies in Africa.Effect of Zaire's crisis on Angola The Zairian crisis has had a deep and largelypositive impact on the long and bitter civil war in Angola. The UNITA oppositionmovement, led by Jonas Savimbi, has always had very good relations withMobutu. He provided the lifelime for selling their diamonds on the world market,and buying weapons for the*Continued on page 21ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5CONGRATULATIONSWe at the Zimbabwe News would like to wish the nation all the success inthehostingof the OAU Summit in June.We would like to congratulateHis Excellency, the President,Cde. R.G. Mugabeon assuming the chairmanship of thisprestigeous continental body.We wish you, Cde. President, all the good luck during the period of yourchairmanship- Editor

R FConflict in Lesotho: burdened by intrigue*Continued from pagel8tions in the police both claimed control of the force. South African police sourcessaid they were on standby to intervene. However, President Mandela said SouthAfrica would not intervene unless asked to do so, adding that he was in contactwith Prime Minister Mokhehle. The number of mutineers grew to 400, andeventually to 2 000, two-thirds of the total police force. Senior officials of the

ruling party joined civic, religious and opposition leaders at a press conference inmid-February, urging peaceful negotiations. Together, they accused thegovernment of refusing to speak to the renegade policemen to "negotiate anamicable solution to the political crisis." They said government plans for militaryintervention was "a recipe for civil war." A spokesman for the rebelpolice,Second Lt Phakfso Modise, said the crisis was caused by the ruling party'scrackdown on perceived political opponents, including churches,teachers andmedical workers. He called on SADC to send an investigation team to makerecommendations, "and those recommendations must be implemented. We arehappy with that."President Mandela shuttled to Zimbabwe, Botswana and Mozambique, while hisdirector-general of foreign affairs, Rusty Evans, made an emergency visit toLesotho.Evans' department later issued a statement in Pretoria saying SouthAfricasupports the government of Lesotho and "cannot accept an unconstitutionalchallenge to the democratic order in that country."The statement said it trusted the Lesotho government would take "timeous andappropriate measures" to "restore orderly administration in the police services."The following day, despite a delicate mediation exercise in progress by thechurches, Lesotho military units converged on the police with heavyartillery toend the mutiny. They claimed no one was killed or injured. The leaders of thepolice mutiny fled, later seeking and being granted asylum in South Africa.Mokhehle claimed they had taken refuge in the royal compound.Mokhehle's removal from his party po-sition should automatically mean his removal as Prime Minister. But some BCPmembers of parliament have expressed support for him in a parliamentary motion.This caused 17 other MPs to walk out of parliament twice during the firstweek ofMarch. The ruling BCP holds all of the seats in parliament since sweeping topower inthe multi-party elections in 1993. Lesotho has been in turmoil ever since.Late last year, Mokhehle announced the establishment of an independent electoralcommission, charged with registering and educating voters, andconducting thenext national elections scheduled for 1998. - (SARDC) 0Tennis comes of aueThe elder of the victorious Black brothers, Byron, getting himself into bettershapeimbabwe is slowly stamping its African Zone Group One tie at Crystal authorityon the international ten- Palace National Sports Centre, Norwood,nis scene as evidenced by their re London last month. sounding victory over GreatBritain in the second round of the Davis Cup Euro *Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

Tennis comes of ageOContinued from previous pagePlaying a more experienced Great Britain team the prophets of doom had placedthe Zimbabwean duo of Byron and Wayne Black as complete outsiders. But the 4-

