ZIPGLA:LLDIP ULGKN~R+GM I

i

w fmd i ^Wiia fmltamp

ridhk uacuteoHdj

12 fYaKsh

iiumlma fmd

6 tallh - s p yd d fdkqj uQoslashjHj ridhkh

uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j

uacuteoHd yd dlaIK mSGh

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uyru

wwwnielk

ii

ridhk uacuteoHdj

iiumlma fmd

12 fYaKsh

copy cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

mu uqoslashKh ndash 2019



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

YS xldj

mldYkh ( uqoslashKdh

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uyru

YS xldj

iii

wOHCI ckrdafa mKsuacutevh

wOHdmkfha =KdaulNdjh jfrac34Okh lsIacuteu i|yd cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh uacuteiska jszligka jr

wjiadkql+ mshjr kq nhs wodlt uacuteIh i|yd wsffrac34l iiumlma fmda ilia lsIacuteu tjka

mshjrls

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkfha uacuteIhudd ixjfrac34Ok lKavdhu cdsl uacuteYajuacuteoHdj uacuteoaj=ka iy

mdiea moaOsfha mltmqreyuml =rejreka u`ska wsffrac34l iiumlma fmda ilia lr we 2017 sect

lshdaul lrk o wfmdi ^Wiia fmltamp kj uacuteIh ksfrac34foaYhg wkqj fiuml wsffrac34l iiumlma

fmda shd wes ksid isiqkag wodlt uacuteIh lreKq msltsn| wjfndaOh mqiquesta llt yels wr jvda

Modhs bfkqiuml bekaugraveiuml lshdldrliuml ieiqiuml lssIacuteug =rejrekag fiuml lDs mrsYSkh llt

yels h

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkfha ldfrac34h uKavfha idudethlhkag iy ndysr uacuteIh lafIafha uacuteoaja

uacutefYaIhkag Tn fj fiuml fdr=re fk tau i|yd Tjqkafa YdiaSh odhlajh iemhSu

fjkqfjka udfa wjxl lDdj mlt lsIacuteug leueafntilde

wdpdfrac34h agravetawdfrac34fEcirc =Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uyru

iv

wOHCIjrhdfa mKsuacutevh

2017 jfrac34Ifha isg YS xldfotilde idudkH wOHdmk moaOsfha wfmdi ^Wiia fmltamp i|yd

dfrac34lSlrKhg la llt kj uacuteIhuddjla lshdaul fotilde bka woyia jkafka fufla mejs

uacuteIhuddj hdjaldSk lsIacuteuls fiuml ldfrac34hfha sect wfmdi ^Wiia fmltamp ridhk uacuteoHdj

fNsl uacuteoHdj yd Ocircj uacuteoHdj hk uacuteIhj uacuteIh ikaOdrfhaa uacuteIh wdlDsfhaa uacuteIhudd

oslashjHja hiuml hiuml ixfYdaOk isyuml llt wr Bg iudoacutej bfkqiuml-bekaugravefiuml lufotildeofhaa

wehSiuml yd lafiarelrKfhaa hiuml hiuml fjkiaugraveiuml wfmalaId lrk Egrave uacuteIhudfotilde wvx=

uacuteIh lreKqj mudKh uacuteYd jYfhka wvq lrk o wr bfkqiuml-bekaugravefiuml wkqqlufha

hiuml hiuml fjkiaugraveiuml o isyuml lrkq eicirc h mejs uacuteIhudd oslashjHhla jQ =re udfrac34fdamfoaY ixyh

fjkqjg =re wafmdla ydividekajd fok Egrave

Wiia fmlt uacuteoHd uacuteIh i|yd bxSis NdIdfjka iiumlmdEgrave wkafrac34cdsl jYfhka msltsa ka

mszligYSkh miqsh uacuteIhudd lshdaul lsIacutefiuml sect wHjYH uacuteh tfya uacuteuacuteO fmltfmda Nduacute

lsIacutefiuml sect mriamruacutefrdeuml uacuteIh lreKq i|yka ugraveua foaYSh uacuteIhuddfotilde iSud wNsNjd sh uacuteIh

lreKq tajdfha we=lta ugraveua ksid =reNj=kag yd isiqkag tu ka mszligyrKh myiq jQfha

ke fiuml kah Tn wg ma jkafka ta wjYHdj imqrdSug a Waidyhl msMhla

fi h

tneuacuteka fiuml kah u`ska foaYSh uacuteIhuddfotilde iSudjg hgaj ish ujqNdIdfjka wodlt uacuteIh

ikaOdrh mszligyrKh lsIacuteug isiqkag wjiadj iid we tfuka u uacuteuacuteO ka wsffrac34l mkas

jeks uQdYjska wjYH fdr=re nd ekSu fjkqjg uacuteIhuddj u`ska wfmalaIs fdr=re

=reNj=kag yd isiqkag ksjerEgravej nd ekSug fiuml kah Wmldszlig jkq we

uacuteIh iiumlnkaO uacuteYajuacuteoHd wdpdfrac34hjreka yd =reNj=ka uacuteiska iiumlmdEgrave fiuml kah cdsl

wOHdmk wdhkfha uacuteIhud lntildegqfjka o wOHhk uKavfhka o mdl iNdfjka o

wkquesh nd Tn wg ma jk neuacuteka bylt mntildesfhka hq= nj ksfrac34foaY llt yels h

wdpdfrac34h taatilde wfidal o isajd

wOHlaI


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

v

wkqYdilajh


wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

weumllaIKh

wdpdfrac34h taaumlta o isajd

wOHlaI uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteIh kdhlajh

tiumltia uacuteluisxy ntildeh

iyldr lOacuteldpdfrac34h uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

wNHkar ixialrK uKavh

tafla jvqfa uhd

fcHIaG lOacuteldpdfrac34h uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j

OcircOcircmStia fmffrac34rd ntildeh


ugrave rdcqfoajka uhd


lD uKavh

wdpdfrac34h tiumltka fluda - fcHIaG lOacuteldpdfrac34h ridhk uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j fldltU uacuteYajuacuteoHdh (6 jk tallh)

ndysr ixialrK uKavh

fcHIaG uydpdfrac34h tiamS plusmnrKsh - ridhk uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j YS chjfrac34Okmqr

uacuteYajuacuteoHdh fcHIaG uydpdfrac34h tiumlatildemS o fldiad - ridhk uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j fldltU uacuteYajuacuteoHdh

fcHIaG uydpdfrac34h tEacutetiumlatildetiuml mshka - ridhk uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j fmardfoKsh uacuteYajuacuteoHdh uydpdfrac34h iqoka shkfa - fcHIaG lOacuteldpdfrac34h ridhk uacuteoHd fomdfrac34fiumlka=j

YS chjfrac34Okmqr uacuteYajuacuteoHdh flaatilde nkayuml l=udr uhd - ksfhdacH flduidszligia wOHdmk mldYk fomdfrac34fiumlka=j

wOHdmk fomdfrac34fiumlka=j uqEgraved w=fldar ntildeh - =re fiajh 1 mcdmS ndsld uacuteoHdh fydrK Egravemsld fkaisxy ntildeh - =re fiajh 1(uacuteYdntildel) ldkad uacuteyumly fldltU 07

iStatiuml fmffrac34rd fuh - =re fiajh 1 fotildeaia l=uszlig uacuteoHdh fudrgqj uacuteflaviacuteatilde idsld udOuacute ntildeh - =re fiajh 1 uqiasiuml ldkad uacuteyumly fldltU 04 tEacutetiumlatildeatilde sectmsld ueKsfla ntildeh - =re fiajh 1 uacuteydr uyd foauacute ndsld uacuteyumly lsszlignafdv

vi

NdId ixialrKh cha mshoiqka uhd

mOdk Wm lfrac34D - isiquestntildeK

fala yjqia fldltU 10

msgqjeiau

wdfrac34wdfrac34fla msrK ntildeh

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteuacuteO iydh

viacutemSmS ugraverjfrac34Ok ntildeh

ux jesmsaacuteh uhd

rxetha ohdjxY uhd

(

vii

mgqk

wOHCI ckrdafa mKsuacutevhhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip iii

wOHCI=udfa mKsuacutevhhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip iv

uacuteIhudd lntildegqj helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip v

06 tallh - s p yd d fdkqj uQoslashjHj ridhkh helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip125-179 s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH

41 1 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 126

411 1 jk ldKAvfha keUqred 412 1 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH mslshd 413 jKj dm iadhsdj 414 1 jk ldKAvfha jKj oslashjHdj 415 myka isiquest mIacuteCIdj


421 2 jk ldKAvfha keUqred

422 2 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjHj mslshd

423 jKj dm iadhsdj

424 2 jk ldKavfha jK oslashdjHdj

425 myka isM mIacuteCIdj

p fdkqqfotilde uQoslashjH

43 13 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 135 431 p fdkqqfotilde keUqred 432 weumlntildekshiuml


441 14 jk ldKavfha keUqred 442 Egravehukas yd ntildeksrka

443 ldnka fudfkdlaihsacirc yd ldnka vfhdlaihsacirc 444 ldnkaj Tlafid wiuml

45 15 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH 139 451 15 jk ldKAvfha keUqred 452 khsgckaj ridhkh

453 khsgckaj Tlafid wiuml

454 wefudakshd yd wefudkSh jK

46 16 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 145 461 16 jk ldKavfha keUqred

462 16 jk ldKavfha yhsvhsv 463 Tlaiscka 464 iafrac34 465 Tlaiscka wvx= ixfhda

466 yhsvcka fmdrdlaihsacirc 467 iafrac34 wvx= ixfhda

viii

468 iafrac34j Tlafid wiuml 47 17 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 153 471 17 jk ldKavfha keUqred 472 17 jk ldKavfha ir ixfhda 473 lafdaIacutekaj mslshd

48 18 jk ldKav wha uQoslashjH 157 481 18 jk ldKavfha mjKd 482 18 jk ldKavhg wha uQoslashjHj ir ixfhda

49 s iy p fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH u`ska fmkakqiuml lrk wdjfrac34sd j=j 159 491 ixhqcd bflafgdak uacutekHdih 492 fdayl =Kh 493 =kajk wdjfrac34fha Tlaihsv ch wiuml yd Niau iu` mslshd 494 yhsfvdlaihsv iy yhsvhsvj wiuml Niau iy WNh=Ks iajNdjh

495 =kajk wdjfrac34h yryd fyahsvj iajNdjh

d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH 410 wdkaszligl uQoslashjH 163 4101 mejeau 4102 yrjk wdjfrac34hg wha d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj =K

4103 d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj Tlaihsv 4104 iuyr fdarda d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj Tlaihsvj ridhkh 4105 wdkaszligl fday whkj ix ixfhda 4107 ixlSfrac34K ixfhdaj jfrac34K flfrys nmdk idOl 4108 d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj jeoalu 4109 d fdkqfotilde fdarda legdhk y`yumlkd ekSfiuml mIacutelaIK

wiexclfmdiexcliiexcl ^Wiia fmltamp ridhk uacuteoHdj - 6 tallh

125

wkafrac34h

s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH

41 1 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH





423 jKj dm iadhsdj


425 myka is`M mIacuteCIdj


43 13 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 431 p fdkqqfotilde keUqred 432 weumlntildekshiuml



443 ldnka fudfkdlaihsacirc yd ldnka

vfhdlaihsacirc 444 ldnkaj Tlafid wiuml

45 15 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH 451 15 jk ldKAvfha keUqred 452 khsgckaj ridhkh



46 16 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 461 ldKavfha keUqred


466 yhsvcka fmfrdlaihsacirc

467 iafrac34 wvx= ixfhda 468 iafrac34j Tlafid wiuml 47 17 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 471 17 jk ldKavfha keUqred 472 17 jk ldKavfha ir ixfhda 473 lafdaIacutekaj mslshd

48 ldKav 18 wha uQoslashjH 481 18 jk ldKavfha keUqred 482 18 jk ldKavhg wha uQoslashjHj

ir ixfhda

49 s iy p fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH u`ska

fmkakqiuml lrk wdjfrac34s keUqred

491 ixhqcd bflafgdak uacutekHdih 492 fdayl =Kh 493 =kajk wdjfrac34fha Tlaihsv ch

wiuml yd Niau iu` mslshd 494 yhsfvdlaihsv iy yhsvhsvj wiuml

Niau iy WNh=Ks iajNdjh

495 =kajk wdjfrac34h yryd fyahsvj

iajNdjh

d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH 410 wdkaszligl uQoslashjH 4101 mejeau 4102 yrjk wdjfrac34hg wha d fdkqfotilde

uQoslashjHj =K

4103 d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH Tlaihsvj

TlaislrK wjiad 4104 iuyr fdard a d fdkqfotilde

uQoslashjHj Tlaihsvj ridhkh 4105 wdkaszligl fday whkj ix

ixfhda 4107 ixlSfrac34K ixfhdaj jfrac34K flfrys

nmdk idOl 4108 d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj jeoalu 4109 d fdkqfotilde fdard a legdhk y`yumlkd

ekSfiuml mIacutelaIK

4 s p yd d fdkqj uQoslashjHj ridhkh


126

ye|skaugraveu

fiuml fldgfiys mltuq Ndfha s yd p fdkqj uQoslashjHj fNsl yd ridhksl =K

uacuteiar flffrac34 fiuml idlEacutePdj wdjfrac34sd j=fotilde uQoslashjHj keUqred iy rgd ydividekd

ekSug Wmldszlig fotilde mltuqj wms s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj =K idlEacutePd lruq



wfdayhla jk yhsvcka yereKq fldg mltuqjk ldKavfha uQoslashjH isha fday fotilde

wfkl=a fday fuka fkdj tajd wvq gtkajjska hqla fotilde mltuq jk ldKAvfha ishuml

uQoslashjHj wjika ljpfha bflafgdak uacutekHdih ns1 jk neuacuteka tajd fndfyda

mslshdYSs fotilde

fidaaumlhiuml iajNdjfha NaCl ^mdIdK umlKqamp yd Na2B4O7middot10H2O ^fndlaiaamp wdEgrave jK

wdldrfhka iajdNduacutelj mjS iajdNduacutelj mjakd fmdgEishiuml jK i|yd KCl îsajhsUumlamp yd KClmiddotMgCl2middot6H2O ^ldkhsUumlamp ksoiqka fotilde

411 1 jk ldKAvfha keUqred CIdr fday isha Egravesfik iqiquest h tajd bylt uacuteoHqa yd dm ikakdhl fotilde fiuml fday

uDyuml jk wr ldKAvfha myltg ha u jvda uDyuml fotilde mltuq jk ldKAvfha fdayj

oslashjdxl ldKAvfha myltg ha u wvq fotilde fiuml uQoslashjHj mjakd keUqred ydividekd ekSug

41 j=fotilde j=fotilde i|yka fdr=re fhdod yels h ixfhda idok ieu wjiadjl sect

u mltuq jk ldKAvfha fday +1 TlaislrK wjiadj fmkakqiuml lrhs fndfyda ixfhda

iadhs gtk whksl ixfhda fotilde 411 j=j 1 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH =K

Li Na K Rb Cs N+ntilde wjiadfotilde bflafgdksl uacutekHdih

[He]2s1 [Ne]3s1 [Ar]4s1 [Kr]5s1 [Xe]6s1

fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262

oslashjdxlh degC 180 98 64 39 29

M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169

1 jk whkSlrK Ylash kJ mol-1 520 495 418 403 375


Li isg Cs olajd fiuml uQoslashjHj mrudKql wrh jeauml ugraveu ldKavh Tiafia myltg tajdfha

whkSlrK Ylash wvq ugraveug fya= jk wr mltuq jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjHj ridhksl

=K uacuteiar lsIacuteug by lS CIKh fhdod yels h mltuq jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjHj

mslshdYSsajh ldKavh Tiafia myltg jeauml fotilde

wldnksl ridhkfha sect mslshd shd olajk uacuteg sect mslshl yd Mj fNsl

wjiad plusmnlaugraveu ieu uacuteg u wHjYH fkd fotilde flfia fja wx iiumlmqfrac34K mslts=rla

fi ielSu i|yd =s ridhksl ioacutelrK shd plusmnlauacuteh hq= fotilde


127

412 1 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH mslshd

Tlaiscka iu` (O2) 4M + O2 2M2O

jeaumlmqr Tlaiscka (O2) iu` Na fmfrdlaihsv idohs

2Na + O2 Na2O2

jeaumlmqr Tlaiscka (O2) iu` K Rb iy Cs iqmfrac34 Tlaihsv idohs

M + O2 MO2

khsgcka (N2) iu` Li muKla iadhs

khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N

yhsvcka iu` (H2) 2M + H2 2MH

ch iu` (H2O) 2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2

wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj

1 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH ch iu` olajk mslshdYSsajh ldKAvfha myltg ha u

jeauml fotilde ch iu` mslshd keUqrej my mszligEgrave fotilde

Li Na K Rb Cs

fifuka mn fi sks ekSula iysj mn fi

msmsreiuml iysj msmsreiuml iysj

ch iu` fyda jdhqfdaSh c jdIam iu` sshiuml mn fkdjk mslshdjla isyuml

lrntildeka sshiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc yd yhsvcka jdhqj idohs flfia fja fidaaumlhiuml yd

fmdgEishiuml ch iu` mn fi mslshd lrntildeka fday yhsfvdlaihsvh yd yhsvcka

jdhqj ksmojhs sshiuml iu` mslshdj yereKq fldg wfkla tajd bylt dmodhs mslshd

fotilde

Tlaiscka$ jdh iu` mslshd

sshiumljg Tlaiscka yd khsgcka jdhq fol iu` u mslshd llt yels h ra llt uacuteg

iqyuml meyes l=vla jk sshiuml Tlaihsacirc (Li2O) idontildeka sshiuml oykh fotilde khsgcka jdhqj

iu` sshiuml mslshd lsIacutefuka r= meyes l=vla jk sshiuml khsghsacirc (Li3N) idohs

flfia fja fidaaumlhiuml yd fmdgEishiuml hk fojfrac34h u khsgcka yd mslshd fkd lrhs

fidaaumlhiuml jdfha oykh llt uacuteg iqiquest mudKhla fidaaumlhiuml Tlaihsacirc iu` jeaumlmqr

fidaaumlhiuml fmfrdlaihsacirc ksmofotilde fmdgEishiuml jdfha oykh llt uacuteg fmdgEishiuml

iqmfrac34Tlaihsacirc mOdk Mh fia fmdgEishiuml Tlaihsacirc yd fmdgEishiuml fmfrdlaihsacirc

wfkl=a M fia ksmofotilde fidaaumlhiuml fyda fmdgEishiuml fmfrdlaihsvj sect Tlaisckaj

