ZOLLORO HYDRO-ELECTRIC

8/10/2019 'ZOLLORO HYDRO-ELECTRIC'

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POLITEKNIK NILAI NEGERI SEMBILAN

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

REPORT FINAL PROJECT

JJ 514PROJECT 1 & 2

(GROUP 3)

TITLE OF PROJECT :ZOLLORO HYDRO-ELECTRIC

GROUP MEMBERS MATRIX NO.

a)NOR HAZMIRA BINTIAMIR

23DKM12F1035

b)NUR MUHAMMAD FITRIBIN REDZWAN

23DKM12F1017

c) SURESH A/LGUNASEGRAN

23DKM12F1014

d) MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BINALIAS

23DKM12F1019

LECTURER`S NAME :

EN. MOHD TAUFIK REZZA BIN MOHD FOUDZI


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Background

1.3 Problem Statement

1.4 Objective

1.5 Scope of Study

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.12.1 introduction

2.2 DC Motor

2.3 pelton wheel turbine 1

2.4 perspex sheet 1

2.5 water jet pump 1

2.6 water pump 1

2.7 car battery 1

2.8 PVC 1

2.9 water drum 2

2.10 aquarium 2

2.11 nozzle 2

2.12 PVC glue 2

2.13 rivet 2


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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Methodology Flow Chart JJ514 & JJ614

3.3 Gant chart

3.4 Example of article

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Ideas

4.2 Design Analysis

4.3 Selected Design

4.4 Estimated Cost

4.5 Expected Result


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Title : Zolloro HydroElectric

1.1 Introduction of project

We choose Zolloro Hydro-Electric as our group big project. We wish to design a

project that is easy and suitable for the generate electric. Electricity is used to power

homes for cooking, heating, lightening, washing, studying and many more daily tasks. It

is used to run all electrical appliances. Washing machines, televisions, heaters, fans,

lights, microwaves, refrigerators, etc. it is used to run machines to manufacture goods.

Thus, it has become a need for our life.

Electricity consumption is one of the causes of the increase of CO2 in addition to

transportation, waste and other developments. Carbon emissions from the production of

electricity and this means less electricity consumed less CO2released.

There are many reasons why you should save energy.

Increased climate change

Increased price / electricity

Inflation

The economic downturn


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One of the main causes of climate change is a growing human needs for

energy; whether electricity, gas and oil and all of this comes from fossil material.

While many are worried and concerned about rising electricity bills. The reason

is the rising cost of energy generation and profits made by energy suppliers. In reality,

the more critical issue is that we use the limited resources at a rate that rose. Some of

these resources, particularly oil, we use it at a rate higher than the amount that can be

withdrawn and resources are getting depleted.

There is also a large selection of other sources of energy that could theoretically

be used without reducing the natural resources. However, there are other technical

issues that need to be resolved before it can become the dominant source.

Figure 1.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) driven Wind Turbine
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1.2 PROBLEM BACKGROUND

Environmentthe system electric generate has a problem in terms of the environment.

For example, the cost of electricity too high and then people are forced to borrow

money to a bank or illegal loan sharks.

Cleanliness / hygienehygiene is also one of the factor obtained. Example, the water

tank is full when the flow process is working.

Risk / hazardthe system electric generate also have a problem in terms of risk. For

example, the service tax that is charged to the cost of electricity rising.

Comfort - if high electricity costs charged, peasants from getting stuck with high

electricity costs.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

1) The price of fuel is rising

2) The electricity rate is increase

1.4 OBJECTIVES

1) To produce mini hydro-electric

2) To study Bernoulli principle by related potential energy and kinetic energy in

mini hydro-electric


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1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

1) To design mini hydro-electric in house.

2) To apply Bernoulli principle in mini hydro-electric of size nozzle and height of

water level in tank.

3) To generate electricity as an alternative power supply for bulb, penda flour

lamp and fan at house


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower. Hydroelectric power

supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003), more than 63%

of the total electricity generated from renewable sources in 2005.

In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts mechanical

energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit. The source of mechanical

energy may vary widely from a hand crank to an internal combustion engine.

Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.

The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by

an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can

be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable

generators.

Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was discovered,

electrostatic generators were used. They operated on electrostatic principles. Such

generators generated very high voltage and low current. They operated by using

moving electrically charged belts, plates, and disks that carried charge to a high

potential electrode. The charge was generated using either of two mechanisms:

Electrostatic induction and the electric effect. Because of their inefficiency and the

difficulty of insulating machines that produced very high voltages, electrostatic

generators had low power ratings, and were never used for generation of commercially

significant quantities of electric power.


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2.2 DC MOTOR

A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike magnetic

poles attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an

electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or

off in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of

the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched

180. A simple DC motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an

armature with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots

around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a

commutator. The armature includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center of

the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the commutator connections. The

winding in the armature continues to loop all the way around the armature and uses

either single or parallel conductors (wires), and can circle several times around the

stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's

wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence

of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic

fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can

be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the

magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to

create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the

stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater

control over the motor. At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using

forced air.


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The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current in

the coil is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the

commutator. Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC

current to each coil on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are

connected provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed

of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The

introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed

control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems which

adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an

effective lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is

often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC

motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric

locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The

introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the

1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from

rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and

today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today

DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large

sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines.


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If external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo.

This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car and electric cars

or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered

train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid

and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as

generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are

adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

At the most basic level, electric motors exist to convert electrical energy into

mechanical energy. This is done by way of two interacting magnetic fields -- one

stationary, and another attached to a part that can move. A number of types of electric

motors exist, but most BEAM bots use DC motors1 in some form or another. DC motors

have the potential for very high torque capabilities (although this is generally a function

of the physical size of the motor), are easy to miniaturize, and can be "throttled" via

adjusting their supply voltage. DC motors are also not only the simplest, but the oldest

electric motors.

The basic principles of electromagnetic induction were discovered in the early

1800's by Oersted, Gauss, and Faraday. By 1820, Hans Christian Oersted and Andre

Marie Ampere had discovered that an electric current produces a magnetic field. The

next 15 years saw a flurry of cross-Atlantic experimentation and innovation, leading

finally to a simple DC rotary motor. A number of men were involved in the work, so

proper credit for the first DC motor is really a function of just how broadly you choose to

define the word "motor."

Michael Faraday (U.K.)


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Fabled experimenter Michael Faraday decided to confirm or refute a number of

speculations surrounding Oersted's and Ampere's results. Faraday set to work devising

an experiment to demonstrate whether or not a current-carrying wire produced a

circular magnetic field around it, and in October of 1821 succeeded in demonstrating

this.

Faraday took a dish of mercury and placed a fixed magnet in the middle; above this, he

dangled a freely moving wire (the free end of the wire was long enough to dip into the

mercury). When he connected a battery to form a circuit, the current-carrying wire

circled around the magnet. Faraday then reversed the setup, this time with a fixed wire

and a dangling magnet -- again the free part circled around the fixed part. This was the

first demonstration of the conversion of electrical energy into motion, and as a result,

Faraday is often credited with the invention of the electric motor. Bear in mind, though,

that Faraday's electric motor is really just a lab demonstration, as you can't harness it

for useful work. (Mich ael Faraday (U.K.) 1821)


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Figure 2.2.1 Faraday motor schematic

Joseph Henry (U.S.)

It took ten years, but by the summer of 1831 Joseph Henry had improved on Faraday's

experimental motor. Henry built a simple device whose moving part was a straight

electromagnet rocking on a horizontal axis. Its polarity was reversed automatically by its

motion as pairs of wires projecting from its ends made connections alternately with two

electrochemical cells. Two vertical permanent magnets alternately attracted and


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repelled the ends of the electromagnet, making it rock back and forth at 75 cycles per

minute.

Henry considered his little machine to be merely a "philosophical toy," but

nevertheless believed it was important as the first demonstration of continuous motion

produced by magnetic attraction and repulsion. While being more mechanically useful

than Faraday's motor, and being the first real use of electromagnets in a motor, it was

still by and large a lab experiment.

(Jos eph Hen ry (U.S.) 1831)

Figure 2.1.2 Henry motor schematic

William Sturgeon (U.K.)


