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....................................................................................................... 8 1. ......................... 91.1. .......................................... 91.2. ......................................................................... 101.3. ................................................................................ 131.4. ...................................................................... 17
1.4.1. ............................ 181.4.2. ................................... 19
1.5. ........................ 231.6. ....................................................................................................... 27 2. .................... 292.1. .............. 292.2. .................................................................. 352.3. h- ........................... 402.4. ........................................ 422.5. ...................................................................................................... 43 3. ................................................. 443.1 ............................................................... 44
3.1.1. ......................... 443.1.2. .................... 463.1.3. ................................................................... 483.1.4. ................................................................ 493.1.5. ........................................... 503.1.6. = 0 ......................................... 50
3.2. .................................................... 513.2.1. ................................................ 51
3.2.2. ............................................... 54
3.3. ................................................. 563.3.1. ............... 573.3.2. ....................... 57...................................................................................................... 58
3.4. ....................................................................................................... 59 4. .................................. 614.1. ......................................... 61
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4.1.1. ................................................................ 614.1.2. .................................................................. 624.1.3. ................................................................ 63
4.2. ............ 644.3.
()................................................................................................................ 684.4. ........................... 714.5. ....................................................................................................... 73 5. .................................... 755.1. , .......... 755.2. ............................................................................ 765.3. .......................................................... 835.4. ................................................................ 865.5. ....................................................................................................... 89 6. ............................................ 906.1. .......................................................... 92
6.1.1. ...................................................................... 926.2. () .......................... 966.4. .............................................. 99
6.4.1. ........................................................... 996.4.2. ..................................................... 100
6.5. - ................................................... 1016.5.1. ..................................................................................... 1016.5.2. ........................................................................... 102
6.6. ................ 1036.6.1. ............................................. 103
6.7. R-..................................................................................... 1056.7.1. ............................................................................ 1056.7.2. R- ....................................................... 109
6.8. ..................................................................................................... 112 7. .............................................. 1147.1. ........................................................... 1147.2. ............................. 1157.3. .............................................. 1187.4. . 1237.5. ..................................................................................................... 124 8. LC- .. 1268.1. ............................................... 126
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8.2. ..... 1288.2.1. ..................................... 135
8.3. ............................................................ 1388.3.1. ................................................. 1398.3.2. 140
8.4. ..................................................................................................... 143 9. ....................... 1469.1. ............................................. 1469.2. ........................................................................... 149
9.2.1. . .......................... 1499.2.2. ............................... 151
9.3. .............................. 1539.3.1. ................. 1539.3.2. ......................................... 1559.3.3.
...................................................................................... 1569.3.4. ........... 159
9.4. .................................................................................................... 161 10. ...................................... 16310.1. . ............... 163
10.1.1. ............................................................ 16410.1.2. .................................................................. 16710.1.3. ........................................................... 16810.1.4. ................................................. 16910.1.5. ................................................................. 173
10.2. .................................................................................................. 176 11. .................................................................................................. 17811.1 ...................................................... 178
11.1.1. ................................................................. 18111.2. ...................................... 18311.3. ............................................... 18711.4. .................................................................................................. 191 12. .............................................................. 19212.1. ........................................................... 192
12.1.1. ....................................... 19212.1.2. ............................................... 198
12.2. - .................... 199
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12.3. .................................................................... 20312.4. .............................................................. 20412.5. ......................... 21112.6. .................................................................................................. 213 13. .......................................... 216
13.1. .......................................... 21613.2. ......... 22013.3. ................................................................ 22113.4. .................................................................................................. 222 14. ............................................................ 22414.1. .......................................... 22414.2. . .................... 226
14.2.1. . .............................................................................................. 22614.2.2. ....................... 228
14.3. . ................................................. 22914.3.1. .................................................................. 22914.3.2. ................................ 23014.3.3. ................................................................................... 232
14.4. ................................................. 23214.4.1. ............................................ 23314.4.2. ................................................... 23514.4.3. R- ........................................................... 23514.4.4. L- ......................................................... 236
14.5. .................................................................................................. 237 15. ........... 23815.1. ........ 23815.2. ........................................................................................................................ 23915.3. .. 24215.3.1. ............................................. 243
15.3.2. .................................... 24415.3.3. ............... 24615.3.4. .......................................................................... 24615.3.5 ....................................................................................................... 247
15.4. .................................................................................................. 248
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16. ................................... 24916.1. .................................................................. 25016.2. ............................................................ 25316.3. .............................................................. 25516.4. ...................... 258
16.5. . 25916.6. ........................................................................................................................ 26216.7. ....................... 26416.8. .................................................................................................. 266 ............................................................................ 267
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-. , , - , , -. - .
