Zonal diagnosis and intervention plan West Shoa, Oromiashoa... · Zonal diagnosis and intervention plan West Shoa, ... Criteria for zone selection included the production and marketing

Zonal diagnosis and intervention plan West Shoa, Oromia

Compiled by Fanos Mekonnen March 2012

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Acknowledgement This report is a result of so many collective minds that worked so much to bring it to this stage. LIVES

staff and partners at the project headquarters, region, zone, districts and PAs had played a significant

role in designing, planning, implementing and compiling the diagnosis, baseline and intervention

planning activities, which are the essence of this report. Sincere thank you to all!

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4

2. Study methods/approaches .............................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Regional consultation meeting ..................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Zonal consultation meeting .......................................................................................................... 5

2.3 Baseline data collection ................................................................................................................ 7

2.4 Zonal familiarization and planning workshop ............................................................................... 9

3. Description of West shoa zone and the LIVES districts ..................................................................... 9

Agro-Ecology ......................................................................................................................................... 9

Human population .............................................................................................................................. 11

Agriculture .......................................................................................................................................... 12

Zonal and district staff profile ............................................................................................................. 13

4. Commodity description and baseline assessment .......................................................................... 15

4.1 Dairy ............................................................................................................................................ 15

4.2 Small ruminant ............................................................................................................................ 21

4.3 Apiculture .................................................................................................................................... 25

4.4 Irrigation Agriculture ................................................................................................................... 29

4.4.1 Irrigated vegetable .................................................................................................................. 30

4.4.2 Irrigated fruits ......................................................................................................................... 34

5. Proposed set of commodity interventions and activities ............................................................... 36

Dairy .................................................................................................................................................... 36

Small Ruminant ................................................................................................................................... 38

Apiculture/ Honey ............................................................................................................................... 40

Irrigated Agriculture ............................................................................................................................ 42

6. Annexes ........................................................................................................................................... 45

Annex 1-A: Regional consultation meeting minute. May 16, 2012, .................................................. 45

Annex 1-B: Participants of zonal consultation meeting ...................................................................... 46

Annex1-C: Participants of district consultation meeting: PA Potential Ranking and listing of actors 46

Annex 1-D participants of Zonal familiarization workshop (Feb 21-22, 2013) ................................... 48

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1. Introduction

The Livestock and Irrigation Value chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) project aims at supporting

the GoE’s efforts to transform the smallholder subsistence agricultural sector to a more market-oriented

smallholder sector to contribute to the new GTP. The project will be implemented over 6 years period,

starting April 2012 till March 2018, including a planning phase. The project shall be implemented by the

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the International Water Management Institute

(IWMI) in partnership with the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), the Federal Ministry of

Agriculture, Regional Bureau of Agriculture/Livestock Development Agencies and Regional Agricultural

Research Institutes. The project is funded by The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

The project uses a value chain framework to develop targeted commodities. Such a framework

recognizes value chain actors who add value at different stages of the value chain and individuals and

organizations which provide inputs/ services to the value chain actors. Key value chain actors are

producers of agricultural inputs and outputs, traders and processors at village, district, regional and

national levels. Important service providers include the public research and extension sectors which are

involved in technology and capacity development, knowledge generation and dissemination. The

agricultural offices are also involved in input supply and service provision, e.g. supply of seeds, artificial

insemination, veterinary services and other agricultural crop and livestock inputs. However, community,

cooperative, farmer and private sector involvement in producing inputs and providing services is

emerging.

The project will carry out a range of activities in five focus areas: capacity development, knowledge

management, promotion, commodity value chain development and documentation. For all activities,

the project will aim for a gender balanced and environmentally sustainable development.

Project implementation will focus on clusters of Districts in 10 Zones, in which 4 priority livestock and

irrigated fruits and vegetables will be supported in the selected districts.

West Shoa is one of the targeted Zones and this report documents the processes followed to select

commodities and interventions, provides diagnostic background/baseline information on the Zone,

selected Districts and selected commodity value chains. It also describes potential interventions for

capacity development, knowledge management and value chain development complemented by a plan

of action for implementation.

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2. Study methods/approaches

2.1 Regional consultation meeting

In the Oromia Region, three zones; East Shoa, West Shoa and Jimma were identified as areas for LIVES

project intervention by regional partners from Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI), Regional

Agricultural Growth Program (AGP) coordinator, Oromia livestock agency, Oromia Water Mineral and

Energy Bureau, International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and International Livestock Research

Institute (ILRI) on a regional consultation meeting held in April, 2012 at ILRI campus (Annex 1-A).

Criteria for zone selection included the production and marketing potential of the selected commodities,

infrastructure availability, existence of service providers and potential collaboration with existing

institutions for market oriented commodity development.

For each zone, a maximum of four commodities were identified for intervention (with irrigated

agriculture common to all). The selected commodities for West Shoa are Dairy, Apiculture, Small

ruminants and Irrigated agriculture1. The regional representatives in this meeting stated that LIVES

should work in non-AGP (Agricultural Growth Program) districts so as to reduce duplication of efforts as

both AGP and LIVES somehow have similar intervention approaches. Therefore, one of the criteria for

district selection was - it should be non-AGP district.

2.2 Zonal consultation meeting Following the regional consultation workshop in April, data collection and rapid assessment of the

selected sites was made to be used for an

input in the project implementation plan

preparation. To realize this; zonal consultation

meetings at zones were carried out by Oromia

Regional project implementation plan team in

May 20122. Zonal consultation in West Shoa

zone was carried out in Ambo town, the zonal

capital. Experts from crop sciences, livestock

agency, extension, input, and Oromia bureau

of water took part in the consultation meeting

held at the office of the Head of the Bureau of

Agriculture (Annex 1-B). The experts who

participated, based on the criteria proposed

by LIVES and approved by the regional

representatives, ranked 18 districts in the zone which are non-AGP (See table 2.1) for their potential and

suitability for market oriented agriculture development. They selected one possible cluster: Ejere, Ada

Berga and Metarobi (See Figure 1) for the LIVES project intervention sites in the zone. The criteria for

1 Irrigated agriculture include irrigated fruits, vegetables and fodder

2 The regional PIP team was composed of staff and consultants from ILRI/IPMS, experts from East Shao Zone OoA,

Oromia Livestock Agency, Federal Water, Mineral and Energy office, and Oromia Agricultural Research Institute.

Zonal consultation meeting in west shoa bureau of agriculture

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selecting the cluster included road accessibility to move from one district to another (e.g., Jeldu district

ranked high for its potential and makes a cluster on the geographical map with the other potential

districts. However, there is no road access to link Jeldu with either of the districts); market access; and

attitude of farmers to adopt market oriented commodity development.

Table 2.1 Ranking of districts for different commodities and selected districts in West Shoa

*the orange colored districts are selected as LIVES intervention sites.

No Districts Honey & Milk/butter Small

Ruminant Irrigated Agriculture

Total

bee wax

2 Ginde Beret 2 1 2 2 7

3 Jeldu 3 2 2 3 10

4 Ambo 0

5 Midakegni 1 1 2 1 5

6 Chelia 3 2 3 2 10

7 Bako Tibe 2 1 1 3 7

8 Dano 3 1 1 3 8

9 Nono 3 1 1 3 8

10 Tikur Enchini 1 3 3 1 8

11 Dendi 0

12 Ejerie 3 3 3 3 12

13 Welmera 0

14 Adea Berga 3 3 3 3 12

15 Metarobi 2 2 3 3 10

16 Abuna Gindeberet 2 1 2 2 7

17 Toko Kutaye 0

18 Jibat 2 1 3 2 8

19 Elifata 1 1 3 2 7

21 Elu Gelan 2 1 1 3 7

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Figure 1 Map of West Shoa zone with selected districts colored

After ranking each district in the zone, data on value chain actors and their linkages, existing capacity of

staff at the zonal level; in bureau of agriculture, livestock agency, and cooperative agency and the

Oromia Water, Energy and Mineral offices was compiled.

Following the zonal consultation meeting, the potential of all PAs for the selected commodities in Ejere,

Ada Berga and Meta Robi, was ranked through consultative meeting with subject matter specialists and

DA supervisors in each of the districts (See Annex1-C). In addition, the existing capacity of each staff at

the district level offices of agriculture and livestock agency was compiled.

The data collected from West Shoa zone and the three districts was compiled and used for the national

workshop held in July 2012. On the workshop, the data was discussed upon, verified and used to plan

the project baseline.

2.3 Baseline data collection Baseline data collection format was prepared based on the inputs from the PIP data. Intensive

discussions on the content of the baseline data collection format were carried out by the national team

followed by a pre-testing in some of the PAs. In West Shoa, 20 PAs were sampled through stratified

random sampling of the potential PAs3 carried for the baseline data (see Figure 2)

3 Potential PAs are those PAs ranked to have high production and market potential for the selected commodities

in the district. Sample PAs were randomly selected from those potential PAs

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Figure 2 Map of the sampled PAs and Potential PAs

In the PAs sampled, focus group discussions were carried out to compile PA level data on households

involved in the production, management, processing and marketing of the different commodities

selected in the zone. The focus group discussion participants included PA chairman, PA manager, elderly

farmer, youth representative, women representative, trader, development agents and subject matter

specialists. For the focus group discussions, the LIVES team for West Shoa zone filled in both ‘a

questions’ and ‘b questions’4 of the baseline data collection format.

