Zvyšování konkurenceschopnosti studentů oboru botanika a učitelství biologie

CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0316

© 2011 B. Mieslerová, A. Lebeda, (KB PřF UP v Olomouci)

FUNGAL MORPHOLOGYThallus - one cell (unicellular fungi, yeast, sporas) or hyphae

Vegetative mycelium and reproductive structures

VEGETATIVE THALLUS

Unicellular fungi (some Chytridiomycota, Oomycota)

Yeast – ovate or spheroid shape or creating a pseudomycelium

(dimorphismus)

Candida spherica Candida parapsilosisRhizophydium

HYPHAE – septate (Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina)

or aseptate (Oomycota, Chytridiomycota and most of Zygomycotina)

MODIFICATIONS OF THE HYPHAE Rhizoides of Rhizopus Appressorium, penetration hyphae and haustorium of parasitic fungi Rhizomorphas Sclerocium Stroma Syrocium Ozonium

Rhizoides of Rhizopus

Appressorium - site of fungal adheration on host surface

Penetration hyphae - organ for penetration of host cuticle

Haustorium – organ for acquiring of nutrients

Appressorium

Germling/germ tube

Rust spore

Stomata

Penetration peg penetrating to the host cell

Germination and penetration of Bremia lactucae

Apresorium of tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici

Cells of Arabidopsis sp. penetrated by haustoria of Peronospora parasitica

Haustoria of Blumeria graminis

Intracelular hyphae of rust

RHIZOMORPHAS

Strong dark mycelial strandsArmillaria mellea

SCLEROCIUM

Fruitbodies (= apothecia) of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum arise from a hard, black sclerotium

Relatively large, black, and hard form with a thick, protective rind.

Carry over large reserves of nutrient material from one growing season to the next, which allow the fungus to produce reproductive structures

Sclerocia of Claviceps purpurea

STROMATASA dark-coloured, brittle sheet with the perithecia inside (Ascomycotina)

Cordyceps sp. Hypoxylon sp.

OZONIUMFibrous layer of yellowish or rusty coloured mycelium

Ozonium Coprinus sp.

Prozenchym Pseudoparenchym

Vegetative mycelium (monocaryotic, dicaryotic, coenocytic)

Basic tissue of fungi is plectenchym - forming by fungal hyphae

VEGETATIVE THALLUS PROTOZOA

MYXOMYCOTA, PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA

Myxomonadas

Myxoamoebas

Plasmodium

PLASMODIUM

Group Sporocarps AsexualsporesSite Product

Myxomycota Sporangium, aethalium, plasmodiocarp

Sporangio-spores

None

Oomycota No special structures Only oogonium

Oosphaera Zoospores in sporangia

Chytridiomycota

No special structures Only resistant sporangium

Zoospores or gametes

Zoospores in sporangia

Zygomycotina No special structures Only zygospore

Germ sporangium spores

Sporangio spores in sporangia

Ascomycotina Ascocarp, Ascus Ascospores Yeast buds, conidia in conidiophores

Deuteromycotina

none none Conidia in conidiophores

Basidiomycotina

Basidiocarp, Basidium Basidiospores

Aeciospores urediniospores, conidias

Reproductive structures of main fungal groups

REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – SPORANGIA, CONIDIOPHORES

Chytridiumreleasing zoospores

ChytridiomycotaZygomycotina

Mucor sp., sporangia

Ascomycotina

Erysiphe sp. conidiophores

Oomycota Phytophthora sp. sporangium releasing zoospores

REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – AECIA, UREDIA, TELIA

Basidiomycotina

Aecia with aeciospores

Uredia with urediospores

Telia with teliospores

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: SPOROCARPS Differentiated parts of fungi serving for production of sporas

SLIME MOULDS (MYXOMYCOTA)

Fuligo septica aethalium Arcyria denudata sporangium

Hemitrichia serpula plasmodiocarp

SPOROCARPS OF TRUE FUNGI

ZYGOMYCOTINA (forming sporocarps only rarely)

Endogone lactiflua, hypogeic sporocarps growing in the soil Glomus geosporum

PeritheciumCleistothecium

SPOROCARPS OF ASCOMYCOTINA (ASCOCARPS)ASCOHYMENIAL TYPES: cleistothecium, perithecium,

apothecium)

Ostiolum with periphysisParaphysis

Asci Sordaria sp.

