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ZOOLOGY 1 ORAL RECITATION QUESTIONS

01. Enumerate and explain the functions of the liver.

02. How is self-digestion of the stomach and small intestine prevented?

03. Describe the structure of a mammalian respiratory system. Include

in your discussion the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration.

04. Describe the processes of fat and protein digestion and product

absorption as they occur in the human stomach and small intestine.

Include a discussion of the enzymatic reactions involved.

05. Discuss the processes of exchange of O2

and CO2

that occur at the

alveoli and muscle cells of mammals. Include in your answer a

description of the transport of these gases in the blood.

06. Many physiological changes occur during exercise. Explain how at

least three organ systems are affected by this increased physical

activity and discuss interactions among these systems.

07. Describe the anatomical and functional similarities and difference

within each of the following pairs of structures.

a. Artery---vein

b. Small intestine---colon

08. Enumerate and describe the four processes that can be described

as respiration. Which one occurs entirely within cells?

09. State the components of the upper respiratory tract and explain how

their structure enables them to perform their functions.

10. Compare the pressure gradients for CO2 with those of O2 in the

lungs and in tissues. Which gas has steeper gradients? Are the

gradients for each gas steeper in the lungs or in the tissues?

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11. Why do you have a digestive system? (Hint: why do you need to

break down the food you eat?)

12. What organs are found in the digestive system, and where are they

located? How long does food spend in each of these organs?

13. What are six basic functions of the digestive system? Where does

each of them take place?

14. Describe the oral cavity. What role does each anatomical structure

you have described play in processing food in the oral cavity?

15. Which foods are digested in the mouth, and to what extent?

16. What structures are involved in the swallowing reflex? How is the

reflex triggered? Describe the movements of the structures and how

a bolus of food is directed into the esophagus. What parts are

voluntary and which involuntary?

17. How does the stomach protect itself against acid?

18. Which foods are digested in the stomach? What are the end

products of that digestion? What substances are absorbed in the

stomach?

19. Where does bile come from and where is it stored? What role does

it play in digestion? What are gallstones?

20. What substances are in pancreatic juices? What role do they play in

digestion?

21. Why is the pancreas such a critical organ? How would the process

of digestion be affected if the pancreas did not function?

22. What digestive enzymes digest carbohydrates? Where is each

produced, and what are it the products of each? What are the end

products of carbohydrate digestion?

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23. What digestive enzymes digest proteins? Where are they produced?

Why are there so many types of protein digesting enzymes? What

are the end products of protein digestion?

24. What substance emulsifies lipids? What enzyme breaks down

simple lipids? What are the end products of lipid digestion?

25. What other substances ingested with your meal are absorbed in the

small intestine?

26. What substance cannot be digested? What kind of organic molecule

is it?

27. What do intestinal bacteria do? Why is their relationship with

humans considered mutually beneficial instead of parasitic?

28. Describe the role of enzymes in digestion with reference to two

named examples.

29. Outline the events that occur within the heart, which cause blood to

move around the body.

30. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of

arteries, capillaries and veins.

31. Draw and explain a simple diagram of the gas exchange system in

humans.

32. Trace the passage of air (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in man.

33. What are the events that occur during human inspiration?

Expiration?

34. Why is smoking dangerous to the prper functioning of the respiratory

system?

35. What are the three types of blood cells? Give their principal

functions.

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36. Differentiate: (a) plasma and lymph, (b) blood capillary and lymph

capillary, (c) systole and diastole

37. Trace the flow of blood through the circulatory system, starting and

ending with the right atrium.

38. Describe how red blood cell number is regulated by a negative

feedback system. Include the hormone involved, its site of

production, and its function.

39. Differentiate: (a) external and internal respiration, (b) gills and lungs.

40. Explain the four respiration processes/

41. Discuss the relationship between the digestive and circulatory

systems.

42. Differentiate breathing from respiration.