For non- sampled but potential PAs, only data for the ‘a questions’ of the baseline format were collected

through the facilitation of the district experts in the bureau of agriculture and livestock agency. After

data for ‘a questions’ were submitted by DAs, the experts in the respective office (office of agriculture

and livestock agency) verified the data. In cases where data was not realistic, the format was re-sent

again for correction or asked for confirmation.

4 The baseline data collection format had two parts. Data for Part 1 (part a) was collected for all potential PAs.

Data for Part 2 (part b) was collected only for the sampled PAs

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2.4 Zonal familiarization and planning workshop On February 22-23, project familiarization and planning workshop was organized in Ambo town in the

presence of zonal and district heads of agriculture, livestock agency, women affairs, research centers

and university representatives, Oromia research Institute directors, model farmers for each commodity,

NGOs, cooperatives/union and other program representatives. Zonal head of the office of agriculture

and zonal livestock agency took the lead in organizing and facilitating this workshop. The list of

workshop participants is on Annex 1-D. The planning part of the workshop was carried out by group

works in which the participants were divided into two: Livestock and irrigation groups. Each group was

composed of experts, producers and researchers. They deliberated on the value chain visioning for each

of the commodities; possible interventions LIVES should focus on in the first year and along its

implementation period; crop livestock interactions and related environmental and gender issues that

need to addressed. The group works took one day, while reporting back was done in the afternoon of

the last day of the workshop. The list of possible interventions in each commodity value chain

development, knowledge, capacity and linkage creation that came out from the group works is

summarized in chapter 5 of this report.

3. Description of West shoa zone and the LIVES districts

This section gives an overview of the agro-ecology of West Shoa zone and zooms into the three LIVES

districts: Ejere, Ada Berga and Metarobi.

West Shoa is one of the zones of the Oromia Regional State that is located at the central part of the state. Neighboring zones of West shoa are: Amhara Region in the North; East Wollega and Horo Guduru zones in the West and North West; Jimma zone in south west; South West Shoa zone in South East; and North Shoa zone in south east.

Agro-Ecology

A shown on Figure 3, the altitude of West Shoa zone ranges from 1166 to 3238meters above sea level (masl), where the largest area lies between 2300 and 2630 masl . The topography of the zone, which is mainly leveled field, makes it an ideal place for agriculture. Temperature ranges from 11-21oC and rainfall from 880-1200mm. There are three main drainage basins in West shoa zone: Abay, Ghibe and Awash. In addition, there is high potential for ground water and smaller rivers like Berga. The Abay river basin, the largest basin, covers the majority of the districts in the zone including the three districts LIVES will be working in.

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Figure 3 Agro Ecological characters of the selected districts in West Shoa zone

Sources: Soil, Rainfall & temperature, Elevation, Land use/Landover and AEZ: FAO Soil Classification; World Climate (1Km);

NASA (SRTM 90m); WBISPP; Combination of Rainfall & Elevation , respectively.

oC

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Human population

Figure 4 Human population and density of West Shoa zone

Table 3.1 Human population of West Shoa zone and the LIVES districts

Total Population

Male Population

Female Population

Total zonal population 2058676 1028501 1030175

Ada Berga 120654 60366 60288

Ejere 86934 44222 42712

Meta Robi 140627 69664 70963

Total LIVES districts population 348215 174252 173963

Population % of LIVES districts of the zone 17

Source: LIVES PIP report (July 2012)

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Agriculture

Agriculture provides the largest share to the livelihood of the zonal population in West Shoa (see figure 4 and table 3.1). The sector is subsistence and low level of development in access to modern technology, market, and improved productivity is pre dominant. Agriculture is dependent on rainfall as there is lack of adequate knowledge, skill and infrastructure in irrigated agriculture. Crop-livestock mixed farming system is the common practice. The zone is an ideal place for market oriented commodity development as it is endowed with resources necessary for production and have good access to urban markets e g., Addis Ababa, Holeta and Ambo towns. The rapid assessment that was carried out at zonal and district levels during the project implementation plan preparation provided the LIVES team the general trend of the agricultural context in the zone in terms of production, resources (land, human), farming practices and adoption. Table 3.1.3 summarizes the agricultural statistics in the three LIVES districts.

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Zonal and district staff profile

The profile of the staff at zonal and district levels was assessed during the PIP. The report shows that the

professional staff arrangement in the extension system at district level is relatively good (see graph

below). In terms of both qualification and number of staff at zonal and district levels, the livestock

agency is on the lower side.

Basic Agricultural statistics of the LIVES districts in West Shoa Zone

Selected Districts Total Ejere Meta Robi Adea Berga

Rain fed crops (ha) 31309 37720 34435 103464

Irrigated crops (ha) 1217 1375 1106 3698

Communal/open grazing 2667 11775 14464 28906

Controlled grazing 445 - 37 482

Private grazing 1334 - 63 1397

Forests/woodlots 4456 - - 4456

Local cows (no.) 19811 54440 46303 120554

Improved cows (no.) 343 289 238 870

Sheep (no.) 41368 61130 57511 160009

Goats (no.) 10197 65770 43574 119541

Bee colonies (no.) - 10440 9580 20020

Traditional bee hives (no.) 2208 10048 6992 19248

Transitional bee hives (no.) 678 332 1708 2718

Modern bee hives (no.) 209 60 545 814

Land covered by irrigated grain crops (ha.) 743 827 1469 3039

Land covered by irrigated vegetables (ha.)

Onion 96 92 - 188

Shallot - 59 - 59

Potato 327 269 524 1120

Sweet potato - 20 - 20

Garlic 46 61 - 107

Tomato 13 60 - 73

Hot pepper 17 5 - 22

Beet root and carrot 10 58 - 68

Cabbage 36 47 - 83

Land covered by irrigated fruits (ha.)

Banana 5

-

51 63 Orange 3

Apple 4

Table 3.1.3 Basic Agricultural statistics for the LIVES districts in West Shoa Zone

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Figure 5 Education profile of zonal and district staff


Each peasant association (PA) in the districts have three development agents; One in Natural resources,

one in Animal sciences and one in Plant sciences. In addition, one development agent (DA) supervisor is

assigned to supervise DAs of three adjacent PAs. In the districts, there is arrangement where all the DA

supervisors report to the district offices on a monthly basis. However, the reporting system is claimed to

be very poor and inconsistent. Incentives for staff in the district offices and PAs include: further study-

BSc/ MSc for one or two staff on annual basis in local Universities; DAs are promoted as a supervisor or

as an expert in the district office of agriculture; experts are appointed as focal/resource person for

externally funded projects/ programs (e.g., ASSAP focal person in Adda Berga; SupHort focal person in

Ejere and etc…).

It will be a challenge for LIVES to get a motivated and energetic working team at zonal and district level.

The limited number of staff at zonal level, especially in livestock agency, may create gaps that require

active participation of zonal staff. From the three districts, Ejere is the one with good telephone

connectivity and accessible PAs. In Ada Berga and Meta Robi, access to telephone is inconsistent and

some of the PAs are not very accessible. High staff turnover especially in Meta Robi and Ada Berga will

be another challenge for LIVES.

0

50

100

150

West ShewaZone

Ejere Ada'a berga Meta Robi

6 1 0 0 15

27 33 25

1

104

84

63

0 0 0 2

MSc

BSc

Dip

Certificate

LIVES sites

Nu

mb

er

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4. Commodity description and baseline assessment

4.1 Dairy

In West Shoa zone, of 108 PAs, 36 are reported to be suitable for market-oriented dairy value chain

development. Criteria taken into account to rate each PA were; good infrastructure, increased number

of dairy cows, good awareness and experience of farmers in dairying and access to market. Based on

data collected for the project implementation plan and also from the impressions during the baseline,

local dairy breeds are observed to dominate the herd in the zone. LIVES-PIP indicated that of the total

households that are involved in dairy production, 37% are female headed households. The focus group

discussions during the baseline also revealed that many aspects of the herd management and

processing are done by women even in male headed households.

Dairy Cows grazing in Adaa Berga

Of the 36 potential PAs (13 in Ejere, 12 in Ada Berga and 11 in Metarobi) in the LIVES baseline, 8 were

randomly selected and sampled to assess the production, productivity and market status of the

commodities at smallholders’ level. The focus group discussions comprised of dairy cow owners (local

and crosses) from the 8 sampled PAs who also process the little product they get from their cows. The

map below shows the sampled and non-sampled but Potential PAs (Figure 6 ).

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Figure 6 Sampled and potentials PAs for Dairy in LIVES districts of W. Shoa

Inputs and services: Breeding and health

Dairying in West Shoa zone is predominantly subsistence. The common feeding system is based on

grazing natural pasture supplemented with hay of low nutritive value and the by-product of local

beverage. Because of the public extension service, few farmers have introduced Boran cows into their

herd for increased milk yield. Boran heifers brought from Gobe ranch were supplied to few farmers by

the zonal office of agriculture few years back. It is also reported that Holeta research center supplies

Boran and crosses of Holstein Frisian breeds to few farmers in Ejere and Adaa Berga; and, Agricultural

Sector Support Program (ASSP) project in Ada Berga introduced Jersey dairy breed to few farmers before

it phased out in 2012

Artificial Insemination (AI) and animal health services are provided by district livestock agency alone.

The district experts, however, reported that AI service provision is inconsistent due to shortage of liquid

nitrogen supply. In Ejere district, the existence of two private bull owners who give service to farmers

for breeding purpose was indicated by the district livestock agency experts.