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U h .
h-
, 1 1r r :* *
uK S R R r .
3.1.6. = 0
. 3.7 , - ( = 0) (. . 1.17). -, h12= 0 h22= 0. -
:
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11 21 1 2
21
11 21
1 , ,
.( 1)
u
R R h h R R R R
h RK
h h R
1 1r r , 11 21 1h h r
u
RK
R r
.
, uK R R r R .
. 3.7.
= 0 ( 1 2
R R R )
3.2.
3.2.1.
. 3.8 - , , -Ku, U U , - ; , . 3.8 , ,U I .
U ,
(. 3.8):
.1/ ( )
RU
R j C R
1 2
u
u
0 0
i i
I
R
h21ih11
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. 3.8. ()
()
eK U , :
0
1/ ( )
1
1 1/ [ ( )]
1,
1 1/ [ ( )]
e u
u
e
RK KR j C R
RK
j C R R R R
Kj C R R
0 e uK K R R R K
. ,
( )K j 2 0eK , - . ,
1 1
1 1/ [ ( )] 2j C R R
.
, 1 1 C R R , (3.4)
. -
arctg 1 .
-
,
I
R
h21I
h11
))
U
U I
U
I
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RC- . . 3.9 -
- .
K -
.
. 3.9. -
- , 1 -
R + R,
* 0u C
K R R
,
*21 11u C
K h R h
,
* 11
21
1
1
R h R h
, (3.5)
* 11
21 1
R h
h
, * 1 2R R R R .
-
,
1
1 2
0
(log)
(log)
0
0
e
e
K j
K
2
4
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, , (3.4) (3.5).
= 0 , . 3.8,
1 2 11 21 1R R R h h R .
3.2.2.
, -, ( )K j -
2 - ,
(. 3.10).
. 3.10. : )
; ) , 1
r1 r, , ,
11 R., . 3.10, -
, . 3.10. , RR, -
RSu1
1r1
r1 1
R1U U
)*R r1
1U
r11
)
R RU Su1
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* R R R * R R R . 1
1.
, , , 1 . 3.10, , .3.10,
1SU .
:
*1 1 11j C SR U j C U ;,
*
1
1 SR .
1 1r r , * uSR K 1 1 u K .
. 3.10 . . ,
1U
2 1U .
, - :
* 1 11
1
( )R r r
j C
,
* 1 1 1 1 1 C R r r . (3.6) -
arctg .
, , , .
. 3.11 - - , , -
.
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. 3.11. -
- ( ) (= 0) ;
, Ku (. [2], . 128 ).
3.3.
.
h(t) (t) (. 3.12).
-, - . - - , .
1
1 2
0
(log)
0
e
e
K j
K
0
4
2
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3.3.1.
. 3.13 . :
1
1
1u idt iR
C .
i 1u R , :
d d1
d d
u uu
t t
,
=R1C1.
t> 0 : u= U0, d
0d
u
t ,
/_.. 0 e
tu U .
. 3.13 -RC-.
3.3.2.
2 2 C R
u u u (. 3.14),
- :
_.. _..u u u .
, / 0 1 e tu U , =R2C2.
h(t)(t)
h(t)
0
1
(t)
. 3.12.
t
t
0h(t)h(t)
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RC- . 3.14.
. 3.13. () (,),
. 3.14. ()
(, ),
, . 3.15. -, . 3.15 (R1 + R2)C, . 3.15 1 2R R C.
. 3.15. () ()
u = U0h(t)U0
t0
U0
u(t)= U0(t)
0 t
)
)
U0eU0 (1e
1)
U0
t
t
0
0
u(t)= U0(t)
u = U0h(t)
)
)U0
u
C1
R1 u
)
uu C2
)
R2
u
R1 C
R2 u
)
uR2u
R1
C
)
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. 3.13 3.14 , , C - , - C , -
U U 0 2 1 2K R R R . , - (. 3.15) (. 3.15) K0U0, U0 .
3.4.
U.
cosmi t I t .
- U, , 1 j C R R .
cosmi t I t .
Ku,Ke,R,f. :r1 = 100 ,h21 =100.
1.5
+10
R
200
1.h21 =100
i
u
1.5
+10 R
200
2.h21 =100
i
u
1.5
R
1.5
+10 R
200
3.
e 1
u
1.5
10
R 1
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f. :
r1 = 100 ,h21 =100, C = 50 (I= 1 ), = 3 ( U= 5 ).