1 demolition of the fancied Britons in their backyard by the Black Brothersdemonstrated how Zimbabwe is fast catching up with the big guns on theinternational tennis scene. The victory could go a long way towardsmaking tennisa very popular sport in Zimbabwe.The fact that many are talking more and more about the victory wouldencouragemore people to take up the sport.Velia Black, Byron and Wayne's mother, said the victory would encourage youngtennis players to give their best in the sport."Zimbabwe's victory over Great Britain is the -best thing to have happened toZimbabwean tennis. it was unbelievable. It was a lovely victory which goes toshow that the standard of tennis in the country is improving. To the Davis Cupteam we say congratulations and keep on marching towards final victory," saidVelia.President Robert Mugabe congratulated the team for a challenge well taken and avictory well and deservedly earned. "This most welcome victory,which comessoon after one against the illfated English cricket side, firmly puts Zimbabwe onthe sporting map as an excelling equal among the world's sport'ing best," he said.Tennis Association of Zimbabwe president Paul Chingoka, who, before leavingfor London with the team, had predicted victory for Zimbabwe, believes theoutcome marks the beginning of a new era in the history of tennis in Zimbabwe."Our efforts of trying to spread the sport to all corners of the country will beboosted by this victory. This should help .tennis become- very popular here."Sportswriters Association of Zimbabwe chairman, Robson Sharukosaid this wasa great victory for Zimbabwe given that the lads were playing a better side awayfrom 'home."Coming soon after our victory over England in cricket, it was a great victoryfor the whole nation and it demon- Essen Open tournament in Essen,Gerstratesthat our standard of tennis is im- many, in October 1995.The Minister of Sport, Recreation and Culture, Witness Mangwende also said thevictory was ample evidence of the fact that Zimbabwe tennis has nowreachedstages of maturity.Sports Commission chairman Alwyn Pichanick said the victory was a first forZimbabwean tennis because this is the first time the locals have qualified for theDavis Cup World Group Qualifying Round.After the demolition of the Great Britain team of Jamie Delgado, AndrewRichardson, Neil Broad and Mark Petchey, Zimbabwe now face Austria in theWorld Group qualifying Round in Harare from September 19 to 21. Expected tobe in the Austrian team is world number two and clay court specialist, ThomasMuster, who is also the 1995 French Open champion.The 30-year-old Austrian, who was ranked the best player in the world inFebruary last year, has been one of the best players on the ATP tour since winningthe French Open in June 1995. Atone stage during the period between July 1995and May 1996 Muster played Zimbabwe's Byron Black. Muster won 6- 2, 6- 4 inthe second round of the

Last year Muster reached the semi finals of the Wimbledon tournament and inJanuary this year reached the semi finals of the Australian Open, losing 1 -6; 6 - 7,3 - 6 to eventual winner and world number one American Pete Sampras..In February he won the Dubai touma: ment after beating the hard-serving GoranIvanisevic of Croatia. In March he won the Upton Key Biscayne in the UnitedStates of America when he beat Spaniard Sergi Bruguera 7-6, 6-3, 6- 1. Musterhad earlier lost 1 - 6, 6- 7 to Michael Chang in the semi final of the Indian Wellstournament before the Lipton tournament.However, Zimbabwe non-playing captain Gavin Siney is not perturbed by thepresence of Muster in the Australian Davis Cup team."Our main advantage is that we will be playing at home, so anything can happenhere," said Siney. TAZ president Chingoka said while he was happy with thehome draw he was worried about Muster being part of the Austrian team.Austria beat Croatia 3-2 to reach the World Group Qualifying Round. Thewinners of the World Group Qualifying Round will go through to the 1998 DavisCup World Cup. 01Zaire's situation explosiveand dangerous*Continued from page 19continuation of the civil war. In the two decades this war has been goingon,UNITA has never been short of weapons. But, the demise of Mobutu, and theincreasing collaboration between the Government of Angola and Kabila's forces,will isolate UNITA totally. it could be starved of weapons, and means of sellingits diamonds abroad. That could bring the war in Angola to a speedier end.The alliance is not strongA factor that must worry some people is that Kabila's alliance is nota strongunion. It's rather a broad get-together of all those parties, groups, and elementsopposed to Mobutu. With the demise of Mobutu, the actual establishment of aGovernment of national unity, with the tensions that must be contained, and thecompromises that must be made, may prove to be very difficult. President Kabila,as some now call him, needs all the diplomatic skills he has, and the popularsupport he has garnered, to put his own stamp on national programmes, and pullthe nation together again. Zaire is crying out for unity, peace, stabilty and somedevelopment at home. 0ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5

ObturMajor Tob~~~i uaaM njr By Laisu NdoThe late Major Mwanjiramember of the ZimbabweDefence Forces (ZDF), Major Tobias Kugara Mwanjira passed awayon April 6,in Mutare after a short illness while in Chipinge, another war veteran, CdeHappison Jabulani Chimedza died on the 12th April, 1997 followinga longillness.