For seasonal disease treatment, the districts livestock agencies provide prevention treatment service on

site (at district offices) and at the farm gate. There are enough drug shops and private veterinary clinics

in the towns of Ejere and Metarobi districts, but the same could not be said for Ada Berga. Farmers

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directly go to these private shops and clinics. Little is known by the livestock agency at the districts

about the quality of their service and availability of the required veterinary medicine for dairy animals.

Farmers were observed to visit the drug shops to get some treatments for animals on their way/from

the market in Metarobi. These drug shops also carry vegetable seeds.

Inputs and services: Feed

In West Shoa, dairy feed processors and suppliers are only finger counted. The Holeta research center

supply seeds of different forage species to farmers so that they produce feed for their animals. The seed

supply however, is in small quantity and not many farmers are known to cultivate forage plants; Biftu-

Berga union sells forage seeds to farmers; and private feed processors (e.g., Ato Yasin in Ejere district

and another one in Ambo town) process and supply dairy feed in the zone. Oil processing shops were

identified as source of oilcakes as well (though quantity is indicated to be low). The shortage of feed

supply is the number one problem specified by producing farmers for the reduced milk production in

their PAs. It was also observed that producers largely depend on free grazing.

Production and Marketing

Under the existing context with smallholders, the amount of milk produced by local cows on average is

1.4 liter per day for 182 days of lactation. The improved cows produce 6 liters on average for 210 days of

lactation (See table 4.1.3). However, there aren’t many improved cows in the rural PAs of the selected

districts. In the urban areas of Addis Alem of Ejere, Inchini of Adda Berga and Shino of Meta Robi, some

farmers who own crosses of Holstein Frisian cows were observed. These urban farmers sell fluid milk to

cafe’s, unions or directly supply to private milk processors in big towns like Addis Ababa.

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The summary of the average ownership and production of milk from the 8 sampled PAs and

extrapolated figures for all potential PAs in the three districts is shown in table 4.1.3..

Table 4.1.3. Households in dairy production and selling practices; data from LIVES baseline survey

Indicators Sampled PAs average

Potential PAs (Extrapolated from sample)

Number of dairy potential PAs 36 36

Number of dairy potential sample PAs 8 8

Number of households producing milk from local cows

Male 372 13,383

Female 37 1,341

Number of households producing milk from improved cows

Male 7 257

Female 0.3 9

Number of households selling milk

Male 2 79

Female 0.6 20

Proportion of households selling milk (%)

Male 0.6 0.6

Female 2 2

Number of households selling butter

Male 352 12,683

Female 37 1,332

Proportion of households selling butter (%)

Male 95 95

Female 99 99

Number of local cows owned by Male 1,131 40,725

Female 91 3,258

Number of improved cows owned by

Male 15 536

Female 0.8 27

Number of milking cows Local 606 21,798

Improved 8 275

Number of lactating days per year

Local 182 182

Improved 225 225

Milk yield per day per cow (lt.) Local 1.4 1.4

Improved 5.9 5.9

From the baseline data, it shows that very small number of improved dairy cows is kept in the rural PAs.

Fluid milk market is not well established which could be either because of the absence of the culture or

distance to market for the remote PAs. If it’s sold, which is not so common, then milk is sold by the dairy

cooperatives that are found in all the three districts which is then sold to the Robi Berga union. The

ultimate buyers here are Mama and Shola milk processing industries of Addis Ababa. However, it seems

that only some households in PAs near to district towns and cooperative members sell fluid milk (e.g.,

Farmers of Maru chebot PA of Ada berga are known for producing and selling the bulk of their milk to

the union but since this particular PA was not in the sample, the proportion sold was not reported).

ACID/VOCA has built a new milk collection and processing unit in Ada Berga, right on the main road and

closer to Maru chebot PA, which was explained by the district experts that it is for the milk cooperatives

around that area in Ada Berga.

Data from the baseline shows that production and marketing of traditionally produced butter and ayib is

a well-developed practice (see tables 4.1.3 and 4.1.4) in the rural PAs of the districts selected. The data

shows 3/4th of the households who own dairy cows sell butter in the local markets or nearby markets of

Holetta and other neighboring towns. Women smallholders process butter and ayib in their home,

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individually, from the little milk that they gain from their lactating cows. These three districts of west

shoa zone selected for LIVES pilot sites are closer to Holeta and Addis Ababa than the zonal town Ambo.

For this reason, it’s reported that much of the produce is channeled to the bigger markets of Addis

Ababa.

Table 4.1.4 Marketing of milk and butter in the sampled and potential PAs; data from LIVES baseline survey

Cement factories, Muuger and Dankote in Ada Berga, also closer to Metarobi, are reported to demand

higher quantity of fluid milk for their laborers, which the producers in the districts are not meeting their

demand at the moment.

The Ambo University is rapidly growing and hence more students and employees demand more milk and

butter. Although Ambo University is reported to have its own dairy farm, it’s also reported that its

capacity does not meet the demand which indicates the need for more fluid milk from the market. The

flourishing cafes and restaurants around the University and the overall increasing urbanization of the

Ambo area opens room for potential market sources to participate in the dairy commodity value chain

development.

In all the LIVES districts of West Shoa, women producers play a major role in the sale of butter and

cheese. Butter assembling on the other hand, is dominated by male traders. Women traders assemble

ayib. Butter of West Shoa is ranked as one of the high quality butter for the Ethiopian cuisine, and thus

Indicators

Sampled PAs average

Potential PAs (extrapolated from

sample PAs)

Amount of milk produced by (lt./year)

Male 181,016 6,516,585

Female 12,320 443,534

Amount of milk produced by milk sellers (lt.)

Male 451 16,242

Female 101 3,629

Average price of milk per litter 7.8 8

Amount of milk sold by (lt./year) Male 295 10,605

Female 71 2,540

Proportion of milk sold by (%) Male 65 65

Female 70 70

Amount of butter produced (kg/year)

Male 4,402 158,461

Female 440 15,831

Average price of butter per kilogram 118 118

Amount of butter sold by (kg/year)

Male 3,262 117,418

Female 370 13,321

Proportion of butter sold by (%) Male 74 74

Female 84 84

Revenue of milk sold by (Birr) Male 2,283 82,187

Female 547 19,686

Revenue of butter sold by (Birr) Male 383,238 13,796,579

Female 43,479 1,565,230

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has high demand in the market. Traders from Addis Ababa or those who are from the zone but sell in

Addis Ababa, take the major share of dairy assemblers in the LIVES districts of West Shoa.

Capacity and knowledge

The zonal livestock agency, the newly re-structured division, has qualified expert in animal science,

though not very deep knowledge in dairy production but rather general animal production. There are

more DVM graduates at the zonal livestock agency than production graduates, which could flag a

challenge of getting qualified and skilled personnel in areas of production management. The zonal

livestock agency tries to fill this gap by creating linkages with Ambo University and Holeta research

center for technical backstopping. These two institutions in collaboration with the zonal livestock agency

facilitate training of trainers for district experts. The trained district experts then provide training to

development agents of all PAs in a district. Major training focuses are on production technologies: feed,

breed and production management.

At district and PA levels, there are enough experts and development agents who have enough

theoretical knowledge in animal science. Their practical skill and deeper understanding of production

and management are areas to be explored further.

Information and knowledge management on the dairy value chain is weak and incoherent. Record

keeping on breeding and health management at the farm gate and district offices is very fluid and

unreliable. This is due to the in-systematic way of data and information handling. Better data

management strategy could play a significant role in the improvement of the dairy value chain.

Mobile phones are the main tool for knowledge sharing at all levels, especially for input supply and

marketing. Other means of knowledge sharing and learning on diary development did not come out

visibly at all levels during the assessment.

Capacity strengthening of experts and development agents on the dairy value chain is another essential

intervention for the success of all LIVES interventions. Development agents do have good theoretical

knowledge, but questionable practical knowledge on production and management activities. In many

cases, DAs have limited vision on the potential of the sector and how far it can grow.

Light blue/green painted farmers training centers (FTCs) are common sites in all PAs of the three

districts. All FTCs have demonstration land, where they try out producing some dairy forages like alfa

alfa and lab lab. Most, however, are underutilized and don’t have much apart from the building itself

and benches in it.

Networks and linkages

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There are institutional linkages on dairy production with Ambo University, Holeta research center, Zonal

and district livestock agencies. Farmer cooperatives, a maximum of six in each of the LIVES districts,

have good linkages with the Robi Berga union for the sale of fluid milk and also supply of concentrate

feed, seed and some farming equipment.

4.2 Small ruminant

Of the 108 PAs in the three LIVES districts of West Shoa, almost half (52 PAs) are reported to be suitable

for sheep and goat production and marketing according to the district level consultation and PA ranking

carried out ( See Figure 7). These 52 PAs are suitable either for sheep or goats or both. Data from the

LIVES PIP and the baseline survey shows that of the total small ruminant population, 57%, are sheep

and 43% are goat in West Shoa zone.

Figure 7 Small Ruminant potential PAs in the three districts of West Shoa zone

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Data from baseline in the sampled PAs shows that traditional sheep and goat rearing is the most

common way of production and management than improved management system. From the baseline

data (see Table 4.2.2), on an average, male headed households own 8 sheep while female headed

households own. Coming to goats, though small numbers of households are involved in the activity,

both male headed households and female headed households on average rear equal number of goats,

which is 6. Little interventions on sheep and goat production and management were observed in the

three districts. The majority of the farmers in the districts fatten sheep, usually one or two for the

market, especially during holiday seasons. Some farmers buy young sheep from the local market; fatten

it for two to three months and sells for a greater price in a larger market. The system of fattening is

based on providing extra feed and deworming.