TlaislrK wxlh -1 jk wr fmdgEishiuml iqmfrac34Tlaihsvj sect TlaislrK wxl -1 yd 0

fotilde


128

1 jk ldKAvfha fday Tlaihsv ch iu` mslshd lrntildeka my plusmnlafjk mszligEgrave fday

yhsfvdlaihsv idohs

Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)

ra lsIacutefiuml sect Tlaiscka iu` sshiuml mslshd fldg sshiuml khsghsacirc idohs sshiuml

muKla iadhs CIdr-fday khsghsv idohs sshiuml khsghsacirc ch iu` mslshd lr

wefudakshd yd sshiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc ksmojhs

Li3N(s) + 3H2O(l) 3LiOH(aq) + NH3(g)

1 jk ldKAvfha yhsfvdlaihsv ldnka vfhdlaihsacirc iu` mslshd lr wkqrEm ldnfkag

idohs fiuml ldnfkag j yumlrga ldnka vfhdlaihsacirc iu` mslshd lr fday yhsvcka

ldnfkag idohs

2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Na2CO3(aq) + CO2(g) +H2O(l) 2NaHCO3(s)

fidaaumlhiuml ldnfkagjg idfmaCIj fidaaumlhiuml yhsvcka ldnfkaUuml wvq c oslashdjHdjla

fmkakqiuml lrhs

yhsvcka jdhqj iu` mslshd

gtk whksl fday yhsvhsv idontildeka 1 jk ldKAvfha fday yhsvcka iu` mslshd

lrhs fiuml yhsvhsvjsect yhsvckaj TlaislrK wxlh -1 fotilde fiuml fday yhsvhsv ch

iu` mn fi mslshd lrntildeka yhsvcka jdhqj ksmojhs

2Na(s) + H2(g) 2NaH(s)

NaH(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g) wiuml iuOtilde mslshdj

sshiuml fidaaumlhiuml iy fmdgEishiuml kql wiuml iuOtilde fotildefhka mslshd lr yhsvcka

jdhqj iy wodlt fday jK idohs fiuml mslshd uacuteYd jYfhka dmodhl jk wr

msmsfrk iquml fotilde tajdhska fdard a mslshd lsysmhla my oelafotilde

2Li(s) + dil2HNO3(aq) 2LiNO3(aq) + H2(g)

2Na(s) + dilH2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2(g) 413 jKj dm iadhsdj

khsfUumlg uacutefhdackh

1 jk ldKAvfha khsfUumlg fmdfydr yd msmqreiuml oslashjH jYfhka Nduacute flffrac34 fiuml khsfUumlg

dmh yuqfotilde uacutefhdackh fotilde sshiuml Tlaihsacirc khsgcka vfhdlaihsacirc yd Tlaiscka nd

fontildeka sshiuml khsfUumlg uacutefhdackh fotilde flfia fja 1 jk ldKAvfha wfkla khsfUumlg

ra lsIacutefiuml sect wodlt fday khsghsvh yd Tlaiscka ksmojhs


129

4LiNO3(s) 2Li2O(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) 2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)

ldnfkag uacutefhdackh

1 jk ldKAvfha ldnfkag iadhs jk wr uacutefhdackh ugraveug fmr uacuteSk aajhg ma

fotilde flfia fja Li2CO3 iadhs nuacuteka wvq neuacuteka myiqfjka uacutefhdackh fotilde

Li2CO3(s) Li2O(s) + CO2(g) nhsldnfkag uacutefhdackh

1 jk ldKAvfha nhsldnfkag dm uacutefhdackh my plusmnlafotilde

2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) dm iadhsdj ldKAvh Tiafia myltg ha u jeauml fotilde

414 1 jk ldKAvfha jKj oslashdjHdj LiF Li2CO3 yd Li3PO4 jeks sshiuml jK yer 1 jk ldKAvfha ishuml jK cfha oslashdjH

fotilde jKfha wekdhkh i= jfrac34Khla kes kiuml fiuml jK ishala u wjfrac34K fotilde

42 j=fotilde plusmnlafjk mszligEgrave 1 jk ldKavfha jKj oslashdjHdj ldKAvh Tiafia myltg ha

u jeauml fotilde

42 j=j fidaaumlhiuml fmdahsvj oslashdjHdj

jKh oslashdjHdj mol L-1

NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123

whksl gtkj ioslashdjK tkaeamsh i|yd jk Ylas pl weiqfrka oslashdjHdfotilde uacutepkh

wjfndaO lr yels h siacuteia fhdacH Ylash fhdod ksntildeka oslashdjHdj meyeEgraves llt

yels h 1 jk ldKavfha whksl gtk ishag u wdYs RK siacuteia fhdacH Ylash ksid

cfha oslashdjH fotilde


130

ioslashdjK lshdjsh yd iiumlnkaO tkaeams pl yd tkafgdms pl my plusmnlafotilde

41 rEmh ioslashdjK lshdjsh i|yd tkaeams yd tkafgdms pl

by Ylas igyka fhdod fk ioslashdjKh yd iiumlnkaO tkaeams yd tkafgdms fjki

Kkh llt yels wr fiuml Kkh lrk o whhka 43 j=fotilde plusmnlafotilde fhdacH Ylash

Kkh lrkq nkafka my ioacutelrKh fhdod ksntildeks

ΔGϴ = ΔHϴ - T ΔSϴ

43 j=j ioslashdjK lshdjsh =lt sect jK fhdacH Ylas fjki

jKh tkaeams fjki kJ mol-1

tkafgdms fjki times T (K times kJ mol-1K-1)

fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32

fidaaumlhiuml fyahsacirc oslashdjHdj msltsn| keUqredj Kkh lrk o siacuteia fhdacH Ylas

iu` fkd eltfma fidaaumlhiuml a fjdrhsacirc isg fidaaumlhiuml whvhsacirc olajd fhdacH Ylas

jvda RK ugrave we

415 myka isiquest mIacuteCIdj laIdr fday yd tajdfha ixfhda ydividekd ekSu i|yd myka isiquest mIacuteCIdj fhdod yels

h 1 jk ldKavfha fday yd ixfhda myka isMfotilde wes lrk jfrac34K my plusmnlafotilde

sshiuml - lSiumlmia r= fidaaumlhiuml - ly

leaishiuml - r=oiuml iSishiuml - ksa oiuml

fmdgEishiuml - sela

plusmnsi Ylash whk icSlrK tkaeamsh

ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131


fojk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH CIdIacuteh mdxY= fday fi yecentkafotilde ixhqcd ljpfha ns2

bflafgdak uacutekHdih fya=fjka 2 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH 1 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjHjg

jvd mslshdYSs nuacuteka wvq h

fvduhsUumlj (CaCO3MgCO3) ueakSishiuml yd leaishiuml uQoslashjH fol u iajdNduacutelj

yuq fotilde ueakSishiuml wkafrac34 Lksc i|yd ueakihsUuml (MgCO3) lSirhsUuml (MgSO4

H2O) yd ldkhsUuml (KMgCl36H2O) ksoiqka fotilde aumlfjdfrd wemghsUuml

[3(Ca3(PO4)2)CaF2] yd ethmaiiuml (CaSO42H2O) jdKsc jaacutekdlntildeka hqa leaishiuml wvx=

Lksc fotilde 421 2 jk ldKAvfha keUqred

fnszligshiuml yd ueakSishiuml wiquest meyes fday jk wr 2 jk ldKAvfha wfkla fday

uDyuml yd szligsect meyefhka hqla fotilde WNh=Ks CIK fmkakqiuml lrk BeO yereKq uacuteg 2

jk ldKAvfha wfkl=a fday Ndiantildel Tlaihsv ksmojhs fnszligshsiuml weumlntildekshiumljg

iudk CIK fmkakqiuml lrk wr fiuml CIKh wdjfrac34sd j=fotilde Al yd Be wr

mjakd uacutelfrac34K iiumlnkaOdj weiqfrka wjfndaO lr yels h

1 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH yd ii|k l 2 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH i=j byltgtkaj yd

mn fdayl nkaOk mjS fdayl nkaOk iEsectug tajd i=j uacuteYd bflafgdak

ixLHdjla mejSua mrudKql wrh l=vd ugraveua fya= fotilde

2 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjHj ns2 bflafgdak uacutekHdih tajdfha fya=fjka mu

whkSlrK Ylash 1 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjHjg jvd jeauml h ldKAvh Tiafia myltg

ha u uQoslashjH jvd mslshdldszlig jk wr myiqfjka +2 TlaislrK wjiadj fmkakqiuml

lrhs j=j 44 ys 2 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjHj =K plusmnlafotilde

44 j=j 2 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjHj =K

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba

N+ntilde wjiadfotilde bflafgdksl uacutekHdih


fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135

1 jk whkSlrK Ylash kJ mol-1

899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132

422 2 jk ldKavfha (CIdIacuteh mdxY= fday) uQoslashjH mslshd

Tlaiscka iu` (O2) 2M + O2 2MO

jeaumlmqr Tlaiscka iu` (O2) Ba tys

fmfrdlaihsvh idohs Ba + O2 BaO2

bylt WIAKajjsect khsgcka (N2) iu`

3M + N2 M3N2

ldur WIaKajfha sect ch (H2O(l)) iu` (ksoiqka( Ca Sr yd Ba)

M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`

(ksoiqka( Mg fifuka mslshd lrhs) Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2

yqudh iu` (H2O(g)) Mg + H2O MgO + H2

wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2

yhsvcka (H2) iu`Ca Sr Ba bylt

WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2

idkaoslash wiuml iu` Mg+2H2SO4 MgSO4+SO2+2H2O Mg+4HNO3 Mg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2O

ch iu` mslshd

fnszligshiuml ch iu` mslshd fkdlrk uqa yqudh iu` mslshd lrhs ch iu`

ueakSishiuml ldur WIaKajfha sect isyuml lrk mslshdj fkdild yeszligh yelsh flfia

fja ueakSishiuml WKq ch iu` fifuka mslshd lrhs leaishiuml iafgdkaaacutehiuml yd

fiacuteszlighiuml isisa ch iu` myiqfjka mslshd lrhs ch iu` mslshdfotilde sect fday

yhsfvdlaihsvh yd yhsvcka jdhqj ksmojkq efiacute

Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) yhsvcka iu` mslshd

fnszligshiuml yer 2 jk ldKAvfha ishuml uQoslashjH gtk whksl ixfhda jk fday

yhsfvdlaihsv idontildeka yhsvcka iu` mslshd lrhs fiuml yhsvhsvj sect yhsvcka

olajkqfotilde -1 TlaislrK wjiadjhs fiuml fday yhsvhsv ch iu` mn fi ^1 jk

ldKAvfha fuka oreKq fi fkdfotildeamp mslshd fldg yhsvcka jdhqj ksmojhs

Ca(s) + H2(g) CaH2(s) CaH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2H2(g)

khsgcka iu` mslshd

khsgcka =lt oykh fjntildeka 2 jk ldKAvfha ishuml uQoslashjH khsghsv (M3N2) idohs fiuml

khsghsv sshiuml isyuml llt wdldrhg u ch iu` mslshd lr wefudakshd ksmojhs

3Mg(s)+ N2(g) Mg3N2(s)


133

Mg3N2(s) + 6H2O(l) 3Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2NH3(g)

423 jKj dm iadhsdj

khsfUumlgj dm uacutefhdackh

ra lsIacutefiuml sect 2 jk ldKavfha khsfUumlg sshiuml khsfUumlgjg fndfyda iudk wkaontildeka

yeisffrac34 fojk ldKAvfha khsfUumlg fday Tlaihsv khsgcka vfhdlaaihsacirc yd Tlaiscka

ksmojntildeka uacutefhdackh fotilde

2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

ldnfkaUuml uacutefhdackh

fiuml ldnfkagj dm iadhsdj ldKavfha myltg ha u jeauml fotilde legdhkfha

uacuteYdajh jeauml ugraveua iu` o fiuml ldnfkagj dm iadhsdj jeauml fotilde legdhkfha

wdfrdamK gtkajh wvq jk neuacuteka ldKAvh Tiafia myltg ha u legdhkfha OeuacutelrK

nh wvq fotilde Ba2+ whkhg iiumlnkaO ldnfkaUuml whkhg jvd Mg2+ whkhg iiumlnkaO

ldnfkaUuml whkh jeaumlmqr OeugravelrKh fotilde jeauml jYfhka OeugravelrKh jQ ldnfkaUuml

wekdhkh dm uacutefhdackhg myiqfjka la jk wr tuska BaCO3 jg jvd wvq

whl MgCO3 ys dm uacutefhdack WIAKajh mejSu meyeEgraves flffrac34 fday ldnfkagj

idudkH dm uacutefhdackh my plusmnlafotilde

MCO3 MO + CO2

dm uacutefhdack WIaKajh 540 degC jk MgCO3 tu wh 1360 degC jk BaCO3 olajd hEfiuml

sect wodlt rdYsfha wh jeauml ugrave we

nhsldnfkagj uacutefhdackh

fojk ldKAvfha yhsvcka ldnfkag (nhsldnfkag) cSh oslashdjKjsect muKla iadhs jk

wr fojk ldKavfha gtk yhsvcka ldnfkag ldur WIaKajfha sect iadhs fkdfotilde

Ca(HCO3)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

424 2 jk ldKavfha jKj oslashdjHdj fojk ldKavfha jKj oslashdjHdj ixfhdah u r|d mjS khsfUumlg khsghsv

yhsfvdlaihsv iahsv yd nhsldnfkag jeks ixfhda cfha oslashdjH fotilde j=j 45 ys sect

wes rgd wkqj yhsfvdlaihsv iafag iahsg ldnfkag fmdiafag yd Tlaifag

jeks iuyr ixfhdaj oslashdjHdj ldKavfha myltg ha u uacutepkh fotilde lafdarhsv yd

khsfUumlg jeks tal RK whk iu` mjsk 2 ldKavfha fday idok jK

idudkHfhka coslashdjK fotilde flfia fja tllg jvd jeauml wdfrdamK ork ldnfkag

yd fmdiafaUuml jeks whk yd iiumlnkaOj idok jK woslashdjH fotilde BeCO3 yer ishuml

ldnfkag woslashdjH fotilde ldnfkagjg jvd yhsvckaldnfkag oslashdjH fotilde MgSO4 isg BaSO4 olajd oslashdjHdj ii|k uacuteg 2 jk ldKAvfha iafag oslashdjH aajfha isg woslashdjH

aajh olajd fjkia fotilde wfkla wg yhsfvdlaihsvj oslashdjHdj ldKavfha myltg

ha u woslashdjH aajfha isg oslashdjH aajh lrd fjkia fotilde ksoiqkla fi( Mg(OH)2

wam jYfhka oslashdjH jk wr Ba(OH)2 oslashdjH fukau mn Ndiantildel oslashdjKhla o idohs


134

45 j=j mltuqjk yd fojk ldKavfha ixfhdaj oslashdjHdj

Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+

Cl- aq aq aq aq aq aq

Br- aq aq aq aq aq aq

I- aq aq aq aq aq aq

OH- aq aq IS SS SS aq

CO32- aq aq IS IS IS IS

HCO3- aq aq aq aq aq aq

NO2- aq aq aq aq aq aq


S2- aq aq aq aq aq aq

SO32- aq aq SS IS IS IS

SO42- aq aq aq SS IS IS

PO43- aq aq IS IS IS IS

CrO42- aq aq aq aq IS IS

C2O42- aq aq SS IS IS SS

aq ndash oslashdjH IS ndash woslashdjH SS ndash wam jYfhka oslashdjH

425 myka isM mIacuteCIdj CIdIacuteh mdxY= fday yd ixfhda myka is`Mfotilde sect dCIKsl jfrac34K olajk wr myka

isMfotilde sect olajk jfrac34K weiqfrka ta uQoslashjH fufia ydividekd yels h

leaishiuml - eocircs-r=

iafgdkaaacutehiuml - lsiumlika r=

fiacuteszlighiuml - lymeyes fldlt


135



431 13 jk ldKavfha keUqred fndafrdaka fdaydfdayhla jk wr fndafrdaka ixfhda fndfyduhla iyixhqc fotilde

flfia fja weumlntildekshiuml hkq WNh=Ks CIK iys fdayhls eshiuml bkaaumlhiuml yd

eshiuml fday fotilde 13 jk ldKAvfha mltuq idudethlhd jk B tys l=vd mrudKql wrh

fya=fjka wfkla idudethlhkafka fjkia fotilde fndafrdaka 14 jk ldKavfha Si iu`

mn uacutelfrac34K iiumlnkaOdjla fmkajhs 13 jk ldKavfha ishuml uQoslashjH +3 TlaislrK

wjiadj fmkakqiuml lrhs 13 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH =K j=j 46 ys oelafotilde