Major Mwanjira, whose Chimurenga name was Togaraneropa Muhondo, wasborn at Dzimati Village in February 1958. He did his primary schooling at Rotaand completed his '0' levels at Harare High in 1975.He left the country in 1976 to join the liberation struggle in Mozambique.Heunderwent military training at Tembwe the same year.From there heoperated inthe Gaza Province and rose through the ranks to the position of sectioncommander.Major Mwanjira was attested into the Zimbabwe National Army Sergeant(nowZDF) as a sergeant in 1981 and rose over the period to the rank of a major,a posthe held at the time of his death. During his 16-year stay in the army.MajorMwanjira, served in various units. At the time of his death, he was Army ChiefInstructor at the School of Education in Mutare. Major Mwanjira, aged 39 at thetime of his death , was buried with full military honours at Fusire Village inMurehwa and is survived by his wife Matilda and five children. The other warveteran, Cde Chimedza, was a retired Army Captain who wasFor news behind theheadlines, readZimbabwe Newspopularly known by his Chimurenga name, Targot Mutungamiri. Cde Chimedzawas born in 1948 in Chipinge in Chief Musikavanhu area. He attended RimayiPrimary School before moving to a secondary school where he went as far asForm Two. During the 1970s, Cde Chirnedza moved to the then Salisbury (nowHarare) in search of employment. His fighting spirit lent him the post of Youthchairman of a Mbare district.He however, left for Mozambique following themassacre of 11 people by the colonial police at Machipisa, in Highfield, on the 11th June 1975.Cde Chimedza had his military training at Mgagao Camp in Tanzania. Hewasdeployed in the Gaza Province and operated in Mupapa and Sector Two.He rosethrough the ranks to the position of Detachment Trustee by 1979. Just before theceasefire period, he was sent to Romania for further training. Here, Cde Chimedzaspecialised in Ar-The late Comrade John Enwet Kandeya, better known by his war nameJohnMawema, was born on the 15th of March, 1950, at Nyakudya villagein ChiwesheCommunal Area,Mashonaland Central Province. He attended Gwingwizha Primary School from1955 to 1960. In 1961 to 1963, he attended at Howard Institute in Glendale. In1964 he went to Mazoe Secondary School.In 1967, Cde. Kandeya was employed by Courtwin Stationers in Harare as afactory supervisor. In 1969 he joined the Willowvale Motor Industry as anAssistant.In December, 1970, he left the country via Ramaquabane in Botswana, to joinThe late Cde. Chimedza, better kwown as Targot Mutungamiri, his Chimurenganamemoured Cars and Tanks. He was attested in the army in 1981 where he managedto rise to the rank of captain which position he held at the time of his retirement in

1993. He was buried in Chipinge and is survived by his wife, Mildred, and fivechildren. 0the liberation forces. He proceeded to Francistown where he stayeduntil 1971. Heimmediately became active in recruiting cadres for the liberation struggle.Francistown was a dangerous place at the time, but he started his recruitmentassignments with dedication. From Botswana he went to Zambia, and then toTanzania where he got military training at Mgagawo. After training he was sent toZambia and stayed there he stayed from 1973 to 1975 where he joined others inoperations into the then Rhodesia. He was stationed at Chimbi Chimbi TrainingSchool. During the Badza rebellion in 1975, John*Continued on next pageZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5John EnwetKandeya (Mawema)By a Correspendent