Table 4.2.2 Households in sheep production and marketing; data from the LIVES baseline survey

Indicators

Sample PAs

Average

Extrapolated average for

Potential PAs

Number of potential PAs for small ruminants 65 65

Number of potential sample PAs for small ruminants 15 15

Potential for particular commodity - Sheep 15 15

Number of households who own sheep Male 307 19,925

Female 46 2,973

Number of sheep owned by Male 2,604 169,269

Female 195 12,701

Number of households involved in improved sheep production

Male 90 5,828

Female 9 602

Number of sheep under improved production by Male 319 20,709

Female 26 1,699

Number of households selling sheep (ready for sale for meat)

Male 307 19,925

Female 46 2,973

Proportion of households selling sheep (ready for sale for meat) (%)

Male 100 100

Female 100 100

Number of households selling sheep under improved production

Male 90 5,828

Female 9 602

Proportion of households selling sheep under improved production (%)

Male 100 100

Female 100 100

Number of sheep sold by (ready for sale for meat) Male 1,279 83,109

Female 115 7,440

Proportion of sheep sold by (ready for sale for meat) (%) Male 49 49

Female 59 59

Average price of sheep sold (Birr/sheep) 733 733 Number of sheep under improved production sold by Male 311 20,202

Female 26 1,664 Proportion of sheep under improved production sold by

(%) Male 98 98

Female 98 98

Average price of sheep under improved production sold (Birr/sheep) 1,614 1,614 Revenue of sheep sold by (Birr) Male 937,640 60,946,596

Female 83,942 5,456,244

Revenue of sheep under improved production sold by (Birr)

Male 501,720 32,611,800

Female 41,326 2,686,172

23

Table 4.2.3 Households in goat production and marketing; data from the LIVES baseline survey

Indicators

Sample PAs Average

Potential PAs Average (extrapolated)

Number of potential PAs 65 65

Number of potential sample Pas 15 15

Potential for particular commodity - Goat 15 15

Number of households who own goats Male 113 7,336

Female 15 1,001

Number of goats owned by Male 744 48,360

Female 69 4,502

Number of households involved in improved goats production Male 24 1,547

Female 2 160

Number of goats under improved production by Male 63 4,082

Female 5 312

Number of households selling goats (ready for sale for meat) Male 113 7,332

Female 15 1,001

Proportion of households selling goats (ready for sale for meat) (%)

Male 99.9 99.9

Female 100 100

Number of households selling goats under improved production Male 24 1,547

Female 2 160

Proportion of households selling goats under improved production (%)

Male 100 100

Female 100 100

Number of goats sold by (ready for sale for meat) Male 389 25,311

Female 33 2,132

Proportion of goats sold by (ready for sale for meat) (%) Male 52 52

Female 47 47

Average price of goats sold (Birr/sheep) 568 568

Number of goats under improved production sold by Male 62 4,021

Female 5 308

Proportion of goats under improved production sold by (%) Male 99 99

Female 99 99

Average price of goats under improved production sold (Birr/sheep) 1,467 1,467 Revenue of goats sold by (Birr) Male 221,124 14,373,032

Female 18,626 1,210,671

Revenue of goats under improved production sold by (Birr) Male 90,738 5,897,956

Female 6,942 451,244

24

Input supply: Breed and health

Local breeds, Horo sheep and goat breeds, are

managed very traditionally with little emphasis

on feeding, housing and health management.

Treatment for ecto and endo parasites by the

district livestock agencies is the sole veterinary

service provided for sheep and goat. However,

farmers who fatten few from their flock

deworm their sheep/goat by buying medicine

from vet drug stores in the districts’ towns.

Input supply: Feed

Sheep and goat are fed farmstead wastes and

leafy plants in the surrounding and the grazing

area. For the fattening animals, extra ration

that includes ‘Areke waste’ and other kitchen wastes are provided. However, feeding concentrates and

energy rich feed not common practice, even for fattening.

Input supply: Credit

Oromia saving and credit association provides credit for youth to fatten sheep in Ejere district. The

association provides similar services in the other two districts, as it has branch offices in all, if requested.

Marketing

The sale of sheep and goat is a common practice in West Shoa. Every household who keep sheep/goat

sale 3 times a year on average. Farmers sale their sheep/goat in their nearest market in the same

district or neighboring one, mostly to assemblers- who then take it to a larger market like Addis Ababa.

Sheep and goat marketing is seasonal usually during holidays. Processing of sheep and goat meat only

takes place at consumer level in the zone and district. Processing and sale of sheep/goat meat could be

a potential agribusiness intervention to look at considering the continuously increasing price for a whole

sheep and goat.

Networks and linkages

The least number of stakeholders exist in sheep/goat value chain. Actors with active role in the value

chain are producers, the livestock agency offices, producers and assemblers in the West Shoa zone.

Extension support (Capacity and knowledge)

25

Extension approach for all commodities is similar; more production technology oriented. The zone has a

high potential for small ruminant production and management. However, emphasis given on production

management and marketing by the extension system is minimal. Common extension services include;

provision of training on improved management practices and ecto-parasite treatment.

Experts and development agents have little experience and practical skills of sheep and goat value

chains, which is another gap to bridge through knowledge and experience sharing and learning.

Farmers do have their own way of identifying sheep/goat for fattening and breeding, which is a tacit

knowledge. However, similar to the dairy, proper data management and information handling is a gap

that needs to be bridged.

Gender Assessment

Both sheep and goat are animals that could be easily handled by women. The data from the baseline

survey also proves that those women who rear these animals sell more often than male headed

households as they have limited income source compared to the males. This is because sheep and goat

are used for bringing cash for the household in a short time span.

Environmental Assessment

Unmanaged open grazing of pasture land by sheep and goat enhances land degradation. As an

alternative, proper grazing land management like proper stocking rate (managed grazing) or the use of

cut and carry system could be considered. Grazing area development has additional benefit as a source

of bee forage. If crop residues that could have stayed on the land for increased fertility are used as

small ruminant feed, other mechanisms of increasing soil fertility e.g., use of manure, crop rotation or

fallowing, should be considered to keep the environment sustainable.

4.3 Apiculture

Beekeeping is one of the livestock commodities that have high potential but given less priority by

farmers, and the livestock agencies in the LIVES districts compared to the others commodities. Of the

108 PAs in the districts, half are reported to be suitable for market oriented honey production (See

Figure 8). However, only few households, mostly male headed, keep hives (Table 4.3.1.). Traditional

hives are owned by many of these farmers. Some NGOs like World vision in Ada-Berga have provided

frame hives for few farmers. Also, the livestock agency of Ada Berga district supplies top bar hives for

farmers.

26

Figure 8. PAs potential for Apiculture value chain development

Table 4.3.1 Households in honey production and marketing; data from the LIVES baseline survey

Indicators

Sampled PAs

Potential PAs extrapolated

Number of potential PAs 52 52

Number of potential sample PAs 12 12

Number of households involved in traditional hive honey production

Male 54 2,804

Female 4 199

Number of households involved in top bar hive honey production

Male 4 212

Female 0.2 9

Number of households involved in frame hive honey production

Male 4 182

Female 0 0

Number of traditional hive colonies owned by Male 491 25,519

Female 21 1,109

Number of top bar hive colonies owned by Male 8 438

Female 0.8 43

Number of frame hive colonies owned by Male 6 303

27

Indicators

Sampled PAs

Potential PAs extrapolated

Female 0 0

Yield of honey (kg/hive) (Is this for the three types 10.30 10.30

Honey produced from traditional hives (kg/year) Male 5,333 277,292

Female 221 11,466

Honey produced from top bar hives (kg/year) Male 217 11,293

Female 3 173

Honey produced from frame hives (kg/year) Male 168 8,753

Female 0 0

Total honey produced from all hive types (kg/year) Male 5,718 297,338

Female 244 12,698

Number of households selling honey Male 54 2,786

Female 4 199

Amount of honey sold (kg) Male 4,518 234,919

Female 209 10,884

Proportion of honey sold (%) Male 79 79

Female 86 86

Average price of crude honey sold (Birr/kg) 52 52

Average price of pure honey sold (Birr/kg) 65 65

Revenue of crude honey sold by (Birr) Male 234,543 12,196,223

Female 10,866 565,040

Revenue of pure honey sold by (Birr) Male 295,456 15,363,717

Female 13,688 711,787

Input supply: Hives and other equipment

Hive accessories like foundation sheet for frame hive is provided by the livestock agency and at times by

Holeta bee research center. However, the research center only supplies the items for research purpose

and not for market. Therefore, the amount supplied is usually small and benefit only small number of

farmers. Input shops that provide accessories are not found at the districts and the zonal town because

there is not much business for them. Farmers are forced to buy from Addis Ababa markets.

Production and marketing

LIVES baseline data shows that there is significant increase in honey production from frame hives. Still,

there are fewer frame hives than the traditional hives.

Depending on the availability of bee forage and water, honey production in West shoa happens twice a

year; first harvest in October/November and second harvest in May/ June of every year. The October/

November production is with the highest yield of average 7 kilo from traditional, 14 from top bar and 28

from frame hive. Third harvest is very rare and only produced from traditional or top bar hives. Frame

hive owners reported that making two harvests is the common way of production in their area.

Mostly crude honey is sold in the markets of West Shoa for a price that ranges from 40- 60 birr per kilo.