B Al Ga In Tl

N+ntilde wjiadfotilde bflafgdaksl uacutekHdih

[He]2s22p1 [Ne]3s23p1 [Ar]3d104s24p1 [Kr]4d105s25p1 [Xe]4f145d106s26p1

fdayl wrh pm - 143 153 167 171 iyixhqc wrhpm 88 130 122 150 155


M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878

wfmdi ^Wfmltamp ridhk uacuteoHd uacuteIh ksfrac34foaYhg wha fkdfotilde

432 weumlntildekshiuml mDOacuteuacute lfndfys =kajekshg iqn u uQoslashjHh weumlntildekshiuml fotilde weumlntildekshiumlj

ksrdjrKh ugrave mjsk mDIaGh u Al2O3 iarhla ksmofotilde fiuml iarh u`ska weumlntildekshiuml

jyumlrga Tlaiscka iu` mslshd ugraveu flfrys msfrdaOhla wes lrkq nhs jdh

iu` mslshd fkdlrk uQoslashjHhla fi weumlntildekshiuml ye|skauacuteh yels h

weumlntildekshiumlj mslshd

Tlaiscka yd yecka iu` weumlntildekshiuml mslshd lrhs N2 iu` o th mslshd lrhs

Tlaiscka iu` (O2) 4Al + O2 2Al2O3

yecka iu` (X2) 2Al + 3X2 2AlX3

khsgcka iu` (N2) 2Al + N2 2AlN

mltuq yd fojk ldKAvj uQoslashjHjg idfmaCIj weumlntildekshiuml mslshdYSs nuacuteka wvq h

fnszligshiuml fiska u weumlntildekshiuml o wiuml yd Niau hk fojfrac34h iu` u mslshd lrhs


136

weumlntildekshiuml wiuml yd Niau iu` isyuml lrk mslshd i|yd my plusmnlafotilde

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g) 2Al(s) + 2OH (aq)+ 6H2O(l) 2[Al(OH)4] (aq) + 3H2(g)

weumlntildekshiuml whk cSh oslashdjKj sect fylaid weumlntildekshiuml whk fi mjS hehs wfmaCId

flffrac34 flfia fja my mszligEgrave Al3+ whk cuacuteEacutefthornokh ugrave [Al(OH2)5(OH)]2+

^fmkagdwelajdyhsfvdlaihsfvd weumlntildekshiuml whkamp ksmojd wk=rej [Al(OH2)4(OH)2]+

^fgfrdwelajdvhsyhsacircfrdlaihsfvd weumlntildekshiuml whkamp ksmojhs

[Al(OH2)6]3+(aq) + H2O(l) [Al(OH2)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H3O

+(aq)

[Al(OH2)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H2O(l) [Al(OH2)4(OH)2]+(aq) + H3O

+(aq)

weumlntildekshiuml whkjg OH- whk wdlkh ugravefuka mltuqj iqyuml meyes fcaacutekSh

wjlafIamhla jk weumlntildekshiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc ksmojhs wsszligla OH- whk iu`

wjlafIams weumlntildekshiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc fgUumlrdyhsfvdlaihsfvd weumlntildefkaUuml ixlSfrac34K whk

njg ma fotilde

Al3+(aq) + 3OH (aq) Al(OH)3(s) îqyuml meyes fcaacutekSh wjlafIamhamp

Al(OH)3(s) + OH (aq) [Al(OH)4] (aq) fyda AlO2 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

13 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH i= ns2np1bflafgdksl uacutekHdih fya=fjka tajdg iyixhqc

nkaOk =kla idontildeka bflafgdak yhla ish ixhqcd ljpfha mjajd yels h tys

msMhla fi 13 jk ldKAvfha fndfyda iyixhqc ixfhda i=j weafa wiiumlmQfrac34K

bflafgdak wIAglhls ta wkqj tajdg bflafgdak odhlhl=fka bflafgdak

hqhla nd kakd umluacuteia wiumlhla fi lshd lsIacuteug yels h wiiumlmqfrac34K bflafgdak

wIagl iys fiuml ixfhda bflafgdak Wk ixfhda fi ydividekajkq nhs B yd Al hk

fojfrac34h u idok wiiumlmQfrac34K wIAgl iys ixfhda jdhq wjiadfotilde sect wIagl kshuh

imqrdkq msKsi oauacutewjhuacutel idok efiacute ^rEmh 42amp

Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl

42 rEmh jdhquh Al2Cl6ys jHQyh


441 14 jk ldKavfha keUqred iyixhqc nkaOk cd jHQyhla ekSu fya=fjka 14 jk ldKavfha mltuq uQoslashjH =k

i=j bylt oslashjdxl mjS ldnka wfdayhla jk wr isslka yd cfrac34fiumlkshiuml

fdaydfday fotilde ldKAvfha wjika uQoslashjH fol jk aacuteka yd facirc fday fotilde


137

a w`=re fndrfa leaihsUuml (CaCO3) jdhqfdaSh CO2 ueakihsUuml (MgCO3) yd

fvduhsUuml (CaCO3middotMgCO3) hk iajdNduacutelj ldnka yuq jk mNj fotilde ntildeksrka Egravehukas

yd mqIacuteka hkq ldnkaj nyqrEmS wdldrhka h mqIacuteka uE sect fidhd a wr jvda

iqmlt mqIacuteka wdldrh C60 fyja nlantildeksiagfrac34 qqIacuteka ^fyda nlS fndaaamp fotilde ldnka

Ocircjfha moku jk wr ldnksl ridhkfha sect jeoa u uQoslashjHhhs isslka yd

cfrac34fiumlkshiuml wfrac34O ikakdhl lfrac34udkafha sect mOdk jYfhka Nduacute flffrac34 Bg wurj

wldnksl nyq wjhuacutel lfrac34udkafha sect isslka uacuteYd jYfhka Nduacute fotilde

14 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjHj =K j=j 47 ys plusmnlafotilde

47 j=j 14 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjHj =K

C Si Ge Sn Pb N+ntilde wjiadfotilde bflafgdksl uacutekHdih


fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78

wfmdi ^Wfmltamp ridhk uacuteoHduacuteIh ksfrac34foaYhg wha fkdfotilde

442 Egravehukas yd ntildeksrka

Egravehukas yd ntildeksrka iumrudKql ^tl u jfrac34fha mrudKqamp plusmnsia jHQyjska iukauacute fotilde

Egravehukas ^sp3 uqyqiuml ldnka p=iaShamp i= jkafka gtkdldr iaMaacutel jHQyhls ntildeksrka ^sp2

uqyqiuml ldnka Sh sfldaKdldramp iukauacute jkafka wUumlaacute eiqKqq oauacuteudk ldnka

iarjsks uqyqiumllrKfha fjki fya=fjka ntildeksrkaj ldnka ldnka nkaOk Egrave

Egravehukasj ldnka ldnka nkaOk Egraveg jvd wvq h Êgravehukas 154 pm iy ntildeksrka

141 pmamp fiuml iaMaacutelrEmS plusmnsia jHQy plusmnauml jk wr Egravehukasj plusmnsia jHQyh jvda u

Ylasua jHQyh fotilde uacuteiadk π bflafgdak fya=fjka ntildeksrka uacuteoHqa ikakdhlhla

fuka u dm ikakdhlhla o fotilde ^rEmh 43amp ntildeksrkays iar wr wkafrac34 lshd yumlfrac34j

jk wr fiuml ksid ntildeksrka fyd| sysiais oslashjHhla njg maj we

43 rEmh ntildeksrkays π uacuteiadk ugraveu

uqyqiumllrKh uacuteiadk π ldlaIsl


138

mqIacuteka hkq ldnkaj fjka nyqrEms wdldrhls mqIacutekaj ldnka mrudKq fdadldrj

tlsfklg iiumlnkaO ugrave mjS ntildeksrka Egravehukas yd mqIacuteka (C60) jHQy rEmh 44ys plusmnlafotilde

44 rEmh (a) ntildeksrka (b) Egravehukas yd (c) mqIacuteka (C60)ys jdhqj

443 ldnka fudfkdlaihsacirc yd ldnka vfhdlaihsacirc ldnka fudfkdlaihsacirc hkq wjfrac34K kaOhlska fdr bd uacuteI jdhqjls ldnka

fudfkdlaihsacircys CO nkaOk Egrave ofrac34YSh C=O nkaOk Egraveg jvd wvq h ntildeka woyia

jkafka ldnka fudfkdlaihsacircys C yd O wr nkaOkh ofrac34YSh C=O nkaOkhla fkdjk

njhs tys C yd O mrudKq fol wr saj nkaOk iajrEmhla we rEmh 45ys COys

umluacuteia jHQyh plusmnlafotilde

45 rEmh COys umluacuteia jHQyh hlv ksIamdokfha sect ldnka fudfkdlaihsacirc Tlaisydrlhla fi iqNj Nduacute flffrac34 C mrudKqj u mjsk tlir bflafgdak hq fya=fjka fndfyda Wafmarl mslshd

i|yd sykhla fiska lghq= lrntildeka CO jeoa fufyhla bgq lrhs

kavka n fya=fjka mylt WIaKajj sect fyda wecircl mSvkj sect ldnka vfhdlaihsacirc

^rEmh 46amp gtkSNjkh fotilde idudkH jdhqfdaSh mSvkfha sect iy CO2 ûacutehlts whsiaamp

Wfrac34Omdkh fjntildeka ldnka vfhdlaihsacirc jdhqj idohs wdydr lfrac34udkafha sect ysudhk

ldrlhla fia lDsu jeis wes lsIacuteuga th iqnj fhdod efka

46 rEmh CO2 ys umluacuteia jHQyh

(a) (b) (c)


139

444 ldnkaj Tlafid wiuml ldnka idok Tlafid wiumlh jkafka ldfndksla wiumlh (H2CO3) fiska ye|skafjk

yumln wiumlhhs ldfndksla wiumlfha nkaOk jHQyh rEmh 47 ys plusmnlafotilde mSvkhla hgfa

CO2jdhqj cfha Egraveh lr ldfndksla wiumlh ksmouacuteh yels h

CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + H3O

+(aq)

HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) CO3

2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

47 rEmh H2CO3ys nkaOk jHQyh

Tlaiscka mrudKqjg Rcqj u nedivideKq H mrudKq fmdafgdak fi uqod yszligntildeka ldfndksla

wiumlhg wdiumlsl CIK fmkakqiuml llt yels h

Niau iu` mslshd lr ldnfkaUuml whk ksmojntildeka ldnka vfhdlaihsacirc ish wdiumlsl

CIK fmkakqiuml lrhs tfi ksmojQ 1 yd 2 ldKavj ldnfkag jeaumlmqr CO2 yuqfotilde

yhsvcka ldnfkag idohs

CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Na2CO3(aq) + jeaumlmqr CO2(g) + H2O(l) 2NaHCO3(aq)

45 15 jk ldKAvfha uQoslashjH

451 15 jk ldKAvfha keUqred 15 jk ldKavfha mltuqjk uQoslashjHh jk khsgcka fiuml ldKAvfha wfkl=a uQoslashjHjska

fjkia jQ CIK olajhs 15 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjHj fdayl =K ldKAvh Tiafia

myltg ha u jeauml fotilde khsgcka yd fmdiaria wfday jk wr -3 isg +5 olajd

TlaislrK wjiad fmkajhs khsgckajg Tlaiscka yd afdaszligka iu` +5 TlaislrK

wjiadj lt`d lr yels h mn saj nkaOkh (942 kJ mol-1) fya=fjka

vhskhsgcka N2 iudkH aaj hgfa uacuteYd jYfhka iadhs ^ksIalshamp fotilde khsgcka

yer fiiq uQoslashjH isha gtk wjiadfotilde mjS bylt uacuteoHqa RKdj l=vd mrudKql

wrh iy d ldCIsl kes ugraveu fya=fjka khsgcka wfkla uqoslashjHjska fjkia fotilde


140


N P As Sb Bi



fdayl wrh pm - - - - 182

iyixhqc wrh pm 75 110 122 143 152 oslashjdxlh degC -210 44 (white)

590 (red) 613 630 271

fmdasx uacuteoHqa RKdj

30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh

jdhqfdaSh mSvkh hgfa khsgcka ^dmdxlh -1958 degC) wam jYfhka cfha oslashdjH

jk uqa mSvkh iu` oslashdjHdj uacuteYd jYfhka jeauml fotilde khsgckays nyqrEms wdldr

fkdmjS vhskhsgcka mslshd lsysmhla muKla isyuml lrk wr tajdfhka tlla my sect

we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)

khsgcka ksIalSh jdhqjla jk ksid tys mslshd isyuml jkafka mn aaj hgfa sect h

ksoiqkla fi uacuteoHqa pdmhla u`ska iemfhk ndysr Ylash hgfa khsgcka jdhqj

Tlaiscka iu` mslshd lrhs wl=Kq eisfiuml sect fiuml mslshdj iajdNduacutelj isyuml fotilde

N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) khsgcka -3 isg +5 olajd TlaislrK wjiad fmkakqiuml lrhs fiuml TlaislrK wjiad

olajk ixfhda j=j 49ys plusmnlafotilde


141

49 j=j khsgckaj TlaislrK wjiad

TlaislrK

wjiad ixfhdah iQh nkaOk jHQyh

-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4

-1 yhsfvdlaisa weoacuteka NH2OH

0 vhskhsgcka N2 +1 vhskhsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc N2O

+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka

fUumlfgdlaihsacirc N2O4

+5 khsaacutela weisacirc HNO3

+5 vhskhsgcka

fmkafgdlaihsacirc N2O5

453 khsgckaj Tlafid wiuml idudkH jdhqfda aajh hgfa wiadhs khsgia wiumlh yumlfrac34j wiumlhls rEmh 48 ys

khsgia wiumlfha nkaOk jHQyh plusmnlafotilde


142

48 rEmh khsgia wiumlfha nkaOk jHQyh

khsaacutela wiumlh yd wjfrac34K jdhqjla jk khsgcka fudfkdlaihsacirc ksmojntildeka khsgia

wiumlhg oauacuteOdlrKhg la uacuteh yels h

3HNO2(aq) HNO3(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O(l)

Tlaiscka iu` khsgcka fudfkdlaihsacirc jdhqj jeaumlyumlrga mslshd lr r=-yumlUqre meyes

jdhqjla jk khsgcka vfhdlaihsacirc ksmojhs

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

khsaacutela wiumlh ^rEmh 49amp hkq Wmoslashjldszlig ffuh oslashjhls fiuml wiumlh mn

Tlaisldrlhla jk wr mn ridhksl mslshdjg ndivideka fotilde

49 rEmh khsaacutela wiumlfha nkaOk jHQyh

wdfdal - fmaszligl uacutefhdackh fya=fjka khsaacutela wiumlh Tlaiscka yd khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc ksmojhs

4HNO3(aq) 4NO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) fiuml mslshdj fya=fjka ridhkddrh =ltidkaoslash kshsaacutelaa wiumlh nvd lrkq nkafka

yumlUqre meyes fndaa =lths

khsaacutelaa wiumlfha Tlaisldrl mslshd

kql khsaacutela wiumlh fday iu` mslshd lr fday khsfUumlg yd yhsvcka jdhqj

ksmojhs fiuml mslshdj sect yhsvckajg idfmaCIj khsaacutela wiumlh Tlaisldrlhla fi

lghq= lrhs ueakSishiuml yd fldmfrac34 iu` idkaoslash khsaacutela wiumlh mslshd llt uacuteg th

khsgckajg idfmaCIj Tlaisldrlhla fi lshd lrhs

Mg(s) + kql 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)

Mg(s) + idkaoslash 4HNO3(l) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

hν


143

3Cu(s) + kql 8HNO3(aq) 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

Cu(s) + idkaoslash 4HNO3(l) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

ldnka yd iafrac34 jeks wfday iu` khsaacutela wiumlh Tlaisldrlhla fi lshd lrk

mslshd my plusmnlafotilde

C(s) + idkaoslash 4HNO3(l) CO2(g) + 4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) S(s) + idkaoslash 6HNO3(l) H2SO4(l) + 6NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

454 wefudakshd yd wefudakSh jK wefudakshd CIKsl mn kaOhlska hqa wjfrac34K jdhqjls myiqfjka cfha oslashdjH

jdhqjla jk wefudakshd Ndiantildel fotilde

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4OH(aq)

wefudakshiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc yumln Niauhla jk wr wefudakshiuml whk iy yhsfvdlahsacirc

ksmojntildeka Ndsl jYfhka uacutegtgkh fotilde

NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH (aq)

fjka acutekE u Niauhla fuka u wefudakshiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc o kql wiuml iu`

mslshd lr cSh jK idohs

2NH4OH(aq) + dil H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

wefudakshiuml whk cSh oslashdjKj sect cuacuteEacutefEcircokhg ndivideka fjntildeka ixhqaul Niauh jk

wefudakshd ksmojhs

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O

+(l)

ishuml wefudakshiuml jK CIdr iu` mslshd lr wefudakshd ksoyia lrhs

NH4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NH3 (g) + H2O(l) wefudakshdj mslshd

lafdaszligka iu` wefudakshd Tlaisydrlhla fi lshd lrk wr tl= lrkq nk

wefudakshd yd lafdaIacuteka mudK u ksmofjk m fjkia fotilde flfia fja jeaumlmqr

lafdaIacuteka iu` cfha uacuteIicircc kdYlhla fi Nduacutehg kq nk khsgcka

ghslafdarhsacirc tla Mhla fi ksmofotilde

jeaumlmqr 8NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6NH4Cl(aq)

ksmojkq HCl mslshdjg la fkdjQ wefudakshd iu` NH4Cl nd foa

jeaumlmqr 3Cl2(g) + NH3(g) 3HCl(g) + NCl3(l)