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Just a year after Henry's motor was demonstrated, William Sturgeon invented

the commutator, and with it the first rotary electric motor -- in many ways a rotary

analogue of Henry's oscillating motor. Sturgeon's motor, while still simple, was the first

to provide continuous rotary motion and contained essentially all the elements of a

modern DC motor. Note that Sturgeon used horseshoe electromagnets to produce both

the moving and stationary magnetic fields (to be specific, he built a shunt wound DC

motor).(William Sturg eon (U.K.) 1832)

Figure 2.1.3 William Sturgeon motor

2.3 Pelton Wheel Turbine


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The Pelton wheel is a impulse type water turbine. It was invented by Lester

Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving

water, as opposed to water's dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel.

Many variations of impulse turbines existed prior to Pelton's design, but they were less

efficient than Pelton's design. Water leaving those wheels typically still had high speed,

carrying away much of the dynamic energy brought to the wheels. Pelton's paddle

geometry was designed so that when the rim ran at the speed of the water jet, the

water left the wheel with very little speed; thus his design extracted almost all of the

water's impulse energywhich allowed for a very efficient turbine.

Figure 2.3.1

Pelton's original patent (October 1880).

Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power, when the available

water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates, where the Pelton

wheel is most efficient. Thus, more power can be extracted from a water source with

high-pressure and low-flow than from a source with low-pressure and high-flow, even

when the two flows theoretically contain the same power. Also a comparable amount of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelton_wheel_(patent).png


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pipe material is required for each of the two sources, one requiring a long thin pipe, and

the other a short wide pipe. Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. There exist multi-ton

Pelton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad bearings in hydroelectric plants. The largest

units can be up to 200 megawatts. The smallest Pelton wheels are only a few inches

across, and can be used to tap power from mountain streams having flows of a few

gallons per minute. Some of these systems use household plumbing fixtures for water

delivery. These small units are recommended for use with 30 feet (9.1 m) or more of

head, in order to generate significant power levels. Depending on water flow and

design, Pelton wheels operate best with heads from 495,905 feet (14.91,799.8 m),

although there is no theoretical limit. (Lester All an Pelton, 1870s)


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2.4 Perspex sheet

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic often used as

a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass.

Although it is not technically a type of glass, the substance has sometimes

historically been called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl

methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by

many chemists such as William Chalmers, Otto Rhm and Walter Bauer and was first

brought to market in 1933 by the Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark

Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names, including Acrylite, Lucite,

and Perspex.

PMMA is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when extreme

strength is not necessary. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the potentially harmful

bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate. It is often preferred because of its

moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. Non-modified PMMA

behaves in a brittle manner when loaded, especially under an impact force, and is more

prone to scratching than conventional inorganic glass, but modified PMMA can achieve

high scratch and impact resistance.

The often-seen spelling poly(methyl 2-methylpropanoate)that is, spelled with

an instead of enis a misspelling of poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate).

HISTORY

The first acrylic acid was created in 1843. Methacrylic acid, derived from acrylic acid,

was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and methanol results in

the ester methyl methacrylate. In 1877 the German chemist Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig


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discovered the polymerization process that turns methyl methacrylate into polymethyl

methacrylate. In 1933 the brand name "Plexiglas" was patented and registered by

another German chemist, Otto Rhm. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International)

began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During World War

II both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft

windshields, canopies, and gun turrets. Incidentally, airplane pilots whose eyes were

damaged by flying shards of PMMA fared much better than those injured by standard

glass, demonstrating the much increased compatibility between human tissue and

PMMA as compared to glass. (Will iam Chalmers, 1928)


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2.5 Water jet pump

A pump-jet, hydrojet, or water jet is a marine system that creates a jet of water

for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller with nozzle, or

a centrifugal pump and nozzle.

2.5.1 Invention

The Italian inventor Secondo Campini showed the first functioning man-made

pump-jet engine in Venice in 1931. However, he never applied for a patent, and since

the device suffered from material problems resulting in a short life-span, it never

became a commercial product. The first person to achieve that was New Zealand

inventor Sir William Hamilton in 1954.

A pump-jet works by having an intake (usually at the bottom of the hull) that

allows water to pass underneath the vessel into the engines. Water enters the pump

through this inlet. The pump can be of a centrifugal design for high speeds, an inducer

for low speeds, or an axial flow pump for medium speeds. The water pressure inside

the inlet is increased by the pump and forced backwards through a nozzle. With the use

of a reversing bucket, reverse thrust can also be achieved for faring backwards, quickly

and without the need to change gear or adjust engine thrust. The reversing bucket can

also be used to help slow the ship down when braking. This feature is the main reason

pump jets are so maneuverable.