The livestock agency in Ada Berga has brought honey extractor recently and was making arrangements

to provide honey extraction service for improved quality of honey. Of the LIVES districts, Ada-Berga has

relatively better focus for honey production. NGOs like World Vision have also created awareness on

increased production of honey. However, there is a gap in quality production and marketing. In the

28

districts, selling honey is not a popular culture. No assemblers in the district towns and markets were

observed during the LIVES baseline data collection.

Capacity building and Knowledge Management

The agro-ecology of West Shoa is favorable for honey value chain development. Existing vegetation

cover is excellent source of bee forage. However, there is limited awareness on the potential of honey

as a marketable commodity and also inadequate knowledge and skills on beehive management and

honey harvesting. Knowledge sharing among farmers that use different hives and the comparative

advantage of each and increased knowledge about quality honey is vital to boost quality and quantity of

honey production in the zone.

Linkages and Networks

Holeta bee research center has good linkage with farmers. The center supply beehive equipment

(though in a limited amount and only for research), provision of training on hive and colony

management. The livestock agency offices at the districts have also strong linkage with farmers on

provision of advisory services on hive and bee management.

Gender Assessment

Beekeeping in West Shoa is culturally dominated by male headed households. The men think that

beehive management is not a woman friendly activity because women usually apply skin and hair care

treatments that have strong fragrance (e.g., putting butter on hair) and this scare off bees or makes

them aggressive and attack them [women]. There needs to be a change in this mindset as beekeeping is

a woman friendly activity and good source of income for the family.


West Shoa zone is one of the areas where commercial flower farms are flourishing. Though the flowers

are good bee forages, horticultural chemicals used on them are threats to the bees and the

environment. Beekeeping by itself is an environment friendly activity with no negative impact on it.

29

4.4 Irrigation Agriculture

Abay, Gibe and Awash are the three major drainage basins in West Shoa with Abay covering the largest

area of irrigable land in the zone. The Awash drainage basin touches the Ejere district, though its

coverage is small, its potential for irrigation is high due to the flat topography of the land in that part of

the zone. Small scale irrigation schemes have been developed in some districts; eg., Robi river irrigation

scheme.

Commodities that are exclusively focused on vegetable and fruit production by irrigation were ranked as

potential intervention area in West Shoa. Of the total PAs in the three districts, 51 are ranked for their

high potential (Figure 9). The types of irrigation considered include; traditional river diversion, modern

irrigation schemes, motor pump and hand dug well. The many rivers and vast flat lands in the selected

districts of West Shoa, makes it an ideal site for irrigation agriculture. Vegetable production by irrigation

is advancing quite well, while further effort is required for irrigated fruit production. The Oromia water

mineral and energy resources office is main entity that develops irrigation schemes in West Shoa. Some

NGOs e.g., HUNDE also provide support on small scale irrigation scheme developments.

Smallholder irrigation schemes in Metarobi district, west shoa zone. Courtesy Kebede Assefa (IPMS)

30

Figure 9 PAs that have potential in irrigated agriculture value chains in the LIVES districts

4.4.1 Irrigated vegetable Vegetable production by irrigation is a recent but advancing practice in most parts of the LIVES districts

of West Shoa. From observations during the baseline, it seems that of the three districts, Meta Robi has

well developed irrigation land for vegetables followed by Ejere, and last Ada-Berga. Common irrigation

schemes in the districts include: Traditional and modern irrigation schemes (in Meta Robi); motor

pumps and river diversion by gravity in Ejere and Ada Berga. Major vegetable types produced in West

Shoa are onion, potato, cabbage, and garlic to a smaller extent. Garlic is produced only in small plots

although it’s a high priced vegetable. An expert form Holeta research center explains that there is a gap

in garlic production due to lack of planting material and lesser research and experience to share with

producers. Of those households involved in irrigated vegetable production, most produce onion and

potato. Cabbage and garlic are only produced by few (see table 3.4.1.1). West Shoa area has proved to

be a high potato producing area where the majority of production is rain-fed.

31

Table 4.4.1 Households involved in irrigated vegetable production and marketing; data from the LIVES baseline survey

*Data for the potential PAs as extrapolated from the sampled PAs

Irrigated Vegetable Indicators in West Shoa from Sampled PAs

Irrigated Agriculture

Onion Potato Cabbage Garlic

Sample PA

Potential PA*

Sample PA

Potential PA *

Sample PA

Potential PA *

Sample PA

Potential PA *

Number of potential sample PAs 12

Number of potential PAs for specific commodities

8 10 4 7

Number of households involved in production

Male 62 3179 93 4,726 12 604 37 1,891

Female 8 404 12 625 2 94 7 344

Area covered (ha) Male 3.4 158 22.3 1,139 1.9 95 2 102

Female 0.4 22 3 151 0.3 18 0.6 29

Average productivity (qt/ha) 67 67 124 124 115 115 72 72

Volume produced (qt) Male 113 5761 3,018 153,932 148 7,549 66 3,387

Female 18 907 669 34,130 28 1,417 16 791

Volume sold(qt) Male 95 4854 2591 132,139 120 6,133 62 3,147

Female 13 663 609 31,076 15 790 15 757

Proportion Sold(%) Male 74 74 76 76 90 90 65 65

Female 51 51 45 45 31 31 52 52

Number of households selling Male 53 2695 93 4,726 12 604 36 1,845

Female 7 336 12 625 2 94 7 344

Proportion of households selling

Male 85 85 100 100 100 100 97 97

Female 83 83 100 100 100 100 100 100

Average price (Birr/kg) 650 650 413 413 325 325 3,100 3,100

Revenue (Birr) Male 61,859 3,154,786

1,068,774 54,507,488

39,084 1,993,296

191,291 9,755,838

Female 8,449 430,895 251,348 12,818,762

5,032 256,622 46,027 2,347,390

32

Input supply: seeds, irrigation equipment and Agrochemicals

Farmers of West Shoa get vegetable seeds mainly from Addis Ababa ‘Atkilte Tera’ Market. Robi-Berga

union used to sell vegetable seeds to farmers, but it was reported that at one instance the union

unknowingly brought poor quality seeds. After that, farmers lost confidence to buy seeds from the

union. Holeta research center provides potato seed (planting material) to farmers. Farmers of Jeldu

district and to a certain extent of Holeta area have specialized in potato planting material production.

The Jeldu farmers, organized into cooperatives, have created good market linkage with the other parts

of the country going as far as Tigray and Amhara regions. Quality de-generation of potato seeds is

another gap in potato production, which CIP and EIAR-Holeta are working on “Quality Declared Planting

Material (QDPM)” to keep the quality standard of potato seed produced by farmers.

In the three districts, there are few private all-purpose shops that sell vegetable seeds and agro-

chemicals along with other farming/non-farming items e.g., foodstuff shop, kiosks, and vets drug

vendors.

Motor pumps and other irrigation equipment are either purchased individually from Addis Ababa

market or supplied by the Oromia water and energy resources office. Some NGOs like HUNDE supply

pumps to farmers as well. However, there is no facility for pump repair and maintenance in the vicinity

of the irrigation sites of the farmers.


In West Shoa, irrigated vegetable production takes place during the dry season. Vegetables, like shallot,

potato, garlic and onion are grown during the rainy season as well and others like cabbage only with

irrigation. Those vegetables produced by irrigation are used exclusively for the market; source of cash,

while those produced by rain-fed are used mainly for household consumption and the remaining for

sale.

Vegetables produced through irrigation are sold for higher price than those produced using rain-fed.

Farmers explain that the vegetable produced by irrigation is of higher quality (cleaner and attractive)

and produced in time of scarcity, thus bring more income. This shows that there is potential for market

oriented vegetable production by irrigation in the districts.

There is no value addition on vegetables produced in West Shoa zone. Assemblers from Holeta town and

Addis Ababa collect vegetables from the district markets. In other non-LIVES district, assemblers that

load cabbage on ISUZU truck from farm gate were observed. This means, these assemblers may also

come into the LIVES districts if the production is there.

Capacity development and knowledge Management

Irrigation agriculture is a relatively new intervention in West Shoa. Deeper knowledge and skill on

scheme management and production technologies are scarce. Eg. Farmers irrigate only small area of

land, 1/8th of a hectare, because of limited skill and knowledge on scheme management. There are

instances when the office of agriculture, in collaboration with Holeta research and World vision

33

organized training on irrigated vegetable production for farmers. Development agent’s knowledge and

skill on irrigation agriculture is reported to be minimal. Most of the DAs and their supervisors in the PAs

are trained general crop production, natural resources or animal sciences. Many of them do not have

training in irrigation agriculture. This is a gap that needs to be bridged for sustainable irrigation

agriculture extension and development in the area.


There is good linkage with Holeta research center for provision of training and potato seeds supply. The

offices of agriculture and the Oromia water and energy resources office have weaker linkage. The

International Potato Center (CIP) in collaboration with Holeta research center works on ‘decentralized

potato seed production system’ together with farmers in Jeldu and Holeta area for increased quality

standard of potato seed production at farmer level.

Farmers that produce onion in Metarobi district have good linkage with big vegetable assemblers of

Addis Ababa. Metarobi is also known for mass production of onion and potato for the Addis Ababa

market. It was reported that there are water users association in West Shoa zone. However, their

linkage with unions and office of agriculture is not strong. NGOs like Self-Help (phased out now),

SupHort (three years project started in 2012) provides training for office of agriculture and farmers on

irrigated vegetable production. Support also develops small scale irrigation scheme, makes a follow up

on water use efficiency, upgrading of traditional scheme, strengthen water user association; and work

on capacity development through training and demonstration. Potato, garlic, and cabbage are priority

vegetables in the highland part and onion, shallot and pepper in the lowland. Elugelane and Ejere (Ejere

is a common site both for LIVES and SupHort).