Ku,Ke,R,f.
:r1 = 100 ,h21 =100.
R
1.5
+10 R
300
4.
e 1
u
1.5
10
R 1
R
1.5
+10 R1
13
5.
e
1
u
2
1.5 500
R1 R
300
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4.
-
, - , -, . - . -.
4.1.
4.1.1. -
, (. 4.1). :
u= u1u2= K(u1u2) = Ku (4.1)
. 4.1.
K, - ,
.
: , , u =Ku1. - - .
-: , , u =Ku2.
u1 u2 u1u2
+
u= u1u2==K(u1u2)
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u1 u2. :
1 2 , .2 2
u uu K u K (4.2)
(4.1) (4.2) , -
, 1 2 0u u ,
. - .
- , 1 2 2u u u .
1 1
2 2
,2
,2
,
Ku u K u
Ku u K u
u K u K u
(4.3)
1 2K K K .
K1, K2, - 1 2. ,
1 2 0u u .
,
K K , . -
-
CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio): 20lgCMRR K K . (4.4)
4.1.2.
- , . 4.2.
R
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1 2
,u u u
Ri i
(4.5)
(u1= u2). i1 = i2 = i .
. 4.2.
R -
1 2
uR
i i
, (4.6)
(u1 = u2 = u).
( )-
, , - 2 .R R
4.1.3.
u1 u2 -
R1 R2 . . 4.3
3 2R R
1i
2i
2 4R R R
1 2R R
u1
u2
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, .. ,u1 u2- . -
(R >>R), - (. 4.3). , ,
1 2
.K
SR R
. 4.3.
4.2.
- . 4.4. , - .
, VT1 VT2 , (RK1 = RK2 = RK). - , h12 = 0 h22 = 0.
VT1 1 1 11 ,i u u h
1 2
Ku u
2 2
Ku u
1
R 2
R u
1R 2R
2
Su
2
Su
) )
R
R
u
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u .
. 4.4.
, i1, 1 21 1 1 21 11 ,i h i u u h h
VT1 -
1 21 1 1
11
.u u h R
u i Rh
-
2 21 2
11
.u u h R
uh
,
21 1 2 1 2 11
.h R
u u u u u K uh
,
21
11
.h R
K SRh
(4.7)
-
R0
+U1
U2
R0 I0
RK1=RK RK2=RK
u1 u2
u1 u2u
uVT1 VT2
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, - .
R -
1 2
1 22 2
uu uu u
.
, -, u = 0,
1 1
11 112
uui i
h h .
(4.5),
11
2 .u
R hi
(4.8)
- , . 4.5, -, .
. 4.5.
K1,2 -
1 2 1,2
11 0
.2
u u i RK
u u i h i R
R0
RK RK
u= u1= u2
u1 u2
i1+ i2
u
VT1 VT2
i1 i2
i1 i2
i1
i2
+U1
U2
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21 1i h i 21 i h i ,
21
1,2
11 0 21
.2 1
h RK
h R h
(4.9)
1,2 11
1,2
11 0 21
20lg 20lg2 1
K h
K h R h
, (4.10)
21 1h , R0 -
, 0 21 112 1R h h , K1,2-
:
1,202
RK
R ,
111,2 0
0 21
1 20lg 20lg 2 , .
2 1
hR S S
R h r
(4.10)
K1,2 1,2 - -R0.
,
,K= 0 = . R - (4.6) - u VT1 VT2:
1 2
.2
u uR
i i i
. 4.5 i
11 0 21.2 1
u
i h R h
, R
11 0 21 0 211 1 .2
hR R h R h (4.11)
, h12 = 0 h22 = 0, - ,
. 4.3,
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1 2
1 2
,
2 ,
R R R
R R R R
(4.12)
S
21 21
11 11
1.2 2 2
K h R h SS R h R h (4.13)
,
1 1r r , 11 21 1h r h , 25r I - .
1 20 .
2 50
IS I
r
(4.13)
4.3. ()
, R0, - U2 (. 4.6). I0
2
0 0
, 0.65 B.
U U
I UR
- R0 (. (4.10)). - , , ; , U2 R0 I0 S. , . 4.6, - , - .
. 4.6. VT3, - R, - U.
I0, ,
2
0
.U U U
I I
R
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. 4.6.