ASCOLOCULAR TYPE: PseudotheciumApothecium

Sarcoscypha coccinea Venturia sp.

TRUFFLE-LIKE FUNGI Position of the fruiting body in the soil The spores are produced internally The spores are not forcibly released and rarely are spread by wind or water Tuber sp., Peziza, Elaphomyces sp. Similar sporocarps has some Basidiomycotina

Elaphomyces sp.Tuber aestivum

ASCOMYCOTINA (ASCOCARPS)Containing asci

Erysiphe depressa

Prototunicate asci

Bitunicate asci Morchella conica

Unitunicate asci

Operculate, inoperculate

SPOROCARPS IN BASIDIOMYCOTINA, HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES

Tremella sp.

Basidia and hyphae embedded within a gelatinous matrix

Basidia in smooth, semi-glossy undersurface

Auricularia sp.

SPOROCARPS IN BASIDIOMYCOTINA, HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES, HYMENOMYCETIDAE

PILOTHECIUM KRUSTOTHECIUM HOLOTHECIUM

Stipes

Pileus

Vagina

Annulus

Morphology of Amanita muscaria

Morphology of Ramaria sp.

SPOROCARPS OF BASIDIOMYCOTINA (BASIDIOCARPS)HYMENOMYCETIDAE

Hymenium covers gills (lamellae) or lines vertical tubes or teeths, or is spread over a smooth surface (gymnocarpic, hemiangiocarpic)

Geastrum sp.

Scleroderma sp.

Cyathus sp.

SPOROCARPS OF BASIDIOMYCOTINA, GASTEROMYCETIDAE

Phallus impudicus

SPOROCARPS OF GASTEROMYCETIDAE II. Hymenium is not exposed at maturity (angiocarpic), produce their spores inside the fruiting body Basidium is not a spore-gun

Exoperidium

Endoperidium

Gleba

Peridiole with hymenium inside

Funiculus with hapteron

Exoperidium

SPOROCARPS OF GASTEROMYCETIDAE III.BIRD´S NEST FUNGINIDULARIA

Dictyophora multicolor , síťovka

Receptaculum

Cap

Young Phallus impudicus

Tissue with basidia

SPOROCARPS OF GASTEROMYCETIDAE IV.,PHALLALES

HYMENIUM OF BASIDIOMYCOTINABasidia – phragmobasidia, holobasidia

Basidiospores with sterigmata

Cystidy – various types

Pluteus sp. - trama, hymenium, and cystids

CYSTIDS – secretory function (terpens, silids), occuring in hymenium, in epidermis of stipes and pileus.

ANATOMY OF BASIDIOCARPS

Lactarius piperatus

LACTIPHERS

Excretion of latex (r. Lactarius)

Empty (r. Russula)

Generative hyphaeLigative hyphae

Skeletal hyphae

ANATOMY OF BASIDIOCARPS II.

Monomitic system of hyphae(Generative hyphae)

Dimitic system of hyphae (Generative and skeletal hyphae)

Amphimitic systém of hyphae(generative and ligative hyphae)

Trimitic system of hyphae (generative, skeletal and ligative hyphae)

Seta of Hymenochaete

DEVELOPMENT OF SPOROCARPS

Iniciation – formation of primordia as a consequence of changes in vegetative mycelium and environmental conditions

Differentiation – formation of reproductive structures

Development of basidiocarp of Amatina phalloidesA – velum generale, B – velum partiale, C – vagina, D - annulus

Gymnokarpic development

Hemiangiokarpic development Velum partiale

Hemiangiokarpic develoment Velum universale Velum partiale

Geastrum fimbriatum earthball

Angiokarpic development of sporocarp