144

khsgcka ghslafdarhsacirc hkq iyixhqc lafdarhsvhls th ch iu` mslshd lr

wefudakshd yd yhsfmdlafdaria wiumlh idohs (yhsfmdlafdaria wiumlh ksmougravefiuml

yelshdj fya=fjka khsgcka ghslafdarhsacirc cfha uacuteIicircc kdYlhla jYfhka Nduacute

flffrac34)

NCl3(l) + 4H2O(l) NH4OH(g) + 3HOCl(aq)

jdhquh wefudakshd yhsvcka lafdarhsacirc iu` mslshd lsIacutefuka iqyuml meyes yumludrhla jk

wefudakshiuml lafdarhsacirc ksmofotilde fuh wefudakshd yjqre lsIacutefiuml mIacuteCIdjla fi fhdod

yels h

NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)

CuO yd Cl2 iu` wefudakshd yumln Tlaisydrlhla jYfhka lshd lrhs

3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)

2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)

uacutehlts aajh hgfa fday iu` mslshd lsIacutefiuml sect wefudakshd Tlaisydrlhla fi

fuka u wiumlhla fi o lshd lrhs

2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)

3Mg(s) + 2NH3(l) Mg3N2(l) + 3H2(g) wefudakshiuml jKj dm uacutefhdackh

dmh yuqfotilde iuyr wefudakshiuml jK uacutefhdackh fjntildeka wefudakshd jhqj yd wdiumlsl

jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)

NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)

(NH4)2SO4(s) NH3(g) + H2SO4(g) fiuml mslshdfotilde M mslshd aajh u fjkia uacuteh yels h

flfia fja wefudakshiuml jKj sfnk iuyr wekdhkjg ra lsIacutefiuml sect uacuteuacuteO M

idontildeka wefudakshiuml whkh TlaislrKh llt yels h

NH4NO2(s) N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)

(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) N2(g) + Cr2O3(s) + 4H2O(g)


145

wefudakshiuml jK ydividekd ekSu

NaOH yuqfotilde WKqiqiuml lsIacutefiuml sect ishuml wefudakshiuml jK wefudakshd jdhqj ksmojhs fiuml jdhqjg idkaoslash yhsvfrdlafdaszligla wiumlfhka fa llt l+rla fhduq llt uacuteg iqyuml meyes wefudakshiuml lafdarhsacirc yumludrh ksmofotilde NH4

+(aq) + OHmacr(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)

NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s) iqyuml meyes yumludrh

khsfUumlgj mslshd

khsfUumlg whk ydividekd ekSu i|yd whk(II) idkaoslash H2SO4 yuqfotilde khsfUumlg iu` isyuml

lrk mslshdj fhdod yels h fiuml mIacuteCIdj yumlUqre jfha mIacuteCIdj kiuml fotilde mszligCIdfotilde

sect klth =lt wes jk yumlUqre meyes [Fe(NO)]2+ jh u`ska khsfUumlgj mejeau yjqre

fotilde

2NO3ˉ (aq) + 4H2SO4(l) + 6Fe2+(aq) 6Fe3+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4SO42ˉ (aq) + 4H2O(l)

Fe2+(aq)+ NO(g) [Fe(NO)]2+(aq) yumlUqre meyeh khsfUumlg Al fyda foajodr ntildeY fdayh (Cu Zn Al) NaOH iu` wefudakshd ksmojhs 3NO3ˉ(aq) + 8Al(s) + 5OHˉ(aq) + 18H2O(l) 3NH3(g) + 8[Al(OH)4]ˉ(aq) 46 16 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH

461 16 jk ldKavfha keUqred

16 jk ldKavfha mu uQoslashjHh jk Tlaiscka ldKAvfha wfkl=a uQoslashjHjska fjkia

jQ CIK olajhs ldKavfha myltg ha u fdayuh iajNdjh jeauml fotilde flfia fja 16

jk ldKAvfha tlyuml uQoslashjHhla ja ienE fday fi lshd fkdlrhs Tlaiscka yd

iafrac34 hk fojfrac34h u wfday jk wr ldKavfha wfkla uQoslashjH fdayuh yd

wfdayuh CIK fmkakqiuml lrhs Tlaiscka muKla jdhqjla fi mjsk wr

ldKavfha wfkla uQoslashjH gtk wjiadfotilde mjS Tlaiscka yer ldKAvfha wfkl=a

uQoslashjHjg -2 isg +6 olajd jQ brUumlfUuml ixLHd TlaislrK wjiad fi plusmnlauacuteh yels h

TlaislrK wjiadj +6 yd -2 ys iadhsdj ldKavfha myltg ha u wvq jk wr +4 TlaislrK wjiadfotilde iadhsdj jeauml fotilde


146


O S Se Te Po N+ntilde wjiadfotilde bflafgdksla uacutekHdih

[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140

oslashjdxlh degC -218 113(α) 217 450 254 fmdasx uacuteoHqa RKdj 34 26 26 21 20 1 jk bflafgdak nd ekSfiuml

tkaeamsh kJ mol-1 X(g) + e X-(g)

-141 -200 -195 -190 -183

2 jk bflafgdak nd ekSfiuml

tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -


462 16 jk ldKavfha yhsvhsv 16 jk ldKavfha uQoslashjH yhsvcka iuOtilde ir yhsvhsv idohs fiumljd isha iyixhqc

yhsvhsv fotilde ldKavh Egravefa myltg hk uacuteg yhsvhsvj fdard a =Kj uacutepkh

j=j 411 uOtildeska oelafotilde

411 j=j 16 jk ldKavfha yhsvhsv

H2O H2S H2Se H2Te

oslashjdxlh degC 00 -856 -657 -51

dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4

nkaOk Egrave pm 96 134 146 169

nkaOk fldaKh deg 1045 921 91 90

ldKavfha wfkla yhsvhsvjg jvd Ylasua yhsvcka nkaOk fya=fjka H2O widudkH fi bylt oslashjdxl yd dmdxl fmkajhs ldKAvfha ishuml yhsvhsv w=szligka

uacuteIodhS fkdjkafka ch muKs uOH mrudKqfotilde mudKh uacuteYd ugraveu fya=fjka iyixhqc yhsvhsvj nkaOk Egravefys

ksIacuteCIsl uacutepkh wes fotilde ta ksid ldKAvfha myltg nkaOk Egrave jeauml fotilde

ldKavh Tiafia myltg uOH mrudKqfotilde uacuteoHqa RKdj wvq ugravefiuml msMhla fi

nkaOk bflafgdakj mjakd wvq uacutelfrac34IK fya=fjka ldKAvfha myltg nkaOk

fldaKh wvq fotilde H2S H2Se yd H2Te ys nkaOk fldaKh 90deg g wdikak fotilde


147

uacutefYaIfhka yhsvcka yd ne|Sfiuml sect fndfyda fihska fiSkshiuml yd fgshqszlighiumlj p ldCIsl mejSu fiuml`ska fylts fotilde 463 Tlaiscka vhsTlaiscka (O2) yd ghsTlaiscka (acutefidaka O3) hkqfjka Tlaiscka i= nyqrEms wdldr

folla we vhsTlaiscka hkq wjfrac34K yd kaOhlska fdr cfha wam jYfhka oslashdjH

jdhqjls acutefidaka i=j lgql kaOhla we acutefidakays nkaOk fldaKh 1115degls fiuml

nyqrEms wdldr foflys jHQy my sect we

410 rEmh Tlaiscka yd acutefidakays jhQy

fmdgEishiuml lafdaffrac34Uumlys Wafmaszligl uacutefhdackh yd yhsvcka fmfrdlaihsacirc Tlaiscka

ksmougraveu i|yd fhdod yels h

2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) MnO2 fyda Pt yuqfotilde ra lsIacuteu

2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) MnO2 fyda yuqfotilde ra lsIacuteu

fday Tlaihsv ksmojntildeka fday vhsTlaiscka iu` mslshd lrhs acutefidaka hkq

vhsTlaisckajg jvd mn Tlaisldrlhls ixjfrac34ecirc rgja il cfha CIqoslash Ocircugraveka

kik uacuteIicircc kdYlhla fi acutefidaka Nduacute flffrac34 lafdaIacuteka fuka fkdj uacuteIicircc

kdYl lshdjsfha sect acutefidaka lsisyuml ydksodhl w=reMhla ksmojkafka ke

464 iafrac34 my uacuteiar lr wes wdldrhg iafrac34 jfrac34SlrKh llt yels h

iafrac34

iaMaacutelrEms wiaMaacutelrEmS

411 rEmh iafrac34 jfrac34SlrKh

Tlaiscka fuka fkdj iafrac34 ish mrudKq iu` oauacuteaj nkaOk idokjdg jvd tal

nkaOk idohs jvda u iqn nyqrEms wdldrh jkafka α-iafrac34 (α-S8) hkqfjka

ye|skafjk frdiumlniSh iafrac34h my fmkajd sect wes mszligEgrave th iafrac34 mrudKq wglska

iukauacute plSh wlajla ^zigzag) ieliqulska hqa Tgqkakl yevfhka hqla fotilde 93 degC g

jvd bylt WIaKajhg ra lsIacutefiuml oS iqnj yuq jk wfkla nyqrEms wdldrh jk

(a) (b)

iquacuteldfrac34h taldks (βndashiafrac34)

frdiumlniSh (α-iafrac34)

ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148

taldks iafrac34 β-iafrac34 (β-S8) njg ish weiqreiuml wdldrh fjkia lr kshs fiuml wdldr

fol tlsfkflys nyqrEms wdldr fotilde

412 rEmh (a) Tgqkq wdldrh S8 (b) frdiumlniSh iafrac34 (c) taldks iafrac34

frdiumlniSh yd taldks hk iaMaacutelrEms wdldr Tgqkq yevfha S8 pljska iukauacute fotilde fiuml pl 95 degCg mylt WIaKaj sect iafrac34j jvda u iadhs wiaMaacutelrEms iafrac34 hkq

uacuteSk iafrac34j iquacuteldfrac34h wdldrhhs

ixjD odu iys uacuteSk iafrac34 laIKslj isisa lsIacutefiuml sect oslashj iafrac34 uacutejD odu iys dm

iquacuteldfrac34h iafrac34 njg mszligjfrac34kh fotilde ldh fja u iquacuteldfrac34h iafrac34 iaMaacutelrEms

iafrac34 njg yeffrac34 iafrac34j wiaMaacutelrEms wdldrh wdkH jk kuqa wiadhs fotilde

465 Tlaiscka wvx= ixfhda

ch iy yhsvcka fmfrdlaihsacirc

my rEmfha H2O yd jdhquh H2O2 jHQyh plusmnlafotilde

413 rEmh (a) H2O jHQyh yd (b) H2O2 jHQyh

ch hkq jeaumlmqr u Nduacute jk oslashdjlhhs ch my mszligEgrave whkSlrKh fotilde fuh cfha

iajhx whkSlrKh fi yeÈgravekafotilde

2H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149

WNh fmdaaacutel wKqjlg fmdafgdakhla odhl lsIacuteu fyda msyKh lsIacuteu isyuml llt yels h ta ksid thg wiumlhla fi yd Niauhla fi yeisszligh yels h fmdafgdakhla msyKh

lsIacutefiuml yd uqod yeIacutefiuml yelshdj wes neuacuteka ch WNh fmdaaacutel ixfhdahla fotilde

H2O(l) + HCl(aq) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

H2O(l) + NH3(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

466 yhsvcka fmfrdlaihsacirc yhsvcka fmfrdlaihsacirc hkq talSh fkdjk wKqjls (H2O2) tl u fha fkdmjsk

OH ldKav follska H2O2 wKQj iukauacute wr jdhquh wjiadfotilde sect H-O-O nkaOk

fldaKh 948deg jk fldaKsl yevfhka hqla fotilde Tlaiscka mrudKQ u mjsk tlir

hq wr uacutelfrac34IK wju jk mszligEgrave ieliqqKq jHQyh rEmh 413 ys plusmnlafotilde lsquoOrsquo H-O ldKav fol tlsfkl wr oauacute fldaKh 1115deg jk fia msysghs mn yhsvcka nkaOk fya=fjka H2O2 yumliaiduacute oslashjhla fotilde Tlaisldrlhla fuka u

Tlaisydrlhla fia H2O2 jg yeisszligh yels h th Tlaiscka njg TlaislrKh jk

wr ch njg TlaisyrKh fotilde

TlaisyrK wfrac34O mslshdj(

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)

TlaislrK wfrac34O mslshdj(

H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh

2H2O2(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) H2O2j mslshd H2O2 Tlaisldrlhla fi(

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + (2I-(aq) I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

H2O2 Tlaisydrlhla fi

2MnO4-(aq) + 5H2O2(aq) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5O2(g) + 8H2O(l)

Cr2O72-(aq) + 3H2O2(aq) + 8H+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 3O2(g)


150

467 iafrac34 wvx= ixfhda

yhsvcka iahsacirc

yhsvcka fmfrdlaihsacirc hkq krla jQ igravear kaOfhka hqla wjfrac34K uacuteIodhs yd wdiumlsl

jdhqjla fotilde fdaN iafrac34 mn wiuml yd mslshd lrugravefuka H2S ksmouacuteh yels h yumln

wdiumlsl oslashdjKhla idontildeka th cfha Egraveh fotilde yhsvcka iahsacircj mslshd

H2S mn Niau yuqfotilde wiumlhla fi(

NaOH(aq) + jeaumlmqr H2S(g) NaHS(s) + H2O(l)

2NaOH(aq) + iSntilde H2S(g) Na2S(s) + 2H2O(l)

H2S fday iu` wiumlhla fi fuka u Tlaisldrlhla fi o mslshd lrhs(

2Na(s) + jeaumlmqr 2H2S(g) 2NaHS(s) + H2(g)

2Na(s) + iSntilde H2S(g) Na2S(s) + H2(g)

Mg(s) + H2S(g) MgS(s) + H2(g)

H2S Tlaisydrlhla fi(

2KMnO4(aq)+3H2SO4(aq)+5H2S(g) K2SO4(aq)+5S(s)+2MnSO4(aq)+8H2O(l)

K2Cr2O7(aq)+4H2SO4(aq)+3H2S(g) K2SO4(aq)+Cr2(SO4)3(aq)+3S(s)+7H2O(l)

2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)

iafrac34 vfhdlaihsacirc

iafrac34 vfhdlaihsacirc wjfrac34K jdhqjla jk wr cfha oslashdjH fotilde Tlaisldrlhla yd

Tlaisydrlhla fi iafrac34 vfhdlaihsacircjg lshd llt yels h

iafrac34 vfhdlaihsacirc mslshd

Tlaisldrlhla fi(

2Mg(s) + SO2(g) 2MgO(s) + S(s)

3Mg(s) + SO2(g) 2MgO(s) + MgS(s)

Tlaisydrlhla fi(

5SO2(g) + 2KMnO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) K2SO4(aq) + 2MnSO4(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq)


151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4

3SO2(g) + K2Cr2O7(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + Cr2(SO4)3 (aq)+ H2O(l)

SO2(g) + 2FeCl3(aq) + 2H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) + 2FeCl2 (aq) + 2HCl(aq)

468 iafrac34j Tlafid wiuml iafrac34j iqn TlaislrK wxl -2 0 +2 +4 yd +6 fotilde iashqszligla wiumlh

iashqszligla wiumlh hkq mn oauacutefmdaaacutel wiumlhls

SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) HSO4-(aq) + H3O

+(aq)

HSO4-(aq) + H2O(l) SO4

2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

idkaoslash iashqszligla wiumlhg uacutecldrlhla fi yeisszligh yels h

C6H12O6(s) 6C(s) + 6H2O(g) C2H5OH(l) C2H4(g) + H2O(l)

WKq idkaoslash iashqszligla wiumlhg Tlaisldrhla fi lshd llt yels h

fday iu`

2H2SO4(l) + Mg(s) SO2(g) + MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