U I0 - R. R0 - VT3, , R . h-, ,
21 1222
0 11
1.
h hh
R h R
(4.14)
. ,
11 0
21 12 12
.h R R
R
h h h
(4.15)
+U1+U1
+U1+U1
U2
U2
U2
U2
R0
R
R1 R1
R3 R4
I0
I0
I3
I0
I3
u1 u1
u1u1
u2u2
u2u2
VT1
VT3VT3VT4
VT4
I0
U
) )
) )
VT2
VT3
VT1
VT1VT1
VT2
VT2VT2
VT2
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h12 104
10
3, R= 1 , R0 = 110.
. 4.6 , . VT3 VT4
, I0 - I3, VT3 VT4 . - ,
1 2 0 3
1
2 2 .U U U
I I I IR
(4.16)
R0 - VT4, -
, , h11- VT3. , -:
12 21 12 21
22 22
0 11 21 11
1.
1 1
h h h hh h
R h h h
(4.17)
0
22
22 .R r
h
(4.18)
r - r U I . , -
, R0 1 .
- I0. - , . 4.6, -
R0 - R1, ( ) , - I0 . VT3. n VT4. I0 =I1/n. - R1 npa.
, -
, . 4.6 . 4.6. -
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. 4.6. , - VT3 VT4 , U 0 T
U UI I e , -
1 3 1 00
4
ln,
TI R U I IIR
(4.19)
1 2 1
1 3
.U U U
IR R
(4.20)
R3 R4 - I0 - R1. , , I0 -
40 U2= 5 , U1 = 5 . R3 = 0,R4 = 2.4 . (4.19) I1 = 1.86 , (4.20) , R1 = 2.6 . (. 4.6) R1, - 235 . R0 - , . 4.6,
R4 =R. 6
0 4 12 5 10 .R R h
4.4.
- , (4.8)
11 1 21
2 2 1 TU
R h r hI
,
, . -
.TK SR I R U - R. - (, ) , - .
-
, S
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(~ 0.510 /) - RC.
-
. 4.3, . ,
0U I U I .
. 4.7. - , VT1, VT2,
(
VT3, VT4).
u R. -
, . . 4.7 .
. 4.7. : ) ; )
VT4 - VT1, :
214 1
11
,2
uhi i
h
u= u1u2 ; h21
h11 VT1 VT2.
+U1
U2
u1 u2
i1 i2
i4
i
i2=i1 i4= i1
2
4u
u
) )
VT1 VT2
VT3 VT4
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VT1 VT2
212 1
11
.2
uhi i
h
(. 4.7),
2 4 1
21
11
2
,
u i i R R i R R
hu R R
h
(4.21)
2 4R R R
. R2 VT2 . - - 1h22 2h22. -R4 (4.17) (4.18).
(4.21) , - (R=)
21
11
,hu
K Ru h
(4.22)
21
11
1.
K hS
R h r (4.23)
, -
(c. (4.13), (4.13)). ( ), .
4.5.
1. U - , K = 150, K = 2, : u1 = 5103 sin(t) , u2 = 1510
3sin(t) .
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2. K
K 1 = K 2.
h21 = 100.
3.
R K.
h21 = 100.
4.
, .4.6, , I3 = 1 , I0 0.1 . U1= 5 , U2= 5 .
R0
10
RK5
RK
5
u
u1 u2
+10
10
R0
10
RK
5
RK
5
u1 u2
+10
10
RK5
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5.
5.1. ,
-
, , . - , - , - ,
. . 5.1 , .
. 5.1. ,
,uK u u
u u , , , . , ,
u u u u u ,
u uu u K u K u u .
u
u
Ku
u K u
u = u
uu K u
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, , ,
u u u uK u u u u K K K ,
1
u
uu
KK
K
. (5.1)
, - , , - . Ku .
,u uK K -. Ku , uK Ku, .
|Ku |>>1, -, -. , Ku < 0, -,
uK Ku,
1
uu
u
KK
K
.
Ku , u uK K , - .
Ku = 1 (5.1) , - , -. , u , ,. . .
5.2.
, , -. , - K .
-
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, . - ,
, . -
, , , . (. 5.2) U, - V Ku =U+jV.
. 5.2. (Nyquist)
.-, , -
- , - , -
. - . Ku. - Ku. Ku 0 , .
Ku . - .
, -
V
U
K
0
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, .
,uK j j U jV cosuU K sinuV K . (5.1)
1
,1
u
u
K j
K j U jV
2
2 2
1.
1u uK j K j
U V
(5.2)
, - , u uK j K j .
(5.2) :
2 2
1 1U V .