Irrigated vegetable production could deplete

the environment by increasing salinity of the

water and increased concentration of chemical

wastes in the soil and water. Thus, care should

be taken to produce in an environmental

friendly way. Some parts of West Shoa are

already degraded and in poor condition,

rehabilitation mechanism of these areas

should also be considered.

Gender Assessment

Vegetable irrigation is a gender friendly

activity that could be easily implemented by

men and women farmers. Women farmers can easily manage the production, once they have the

required production knowledge and skill. Small scale irrigation scheme development could be facilitated

with the support of the bureau of agriculture and water office. Involvement of women members in

34

water user’s association group, which is not that strong at the moment, would benefit for proper

utilization of irrigation water use as well.

4.4.2 Irrigated fruits

Most of West Shoa is on a higher altitude. High Altitude fruits like Apple and peach were introduced by

World Vision and Self-Help NGOs. Other fruits like banana and orange are produced in smaller scale in

the lower altitudes of the LIVES districts, especially in Meta Robi district. Fruit production by irrigation is

not a common practice in West Shoa. Only few farmers were reported to produce banana and orange in

the lower attitude areas of Meta Robi district. Apple is introduced to all three districts, but not through

irrigation.

Table 4.4.2 Households in production and marketing of irrigated fruits; data from LIVES baseline survey

Indicators


Banana Orange

Sample PA

Potential PA

Sample PA

Potential PA

Number of potential sample PAs for irrigated agriculture 12

Number of potential sample PAs for the fruits: 2 2

Number of households involved in production

Male 9 472 21 1,071

Female 1 55 2 115

Number of trees owned

Male 164 8,347 288 14,696

Female 16 799 22 1,143

Productivity per tree (kg/tree)

Male 9 9 134 134

Female 9 9 134 134

Average productivity (qt/ha) - - - -

Volume produced (qt)

Male 2 122 67 3,404

Female 0.4 20 8 386

Amount sold (qt)

Male 2 102 55 2,827

Female 0.2 13 6 307

Proportion sold (%)

Male 84 84 83 83

Female 61 61 79 79

Number of households selling

Male 9 472 21 1,071

Female 1 55 2 115

Proportion of households selling (%)

Male 100 100 100 100

Female 100 100 100 100

Average price (Birr/qt) 550 550 400 400

Revenue (Birr)

Male 1,099 56,030 22,175 1,130,925

Female 135 6,896 2,404 122,621

Input supply

Fruit seeds/ seedlings supply in West Shoa zone is only an emerging activity. NGOs like Self-Help, and

World Vision introduced seedling of apple trees few years back. The office of agriculture is also planning

to build a fruit seedling nursery. Private fruit nurseries are not a common practice in the zone.

35


Apple fruit was introduced recently in West Shoa zone. NGOs like Self-Help distributed 4000 apple

seedlings to farmers in Ejere district few years back. Some have already started producing fruit although

not yet marketed. Farmers in all the three districts reported that most of the apple fruits produced is

eaten by birds and they don’t know how to control these birds. Orange and Banana are produced in the

lower altitudes of the LIVES districts; especially in Metarobi. Orange of Metarobi is reported to be

marketed in Addis Abeba through assemblers that come from Addis Ababa. Banana is only sold in the

local markets.

Capacity development and Knowledge Management

Fruit production by irrigation is not a common practice in the LIVES districts of West Shoa. Some

farmers produce banana and orange in small scale using their local knowledge. Capacity of development

agents and farmers on production and management is limited. In general, it could be claimed that

knowledge in irrigated crop production in West Shoa is minimal.


Linkage with NGOs and the office of agriculture are the only linkages observed in fruit production and

management. These linkages are not exclusively on irrigated fruits as well. SupHort project has initiated

interventions in fruit production; Apple in the highland area, while banana, mango, and avocado for the

lowland areas. The project introduces tissue culture banana; grafted mango and avocado fruits.

Gender Assessment

Irrigated fruit management as vegetables is an activity in which both men and women could actively

engage in. However, only few female headed households are active in doing so in the districts. Capacity

strengthening through training and visit in fruit nursery and tree management that is women friendly as

well should be given e in a gender focused method.


Irrigated fruit production could deplete the environment by increasing salinity of water and increased

concentration of chemical wastes in the soil and water. Thus, care should be taken to produce in an

environmental friendly way. Some parts of West Shoa are already degraded and in poor condition,

rehabilitation mechanism of these areas should also be considered.

36

5. Proposed set of commodity interventions and activities

Dairy

Vision- Dairy West Shoa is one of the LIVES zones with high potential for dairy commodity development. Most of the topography is higher altitude plateau, with vast grazing areas, some marshy land, and rich fresh water supply from its many rivers, which makes it an ideal place for market oriented dairy commodity development. The vicinity of the zone to Addis creates better market for dairy products including fluid milk. To reap this potential, focused intervention on the whole value chain is a plus. In our zone, the traditional dairy production will be transformed to market oriented production system in which milk production from local cows and crossbred cows will increase from 1.75 lit/ day to 5 lit/day and from 8lit/day to 15 lit/ day, respectively by the end of the LIVES project years. The production system will be supported by improved access to input supply like feed, breed; improved husbandry practices; better health, good market infrastructure and information in which both public and private sectors play a role. Dairy cooperatives and unions will be strengthened/created for increased efficiency in input supply, production and marketing services.

Gender sensitive production interventions (mark the ones for year 1 with +) Identify target farmers +

Introduce improved cut and carry fodder production and processing. E.g., use of small scale chopping equipment

Introduce use of manure for bio gas

Introduce high performing crosses of dairy breeds along with improved management practices.

Gender sensitive input/service supply interventions including linkages (mark the ones for year 1 with +)

Improve AI service provision +

Establish cattle crush for proper handling

Introduce efficient delivery of veterinary services through community health workers or paravets.

Interventions on feed resources production, conservation, utilization and management (Crop residues, improved forage, grazing land, agro-industrial by-products and other non-convectional)

Capacitate the existing suppliers (the private processors) and creating linkages with oil refineries.

Facilitate with credit institutions on provision of credit for getting bulls, heifers and other small equipment

Create linkages with service providers, input suppliers and producers

Introduction of mechanical choppers for crop residues and forages that are women friendly

Gender sensitive processing/marketing interventions including linkages (mark the ones for year 1 with +)

Introduction of processing technologies suitable for small holders preferably women: Dairy processing (butter and cheese)

Provision of butter churners and milking utensils and intervention on butter churning that could be organized at cooperative level followed by cheese processing,

Link small scale butter producers with large scale butter sellers

Establishment of milk collection and milk shops at proper sites along with cooling systems

Strengthening/ setting up small scale private/group/cooperatives for collection/processing/ selling of fluid milk

Strengthening capacity and skill on quality and food safety control in collection, processing and sale of milk

Assessment of customers need (market orientation, price, quality, needs of customers etc.)

37

Priority knowledge and capacity needs – farmers, extension staff, community managers water, grazing areas and breeding schemes

Organize farmer groups/cooperatives and provide training in dairy production +

Develop skill of SMS, DAs and experts through TOT on improved forage development, improving the utilization of crop residues through different methods, ration formulation using agro-industrial by products and other feeds +

Provide training on business plan development +

Create awareness on provision of zero grazing forage development (+)

Increase the number and skill of AI technicians

Increased awareness and skill on bull selection; dairy heifer management; heat detection, communities perception of AI… etc (+)

Increased knowledge on milk quality and hygiene from production to processing

Training on proper record keeping (e.g., breeding, production, reproduction, etc)

Prepare and provide standard dairy handbook/ manual in local language about housing, feeding, health, product handling and processing

Create knowledge and awareness on TB and other zoonotic diseases transmission (+)

Provide training and skill development on the use and management of manure as fertilizer and biogas

Empower women to actively participate in dairy cooperatives

Identifying women friendly Information/knowledge management tools in dairy commodity value chain

Develop Skill and knowledge of milk collection's centers at spots and their accessories

Potential environmental dangers/benefits

Grazing area development for dairy results in improved apiculture development through increased biodiversity and availability of flowers (bee forage)

Use of crop residues as a source of feed could have negative effect on soil structure/fertility and should be compensated through the use of manure, crop rotation or other fertility enhancing practices

Proper waste management/recycling of nutrients needs due emphasis

38

Small Ruminant

Vision- Small Ruminant West Shoa zone is known, especially for its sheep production and market to Addis Ababa and Ambo. However, as a result of the subsistence production manner; feed shortage (in terms of quantity and quality), poor veterinary service and poor breeds have limited the realization of the potential to the fullest. Improved feeding system, timely vaccination, control of external parasites and use of commodity based breed improvement systems will improve the commodity value chain. By alleviating these major constraints, smallholders in our zone will increase the income they get from sale of small ruminants by 100%. The carcass weight of sheep will increase from 10-15kg/animal, of goat 9-13Kg/animal. The mortality rate of kids and lambs which is currently 25-30% will decrease by 50%. The long fattening period to take to market will decrease to only 4 months.