2H2SO4(l) + Cu(s) SO2(g) + CuSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

kql H2SO4 wiumlhla fi lshd lrhs

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

H2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

mn wiumlhla jk kql iashqszligla wiumlhg my plusmnlafjk mszligEgrave ch H+whk folla

nd Egraveh yels h H2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) SO4

2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152

414 rEmh iashqszligla wiumlfha jHQyh

iashqria wiumlh

jdh yuqfotilde iashqria wiumlh TlaislrK ugraveu fya=fjka tys ieu uacuteg u iq`M mudKhla

iashqszligla wiumlh wvx= fotilde jdhquh iafrac34 vfhdlaihsacirc ch iu` mslshd lr

iashqria wiumlh ksmojhs cfha oslashduacute Tlaiscka iu` iashqria wiumlh mslshd lr

iashqszligla wiumlh ksmojhs iashqria wiumlfha jHQyh my plusmnlafotilde fiuml wiumlh iashqszligla

wiumlhg jvd yumln wiumlhla fotilde

415 rEmh iashqria wiumlfha jHQyh

fhdaiashqszligla wiumlh

fhdaiashqszligla wiumlfha jKh muKla TlaislrKh fuka u TlaisyrKh fjntildeka M

fi iafrac34 yd iafrac34 vfhdlaihsacirc nd foa fhdaiashqszligla hkq yumln wiumlhls cSh

oslashdjKj sect iafrac34 wvx= ixfhda ntildeYKhla njg fhdaiashqszligla wiumlh uacutefhdackh uacuteh

yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)

fhdaiafaUuml whkhg Tlaisydrlhla fi lshd llt yels h

2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)

fhdaiashqszligla wiumlfha iy fhdaiafaUuml whkfha jHQyh my plusmnlafotilde jHqy foflys

u uOH iafrac34 mrudKqfotilde TlaislrK wjiadj +4 jk wr wia iafrac34 mrudKqfotilde

TlaislrK wjiad igravekayumlj fotilde

416 rEmh fhdaiashqszligla wiumlh iy fhdaiafaUuml whkh


153


471 17 jk ldKavfha keUqred yeck mslshdYSs jk wr iajNdjfha ixfhda fi muKla yuq fotilde jvda u uacuteoHqa

RK uQoslashjHh afdaIacuteka jk wr -1 yd 0 TlaislrK wjiad fmkakqiuml lrhs afdaIacuteka

yer wfkla yeck -1 isg +7 olajd mejsh yels ieu TlaislrK wjiadjg u mdfya

wkqrEm jk iadhs ixfhda idohs flfia fja fndantildekaj +7 TlaislrK wjiadfotilde

mjsk ixfhda wiadhs fotilde l=vd mrudKql wrh fya=fjka wfkla uQoslashjHj bylt

TlaislrK wjiad iadhs lsIacuteu afdaIacutekajg yels h

yeckj TlaislrK yelshdj ldKavfha myltgha u wvq fotilde afdaIacuteka mn

Tlaisldrhla fotilde yeckj mslshdYSsajh ldKavh Tiafia myltg ha u wvq fotilde

fuh yeckj msiadmk mslshd weiqfrka meyeEgraves llt yels h

Cl2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + Br2(aq)

Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Br-(aq) + I2(aq)

afdaszligka mrudKqj nkaOk fkdieyen bflafgdak hqj uacutelfrac34IK fya=fjka F2j

nkaOk Ylash (155 kJ mol-1) lafdaszligkaj ta whg (240 kJ mol-1) jvd wvq h

afdaszligka jdhqfotilde wecircl mslshdYSsajhg fya=j fuhhs 17 jk ldKavh Tiafia myltg

nkaOk Ylas ludkql+ wvq ugraveula fmkakqiuml lrhs (Cl2 = 240 kJ mol-1 Br2 = 190 kJ mol-1 yd I2 = 149 kJ mol-1)

412 j=j 17jk ldKavfha uQoslashjHj =K

F Cl Br I At N+ntilde wjiadfotilde

bflafgdksl

uacutekHdih [He]2s22p5 [Ne]3s23p5 [Ar]3d104s24p5 [Kr]4d105s25p5 [Xe]4f145d106s26p5

jekavfrac34 jdaia wrh pm

135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 71 99 114 133 -

oslashjdxlh degC -220 -101 -72 114 -

dmdxlh degC -188 -347 558 184 - fmdasx uacuteoHqa

RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd

ekSfiuml tkaeamsh kJ mol-1 X(g) + e X-(g)

-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154

472 17jk ldKavfha ir ixfhda

yhsvcka fyahsacirc

cfha sect yhsvcka fyahsacirc wdiumlsl fotilde mn yhsvcka nkaOk iesectfiuml yelshdj HF i=

jk kuqa jdhqfdash mSvkfha sect yd WIaKajfha sect HF jdhqjla (dmdxlh 20 degCamp fotilde

cSh oslashdjKj sect yhsvcka fyahsvj wdiumlsl iajNdjh

iòyd HF HF(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)

wfkla yhsvcka fyahsv iòyd (HCl HBr yd HI)

HX(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + X-(aq)

cSh udOHfha sect HF yumln wiumlhla jk wr wfkl=a yhsvcka fyahsv mn wiuml fotilde HF jg bylt nkaOk Ylashla wes wr (mN iyixhqc nkaOk) thg cfha sect

uacutegtgkh ugrave H+ whk nd sectug wmyiq fotilde ldKav 17 Egravefa myltg hk uacuteg yhsvcka

fyahsvj wdiumlsl mNdj jeauml fotilde by iòyka llt lreKq wdYfhka th meyeEgraves

llt yels h ldKav 17g wha yhsvcka fyahsvj fdard a =K lsysmhla 413 j=fotilde plusmnlafotilde

413 j=j 17 ldKavhg wha yhsvcka fyahsvj fdard a =K

HF HCl HBr HI

oslashjdxlh degC -84 -114 -89 -51

dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35


nkaOk uacutegtgk Ylash kJ mol-1 570 432 366 298 isajfrac34 fyahsv

fyahsv (lafdarhsv fndauhsv iy whsvhsv) y`yumlkd ekSu iòyd isajfrac34 fyahsv Nduacute

llt yels h tys sect iEfok wjlafIamfha jfrac34Kh ielsag kq efiacute 414 j=j 17 ldKavhg wha isajfrac34 fyahsv

isajfrac34 fyahsv jfrac34Kh wefudakshdj oslashdjHdj

AgCl iqyuml kql cSh wfudakshdj Egraveh fotilde

AgBr ltd ly idkaoslash cSh wfudakshdj Egraveh fotilde

AgI ly kql cSh wefudakshd iy idkaoslash cSh wefudakshdj Egraveh fkdfotilde


155

lafdaszligkaj Tlaihsv iy Tlafid wiuml

lafdaszligka uacuteiska uacuteuacuteO TlaislrK wxl wes Tlaihsv iy Tlafid wekdhk lsysmhla

idokq nhs Tlafid wekdhk lsysmhla mn Tlaisydrl fotilde fdard a lafdaszligkaj

Tlaihsv j=j 415 u`ska plusmnlafotilde

415 j=j lafdaszligkaj fdard a Tlaihsv iy Tlafida wekdhk

TlaislrK

wjiad

Tlaihsvj iQh Tlafida wekdhk

iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-

lafdaszligka Tlafid wiuml jfrac34 yrla idohs lafdaszligka mrudKqfotilde TlaislrK wxlh jeauml

ugraveua iu` wdiumlsl mndj jeauml fotilde Tlafid wiumlj jHQyh iy TlaislrK wxlh 416 j=j u`ska fokq efiacute

416 j=j lafdaszligka Tlafid wiumlj jHQyh

HOCl HClO2 HClO3 HClO4

TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh

Tlafid wiumlj lafdaszligkays Tlaisldrl nh my wdldrhg fjkia fotilde HOCl gt HClO2 gt HClO3 gt HClO4

HOCl HClO2 HClO3 HClO4j wes lafdaszligkaj TlaislrK wxlh msltsfjltska +1 +3 +5 iy +7fotilde TlaislrK wxlh jeauml wiumlh mn wiumlh fotilde ta ksid wdiumlsl mndj

HOCl lt HClO2 lt HClO3 lt HClO4 fi uacutepkh fotilde


156

fyahsv fndfyda iyixhqc fyahsv ch iu` fotildefhka mslshd lrhs CCl4 c

uacuteEacutefthornokhg Ndckh fkd fotilde fndfyda afdarhsv iy iuyr fyahsv ksIalsh fotilde

ldKav 14 iy 15g wha uQoslashjH ch wvq mudKhla iu` my wdldrfhka mslshd

lrhs

SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) 4HCl(aq) + SiO2(s)

PCl5(s) + H2O(l) POCl3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)

ldKav 14 iy ldKav 15g wha uQoslashjHj lafdarhsv jeaumlmqr ch iu` my

wdldrfhka mslshd lrhs

SiCl4 (l) + 3H2O(l) 4HCl(aq) + H2SiO3(aq)

NCl3(l) + 4H2O(l) NH4OH(aq) + 3HOCl(aq)

PCl3(l) + 3H2O(l) H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)

PCl5(s) + 4H2O(l) H3PO4(aq) + 5HCl(aq)

AsCl3(s) + 3H2O(l) H3AsO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)

SbCl3(aq) + H2O(l) SbOCl(s) + 2HCl(aq)

BiCl3(aq) + H2O(l) BiOCl(s) + 2HCl(aq) 473 lafdaszligkaj mslshd lafdaszligka afdaszligkajg jvd wvq mslshdYSs fotilde tfya lafdaszligka jdhqj mn

Tlaisldrlhla fi yeisfrhs lafdaszligka jdhqj mn Tlaisldrlhla fi yeisfrk

mslshd lsysmhla my plusmnlafotilde

2Cu(s) + Cl2(g) 2CuCl(s)

2CuCl(s) + Cl2(g) 2CuCl2(s)

Fe(s) + Cl2(g) FeCl2(s)

2FeCl2(s) + Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s)

jeaumlmqr wefudakshd 8NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6NH4Cl(g)

jeaumlmqr lafdaszligka 3Cl2(g) + NH3(g) 3HCl(g) + NCl3(l)


157

lafdaszligkaj oauacuteOdlrK mslshd

lafdaszligka ch iy Niau iu` mslshd lr TlaisyrKh iy TlaislrKh

tlsfklg iudoacutej isyuml lrhs lafdaszligka iu` ch mslshdj

Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HOCl(aq) + HCl(aq) fiuml mslshdfotilde sect lafdaszligka (Cl2) TlaislrKh aajh Y+kHfha isg +1 (HOCl) TlaislrKh jk wr -1 (Clmacr) olajd TlaisyrKh fotilde fidaaumlhiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc iu` mslshdj

isisa kql fidaaumlhiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc iu`

Cl2(g) + isisa kql 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)

WKq idkaoslash WKq kql fidaaumlhiuml yhsfvdlaihsv

3Cl2(g) + idkaoslash 6NaOH(aq) 5NaCl(aq) + NaClO3(aq) + 3H2O(l) Tlafid wekdhkj mslshd

wvq WIaKajfha sect ClO iadhs jk wr bylt WIaKajfha sect oauacuteOdlrKh ugrave Cl iy ClO3 whk idohs flfia fja BrO iy IO hk fol u wvq WIaKajfha sect mjd

iadhs fkdjk wr oauacuteOdlrKhg Ndckh fotilde

yhsfmdlafdarhsacircj oauacuteOdlrK mslshd

yhsfmdlafdarhUuml oauacuteOdlrKh ugrave lafdaffrac34Uuml hk lafdarhsUuml iesectu my wdldrhg suacuteh

yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl

wdiumlsl aaj hgfa HOCl g jvd ClO iadhs fotilde ta ksid Ndiantildel aaj hgfa

oauacuteOdlrK mslshd uQsl fotilde

48 18 jk ldKavhg wha uQoslashjH

481 18 jk ldKavfha mjKd 18 ldKavhg wha uQoslashjH isha mslshdYSs kes tal mrudKql jdhq fotilde Xe muKla

ielsh hq= ixfhda mudKhla idohs ldKav 18 wha ishuml uQoslashjHjg Ok

bflafgdk nd ekSfiuml tkaeamshla we thg fya=j nd kakd bflafgdakh

wumla Ylas uUumlgug wha ugraveu hs

80 degC bylt


158

417 j=j ldKav 18 wha uQoslashjHj =K

He Ne Ar Kr Xe N=ntilde wjiadfotilde

bflafgdk

uacutekHdih 1s2 [He]2s22p6 [Ne]3s23p6 [Ar]3d104s24p6 [Xe]4d105s25p6

mrudKql wrh pm 99 160 192 197 240 1 jk whkSlrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd

ekSfiuml tkaeamsh kJ mol-1

482 1158 965 965 772

482 18 jk ldKavhg wha uQoslashjHj ir ixfhda fifkdakaj ixfhdajg +2 +4 +6 iy +8 TlaislrK wxl we fifkdaka flltska u

mafdaIacuteka iu` mslshd lrhs iuyr Xe ixfhda j=j 418 uska fmkajkq efiacute

418 j=j Xej fdard a ixfhda lsysmhla

TlaislrK wxlh ixfhdah jHQyh

+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4

49 s iy p fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH u`ska fmkakqiuml lrk wdjfrac34s keUqred

491 ixhqcd bflafgdak uacutekHdih ixhqcd bflafgdak uacutekHdih u`ska ta uQoslashjH wdjfrac34sd j=fotilde wes iadkh

wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih

ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5 ns2np6

492 fdayl =Kh fdayj whkSlrK Ylas wfkl=a fday iu` ixikaokh lrk uacuteg wvq whla kS ta ksid fday myiqfjka bflafgdak uqodyer legdhk idohs ldKavhla Egravefa myltg

hk uacuteg mrudKql wrh jeauml jk wr whkSlrK Ylash wvq fotilde ta ksid fdayl

=Kh jeauml fotilde =kajk wdjfrac34h ielSfiuml sect uQoslashjHj oslashjdxlh lufhka jeauml ugrave kej wvq ugraveula isyuml

fotilde =kajk wdjfrac34fha uQoslashjH nyqj mjsk mrudKq wdldrh iudk mrudKq wr

mjsk nkaOk iy oslashjdxl my oelafotilde

419 j=j =kajk wdjfrac34fha uQoslashjH nyqj mjsk mrudKq wdldr iudk mrudKq

wr mjsk nkaOk iy oslashjdxl

Na Mg Al Si P4 S8 Cl2 Ar oslashjdxlh degC 98 649 660 1420 44 119 -101 -189 nkaOk iajNdjh M M M NC C C C -

fday ndash M cd iyixhqcndash NC iyixhqc - C


160

Tlaihsvj wiuml Niau iy WNh=sbquo iajNdjh =kajk wdjfrac34h yryd tla tla uQoslashjHj Wmszligu TlaislrK wjiadjg wodlt

Tlaihsvj nkaOk wdldr my plusmnlafotilde

420 j=j =kajk wdjfrac34fha Tlaihsv ixikaokh

Na2O(s) MgO(s) Al2O3(s) SiO2(s) P4O10(s) SO3(g) Cl2O7(l) TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn

A whksl ndash Ic iyixhqcndash NC iyixhqc - C

Ndiantildel ndash B WNh=sbquo ndash Am wdiumlsl - A

bylt TlaislrK wxl wes Tlaihsvj ridhksl iajNdjh ixikaokh llt yels h jiuml

mi isg ol=Kq mi olajd hEfiuml sect mn Ndiantildel iajNdjh mn wdiumlsl iajNdjh olajd

fjkia jk nj plusmnlsh yels h fYaKsfha ueo WNh =K iajNdjh plusmnlsh yels h

493 =kajk wdjfrac34fha Tlaihsv ch wiuml yd Niau iu` mslshd fidaaumlhiuml iy ueakSishiumlj Tlaihsv ch iu` mslshd ugrave yhsfvdlaihsv ksmojhs

Na2O(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq)

MgO(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2

fiuml Tlaihsv folu Ndiantildel ksid tajd wiuml iu` mslshd ugrave jK iy ch idohs

Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) weumlntildekshiuml Tlaihsv WNh=sbquo jk wr tajd wiuml iu` fuka u Niau iu` mslshd ugrave

jK idohs

Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2Na[Al(OH)4](aq)

SiO2 yumln wdiumlsl jk wr mn Niau iu` mslshd lrhs tfia u SiO2 ch iu`

mslshdjla fkdolajhs

SiO2(s) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SiO3(aq)

P4O10 SO3 iy Cl2O7 wdiumlsl jk wr cfha Egraveh ugravefuka wiuml idohs fiuml mslshd

my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161

SO3(g)+ H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Cl2O7 (l) + H2O(l) 2HClO4(aq)

fiuml Tlaihsv Niau iu` mslshd ugrave jK iy ch idohs

P4O10(s) + 12NaOH(aq) 4Na3PO4(aq) + 6H2O(l)

SO3(g)+ 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Cl2O7 (l) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaClO4(aq) + H2O(l) 494 yhsfvdlaihsv iy yhsvhsvj wiuml Niau iy WNh=sbquo iajNdjh

=kajk wdjfrac34fha yhsfvdlaihsv ta wdjfrac34fha u Tlaihsvjg iudk mjKdjla

fmkakqiuml lrhs my sect wes j=j u`ska =kajk wdjfrac34fha yhsfvdlaihsv ixikaokh

lrhs

421 j=j =kajk wdjfrac34fha yhsfvdlaihsv ixikaokh NaOH Mg(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Si(OH)4 P(OH)5 S(OH)6 Cl(OH)7

iadhs wdldrh

H2SiO3 H3PO4 H2SO4 HClO4

TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B

B Am fndfyda yumln A

yumln A

mn A

bd mn A

whksl ndash I cd iyixhqc ndash NC iyixhqc - C


=kajk wdjfrac34h yryd yhsvhsvj iajNdjh mn Ndiantildel isg mn wdiumlsl olajd

fjkia fotilde WNh=sbquo iajNdjh wdjfrac34fha ueo plusmnlsh yels h

422 j=j =kajk wdjfrac34fha yhsvhsv ixikaokh NaH(s) MgH2(s) (AlH3)x(s) SiH4(g) PH3(g) H2S(g) HCl(g)

TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1

cSh oslashdjKfha iajNdjh

mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C

whksl ndash I cd iyixhqcndash NC iyixhqc - C Ndiantildel ndash B WNh=sbquo ndash Am wdiumlsl ndash A WodiSk - N

fidaaumlhiuml iy ueakSishiumlj yhsvhsv ch iu` mslshd lr Ndiantildel ixfhda idohs


162

NaH(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)

AlH3(s) + 3H2O(l) Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2(g) PH3 cfhys yumln fi oslashdjKhjk wr WodiSk oslashdjKhla idohs H2S iy HCl wdiumlsl

jk wr cSh oslashdjK wdiumlsl fotilde

H2S(g) + H2O(l) HS (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

HCl(g) + H2O(l) Cl (aq) + H3O+(aq)

495 =kajk wdjfrac34h yryd fyahsvj iajNdjh wdjfrac34hla yryd jfiuml isg ol=Kg hEfiuml sect uQoslashjHj uacuteoHqa RKdj jeauml jk ksid

lafdarhsv cuacuteEacutefthornokh uacutefiuml yelshdj jeauml fotilde wodlt mslshd my plusmnlafotilde =kajk

wdjfrac34fha we s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj lafdarhsv whksl jk wr p fdkqfotilde

uQoslashjHj lafdarhsv iyixhqc fotilde

423 j=j =kajk wdjfrac34fha lafdarhsv ixikaokh

NaCl(s) MgCl2(s) AlCl3(s) SiCl4(l) PCl5(s) SCl2(g) TlaislrK wxlh +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +2 nkaOk jfrac34h I I C C C C cSh oslashdjKfha iajNdjh

N bd yumln

A A A A A

whksl ndash I iyixhqc - C

Ndiaantildel ndash B WNh=sbquo ndash Am wdiumlsl ndash A WodiSk - N

=kajk wdjfrac34fha iyixhqc lafdarhsv ch iu` mslshd AlCl3(s) +H2O(l) [Al(H2O)5OH]2+(aq) + H3O

+(aq)

SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) SiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)


2SCl2(g) + 3H2O(l) H2SO3(aq) + S(s) + 4HCl(aq) 15 ldKavfha myltg hk uacuteg uQoslashjHj s=K uacutepkh y`yumlkd ekSug 15 ldKavh

fhdod yels h ldKavh Egravefa myltg hk uacuteg whkSlrK Ylash wvq jk wr

fdayl =Kh jeauml fotilde ldKav 15 iòyd sect wes fdr=re Nduacute lr ldKavhla Egravefa

myltg hk uacuteg whkSlrK Ylash uacutepkh fdayl =Kj jeauml ugraveu iu` iyiiumlnkaO

nj iòyka llt yels h N iy P hk fol u wfday jk wr wdiumlsl Tlaihsv idohs

flfia fja As iy Sb j Tlaihsv WNh=Ks jk wr igraveiaua Tlaihsv Ndiantildel fotilde ldKav 15 fyahsv ch iu` mslshd ldKav 17 fyahsv hgfa iòyka lr we


163

d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH

ldKav 3 isg 12 olajd uQoslashjH iuQyhla fi d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH jfrac34SlrKh llt yels

h d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj wjidk bflafgdakh d ldCIslfha msfrkq efiacute fiuml uQoslashjH

wdaszligl iy wdkaszligl fkdjk uQoslashjH fi jfrac34 follg jfrac34SlrKh llt yels h

410 wdkaszligl uQoslashjH d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj uQoslashjH wjiadfotilde d WmYlas uUumlgu wiiumlmQfrac34Kfhka msIacute wes

fyda wju jYfhka wiiumlmQfrac34Kfhka msIacute wes d WmYlas uUumlgu westla iadhs whkhla

ieEgraveh yels uQoslashjH wdkaszligl uQoslashjH fotilde ta ksid d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjska d10

bflafgdak uacutekHdih muKla wes whk idok uQoslashjH wdkaszligl fkdjk uQoslashjH

fi iefla Wod Znj bflafgdak uacutekHdih [Ar]3d104s2

Zn2+j bflafgdak uacutekHdih [Ar]3d104s0

Sc j bflafgdak uacutekHdih [Ar]3d14s2

Sc3+j bflafgdak uacutekHdih [Ar]3d04s0

Zn iy Sc uQoslashjH fol u d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH fotildeiexcl flfia kuqa uQoslashjH wjiadfotilde iy

Zn2+whk wjiadfotilde d WmYlas uUumlgfiuml wfrac34O jYfhka msreKq bflafgdak kes ksid

Zn wdkaszligl uQoslashjHhla fi ilkq fkd efiacute Sc uQoslashjH wjiadfotilde wfrac34O jYfhka

msreKq d WmYlas uUumlgiuml wes ksid th wdkaszligl uQoslashjH fi iefla

424 j=j yrjk wdjfrac34fha d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj =K ieisectu

ldKavh 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 uQoslashjHh Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn fmdasx uacuteoHqa

RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88

mOdk ldKav uQoslashjH iu` ixikaokh lrk uacuteg wdjfrac34hla Egravefa wdkaszligl fday

whkj mrudKql wrh fjkia ugraveu wvq fotildeiexcl j=j 424 wkqj mrudKql wrh iqiquest

jYfhka wvq jk wr miqj jeauml fotildeiexcl wdjfrac34hla Egravefa tla tla d bflafgdakhla tl=

ugraveua iu` kHIaaacutel wdfrdamKh o tllska jeauml fotildeiexcl wdjfrac34fha ueo olajd (Sc isg Ni olajd) mrudKql wrfha wvq ugraveug fya=j kHIaaacutel wdfrdamKfha wdlfrac34IK nh

bflafgdak wr uacutelfrac34IK nhg jvd jeauml ugraveuhs flfia fja wdjfrac34h wjidkfha


164

(Cu iy Zn) d ldCIslj hqa jQ bflafgdak wr uacutelfrac34IKh jeauml ugraveu fya=fjka

mrudKql wrh jeauml fotilde 4101 mejeau 3d fYaKsfha jiumlmi wes uQoslashjH (d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH wha 4 jk wdjfrac34h) iajNdjfha

fday Tlaihsv fi fmdyumlfotilde mjsk wr legdhk wekdhk iu` iiumlnkaOj mjS WodyrK lsysmhla my plusmnlafotilde 425 j=j yrjk wdjfrac34fha d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj mejeau

uQoslashjHh WodyrK

Ti FeTiO3(baukhsUuml) iy TiO2(rEghsa)

Fe Fe2O3(ysughsUuml) Fe3O4(ueakghsUuml) iy FeCO3(isorhsUuml)

Cu CuFeS2(fldmfrac34 mhsrhsUuml)

4102 yrjk wdjfrac34hg wha d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj =K

TlaislrK wjiad iy whkslrK Ylas

yrjk wdjfrac34fha d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjska Sc iy Zn yer wfkl=a uQoslashjHjg

uacutepH TlaislrK wjiad wes iadhs legdhk ieEgraveh yels hiexcl TlaislrK wjiadfotilde

uacutepHdjg fya=j nkaOk iesectu iòyd uacutepH d bflafgdak ixLHdjla iyNds ugraveuhsiexcl

Zn (+2) iy Sc (+3) hk fol u ks TlaislrK wjiadfotilde wes whk idok wr fiuml

whkjg wfrac34O jYfhka msreKq d ldlaIsl ke d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj bflafgdak

uacutekHdih iy TlaislrK wjiad j=j 426 u`ska plusmnlafotildeiexcl Sc Sc3+ whkh muKla idohs

Sc yer wfkl=a ishuml uQoslashjHj +2 TlaislrK wxlh we thg fya=j 3d ldCIslfha

bflafgdakjg fmr 4s ldlaIslfha bflafgdak whkSlrKh u`ska msg llt yels

ugraveuhs ndysru ljpfha wes 4s ldlaIslfha mjsk bflafgdak fol u`ska wes lrk

iM kHIaaacutel wfrdamKh 3d ldlaIsl uska wes lrk iM kHIaaacutel wfrdamKhg jvd

wvq ugraveuhs

3d104s1 uacutekHdifha msMhla fi fmdyumlfotilde Cujg +1 TlaislrK wxlh nd yels

h flfia fja Cr+ wsYhska yumln jk wr wiadhs fotilde

d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH fmkakqiuml llt yels bylt u TlaislrK wxlh 4s iy 3d bflafgdakj tl=jg iudk fotilde wdkaszligl uQoslashjHjg uacutepH TlaislrK wjiad

iemhSfiuml yelshdj wes wr th p fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjg iudk fotildeiexcl tfia u tajdfha

TlaislrK wjiad fjkia lsIacutefiuml yelshdj we ta ksid tajdg Tlaisldrl iy

Tlaisydrl fi lshd llt yels h

ishuml 4s iy 3d bflafgdak bja ugravefuka mltuq jk uQoslashjH iy sigraveh yels Wmszligu

TlaisrK wjiad nd kS wdjfrac34fha ol=Kq mi byltg 3d bflafgdak jeaumlfhka

msIacuteua iu` mrudKqfotilde kHIaaacutel wdfrdamK jeauml ugrave 3d ldlaIslj Ylash jeauml fotildeiexcl


165

fuu`ska d bflafgdak msg lsIacuteu wmyiq fotilde fiuml uQoslashjH 4s bflafgdak msg lsIacuteu

fya=fjka nyq TlaislrK wxlh +2 nd kS

mslshdYSsdj

d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH ch iu` mslshd fkdlrk wr s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH ch iu`

fotildefhka mslshd lrhs bylt kHIaaacutel wfrdamKh ksid s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjg jvd d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj 4s bflafgdak kHIaaacutehg Egraveka ne`sect mjs d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj

mltuqjk whkSlrK Ylash s yd p fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj by whkSlrK Ylash

wrueo whla kS

426 j=j d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj TlaislrK wjiad iy bflafgdak uacutekHdih

uQoslashjHh N=ntilde wjiadfotilde uacutekHdih TlaislrK wjiad 3d4s

Sc [Ar]3d14s2

+3 Ti [Ar]3d24s2 (+2) +3 +4 V [Ar]3d34s2 (+2) (+3) +4 +5 Cr [Ar]3d54s1 +2 +3 (+4) (+5) +6 Mn [Ar]3d54s2 +2 +3 +4 (+5) (+6) +7 Fe [Ar]3d64s2 +2 +3 (+4) (+5) (+6) Co [Ar]3d74s2 +2 +3 (+4) Ni [Ar]3d84s2 +2 (+3) (+4) Cu [Ar]3d104s1 +1+2 (+3) (+4) Zn [Ar]3d104s2 +2

jryka =lt yumln TlaislrK wjiad olajd weiexcl

d fdkqfotilde yrjk wdjfrac34hg wha whkSlrK YlaSka s fdkqfotilde ta wdjfrac34hg u

wha whkslrK YlaSkag jvd uacuteYd fotildeiexcl

wdjfrac34hla Egravefa jfiuml isg ol=Kg hEfiuml sect d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj mltuq whkSlrK

Ylash iq`M jYfhka jeauml fotilde d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj mltuq whkSlrK Ylasfha uacutepkh

s iy p fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj fjkia ugraveug jvd wvq fotilde yrjk wdjfrac34fha d fdkqfotilde

uQoslashjHj kHIaaacutel wfrdamKh jeauml ugraveua iu` 4s bflafgdak EgraveYdjg wes lrk

wdlfrac34IKh jeauml fotilde flfia fja d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj wsffrac34l bflafgdak 3d ldlaIshg u we=iquest ugraveua iu` d bflafgdak u`ska 4s bflafgdak kHIaaacuteh flfrys

olajk wdlfrac34IKh ksjdrKh lrhs by nmeiuml fol ksid d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj

whkSlrK Ylash wdjfrac34hla Egravefa hEfiuml sect iqM jYfhka jeauml fotilde 4 jk wdjfrac34fha d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj wkqhd whkslrK Ylash my j=j wkqj fjkia fotilde


166

427 j=j yrjk wdjfrac34fha d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj yd K iy Caj wkqhd

whkSlrK Ylash

uqoslashjHh mltuq jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 fojk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 fjk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 K 418 3052 Ca 589 1145 4912 Sc 631 1235 2389 Ti 658 1310 2652 V 650 1414 2828 Cr 653 1496 2987 Mn 717 1509 3248 Fe 759 1561 2957 Co 758 1646 3232 Ni 737 1753 3393 Cu 746 1958 3554 Zn 906 1733 3833

K iòyd wNHkar ljpfha wes bflafgdakh msg lsIacuteug wodlt mltuqjk iy fojk

whkSlrK Ylash sect we

d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj mltuq whkSlrK Ylas wha ta wdjfrac34fha wes s fdkqfotilde

uQoslashjHjg jeauml fotilde

fuu`ska d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjg jvd mslshdYSsajfhka hqla nj

meyeòss fotildeiexcl

ishuml d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH fday fotilde thg fya=j d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj 4s bflafgdak

myiqfjka bja ugrave legdhk iesectuhs d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj fday =K ldKavfha myltg

ha u jeauml fotilde

yrjk wdjfrac34fha wes ishuml d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj oslashjdxl iy dmdxl s yd p fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjg idfmalaIj wsYhska jeauml fotilde d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH rula

mslshdYSs fotilde 3d0 iy 3d10

bflafgdak uacutekHdih wes fday whk yer d fdkqfotilde

fday ixfhdajg wdfotildeKsl jfrac34Khla nd foa fuys woyi wdkaszligl fday whk

ixlSfrac34K jfrac34Kja ixfhda iesectuhs fndfyda d fdkqfotilde fday whk ixlSfrac34K ixfhda

idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj

my j=j u`ska d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj uacuteoHqa RKd whka bEgraveszligma lrk wr

tu`ska yrjk wdjfrac34fha wes d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj uacuteoHqa RKd Ntildepkh wjfndaO

lr yels h uacuteoHqa RKdj mrudKql ludxlh wkqj jeauml fotilde flfia kuqa Mn iy Znj iadhs bflafgdak uacutekHdihg wkqj fiuml mjKdj fjkia fotilde kHIaaacutel


167

wdfrdamKh jeauml ugraveua iu` d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjg s fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjg jvd jeauml

uacuteoHqa RKdjla we

uQoslashjHh Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn uacuteoHqa RKdj

13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16

lsishiuml mrudKqjla uacutepH TlaislrK wxlh fmkajhs kiuml tys bylt u TlaislrK

wxlhg bylt uacuteoHqa RKdjla we

Wafmarl =K wfrac34O jYfhka fyda ysia d ldlaIsl mejSu fya=fjka fndfydA wdkaszligl fday iy

ixfhda Wafmarl fi yeisffrac34iexcl fuu`ska d ldlaIsljg bflafgdak nd ekSu fyda

odhl lsIacuteu isyuml llt yels hiexcl fiuml laIKh Wafmarl =K Modhs nj fmkajhsiexcl

yhsvckSlrKh i|yd Pd wefudakshd khsgcka Tlaihsv njg TlaislrKh lsIacuteu PtRh iy SO2 SO3 njg TlaislrKh V2O5 o tSka nyqwjhugravelrKh i|yd TiCl3Al(C2H5)6

o d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH yd tajdfha ixfhda Wafmarl fi lshd lsIacuteug WodyrK

lsysmhlsiexcl

wdkaszligl fday whkj jfrac34K cSh oslashdjKj wes fndfyda wdkaszligl uQoslashjH whk uacuteoHqa pqiumlnl jfrac34Kdjsfha oDYH

mfoaYfha wes uacutelsrK wjfYdaIKh lr uacuteuacuteO jfrac34K ksmojhs fiuml yelshdj wes jkafka

wfrac34O fi msreKq d Wm ldCIsl mejSu ksid h j o s fdkqfotilde wes fdaN whk

wjfrac34K jk wr tajdfha iiumlmQfrac34K fi msreKq d Wm ldCIsl we my j=j u`ska

cSh oslashdjKj wes wdkaszligl fday whkj jfrac34K iy Tlafida wekdhkj jfrac34K

fmkakqiuml lrhs WodyrK fi [Co(H2O)6]2+

ys meyeh frdai jk wr [Mn(H2O)6]2+

ltd

frdai meyeh fotilde wfrac34O jYfhka msreKq d ldCIl fkdmejSu fya=fjka cSh Sc3+ iy

Zn2+ whk wjfrac34K fotildej ocSh oslashdjKj sect d0

fyda d10 uacutekHdih wes whk wjfrac34K fotilde

MnO4- yd CrO4

2-j jfrac34K wes ugraveu isyuml jkafka d ldCIsl wr bflafgdak ixluK

ksid fkdfotildeiexcl

fdard a iuyr Tlafida wekdhkj jfrac34K j=j 428 u`ska plusmnlafotilde


168

428 j=j cSh oslashdjKj sect d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj iy Tlafida wekdhkj jfrac34K fday whkhg msgska jryka =lt 3d iy 4s bflafgdak fmkajd we

whkh jfrac34Kh whkh jfrac34Kh Sc3+ (d0s0) wjfrac34K Fe3+(d5s0) yumlUqre ly

Ti4+(d0s0) wjfrac34K Fe2+(d6s0) ltd fldlt

Cr3+(d3s0) oiuml Co2+(d7s0) frdai

Mn2+(d5s0) ltd frdai Ni2+(d8s0) fldlt

Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre

Cu+(d10s0) wjfrac34K

Zn2+(d10s0) wjfrac34K

Tlafid wekdhkh jfrac34Kh Tlafid wekdhkh jfrac34Kh MnO4

- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs

4103 d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj Tlaihsv ishuml ixhqcd bflafgdak bja ugravefuka mltuqjk uQoslashjH yr Tlaihsv ksmojhs mOdk ldKav uQoslashjH fuka fkdj wdkaszligl uQoslashjHjg uacuteuacuteO TlaislrK wxlh we iuyr d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHjfday mrudKqjg TlaislrK wxl folla iys Tlaihsv

ieEgraveh yels h Mn3O4 iy Fe3O4 hk fol oauacute Tlaihsv iòyd WodyrK fotildeiexcl (fiumljd