The nozzle also provides the steering of the pump-jets. Plates, similar to

rudders, can be attached to the nozzle in order to redirect the water flow port and

starboard. In a way, this is similar to the principles of air thrust vectoring, a technique

which has long been used in military jet-powered aircraft. This provides pumpjet-

powered ships with superior agility at sea. Another advantage is that when faring

backwards by using the reversing bucket, steering is not inverted, as opposed to

propeller-powered ships.


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Pump-jet powered watercraft do suffer from the Coand effect, which mustbe

taken into account when making changes in heading. The heading needs to be

adjusted two degrees further than what would normally be required because of this

effect. (Sir Will iam Ham ilton , 1954)

Figure 2.4.1 water jet pump

2.6 Water Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries,

by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the

method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and

consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via

many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power,

come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial

pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water

from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-


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cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for

operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical

processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for

body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps have

evolved, and biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical

pumps.

Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be

placed external to the fluid.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive

displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps

and valve less pumps.

(Tacco la, c.1450)

2.7 Car Battery

The invention of the battery is believed to date back as far as 250 BC. In 1936,clay jars dating from this period were discovered in modern day Iraq. The jars contained

copper cylinders along with a corroded iron rod. The corrosion on the rod led

researchers to conclude the jars were a form of battery technology, used for jewelry

production and metal work. Development of the first modern battery is credited to Italian

inventor Alessandro Volta, who introduced the first dry-cell battery in 1800.

An automotive battery is a type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric

energy to an automobile.Usually this refers to an SLI battery (starting, lighting, ignition)

to power the starter motor, the lights, and the ignition system of a vehicle's engine.

Automotive SLI batteries are usually lead-acid type, and are made of six

galvanic cells in series to provide a 12-volt system. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a

total of 12.6 volts at full charge. Heavy vehicles, such as highway trucks or tractors,


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often equipped with diesel engines, may have two batteries in series for a 24-volt

system or may have parallel strings of batteries.

Lead-acid batteries are made up of plates of lead and separate plates of lead

dioxide, which are submerged into an electrolyte solution of about 38% sulfuric acid and

62% water.[2] This causes a chemical reaction that releases electrons, allowing them to

flow through conductors to produce electricity. As the battery discharges, the acid of the

electrolyte reacts with the materials of the plates, changing their surface to lead sulfate.

When the battery is recharged, the chemical reaction is reversed: the lead sulfate

reforms into lead dioxide and lead. With the plates restored to their original condition,

the process may now be repeated.

Battery recycling of automotive batteries reduces the need for resources

required for manufacture of new batteries, diverts toxic lead from landfills, and prevents

risk of improper disposal. (Alessand ro Vo lta, 1800)

Figure 2.5.1

A typical 12 V, 40 Ah lead-acid car battery

2.8 Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo-CarBattery.jpg


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Poly(vinyl chloride), commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely

produced polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene.

PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and

flexible. The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for pipe, and in profile

applications such as doors and windows. It is also used for bottles and other non-food

packaging, and cards (such as bank or membership cards). It can be made softer and

more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthalates. In

this form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, imitation leather,

signage, inflatable products and many applications where it replaces rubber.

2.7.1 Discovery

PVC was accidentally synthesized at least twice in the 19 thcentury, first in 1835 by

French chemist Henri Victor Regnault and then in 1872 by German chemist Eugen

Baumann. On both occasions the polymer appeared as a white solid inside flasks of

vinyl chloride that had been left exposed to sunlight. In the early 20 thcentury the

Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company

Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties

in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer blocked their efforts. Waldo Semon

and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by

blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily

processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use.

2.7.2 Applications

PVC is used extensively in sewage pipe due to its low cost, chemical resistance and

ease of jointing. PVCs relatively low cost, biological and chemical resistance and

workability have resulted in it being used for a wide variety of applications. It is used for

sewerage pipes and other pipe applications where cost or vulnerability to corrosion limit

the use of metal. With the addition of impact modifiers and stabilizers, it has become a

popular material for window and door frames. By adding plasticizers, it can become

flexible enough to be used in cabling applications as a wire insulator. It has been used

in many other applications. PVC demand is likely to increase at an average annual rate

of 3.9% over the next years. (Henri Victor Regnault, 1835)


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.