Gender sensitive production interventions (mark the ones for year 1 with +) Organizing farmers; site selection, finance and credit +

Introduce fattening methods in short period of time like short term stall feeding/tethering

Target women in production/fattening of small ruminants

introduce chopping technologies to reduce the burden on women


Introduce community based breeding system for supply of better performing local animals+

Facilitate provision of credit to get improved breed and to increase number of sheep fattened at a time

Increasing the number of manpower involved in animal health service

Develop community based insurance system for sheep fattening

Strengthen the veterinary service delivery for small ruminants through increased access for treatment and drugs: training paravets and community animal health workers


strengthen market linkages with traders and abattoirs

Introduce use of weighing scale instead of visual judgment to set selling price

Work on shortening of the market chain by decreasing the role of brokers in the process

Organizing collective marketing : marketing groups


Training in the proper selection of animals for fattening

Awareness creation about the use of modern treatment and medication of sick animals (+)

Provide training on business plan development for sheep fattening

Awareness creation for farmers about sheep husbandry, management and fattening and provision of regular advice (+)

Facilitate provision of reliable market information through creating linkages with trade and market agency and Ethiopian livestock marketing information system

Training and skill development of farmers on feed development, ration formulation

Training on how to safely transport sheep to those who transport whole sellers/who can be individual and the cooperatives;

Training on marketing system; market information; Role of broker and the farmer

Organize study tours and exchange visits to places with best practice

Produce and provide diagnostic toolkits for veterinary services and also husbandry practices

Identifying women friendly Information/knowledge management tools in small ruminant

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commodity value chain


Use of crop residues as a source of feed could have negative effect on soil structure/fertility and should be compensated through the use of manure, crop rotation or other fertility enhancing practices

Increased number of small ruminants in open grazing areas could enhance land degradation. This requires proper stocking rate and rehabilitation of degraded grazing lands through physical and biological interventions

40

Apiculture/ Honey

Vision- Honey Our zone has always had a rich potential for honey production. However, productivity per hive remains low due to poor colony management, lack of knowledge in colony multiplication and pests. Use of Agro chemicals, also causes death of bee colony. Through improved training to build local capacity of experts and smallholders, the honey production from traditional hives will increase from 5 to10 Kg/hive, transitional from 11 to 20kg/hive and from modern from 25 to 40 kg/hive. To reduce the impact of agro-chemicals, the producers and experts will work in synergy with flower/ crop producers. Adequate local capacity to manufacture box hives will be developed. Stronger linkages with domestic traders help expand market opportunities for producers. Market oriented extension services will have improved the knowledge and capacity of producers in colony management (including feeding) and honey handling to improve quality.

Gender sensitive production interventions (mark the ones for year 1 with +) Introduce modern apiculture practice by promoting on-farm bee forage development and

management (eg. Place hives near seasonal forages, plant bee forages near apiary )

Introduce beekeeping near homestead in such a way that it’s a women friendly activity and appropriate to landless women and youth as well


Facilitate establishment and stocking of appropriate inputs and providing services in cooperatives/private shops,

Create linkage of credit institutions with producers and input shops

Create linkage of District level apiculture input shops with suppliers at regional/federal level


Facilitate establishment of cooperatives/private honey extraction businesses

Introduce quality improving measures through storage and packing

Facilitate provision of market information and equipment access+

Facilitate formation of honey producer groups to encourage mass supply to traders and exporters

Facilitate supply/ provision of honey processing equipment


Prepare training package in beeping including hives, accessories management+

Train farmers on wax quality+

Train farmers on night honey cutting and management of bees

work in synergy with crop and industrial workers during period of chemical release

Training on colony multiplication/ setting up a community level colony splitting service

Training in market information and equipment access+

Training in bee flora production and management +

Strengthen linkage with Holeta bee research and other stakeholders for knowledge sharing on bee management

Training on transitional hive management

Identifying women friendly Information/knowledge management tools in honey commodity value chain


41

Use of agro chemicals in crop production can have a negative influence on bee keeping and result in the death of bees

Synergies can be created between crops including fruit trees and apiculture through pollination by bees

Grazing area development and irrigated crop production can result in increased availability of bee forages.

42


Vision- Irrigated vegetables By developing the knowledge and skills of the small holder farmers and key stakeholders and by supplying sufficient input (in quality and quantity), increasing the productivity and production of vegetables to realize increased/improved income of the farmers by 85% over the coming 5 years. Production will increase through increasing productivity of vegetables per hectare; doubling and tripling cycles of vegetable production and fodder intercropping; Capitalize on diversification and specialization so that the productivity of the land and the type of high value vegetables could emerge as leading sources of income for smallholders, district and zonal level traders and other value chain actors. Types of vegetables and envisioned productivity for West Shoa zone at the end of the project life (maximum five years) is as follows

Vegetable Commodities Current level Productivity Envisioned Level of Productivity

1 Potato 200kg/hec. 400kg/hec.

2 Onion ( Keyy Shinkurt) 150kg/hec. 300kg/hec.

3 Garlic 40kg/hec. 70kg/hec.

4 Cabbage (Tikil Gomen) 200kg/hec. 400kg/hec.

Vision- Irrigated Fruits

By developing the knowledge and skills of the small holder farmers and key stakeholders and by supplying sufficient input (in quality and quantity), increasing the productivity and production of fruits to realize increased/improved income of the farmers by 85% over the coming 5 years. Production will increase through increasing productivity of fruits per hectare; Capitalize on diversification and specialization so that the productivity of the land and the type of high value fruits could emerge as leading sources of income for smallholders, district and zonal level traders and other value chain actors. The types of fruits and envisioned productivity for West Shoa zone at the end of the Project life (maximum five years) is as follows

Fruit Commodity Current Productivity/Hec. Envisioned Productivity /Hec.

1. Banana 200k.g/hec. 400kg./hec.

2. Orange 70kg/hec. 90 kgt. /hec.

3. Highland Apple 80 k.g/hec. 95k.g./Hec.

List of interventions identified for vegetables, fruits and irrigated fodder Gender sensitive production interventions (mark the ones for year 1 with +)

Rapid assessment and mapping of potential schemes in target districts +

Introduce irrigated fodder production for various fodder varieties (elephant grass, sesbania, alfa alfa , vetch….) +


43

Assessment of input gaps for irrigation and inventory of existing technologies to be accessed by smallholder farmers +

Prepare memorandum of understanding for collaboration with key project partners

Capacitating the laboratory that would ensure the quality of seeds and seedlings

Strengthening the financial capacity of Irrigation input producing entities and training centers to effectively serve smallholders and private farm owners

Facilitate creation and utilization of bylaws by water users association

Facilitate creation/ strengthening of input shops that supply appropriate equipment’s and items for irrigated vegetables (e.g., vegetable seeds like onion, potato, cabbage)

Facilitate introduction of pump repair services

Facilitate with Holeta research center to link farmers’ of the LIVES districts with Jeldu potato seed producing farmers for improved access of potato seeds.

Facilitate linkage with Ambo plant pathology research for pest control and identification


Encourage small enterprises and individuals to establish small scale fruit processing shops

Introduce/strengthen storage mechanisms for potato, onion and cabbage

Facilitate collective marketing of vegetables through commodity groups/associations or cooperatives

Facilitate certification and branding of farmer produced vegetable seeds


Training on the basic concepts and analytical tools on Value Chains for Zonal and District levels Experts+

Identifying gaps in Capacity of experts at zonal and district levels+

Gender diagnostics on opportunities, constraints and existing potentials ( in terms of capacity, institutional structure, PA level involvement individually and through women groups and associations)+

Identifying women friendly Information/knowledge management tools in irrigated agriculture commodities +

Revising existing promotions and documentation of lessons and good practices at zonal and district levels (Identifying ways to disseminate good practices, information on new technologist etc. +

Support/facilitate for the establishment of entities that would ensure the quality standard of seeds and seedlings at different levels

Create a platform of organizations functioning in the irrigated fruits and vegetables commodity value chains

Strengthening the knowledge dissemination capacity of Holeta Agricultural Research Centre so that it would able to promote the use of Vermi Compost ( Organic Compost use) through audio-visual and reading materials ( leaflets, CD etc.) for farmers, extension agents, private farm owners etc.

Provision of training for farmers and extension agents on handling and managements of agro-chemicals

Provide technical support in construction of small scale irrigation schemes and maintenance of modern irrigation schemes (e.g., The scheme in Metarobi)


44

Pesticide use in irrigated fruits, vegetables and fodder production can have negative effects on apiculture development

Excessive use of irrigation water may enhance soil salinity. Hence, optimum irrigation water use and timing needs to be promoted

Use of water upstream may cause water deficit down stream (upstream – downstream considerations)

Excessive use in one location may result in lowering ground water level and be unsustainable

45

6. Annexes

Annex 1-A: Regional consultation meeting minute. May 16, 2012,

ILRI room 14, from 9:30am - 1:15pm

Dr. Azage Tegegne chaired the meeting with Oromia partners coming from Oromia Regional Bureau of

Agriculture, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI), Oromia Water Mineral and Energy Bureau

(OWMEB), Oromia Livestock Development and Health Agency (OLDHA), IPMS and IWMI.