John Enwet Kandeya (Mawema)*Continued from previous pageMawema played a key'role in quelling that rebellion. After the untimely death ofthe National Chairman of ZANU, Comrade Herbert W. Chitepo in March 1975,he managed to escape in the company of the late Comrade Robson Manyika andretired Army Commander, General Solomon Mujuru. They went to Tanzania.Mawema was then assigned military duties that included the trainingof newcadres. Some of the cadres he trained included General Dominic Chiwenga. Soonhe was promoted to the General Staff of ZANLA forces, and later becameDirector of intelligence. Throughout the liberation struggle, John Mawemaremained a key figure in the intelligence services. He was liked and trusted by theleadership of the Party. He was popular with his colleagues and workmates.During the detente exercise, John Mawema was one of those who stood firmly todefend the revolution, and against the false offers of the regime. During the period1976 to 1980, the Party went through very difficult and challengingtimes. Therewere a number of rebellions by certain forces that came under the influence ofsettlers and racists. Throughout this period, John Mawema consistently supportedthe Party, and focussed his attention exclusively on the task of liberatingZimbabwe.He was instrumental in the establishment of the Chindunduma Youth Academy atMgagawo. After independence in 1980, the Academy was moved stock and barrelto Zimbabwe, and re-established in Mashonaland Central Province.In 1979, he was in the ZANU delegation that went to the Lancaster HouseConference in London, and negotiated the terms of independence successfully. OnJanuary 14, 1980, he returned to Zimbabwe to prepare for the general electionsthat brought independence. In September, 1980 he joined the President's,Department as a. Senior Intelligence Officer, and rose through the ranks to ' the.position of Provincial Intelligence Officer. At the same time he embarked onfurther studies to complete his studies. He went to England in 1984 for .that

purpose. In 1990, he obtained a Master of Arts degree in International Relations.He returned home to continueZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 28 NO. 5his important work with the security to stop that fighting; and then workedservices. He was promoted to the rank .9even harder to unite the two Parties. ofDirector for Training, and later Direc- 'Throughout his career he showed braytorof Internal Services, a position he ery and consistency. He tookrisks withheld until his untimely death on April 4, his own life for the good and benefit of1997. others. He put the welfare of other peoAfter independence, Comrade John ple, and the interest of Zimbabwe beforeMawema worked hard for national uni- his personal interests and his own ty,stability, and peace. He was one of safety.the few army and intelligence officers who laid the foundation for the unity ofZANU and ZAPU, the two liberation movements. When fighting broke out inMatebeleland in 1982, he worked hardCde. Mawema was declared a Liberation War hero and was laid to rest at his ruralhome in Chiweshe, in the Mashonaland Central Province. ElZimbabwe NewsSubscription RatesPlease tick a box to select your termZIMBABWE C3 12 Issues (I year)S30.00 0 6 issues (6 months) S15.00REGIONAL 0 12 Issues (1 year)US$37.20 0 6 issues (6 months) US$18.60OVERSEAS 0 12 issues (I year)USS57.60 0 6 issues (6 months) US$28.80N A M E :.........................................................................................................................................A D RE SS: ...............................................................................................................................SIG N ATU R E: ............................................................................................................................THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLINGI enclose my cheque 0 postal order 0 for the amount indicated above.Mail to:The Circulation Manager, Zimbabwe News. P.O. Box CY 3206, Causeway144 Union Avenue, Harare, Tel: 790148/9.

The People's VoiceP.O. Box 5988, 144 Union Avenue, Harare Telephone: 790148/9, 621451/6Advertising RatesN.B. Charges refer to a centimetre columnDisplay advert ............................. $17.00Entertainm ent ......................................... $19.50Vacancy ................................................ $17.00G. .T. N otice .........................................$17.00

Sports Clubs and Charity Organisation.. $13.00 Ear Space Front Page........................... $195.00Ear Space Back Page .......................... $1.30.00COLOUR RATES(Please note these rates are additional tonormal rates)I Spot colour ..................................... $350.002 Spot colours .......................... ......... $700.003 Spot colours ................................... $975.00Full colour ...................................... $1 365.00

There are nobirds of ourfeatherBecause we offer the truly definitive example of the printer's art.The total job:typesetting, origination, printing and binding - utilising the latest technology andcompleted to the highest international standards. Our very competitive prices willalso give you something to crow aboutJONGWE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO. (PVT) LTD. 14 Austin Road,Workington, Harare Telephone 621451-6OMIMM