Figure 2.6.1.1 Poly vinyl chloride pipe fittings

2.9 Water Drum

Water drums are a category of membranophone characterized by the filling of

the drum chamber with some amount of water to create a unique sound. Used in

Iroquois, Navajo, Cherokee, Creek, and Apache music, water drums are common in

Native American music, and also found in African and Southeast Asian music.

They are used today both ceremonially and in traditional Longhouse social

dances and are the traditional drum for the Huron/Wendat/Wyandot and

Iroquois/Haudenosaune tribes.[citation needed] The Ojibwa, Ottawa and Pottawatomii

called them midegwakikoon, with "Mide" referring to Midewiwin.

The water drum is considered the most sacred of all drums, is almost always the

property of religious and ceremonial persons, and has status as a person, not as an

object.[citation needed] They are made always of special wood from certain trees.


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Figure 2.8.1

Throughout history, wood, ceramic and stone have been used as water tanks.

These were all naturally occurring and manmade and some tanks are still in service.

The Indus Valley Civilization (30001500 BC) made use of granaries and water tanks.

Medieval castles needed water tanks for the defenders to withstand a siege. A wooden

water tank found at the Ao Nuevo State Reserve (California) was restored to

functionality after being found completely overgrown with ivy. It had been built in 1884.

Water drums are made either by hollowing out a solid section of a small soft

wood log, or assembled using cedar slats and banded like a wooden keg. Clay drums

are either handmade or an old crock is used. Wyandot and Seneca/Cayuga traditionally

used a groundhog skin (dayh) for the drum covering, though a piece of deer skinworks well. An Iroquoian or Wendat/Wyandot drum stick is carved from a piece of

hardwood with a small rounded tip. Each drum style has a unique way of tightening the

hide to maximize the sound. The drum head must be both tight and saturated with

water for best results.

2.10 Aquarium

An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium consisting of at least

one transparent side in which water-dwelling plants or animals are kept. Fish keepersuse aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, marine mammals, turtles, and

aquatic plants. The term combines the Latin root aqua, meaning water, with the suffix -

arium, meaning "a place for relating to".
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrTcYLvkSFUXZoAmUOJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTIyMDByODB2BHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1nBG9pZANhMTJiMWM3OTFkMWQzNDA1YmM5ZTQzZjUzYmIxNTc5NARncG9zAzQEaXQDYmluZw--?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=tong+drum&type=br101dm31bs01ts916af128235&hsimp=yhs-yhsifmclone1&hspart=Babylon&tab=organic&ri=4&w=200&h=200&imgurl=www.jayamakmurjamur.com/image/cache/data/Jaya%20Makmur/open-drum-latest-200x200.jpg&rurl=http://www.jayamakmurjamur.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=29&sort=p.price&order=ASC&size=+9.7KB&name=%3Cb%3ETong%3C/b%3E+Plastik+(%3Cb%3EDrum%3C/b%3E+Tutup+Lebar)&p=tong+drum&oid=a12b1c791d1d3405bc9e43f53bb15794&fr2=&fr=&tt=%3Cb%3ETong%3C/b%3E+Plastik+(%3Cb%3EDrum%3C/b%3E+Tutup+Lebar)&b=0&ni=200&no=4&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=12upmcqte&sigb=14ch48552&sigi=12jjt3tdu&sigt=11d4unfq8&sign=11d4unfq8&.crumb=SNLYWXK2TxF&type=br101dm31bs01ts916af128235&hsimp=yhs-yhsifmclone1&hspart=Babylon


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An aquarist owns fish or maintains an aquarium, typically constructed of glass or

high-strength acrylic plastic. Cuboid aquaria are also known as fish tanks or simply

tanks, while bowl-shaped aquaria are also known as fish bowls. Size can range from a

small glass bowl to immense public aquaria. Specialized equipment maintains

appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for the aquarium's residents.

Figure 2.9.1 Aquarium

2.11 Nozzle

A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid

flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.

A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be

used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to

control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the

stream that emerges from them. In nozzle velocity of fluid increases on the expense of

its pressure energy.