Meeting Summary: The consultative meeting went very well. All attendees were brought on the same

page of what LIVES is about, objectives, planned activities, expected outcomes….. Discussions on

implementation; interventions, capacity developments… were digested. Major decisions and outputs

are:

Oromia zones that LIVES operates in should be: East Shoa, West Shoa, and Jimma

Commodities LIVES will focus on will be

Zone Commodity

East Shoa Beef, Poultry, dairy irrigated agriculture

West shoa Honey, Small ruminant, dairy, irrigated agriculture

Jimma Poultry, Honey, Small ruminant, irrigated agriculture

Attendees of the workshop were

No. Name Organization Tel.no Email

1 G/Hawaria G/Egziabher IWMI 0921753737 [email protected]

2 Yohannes Geleta OWMEB* 0911981665 [email protected]

3 Ejerso Shuma OLDHA** 0912224490 [email protected]

4 Asefa Taa OARI 0911840466 [email protected]

5 Tamiremariam W/Meskel OLDHA 0911983789 [email protected]

6 Tirfu Hedeto OAB 0911349529 [email protected]

7 Ephrem Tesema IPMS 0911151250 [email protected]

8 Mekonnen Mengesha OLDHA 0911043603 [email protected]

9 Mekonnin Telahun OLDHA 0910318935 [email protected]

10 Sahelu Mulu OLDHA 0927441383 [email protected]

11 Nigatu Alemayehu IPMS 0911897791 [email protected]

12 Azage Tegegne IPMS 0911246442 [email protected]

13 Fanos Mekonnen IPMS 0911408974 [email protected]

*OWMEB- Oromia water Mineral and Energy Burueau

**OLDHA- Oromia Livestock Development and Health Agency

mailto:[email protected]














46

Annex 1-B: Participants of zonal consultation meeting

No Name Department Phone Number

1 Mesay Enyew Extension OoA 0911896158

2 Tsegaye Mogesse Water Resources 0912968750

3 Dereje Wondie Irrigation OoA 0911806270

4 Mengistu Merga Extension OoA 0911800901

5 Ejigu Kabeta Livestock Agency 0912119788

6 Dr. Amenu Oljira Head, Livestock Agency 0912023151

7 Fekadu Feyera Co-operative promotion 0912162128

8 Tadesse Kidama Deputy Zonal Administrator

0911894230

9 Tekele Edossa Input supply head, Livestock Agency

0911894541

10 Ephrem Tessema ILRI, consultant 0911151250

11 Muluatu Wubshet OoA, irrigation 0916850766

12 Fanos Mekonen ILRI, KMI 0911408974

13 Bogale Kefene OoA, Irrigation 0913072910

14 Kurbachew Shewwork OWMEB 0911867147

15 Dawit Assefa OARI 0911045670

16 Nigatu Alemayehu ILRI 0911897791

17 Abera Ketema OLDHA 0911709581

18 Berhanu Keneni WME 0911832175

Annex1-C: Participants of district consultation meeting: PA Potential Ranking and listing of

actors

Ejere

No Name Department Phone no.

1 Megersa Abera Bee keeping expert 0910785860

2 Nigatu Lema Cooperative expert- organizer 0911530933

3 Tamirat Muluneh Irrigation agronomist 0911830387

4 Alemu Margaa Admin officer 0911110056

5 Kababaw Alemu Expert 0912178065

6 Keneni Gemechu Horticulture expert 0913268227

7 Adane Tadesse Dairy and Poultry expert 0912830145

8 Fikadu Nuguse Deputy head of district office of agriculture

0911012322

9 Naggao Addaafaw Input supply and distribution 0916853636

10-16 LIVES-PIP team-Oromia

Adaa Berga

No. Name Responsibility Cellphone Address

1. Beyene Geda Vice, Distric Admin.and Head of OoA 0913337515

47

2. Ephrem Tesema LIVES Consultant 0911151250

3. Mulatu Wubishet East Shoa OoA 0916850766

4. Kurabachew Shewawork Irrigation Agronomist Oromiya Region

0911867147

5. Abera Ketema Oromia Livestock Development & Health Agency (OLDHA)

0911709581

6. Dirba Dhaba OoA Deputy Head 0913150897

7. Moti Gemeda Cooperative Head 0921983239

8. Diriba Urga Expert 0913226270

9. Moges Bekele Irrigation and Horticulture Head 0913234545

10. Lemma Tilahun BWM 09205271 55

11. Ensermu Gutu Livestock Expert 0913030424

12. Gemechu Bekele Livestock Expert 0912049275

13. Zewdu Tafa Irrigation Expert 0912101285

14. Ketema Adugna Water, Mineral and Energy Office Head

0912962868

Metarobi

No Name Department/expertise Phone No.

1 Dejene Amare OoA head/ Deputy head of District Admin.

0913268162/ 0112340004/05

2 Teshale Negusse Cooperative agency 0910856427

3 Gadissa Abera Extension process owner 0913262712

4 Kebede Asfaw Input supply and distribution 0920094788

5 Yaadataa Namee Livestock agency/animal production

0921596663

6 Feyyerraa Gaaromsaa Livestock agency/animal production

0910751000

7 Debeea Abebe Livestock agency/animal production

0913753780

8 Ambissa Legesse Extension Irrigation Agronomist

9 Nigatu Alemayehu

10 Dawit Assefa

11 Fanos Mekonnen

48

Annex 1-D participants of Zonal familiarization workshop (Feb 21-22, 2013)

No Name Sex Organization Position Tel

1 Dr. Tilahun Geleto M OARI Director, NRM researcher 911809648

2 Dr. Tesfaye Alemu M OARI Director, livestock researcher 911058916

3 Dereje Tilaye M MoA Senior irrigation engineer 9111440583

4 Dr. Abule Ebro M Adami tulu research Center

Senior range researcher 916820289

5 Dr. Sahelu Mulu M OLDHA Head 927441383

6 Yeshitela Admasu M VOCA Coordinator 911437310

7 Zewedu Ararsa M Holeta bee research Researcher 911313276

8 Kefale Gebreyes M SuPHort Regional facilitator 911180894

9 Tesfaye Sornesse M Youth and Sport- zone Leader 923112879

10 Bahiru Adisu M Ambo PPRC Repetitive of the Head 911711222

11 Bogale Kefoni M Zonal BoA Irrigation process owner 913072910

12 Dammane Katami M zonal livestock agency expert 910370100

13 Garomsa Bayissa M Ambo union Acct. Manager 911893959

14 Mesay Eniyew F zonal livestock agency expert 911896158

15 Gadissa Gobana M GG.Comm.Farm Managing director 911894535

16 Tewolde Tsegaye M Zonal BoA- Vice office head 911894000

17 Dr. Amenu Oljira M Livestock Agency Head 912023151

18 Belay Tadesse M Zonal BoA AGP focal person 911728979

19 Tafessech Mulatu F Women affairs-zone Head 922971782

20 Shitaye Terefe F DPPC-zone Head 911006814

21 Deribe Fegessa M Coop. promotion Agency- zone

Deputy head 91311313190

22 Oljirra Baayisaw M MSE- micro and small enterprises

Head 911794585

23 Dr.Lemma Fita M Ambo University Lecturer, 911898279

24 Dr. Mulugeta Negw M Ambo university College Dean, 911896296

25 Chala Merera M Ambo University Head, Dep't of animal science 911987858

26 Tadesse Kuduama M Zonal Administration Vice Deputy and Head of zonal office of agriculture

911894230

27 Bekele Aboma M Trade and market office

Head 911976782

28 Mamuye Kebede M Livestock Agency- Ad'a Berga

Head 913241315

29 Abrham Amare M Livestock Agency- Ejere

Head 913645158

30 Ashenafi Mulugeta M Small and micro enterprises- Ejere

Head 911988670

31 Tamirat Muluneh M district BoA- Ejere Irrigation process owner 911830387

49

32 Mulugeta Ligdi M World vision- Ada' Berga

Manager 913785152

33 Beyene Geda M district BoA- Ada' Berga

Head 913337515

34 Moges Bekele M Dustruct BiA-Ada Berga

Irrigation process owner 913234545

35 Taganw Alamu M Small and micro enterprises- Ada Berga

head 911696415

36 Dr Bedada Buta M Livestock agency- Metarobi

Head 913447183

37 Dejene Amore M District BoA-MetaRobi Head 923756262

38 Ayele Tesfaye M District BoA-MetaRobi Irrigation process owner 920046224

39 Agassa Tullu M Small and micro enterprises- MetaRobi

rep-Head 921983418

40 Meseret Seifu F Women and Childten affair-Ada'Berga

Head 912323667

41 Negese Bekeshe F Women and Children affair-MetaRobi

Head 910308332

42 Tifore Tollo F Women and Children affair-Ejere

Head 912044257

43 Kefyalew Beyene M Holeta union Manager 911773933

44 Tibebu Jimma M Abebech Gobena dairy farm

Manager 911635671

45 Tesfaye Bedada M Farmer- Ejere Farmer 921984856

46 Tule Gonfo M Faremer-Ejere Farmer 910296539

47 Asseged Tuffa M Farmer- Ejere Farmer none

48 Kebede Alemu M Farmer- Ejere Farmer 913054122

49 Yeshitela Tefera M farmer-Ada'Berga Farmer 923634179

50 Tola Feyisa M Farmer-MetaRobi Farmer none

51 Astedu Regassa F Farmer- Ada' Berga Farmer none

52 Mengistu Haile M Farmer- Ada' Berga Farmer 920534179

53 Driba Bedada M farmer-Ada'Berga Farmer 922499412

54 Awaie Garede F farmer-Ada'Berga Farmer none

55 Haile Adugna M Farmer-MetaRobi Farmer none

56 Debela Regassa M Farmer-MetaRobi Farmer none

57 Tigist Endeshaw F ILRI/CapDev Training Assistant

58 Fanos Mekonnen F ILRI/LIVES, KM and comm expert

59 Nigatu Alemayehu M ILRI/LIVES Consultant

60 Dr. Ephrem Tessema M ILRI/LIVES Gender expert

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Documents

Zonal diagnosis and intervention plan West Shoa, Oromiashoa... · Zonal diagnosis and intervention plan West Shoa, ... Criteria for zone selection included the production and marketing