TlaislrK wxl follska idohs) Mn3O4 hkq Mn(II) iy Mn(III) ys ntildeYKhls j o Fe3O4 hkq Fe(II) iy Fe(III) ys ntildeYKhls 4104 iuyr fdard a d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj Tlaihsvj ridhkh fldantildehiuml iy uekakSia Tlaihsv Tlaihsvj =K TlaislrK wxlh u ròd mjS nkaOk iajNdjh TlaislrK wxlh

u ròd mjS nkaOk iajNdjfha fjkia ugraveu u`ska fday Tlaihsvj wiuml-Niau

iajNdjh SrKh lrhsbylt TlaislrK wxl iys ixfhdaj iy-ixhqc nkaOk wes

wr tajd wdiumlsl fotildewvq TlaislrK wxl iys ixfhda whksl laIK wes wr tajd

Ndiantildel fotilde

429 j=j fldantildehiuml Tlaihsvj wdiumlsl-Ndiantildel iajNdjh

Tlaihsvh wiuml-Niau iajNdjh TlaislrK

wxlh

CrO yumln Ndiantildel +2 wvq TlaislrK wxlh

Cr2O3 WNh=Ks +3 uOHu TlaislrK wxl

CrO2 yumln wdiumlsl +4 CrO3 wdiumlsl +6 bylt TlaislrK wxlh

idudkHfhka fdayfha TlaislrK wxlh wvq kiuml ta Tlaihsv Ndiantildel fotildeiexcl j o uOHu

TlaislrK wxl wes fday Tlaihsv WNh=Ks jk wr bylt TlaislrK wxl wes

fday Tlaihsv wdiumlsl fotilde


169

fuu`ska 429 yd 430 j=j wvx= wvq TlaislrK wxl iys ixfhda jvda fdayuh

=Kdx oelaugraveu yd wvq TlaislrK wxl iys ixfhda jvda wfdayuh =Kdx oelaugraveu

uacuteiar lrhsiexcl

430 j=j uekakSia Tlaihsvj wdiumlsl-Ndiantildel =K

Tlaihsvh wdiumlsl-Ndiantildel =K TlaislrK wxl MnO Ndiantildel +2 wvq TlaislrK wxl

Mn2O3 yumln Ndiantildel +3 MnO2 WNh=Ks +4 rula TlaislrK wxl

MnO3 yumlfrac34j wdiumlsl +6 Mn2O7 wdiumlsl +7 bylt TlaislrK wxl

iuyr fdard a fldantildehiumlj Tlafid wekdhkj mslshd ly meyes fldafiumlUuml whk WodiSk fyda Ndiantildel aajj mjSiexcl wdiumlsl aaj joS

th eocircs meyes vhsfldafiumlUuml whkh njg ma lrkq nhsiexcl

2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)

wfrac34O jYfhka msreKq d ldlaIsl kea (Cr +6 TlaislrK wjiadfotilde sect) Cr yd Oj

nkaO ldKav wr bflafgdak wdfrdamKj yqjudrej fya=fjka fldafiumlUuml yd

vhsfldafiumlUuml hk fol u jfrac34K fmkakqiuml lrhsiexcl flfia kuqa fiuml lshdjsh uacuteiar lsrSu

jauka uacuteIh ksfrac34foaYfha wvx= fkd fotildeiexcl

Cr6+ Cr3+ njg TlaisyrKh isyuml jkafka wdiumlsl udOHfha sect muKsiexcl wdiumlsl udOHfha sect

CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-

whk njg oauacuteOdlrKh fotildeiexcl tneuacuteka wdiumlsl udOHfha oS Cr6+

mjskafka Cr2O72- fi muKsiexcl

fldantildehiumlj Tlafid wekdhkj jeoa szligfvdlaia mslshdlsysmhla my oelafotildeiexcl

Cr2O72-(aq) + 3H2S(g) + 8H+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3S(s) + 7H2O(l)

Cr2O72- (aq) + 3SO2(g) + 2H+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO4

2-(aq) + H2O(l)

Cr2O72- (aq) + 6Fe2+(g) + 14H+(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)

Cr2O72-(aq) + idkaoslash 14HCl(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cl2(g) + 8Cl-(aq) + 7H2O(l)

CrO42-j TlaislrK wxlh +6 fotilde tneuacuteka thg Tlaisldrlhla fi lshd llt yels hiexcl

wdiumlsl udOHfha sect Cr(IV) Cr(III) njg TlaisyrKh fotildeiexcl

8H+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) + 3e Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


170

uexkSia Tlaihsvj yd Tlafid wekdhkj mslshd KMnO4 oiuml meyes gtkhlsiexcl MnO4

- j jfrac34Khg fya= jkafka uOH Mn mrudKqj yd O

nkaO ldKav wr bflafgdak ixluKhhsiexcl wdiumlsl udOHfha mfrac34uexfkaUuml whkhg

mn Tlaisldrlhla fi lshd llt yels hiexcl MnO2 yd KMnO4j jfrac34Kmy oelafotildeiexcl

431 j=j MnO2 yd KMnO4j jfrac34K

ixfhdah jfrac34K MnO2 o yumlUqre$ l`M

KMnO4 oiuml

MnO4-j iuyr jeoa szligfvdlaia mslshd my plusmnlafotilde

wdiumlsl aaj hgfa

2MnO4-(aq) + 5H2O2(l) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5O2(g) + 8H2O(l)

2MnO4-(aq) + 5H2S(g) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5S(g) + 8H2O(l)

2MnO4-(aq) + 5SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5SO4

2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)

MnO4-(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + 8H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq)+ 4H2O(l)

2MnO4-(aq) + 10I-(aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5I2(aq) + 8H2O(l)

2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2

-(aq) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5NO3-(aq) + 3H2O(l)

2MnO4-(aq) + conc 16HCl (aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5Cl2(g) + 6Cl-(aq) + 8H2O(l)

2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4

2-(aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) fiuml ishuml mslshdj wiumlsl aaj hgfa MnO4

- Mn2+ njg TlaisyrKh fotilde

kql laIdIacuteh aaj hgfa

2MnO4-(aq) + I-(aq) + H2O(l) 2MnO2(s) + IO3

-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3

2-(aq) + H2O(l) 2MnO2(s) + 3SO42-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

4105 wdkaszligl fday whkj ix ixfhda wdkaszligl fday whk wdfotildeKsl ix ixfhda idohs fiuml ix ixfhda ixlSfrac34K

whkjska iukauacute fotilde fiuml ixlSfrac34K ixfhda uOH fday whkhlska iy tal oka=r

sk follska fyda lsysmhlska jg ugrave iesect sfiacute (fiuml sk u`ska uOH fday whk jgd

nkaOk tlla fyda lsysmhla idohs) WodyrKhla fi [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 [Ni(NH3)6]2+

ixlSfrac34K whkhla iy Cl- ndysr whkhlska (rEmh 417) iukauacute fotilde


171

sk (umluacuteia Niauamp u`ska uOH fday whkhg bflafgdak odhl lr (umluacuteia wiumlamp th

iu` odhl nkaOk idohs

[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda

fiuml WodyrKfha wefudakshd wKq wentildek fi uOH mrudKqj jQ Ni2+ nkaOkh ugrave we fiuml ixlSfrac34K whkfha wdfrdamKh my ioacutelrK Nduacute lr myiqfjka Kkh llt

yels h

ixlSfrac34Kfha wdfrdamKh = uOH fday mrudKq fyda whkfha TlaislrK wxlh

+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh

uOH fday whkhl TlaislrK wxlh Kkh lsIacuteu

ix ixlSfrac34Khl uOH fday whkhl TlaislrK wxlh my luh u`ska ksfrac34Kh

llt yels h

ksoiqk 41 [Ni(H2O)3Cl3] ixlSfrac34K whkfha uOHfday mrudKqfotilde TlaislrK wxlh Kkh

lrkak

mslts=r

ixlSfrac34Kfha wdfrdamKh = uOH fday mrudKqfotilde

fyda whkfha TlaislrK wxlh

+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh

Total charge of all ligands

ixlSfrac34K whkfha wdfrdamKh = - 1

skj wdfrdamKh = H2O wKq =kl 3times0 = 0

Cl whk =kl 3( -1) = -3 ioacutelrKh Nduacutefhka -1 = Nij TlaislrK wxl + 0 + (-3) Nij TlaislrK wxl= +2


172

4106 ir ixlSfrac34K whk iy ixfhda kiuml lsIacuteu fday ixlSfrac34Khl ku u`ska uOH fday whkfha TlaislrK wxlh sk jfrac34h iy

ixLHdj msltsnò fdr=re imhkq nhs ixlSfrac34K whkhl kduh sugravefiuml sect IUPAC kSs

Nduacute lrkq efiacute sk kiuml lsIacuteu ixlSfrac34K whkhl skhla fi kiuml lsIacutefiuml sect wekdhkfha kfuys w wes wl=r bja

lr wg lsquoorsquo wl=r tl= lrkq efiacuteiexcl WodiSk wKq sk fi lshd lsIacutefiuml sect

idudkHfhka wKqjg fokq nk ku fhdokq efiacuteiexcl flfia fja fiumljdg mszligndysrj o

kiuml wes kuqa tajd plusmnkg mjsk wfmdi (Wfmlt) ridhk uacuteoHd uacuteIh ksfrac34foaYfha sect

idlEacutePd lrkq fkdefiacute

wekdhksl sk WodiSk sk

Cl chlorido NH3 ammine Br bromido H2O aqua CN cyanido CO carbonyl OH hydroxido

mjsk sk ixLHdj Wmifrac34hla u`ska olajkq efiacuteiexcl Nduacute lrkq nk Wmifrac34

jkafka di ndash 2 tri ndash 3 tetra ndash 4 penta ndash 5 hexa ndash 6 wdsect jYfhks

ixlSfrac34K legdhk kiuml lsIacuteu ixlSfrac34K whkhla kiuml lsIacutefiuml sect ysveila fkdnd ks jpkhla fi suacuteh hq= wr

lower case bxSis wl=re Nduacute lrkq efiacute fday whkfha TlaislrK wxlh fdayfha

ku w frdau blaliuml u`ska fmkakqiuml lrkq efiacuteiexcl

Wod [Ni(NH3)6]2+ - hexaamminenickel(II) ion

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ - tetraamminecopper(II) ion

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ - hexaaquachromium(III) ion

ixlSfrac34K wekdhk kiuml lsIacuteu RK wdfrdams ixlSfrac34K whk iòyd (ixlSfrac34K wekdhk) fdayfha kug msgqmiska

lsquoatersquohk mHh fhdokq efiacute Wod [CuC14]

2- - tetrachloridocuprate(II) ion

[CoCl4]2- - tetrachloridocobaltate(II) ion


173

432 j=j wekdhksl ixlSfrac34Kj wes fday kiuml lsIacuteu fdayh whksl ixlSfrac34K

iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh

fdayh whksl ixlSfrac34K

iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh Cr chromate Co cobaltate Cu cuprate Fe ferrate Mn manganate Ni nickelate Ag argentate Hg mercurate Au aurate

ixlSfrac34K ixfhdahl kduh sugravefiuml sect legdhk kduh mltuqja wekdhk kduh

fojkqja shkq efiacute fiuml kiuml fol wr ysplusmnila nkq efiacute

Wod [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 - hexaamminenickel(II) chloride

Na2[CoCl4] - sodium tetrachlorocoboltate(II)

ix wxlh uOH fday whkh iy sk wr iefok ix nkaOk ixLHdj ix wxlh fi

wfrac34 olajkq efiacuteiexcl iuyr sk u`ska uOH fday whk iu` ix nkaOk tllg

jvd idok neuacuteka uOH fday whkh iu` idok ix nkaOk ixLHdj fi wfrac34

oelaugraveu ksjerEgrave fkdfotildeiexcl uOH fday whkhl mudKh wdfrdamKh skj iajNdjh

iy bflafgdak uacutekHdih ix wxlh flfrys nmdhsiexcl 433 j=j d fdkqfotilde whkj fmdyuml ix wxl

M+ ix wxl M2+ ix wxl M3+ ix wxl

Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174

4107 ixlSfrac34K ixfhdaj jfrac34K flfrys nmdk idOl wdkaszligl fday mrudKq iy whk u`ska jfrac34Kja ixlSfrac34K idohs fiuml ixlSfrac34Kj

jfrac34Kh my idOl u ròd mjS j=j 433 u`ska fiuml idOlj nmEu ksrEmKh

lrhs 1 uOH fday whkh 2 uOH fday whkfha TlaislrK wxlh 3 skj iajNdjh

434 j=j wdkaszligl fday whk ixlSfrac34Kj jfrac34K my idOl u ròd mjS

1 uOH fday whkh Mn(II) Ni(II) Cu(II)

[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+

ltd ksa 2 uOH fday whkfha TlaislrK wxlh

Mn(II) Fe(II) Fe(III)

[Mn(H2O)6]2+

ltd frdai [Fe(H2O)6]

2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+

ly meyes yumlUqre [CoCl4]

- ksa

wdkaszligl fday uQoslashjHjska jfrac34Kja ixfhda iesectu tys tlSh laIKhlsiexcl iuyr

fmdyuml fday ixlSfrac34K u`ska fokq nk jfrac34K j=j 435 u`ska plusmnlafotildeiexcl


175

435 j=j fday ixlSfrac34K jfrac34K

fdayh skfha iajNdjh H2O(l) OH-(aq) NH3(aq) Cl-(aq)

Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+

oiuml Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+

ltd oiuml Mn(OH)2 iqyuml$lSiuml meye

wjlafIamh

Mn(OH)2 iqyuml$lSiuml meye

wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+

ltd fldlt Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly-yenUqre Fe(OH)3 r=-yumlUqre wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)3 r=-yumlUqre wjlafIamh

[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+

ly meye yumlUqre [Co(NH3)6]

3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+

ltd ksa Cu(OH)2 ksa wjlafIamh

[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+

wjfrac34K Zn(OH)2 iqyuml wjlafIamh jeaumlmqr OH- [Zn(OH)4]

2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd

cSh NH3 iu` oiuml meyes cSh [Cr(H2O)6]3+

oslashdjKh ksa-fldlt fcaacuteksh

wjlafIamhla njg ma fotilde

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3NH3 (aq) Cr(OH)3(s) + 3NH4

+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+

mslshd mn Niau (NaOH) frdai meyes [Co(H2O)6]

2+ cSh oslashdjKh iu` o meyes

oslashdjKhla idohs

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) Co(OH)2(s) + 6H2O(l)

Co(OH)2 frdai meyes wjlafIamhla fotildeiexcl

NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

wdriumlNfha sect frdai meyes [Co(H2O)6]2+

iSntilde idkaoslash NH3 mudKhla iu` frdai meyes

Co(OH)2 wjlafIamhla idok wr idkaoslash NH3 jyumlrga tl= lsIacuteu iu` ly meyes

[Co(NH3)6]2+

ixlSfrac34K whkhla idohsiexcl flfia fja iajhx TlaislrKh ksid

[Co(NH3)6]2+

ixlSfrac34Kh yumlUqre meyes [Co(NH3)6]3+

njg mszligjfrac34kh fotildeiexcl fiuml fya=j

ksid oslashdjKh ly-yumlUqre meyefhka fmfkaiexcl

idkaoslash HCl iu` oiuml meye oslashdjKh ksa meyes oslashdjKhla njg ma fotilde

Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) [CoCl4]

2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+

iu` mslshd mn Niauhla iu` fldlt meyes [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ cSh oslashdjKh fldlt wjlafIamhla njg

ma fotilde

[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) Ni(OH)2(s) + 6H2O(l)

jeaumlmqr NH3(aq) iu` fldlt meyes [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ oslashdjKh o ksa meye oslashdjKhla njg

ma fotilde [Ni(H2O)6]

2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

idkaoslash HCl iu` fldlt meye oslashdjKh ly meye oslashdjKhla njg ma fotilde

[Ni(H2O)6]

2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) [NiCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd

mn Niauhla iu` ltd frdai meyes [Mn(H2O)6]2+

cSh oslashdjKh wjlafIamhla njg

ma fotilde

[Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) Mn(OH)2(s) + 6H2O(l)

ch NH3 iu` ltd frdai meye oslashdjKhla iqyuml$lSiuml meyes wjlafIamla njg ma fotilde

[Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) Mn(OH)2(s) + 2NH4

+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177

[Fe(H2O)6]3+j mslshd

mn Niauhla iu` ly meyes [Fe(H2O)6]3+oslashdjKh r=-yumlUqre wjlafIamhla njg ma

fotildeiexcl

[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH- (aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 6H2O(l)

ch NH3 iu` ly meyes [Fe(H2O)6]3+

cSh oslashdjKh r= yumlUqre wjlafIamhla njg

ma fotilde

[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3NH3(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3NH4