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Figure 2.10.1 Water Nozzle

2.12 PVC Glue

Pipe glue is a product for creating watertight connections between lengths ofpipe, usually polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping. Metal pipe is typically joined with soldering

or the use of epoxies rather than glues. Many hardware stores carry pipe glue, often

offering several types for different kinds of projects. People should be careful when

working with this substance, because hazardous fumes may arise while working and

could make people sick, especially in confined areas like crawlspaces under houses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_nozzle.jpg


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When people connect PVC piping, they start with a cleanly cut piece of plastic

and apply a primer to soften the plastic, followed by pipe glue. Then, they can fit two

pieces of pipe together, or attach the pipe to another kind of fitting. The pipe is held in

place to allow the glue to set, and once it completely cures, the connection should be

waterproof. Water or other materials transported in the pipe will not leak out, and

material in the surrounding environment like air will not seep into the plumbing.

2.13 Rivet

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet

consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the

head is called the buck-tail. On installation the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled

hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked (i.e., deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5

times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. To distinguish between the

two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end

is called the shop head or buck-tail.

Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support

tension loads (loads parallel to the axis of the shaft); however, it is much more capable

of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft). Bolts and

screws are better suited for tension applications.

Fastenings used in traditional wooden boat building, such as copper nails and

clinch bolts, work on the same principle as the rivet but were in use long before the term

rivet was introduced and, where they are remembered, are usually classified among

nails and bolts respectively.Source: Photographs o f the Empire State Building

under c onstru ct ion. / L. W. Hine.


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Figure 2.13 blind rivet

Blind rivets, commonly referred to as "pop" rivets (POP is the brand name of the

original manufacturer, now owned by Stanley Engineered Fastening, a division of

Stanley Black & Decker) are tubular and are supplied with a mandrel through the

center. The rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined

and a specially designed tool is used to draw the mandrel into the rivet. This expands

the blind end of the rivet and then the mandrel snaps off. These types of blind rivets

have non-locking mandrels and are sometimes avoided for critical structural joints

because the mandrels may fall out, due to vibration or other reasons, leaving a hollow

rivet that has a lower load-carrying capability than solid rivets. Furthermore, because of

the mandrel they are more prone to failure from corrosion and vibration. Unlike solid

rivets, blind rivets can be inserted and fully installed in a joint from only one side of a

part or structure, "blind" to the opposite side.[3]

Prior to the adoption of blind rivets, installation of a solid rivet typically required access

to both sides of the assembly: a rivet hammer on one side and a bucking bar on the

other side. In 1916 Royal Navy reservist and engineer Hamilton Neil Wylie filed a patent

for an "improved means of closing tubular rivets" (granted May 1917).[4] In 1922 Wylie

joined the British aircraft manufacturer Armstrong-Whitworth Ltd to advise on metal

construction techniques; here he continued to develop his rivet design with a further
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blindnieten.JPG


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1927 patent[5] that incorporated the pull through mandrel, and allowed the rivet to be

used blind. By 1928, the George Tucker Eyelet company produced a 'cup' rivet based

on the design. It required a separate GKN mandrel and the rivet body to be hand

assembled prior to use for the building of the Siskin III aircraft. Together with

Armstrong-Whitworth, the Geo. Tucker Co. further modified the rivet design to produce

a one-piece unit incorporating mandrel and rivet.[6] This product was later developed in

aluminium and trademarked as the 'POP' rivet. The United Shoe Machinery Co.

produced the design in the US as inventors such as Carl Cherry and Lou Huck

experimented with other techniques for expanding solid rivets.

Due to this feature, blind rivets are used mainly when access to the joint is available

from only one side. The rivet is placed in a drilled hole and is set by pulling the mandrel

head into the rivet body, expanding the rivet body and causing it to flare against the

reverse side. As the head of the mandrel reaches the face of the blind side material, the

pulling force is resisted, and at a predetermined force, the mandrel snaps at its break

point, also called blind setting. A tight joint formed by the rivet body remains, the head

of the mandrel remains encapsulated at the blind side, although variations of this are

available, and the mandrel stem is ejected.

They are available in flat head, countersunk head, and modified flush head with

standard diameters of 1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 inch. Blind rivets are made from soft aluminum

alloy, steel (including stainless steel), copper, and Monel.


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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In chapter of methodology, the project are need to be planning as good as much

to follow the term requirement of topic in this subject. In order to make the project

successful in order of time, every step need to be follow carefully and precisely.