U V ,
Ku, - (1,0), - . 5.2.
, , -, u uK j K j ,
. -
, (1, 0). , -
-
0
,1
uu
KK j
j
(5.3)
.
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, j ( > 0),
1 .
0 1u u K j j K j . . 5.3
Ku0 = 5., -
, , , - . , -
.
. 5.4 uK j
Ku0 =100 , . . 5.4,
1 20lg(1+Ku0) ,
01 uK . 1 - - . .
, (5.3) j (5.1).
0 ,
1 1
u uu
u
K j KK j
K j j
=0
=1= =2
5 4 3 2 11
U
V
Ku0 = 5
. 5.3.
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80
0001
uu
u
KK
K
-
;
01 uK
.
. 5.4.
-
0
11
uK
, (5.4)
1 -
. , 01
uK
- , . , - , - , .
- (, RC-), - ,
= 0
= 0,09
0.1 1 10 100
10
20
30
40uK ,
20lg(1+Ku0)
20/
0
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0
,1 1
uu
KK j
j
0j ,
, 01 uK :
0
,1 uK
(5.5)
1 .
-
, (5.4) (5.5), - . -
.
. 5.5 - , -.
. 5.5.
A - . 180. B1B2 - ,
45,
V
U
Ku
0 1
1
C1
C2
2
A
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90. 1 2
, - - .
- , -, . , - , - - , , . . 5.6 - - .
. 5.6. - ( )
,
, . 0uK -. , -
, , - - (5.4) (5.5). , , -
. -
0.1 0.1 0.20.2 0.5 0.51 12 25 510 10
=0 =0
=0.05 =0.05
=0.09 =0.09
40 40
3030
20 20
10 100 0
, (lg)
1 2
uK ,
, (lg)
uK ,
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- uK j j (5.1) .
- .
5.3.
. 5.7 . , - u, . 5.7a -
. . 5.7a - .
. 5.7. () ()
. 5.7 - , . -
.
R
R
R
u=Kuu
uu
u=u
i
Ku0ue
R
eR
R
RR
Ku0u
i
u=Kuuuu
i
u=iR
)
)
R
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R= 0 ( ) , . , -
. - (. 5.7) R u i . -
R ,
u u u u u ,
1 uR R K . , Ku < 0, -
1 uR R K , 1 uK , . , - -, ,
u u R R i i . ,
u, 0u u i ,
R . ( R , R u i , - .) - (. 5.7) 0u
0 0
u uu K u u K uiR R
,
01 u
u RR
i K
,
Ku0 - (R), c Ku -
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0
u u
RK K
R R
.
, Ku < 0,
01 u
RR
K
,
. . 1 uK , . , - .
(. 5.7) 0u 0 0
u uu K u u K i RiR R R R
, , 01 uR u i R R K .
, Ku0 < 0,
01 uR R R K , 01 uR K . 0uK - , - .
. 5.8. : )
, )
+U
uu
+U
uu
) )
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. 5.8 .
, . 5.8, . = 1,
1uK 1 11
uu
u
KKK
.
5.4.
. 5.9 5.10 , - . .
. 5.9.
. 5.9 - .
, - 0 u uK K R R R -
, R R R , . u -
oc
oc oc
R R R Ru e
R R R R R R
. (5.6)
(5.6) - , -
eR RKu0u u=Kuuu
R
R
i i
i
R
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.R R
R R R
(5.7)
R R
R R R
, uu K ,
(5.6) '
1
ue
u
KuK
e K
. (5.8)
(5.8) - (5.1).
1
ue
u
KKK
1uK ,
eK
. (5.9)
R R R R
eK R R . - :
0
,1
.1
u
u
RR R
K
RR
K
. 5.10 - . :
2
2
,R R
R R R
11 2 1
, ,R
R
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2
oc2
,R R
R R R
, :
1
ue
u
KuK
e K
.
. 5.10.
- :
2
1
,1
u
RR R
K
oc1 01 .uR R R K . 5.11
.
2
2
+U
uu
1
. 5.11. () ()
) )
+U
u
u
eR R
R1Ku0uu
RR
i i
i R2
i
u=Ku
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5.5.
1. Ku = 50,R = 2 , R= 2 , f= 1 , f= 100
- = 1. .
- ,
.
:r1= 100 , h21 = 100, = 3 ,= 30 (I = 1 ).
- , .
-:r1= 100 , h21 = 100. , - .
R1
+10
u
R
200 10
u
2.
R1.5
+10
u
R
150
u
3.