+(aq) + 3H2O(l)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+j mslshd

mn Niauhla iu` ksa meyes cSh [Cu(H2O)6]2+

oslashdjKh ksa meye wjlafIamhla

njg mafotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + 6H2O(l)

iSntilde ch NH3 iu` ksa meyes oslashdjKh ksa wjlafIamhla njg ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NH4

+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

jeaumlmqr cSh idkaoslashKh NH3 iu` ksa meyes oslashdjKh o ksa meye ixlSfrac34Khla njg

ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

idkaoslash HCl iu` ksa meyes oslashdjKh ly meyes oslashdjKhg yefrhs

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) [CuCl4]

2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd

mn Niauhl iSntilde mudKhla iu` wjfrac34K [Zn(H2O)6]2+

cSh oslashdjKh iqyuml


[Zn(H2O)6]2+(aq) +2OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + 6H2O(l)

jeaumlmqr mn Niauhla iu` iqyuml wjlafIamh wjfrac34K meyeEgraves oslashdjKhla njg ma fotilde

Zn(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) [Zn(OH)4]2-(aq)

wjfrac34K oslashdjKh iqyuml wjlafIamhlanjg ma ugrave miqj jeaumlmqr Niauh plusmnuQ uacuteg ta wjlafIamh

Egraveh ugrave wjfrac34K oslashdjKhla idohs


178

4108 d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjHj jeoalu 1 wdkaszligl uQoslashjH (Au Ag yd Cu) fydò dm ikakdhl jk wr wdkaszligl

uQoslashjHj mrudKq fotildeiexcl ru iudk ksid tajd ntildeY lr ntildeY fday ieEgraveh yels

h fiuml ntildeY fday wSfha isg u Nduacute lr we ntildeY fday u`ska fdayj

=K fjkia llt yels hiexcl 2 uacutelsrK fldfndaaUuml iuiadksl

60Co uacutelsrK mNjhla fi Nduacute flffrac34 3 Wafmarl =K wes ixfhda ixjfrac34Okh lsIacuteu iòyd wdkaszligl fday mrudKq

iy whkh Nduacute lrkq nk wr fiumljd Wafmarl fi uacuteuacuteO lfrac34udkaj

sect o Nduacute lrkq nhs 4 wdkaszligl fday uacuteuacuteO jQ jfrac34Kja ixfhda idok ksid fiumljd Ska

ksIamdokfha sect jfrac34Kl fi Nduacute lrkq nhs j o fiumljd jfrac34Kja ugraveyumlre iy

ugraveyumlre fndaa ksmougraveug o fhdod kq efiacute 5 Ni iy Cd jeks d fdkqfotilde uQoslashjH kej wdfrdamKh llt yels fldaI ksmougraveu

iòyd Nduacute lrkq efiacute 6 wdkaszligl uQoslashjH mldY fjdaaagraveh fldaIj wes leaishiuml fgumlrhsacirc (CdTe)

iy fldmfrac34 bkaaumlhiuml vhsfiskhsacirc jeks ixfhda ksIamdokhg Nduacute lrkq

efiacute iQfrac34h fldaI hkq mldY fjdaaagraveh fldaIjg WodyrKhls

4109 d fdkqfotilde fdfrac34da legdhk y`yumlkd ekSfiuml mIacutelaIK

1 Fe2+ Fe2+

ydividekd ekSug K3[Fe(CN)6] iu` KFe[Fe(CN)6] o ksa wjlafIamh iesectu fhdod yels h

Fe2+(aq) + K3[Fe(CN)6](aq) KFe[Fe(CN)6](s) + 2K+(aq) 2 Fe3+ Fe3+

ydividekd ekSug K4[Fe(CN)6] iu` Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 mYshka ksa wjlafIamh

iesectu fhdod yels h

4Fe3+(aq) + K4[Fe(CN)6](aq) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3(s) + 4K+(aq)

Fe3+ ydividekd ekSug rula yumlrg wdiumlsl NH4SCN oslashdjKh u`ska

[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+

r= meye ixlSfrac34Kh iesectu fhdod yels h

[Fe(H2O)6]

3+ + NH4SCN(aq) [Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+ + NH4

+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+

TlaislrKh ugrave ly meyes oslashdjKhla jQ CrO42- idohsiexcl Cr3+

oslashdjKhg jeaumlmqr

fidaaumlhiuml yhsfvdlaihsacirc tl= lr Bg miq 6 yhsvcka fmfrdlaihsacirc

iajamhla tl= llt uacuteg ly meyes CrO42- iEfoaiexcl


179

Cr3+(aq) + 3NaOH Cr(OH)3(s) + 3Na+(aq)

4OHˉ(aq) + 2Cr(OH)3(s) + 3H2O2(aq) 2CrO42macr(aq) + 8H2O(l)

mszligYSk ka Atkins P Overton T Shriver and Atkins Inorganic Chemistry 5th Edition 2010

Brown T E LeMay H E Bursten B E Chemistry The Central Science 13th Edition

2015

Prakash S Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 2000

Sodhi G S Principle of Inorganic Chemistr 2nd Edition 2015

Svehla G Vogels Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 6th Edition 1987

Tuli G D Madan R D Malik W U Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry 5th Edition 2014

NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (IUPAC Recommendations

2005)

Rayner-Canham Geoff Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry 6th Edition 2013

Lee J D Concise inorganic chemistry 5th Edition 1996

ii

ridhk uacuteoHdj

iiumlma fmd

12 fYaKsh

copy cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

mu uqoslashKh ndash 2019



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

YS xldj

mldYkh ( uqoslashKdh

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uyru

YS xldj

iii




mshjrls






yels h





wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uyru

iv
















fi h









wOHlaI


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

v

wkqYdilajh


wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

weumllaIKh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteIh kdhlajh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh


tafla jvqfa uhd






lD uKavh


ndysr ixialrK uKavh







vi




msgqjeiau


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteuacuteO iydh


ux jesmsaacuteh uhd

rxetha ohdjxY uhd

(

vii

mgqk










423 jKj dm iadhsdj














viii








125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)



iii




mshjrls






yels h





wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uyru

iv
















fi h









wOHlaI


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

v

wkqYdilajh


wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

weumllaIKh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteIh kdhlajh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh


tafla jvqfa uhd






lD uKavh


ndysr ixialrK uKavh







vi




msgqjeiau


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteuacuteO iydh


ux jesmsaacuteh uhd

rxetha ohdjxY uhd

(

vii

mgqk










423 jKj dm iadhsdj














viii








125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)



iv
















fi h









wOHlaI


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

v

wkqYdilajh


wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

weumllaIKh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteIh kdhlajh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh


tafla jvqfa uhd






lD uKavh


ndysr ixialrK uKavh







vi




msgqjeiau


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteuacuteO iydh


ux jesmsaacuteh uhd

rxetha ohdjxY uhd

(

vii

mgqk










423 jKj dm iadhsdj














viii








125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)



v

wkqYdilajh


wOHlaI ckrda

cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

weumllaIKh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteIh kdhlajh



cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh


tafla jvqfa uhd






lD uKavh


ndysr ixialrK uKavh







vi




msgqjeiau


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteuacuteO iydh


ux jesmsaacuteh uhd

rxetha ohdjxY uhd

(

vii

mgqk










423 jKj dm iadhsdj














viii








125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)



vi




msgqjeiau


cdsl wOHdmk wdhkh

uacuteuacuteO iydh


ux jesmsaacuteh uhd

rxetha ohdjxY uhd

(

vii

mgqk










423 jKj dm iadhsdj














viii








125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)



vii

mgqk










423 jKj dm iadhsdj














viii








125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)



viii








125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




125

wkafrac34h







423 jKj dm iadhsdj

















ir ixfhda







iajNdjh


uQoslashjHj =K









126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




126

ye|skaugraveu









mslshdYSs fotilde











fdayl wrh pm 152 186 231 244 262


M+ whkfha wrh pm 60 95 133 148 169











127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




127




2Na + O2 Na2O2


M + O2 MO2


khsghsv idohs

6Li + N2 2Li3N



wiuml iu` (H+) 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

ch iu` mslshdj



Li Na K Rb Cs







fotilde











fotilde


128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




128


yhsfvdlaihsv idohs








ldnfkag idohs




fmkakqiuml lrhs


















129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




129











u jeauml fotilde



NaF 099

NaCl 62

NaBr 92

NaI 123






130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




130










fhdacH Ylas fjki

kJ mol-1 NaF + 1 -2 +3

NaCl + 4 +13 -9

NaBr -1 +18 -19

NaI -9 +23 -32



jvda RK ugrave we





fmdgEishiuml - sela


ioslashdjK

tkaeamsh


131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




131























Be Mg Ca Sr Ba



fdayl wrh pm 112 160 197 215 224


M2+ whkfha wrh pm 30 65 99 113 135


899 337 589 594 502


1757 1451 1145 1064 965


14850 7733 4912 4138 3619


132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




132






3M + N2 M3N2


M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

WKQ ch (H2O(l)) iu`



wiuml iu` (H+) M + 2H+ M2+ + H2


WIaKjsect Mg iu`

M + H2 MH2


ch iu` mslshd












khsgcka iu` mslshd





133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




133


423 jKj dm iadhsdj





2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)










MCO3 MO + CO2



















134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




134
























135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




135










B Al Ga In Tl





M3+ whkfha wrh

pm 27 53 62 80 89

1 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1

799 577 577 556 590

2 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 2427 1817 1979 1821 1971

3 jk whkslrK

Ylash kJ mol-1 3660 2745 2963 2704 2878














136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




136








+(aq)


+(aq)




njg ma fotilde











Al

Cl

Cl

Cl

Al

Cl

Cl Cl







137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




137












fdayl wrh pm - - - 158 175

iyixhqc wrhpm 77 118 122 140 154


M4+whkfha

wrh pm

- - 53 69 78















138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




138
















(a) (b) (c)


139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




139






+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)



















140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




140


N P As Sb Bi





590 (red) 613 630 271


30 22 22 20 20


452 khsgckaj ridhkh




we

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)







141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




141


TlaislrK


-3 wefudakshd NH3

-2 yhsvcka N2H4




+2 khsgcka

fudfkdlaihsacirc NO

+3 vhskhsgcka

ghsTlaihsacirc N2O3

+4 khsgcka

vfhdlaihsacirc NO2

+4 vhskhsgcka



+5 vhskhsgcka





142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




142







2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)















hν


143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




143
















wefudakshd ksmojhs


+(l)











144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




144




flffrac34)




yels h




2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)



2Na(s) + 2NH3(l) 2NaNH2(l) + H2(g)



jdhq idohs

(NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)









145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




145





khsfUumlgj mslshd




fotilde













146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




146



[He]2s22p4

[Ne]3s2

3p4 [Ar]3d10

4s24p4 [Kr]4d10

5s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2

6p4

X2- whkfha wrh pm 140 184 198 221 -

iyixhqc wrhpm 73 103 117 137 140



-141 -200 -195 -190 -183


tkaeamh kJ mol-1

X-(g) + e X2-(g)

844 532 - - -






H2O H2S H2Se H2Te


dmdxlh degC 1000 -603 -413 -4










147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




147















iafrac34








(a) (b)



ls lsszlig

iafrac34


148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




148
















(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)


149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




149












H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e 2H2O(l)


H2O2(aq) 2H+(aq) + O2(g) + 2e

oauacuteOdlrKh








150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




150


yhsvcka iahsacirc














2H2S(aq) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)





Tlaisldrlhla fi(



Tlaisydrlhla fi(



151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




151

idkaoslash H2SO4

idkaoslash H2SO4







+(aq)


2-(aq) + H3O+(aq)




fday iu`



wfday iu`

S(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)







2-(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)


152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




152


iashqria wiumlh











yels h

H2S2O3(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)


2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O6

2-(aq) + 2I-(aq)






153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




153



















bflafgdksl



135 180 195 215 -

whksl wrh pm 133 181 196 220 -




RKdj 40 32 30 27 -

bflafgdak nd


-328 -349 -325 -295 -



154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




154


yhsvcka fyahsacirc












HF HCl HBr HI


dmdxlh degC 20 -85 -67 -35










155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




155






TlaislrK

wjiad


iQh

Tlafida wekdhk

jHQyh

+1 Cl2O ClO-

+3 ClO2-

+5 ClO3-

+6 ClO3 iy Cl2O6

+7 Cl2O7 ClO4-





TlaislrK

aajh

+1 +3 +5 +7

jHQyh





156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




156




lrhs





















157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




157













yels h

3ClO ClO3 + 2Cl








80 degC bylt


158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




158



bflafgdk



Ylash kJ mol-1 2373 2080 1520 1350 1170

bflafgdak nd


482 1158 965 965 772





+2 XeF2

+4 XeF4

+6 XeF6

+6 XeO3


159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




159

+8 XeO4



wkdjrKh llt yels h

ldKav

wxlh 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

ixhqcd

ljp

bflafgdak

uacutekHdih












160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




160





+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I I NC C C C

iajNdjh mn

B B Am fndfyda

yumln A

yumln

A A mn












jK idohs




mslshdjla fkdolajhs



my oelafotilde

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)


161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




161









lrhs


iadhs wdldrh


TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

nkaOk wdldrh

I I C C C C C

iajNdjh mn B


yumln A

mn A

bd mn A






TlaislrK wxlh

+1 +2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1


mn B

yumln B

Am bd yumln A

N yumln A bd mn A

nkaOk wdldrh

I I NC C C C C




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




162


MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)











N bd yumln

A A A A A




+(aq)










163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




163



















RKdj 13 15 16 16 15 19 19 19 19 16

mrudKql wrh pm

162 147 134 128 127 126 125 125 128 137

iyixhqc wrh pm

144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh

(M2+) pm - 100 93 87 81 75 79 83 87 88







164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




164




uQoslashjHh WodyrK
















wvq ugraveuhs











165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




165



mslshdYSsdj




wrueo whla kS



Sc [Ar]3d14s2













166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




166


whkSlrK Ylash













ha u jeauml fotilde






idohs

uacuteoHqa RKdj





167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




167




13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16








lsysmhlsiexcl








ltd




MnO4- yd CrO4





168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




168






Cu2+(d9s0) yumlUqre




- oiuml CrO42- ly

MnO42- fldlt Cr2O7

2- eocircs







Ndiantildel fotilde



wxlh








169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




169



uacuteiar lrhsiexcl







2 [CrO4]2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) [Cr2O7]

2-(aq) + H2O(l)






CrO42-

whk Cr2O72-






2-(aq) + H2O(l)







170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




170







KMnO4 oiuml


wdiumlsl aaj hgfa




2-(aq) + 4H+(aq)



2MnO4-(aq) + 5NO2



2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O4





-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

2MnO4-(aq) + 3SO3








171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




171



[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =

2Cl

ixlSfrac34K whkh

msg whkh

417 rEmh ix ixfhda


yels h


+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh



llt yels h


lrkak

mslts=r



+ ishuml skj

uq`M wdfrdamKh






172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




172























173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




173


iòyd Nduacute jk

kduh


iòyd Nduacute jk












Cu+ 2 4 Mn2+ 4 6 Sc3+ 6

Fe2+ 6 Cr3+ 46

Co2+ 4 6 Co3+ 46

Ni2+ 4 6

Cu2+ 4 6

Zn2+ 4 6


174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




174






[Mn(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

[Cu(H2O)6]2+



[Mn(H2O)6]2+


2+ ltd fldlt

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

ly 3 skj iajNdjh

H2O NH3 Cl-

[Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai [Co(NH3)]

2+


- ksa




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




175



Cr [Cr(H2O)6]3+


wjlafIamh

Cr(OH)3 ksa-fldlt

wjlafIamh

Mn [Mn(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh


wjlafIamh

[MnCl4]2-

fldlt meye ly

Fe [Fe(H2O)6]2+


wjlafIamh

Fe(OH)2 le fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Fe(H2O)6]3+



[FeCl4]-

ly

Co [Co(H2O)6]2+

frdai Co(OH)2

frdai

wjlafIamh

[Co(NH3)6]2+


3+ yumlUqre meye r=

[CoCl4]2-

ksa

Ni [Ni(H2O)6]

2+ fldlt

Ni(OH)2 fldlt

wjlafIamh

[Ni(NH3)6]2+

ksa [NiCl4]

2- ly

Cu [Cu(H2O)6]2+


[Cu(NH3)4]2+

o ly [CuCl4]

2- ly

Zn [Zn(H2O)6]2+


2-

wjfrac34K

[Zn(NH3)4]2+

wjfrac34K [ZnCl4]

2- wjfrac34K

[Cr(H2O)6]

3+ mslshd





+(aq) + 3H2O(l)


176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




176

[Co(H2O)6]2+



oslashdjKhla idohs



NH3 iu`

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3 (aq) [Co(NH3)6]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)




[Co(NH3)6]2+


[Co(NH3)6]2+






2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+



ma fotilde







[Ni(H2O)6]


[Mn(H2O)6]

2+ iu` mslshd



ma fotilde




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




177



fotildeiexcl




ma fotilde


+(aq) + 3H2O(l)




njg mafotildeiexcl




+(aq) + 4H2O(l)


ma fotildeiexcl

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]

2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)



2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) [Zn(H2O)6]

2+j mslshd










178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




178














1 Fe2+ Fe2+







[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+


[Fe(H2O)6]


+(aq)

3 Cr3+ Cr3+






179





2015






2005)




179





2015






2005)



Documents

ZIPGLA:LLDIP ULGKN~R+GM I