This chapter will also show how the best design will choose. Every step or procedure

that will be used in designing hydroelectric is explained with technically and each

designing process is shown with sequence. In the beginning of the procedure, it will

starts with the task clarification phase where a complete requirement list is shown Then

in the next section readers will find a detail explanation about the concept design

phase. The final part of the chapter, the selection has been made choose the best

concept design.

To make the step and planning follow the time precisely according the schedule, we

need:

1. Planning and Task Clarification

2. Conceptual Design Phase

3. Embodiment design phase

4. Detail design phase


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3.2 FLOW CHART

The flow chart shown in figure 1

NO

Figure 3.2.1 flow chart for Semester 5

START

IDENTIFY PROBLEM

DETERMINE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT, OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF STUDY

LITERATURE REVIEW

ANALYSIS DESIGN

PLEMINARY DESIGN

MATERIAL SELECTION

FINAL DESIGN

REPORT

END

MODIFICATION

ANALYSIS

DATA COLLECTION

DISCUSSION


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3.2.1 IDENTIFY PROBLEM.

Before start an project student need to carried out an problem that need to be

identify to clearer what is the objective of the project. Identify problem is problem

that student need study and find problem that happening around them that can be

the main point to be an topic to them solve.

3.2.2 DETERMINE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT, OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF

STUDY.

The problem statement is a briefly analysis or summary of the problem identified

relating to the project or issue to be addressed by the project. Student need to

carry out the problem that able to be modify or create new things before choosing

a project title.

3.2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW.

A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current

knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and

methodological contribution to a particular topic. Literature review used secondary

sources, and do not report new or original experiment work.


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3.2.4 PLEMINARY DESIGN.

The pleminary design is a bridge gap between the design concept and detailed

design phase. In task student need to configure the and define schematic,

diagrams and layout of the project that provided early in project configuration. Also

when during detailed design and optimization, the parameter of the part being

created will change but the pleminary design focuses on creating the general

framework to build the project.

3.2.5 FINAL DESIGN.

The final design is a design concept that chosen and being accepted in the last of

the drawing. Every drawing of schematic, diagrams and layout of the project have

been upgraded and being optimization. In this final design, student need to

detailed and define all the part of their project in precise according to drawing.

3.2.6 ZOLLORO HYDROELECTRIC

This Zolloro hydroelectric is a project that we chose after discuss with all the

group member. It based on to supply electric energy for backup if the blackout

occur in house. Gravity and nozzle are the main part as long the pressure of water

that all combine and connected in one link to rotate the motor for generate

electricity.


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3.2.7 DECISION MADE.

Decision made when all the group member and supervisor are agreed about the

project and material that need to be used have been identified.

3.2.8 REPORT

A report is any information work made with the specific intention of relaying

information or recounting event. Written report are document which present

focused , salient content to a specific audience. Report are often used to display

the result of an experiment or inquiry. The audience may be public or private an

individual or the public in general.


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3.3 THE FLOW CHART FOR SEMESTER 6

The flow chart is shown in figure 2

Figure 3.2.2 flow chart for Semester 6

START

SEARCH MATERIAL

PURCHASE

MATERIAL

SET UP AN

EXPERIMENT

ANALYSIS

PRESENTATION

DEVELOP PRODUCT

PART


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3.3 Gant Chart

Table 3.3.1 Gant Chart for Semester 5


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Table 3.3.2 Gant Chart for Semester 6


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3.4 Example of article

The cost of electricity was rising in 2014.

Figure 3.4.1 article of electric rising



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Fact of rising the electric

Figure 3.4.4 article of fact


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Figure 3.4.5 article of fact


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CHAPTER 4

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION DESIGN

The engineering design process is the formulation of a plan to help an engineer

build a product with a specified performance goal. This process involves a number of

steps, and parts of the process may need to be repeated many times before production

of a final product can begin.

component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process

(often iterative) in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering

sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective.

Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment

of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and

evaluation.

The engineering design process is a multi-step process including the research,

conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary

design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and finally production. The

sections to follow are not necessarily steps in the engineering design process, for some

tasks are completed at the same time as other tasks. This is just a general summary of

each part of the engineering design process.

4.1.1 Research

A significant amount of time is spent on research, or locating information. Consideration

should be given to the existing applicable literature, problems and successes

associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs.

The source of information should be relevant, including existing solutions. Reverse

engineering can be an effective technique if other solutions are available on the market.


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Other sources of information include the Internet, local libraries, available government

documents, personal organizations, trade journals, vendor catalogs and individual

experts available.

4.1.2 Conceptualization

Once an engineering issue is defined, solutions must be identified. These solutions can

be found by usingideation,or the mental process by which ideas are generated. The

following are the most widely used techniques:

Trigger word - a word or phrase associated with the issue at hand is stated, and

subsequent words and phrases are evoked. For example, to movesomething

from one place to another may evoke run, swim, roll, etc.

Morphological chart - independent design characteristics are listed in a chart,

and different engineering solutions are proposed for each solution. Normally, a

preliminary sketch and short report accompany the morphological chart.

Synectics - the engineer imagines him or herself as the item and asks, "What

would I do if I were the system?" This unconventional method of thinking may

find a solution to the problem at hand.the vital aspects of the conceptualization

step is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of taking the element of the concept

and arranging them in the proper way. Synthesis creative process is present in

every design.

Brainstorming - this popular method involves thinking of different ideas, typically

as part of a small group, and adopting these ideas in some form as a solution to

the problem

4.1.3 Feasibility assessment

The purpose of a feasibility assessment is to determine whether the engineer's project

can proceed into the design phase. This is based on two criteria: the project needs to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morphological_chart&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morphological_chart&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideation


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be based on an achievable idea, and it needs to be within cost constraints. It is

important to have an engineer with experience and good judgment to be involved in this

portion of the feasibility study.

4.1.4 Establishing the design requirements

Establishing design requirements is one of the most important elements in the design

process, and this task is normally performed at the same time as and the feasibility

analysis. The design requirements control the design of the project throughout the

engineering design process. Some design requirements include hardware and software

parameters, maintainability, availability, and testability.


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4.2.1 MORPHOLOGY


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4. 2.2 PUGH METHOD

Function Marks

Design 1 Design 2 Design 3 Design 4

Design 0 0 1 1

Body -1 1 0 1

Material 0 1 0 1

Base shape

(stability)

-1 0 1 1

Transmission 0 0 -1 1

Efficiency 0 1 1 1

Safety 0 1 1 1

TOTAL -2 4 3 7

Table 4.1.2.1 Pugh table

Scale Description

-1 Good

0 Medium

1 Not good

Table 4.1.2.2 scale


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4.3.3 BIL OF MATERIAL


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4.4 COST ESTIMATED

Component Material Size Unit price

(RM)

Quantity Price (RM)

DC Motor Aluminium 200.00 1 200.00

Pelton wheel

turbine

PVC

(Homemade)

50.00 1 50.00

Perspex sheet Glass 25.00 1 25.00

Water jet

pump

Plastic 150.00 1 150.00

Water drum Plastic 55.00 2 110.00

Car battery Plastic 62.00 1 62.00

PVC Plastic 3.00 PER m 4 m 12.00

Aquarium Plastic 30.00 2 60.00

Nozzle Iron 30.00 4 120.00

PVC Glue Glue 2.50 1 2.50

Rivet Aluminium 2.00 100 2.00

White tape Plastic 1.50 3 4.50

Total RM 786.00

Table 4.4.1 cost estimated


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4.5 EXPECTED RESULT

Figure 4.5.1 final design project


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Figure 4.5.2 final design project


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Figure 4.5.1 final design of Zolloro Hydro-electric

We choose Zolloro Hydro-Electric as our group big project. We wish to design a

project that is easy and suitable for the generate electric.

At the end of experiment, we hope to produce mini hydro-electric and study Bernoulli`s

principle by related potential energy and kinetic energy in mini hydro-electric.

Our scope study is to design mini hydro-electric in house by apply Bernoulli principle in

mini hydro-electric of size nozzle and height of water level in tank for generate

electricity as an alternative power supply for bulb, penda flour lamp and fan at house.


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4.3 SELECTED DESIGN

4.3.1 EXPLODED DRAWING

DC MOTORPVC PIPE

90 degree PVC PIPE

WATER DRUM COVER

PELTON TURBINE

WATER DRUM

PVC T-JOINT PIPE

Documents

ZOLLORO HYDRO-ELECTRIC