R1560
+10
R
270 100
u
4.
R510
u
R2270
1
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6.
( ) -
(. 6.1), : 2 1u K u u ,
K. , , -, . -
(. 6.1) ;, ,
. , , +U1 U2.
.6.1. :) ,)
"" : , , -
u1
+U1
U2
u2
u
u (u2 u1)
K
10 1
)
)
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. . - .
. -
, -. . , , - ; , - , .
, - , . - , .
. , ( ) , , , .
(, ) . , .
, , , , , - - .
(), -, -.
. , , , , .
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6.1.
- : - ,
. .
. - . , - .
4, , .
6.1.1.
- , , -
, . , -, , - - , - , .
- , , , -
, . - , .
, - 3, , ... -, , -, 25%.
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93
(. 6.2), , , - , - R, -
.
. 6.2. npnpnp-
. 6.2 VT3 - R , . - VT1 VT2 :
, R , , - VT1 VT2 - .
V3 , i3, (. 6.3). - VT1 n- - R i. VT2 - , u1.
, V3 - . VT1 R , -
VT1 , 1, R -
.
u
VT3
VT1
VT2
u
+U1
U2
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94
.6.3. :) V3;) V3
V3 V1 - (. 6.3).
VT2 V2 R . , V3 . , u V1 VT2 -
( ), , -
R, - u. R -. - - , , , R, - . -
u
VT3
VT1
VT2
u
+U1
U2
u
VT3
VT1
VT2
u
+U1
U2
u1 u2
) )
i i
t
t
t
i = i2i = i1
u u
t
7/16/2019 2013
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95
4 100% .
. n-p-n -
. , - , . 6.4.
-V1 VT2 , - .
. 6.4.
. 6.5 ,
.
. 6.5.
D1 D2. - VT3, - VT1 VT2 , ,
VT3 / R
u
VT3
VT1
VT2
u
+U1
U2
D2
D10
t
u
7/16/2019 2013
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96
, 0 . , - , ... , -
.
6.2. ()
1. .2.
2 1 .
u uK
u u u
(K = 10
3106).
3.
2 1
.2
uu uK u
u
, , -
20lgK
K .
4. (f = 0).5. (R 106).6. (R 200 ).7. U(. 6.5).
. 6.5. U
u
u.
+U1
U2
+UU = arctgK
U
U
7/16/2019 2013
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, , , . U -
, , .
6.2.1.
, - :
K= ,
R =,R = 0.
, , - U U(. 6.5) u 0(. 6.6).
i1 = i2 = 0. , .
.6.6.
6.3.
- ( 3-). - (, ), - . -
u= 0
U < u < U
+U1
U2
i1= 0
i2= 0
u
7/16/2019 2013
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98
- -. -
.
, . 6.7.
-f1 (, - 1) - . 120. - 0 1.
.6.7. -
20logK
1
1
10
10
100
100
1K
1K
10K
10K
100K
100K 1M
1M
10M
10M
120
80
40
0
0
40
80
120
12
f,
f,
f1
f1
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99
. - 1 . -
2 -
, .6.4.
6.4.1.
, . 6.8), .
,
2
2
1
2 2 1
2 1
,
,
,
R
R
i u R
u i R u R R
u u u R R
,
2 1 .K R R
, 2 1 R R K .
K ,
2 1 R R K ,K=K. . 6.9, - -
21
R
R.
,
180 . .
u
R1
uu=0
i=0
i R2
. 6.8.
7/16/2019 2013
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100
R1. -
.
1KK
K
,
2 1 2 1 1 2,R R R R R R . K
2 1K R R .
6.4.2.
, , - ,
. 6.10:
2 11 .K R R
)
. 6.9. , R2/R1:
)-, )
R2/R1 =1
20logK
,
f,
90
60
30
0
30
240
300
360
180
10K 100K 1M 10M
1K 10K 100K 1M 10M100101
1
R2/R1 =10000
)
R2/R1 =10000
R2/R1 =1000
R2/R1 =100
R2/R1 =10
R2/R1 =1
1K10010
7/16/2019 2013
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101
. 6.10. -
- , -
1
KK
K
.
K 1 2 1 2 11 1K R R R R R .
- .
6.5. -
, - , -
. -- -.
6.5.1.
, - . 6.11, -
. - ,
u = 0. , R
Ri i u R .
. 6.11.
R
uu=0
i=0
i
u
u
u
i i
R1 u R2
7/16/2019 2013
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102
, i ,:
R Ci i i u R ,
1 1 1C C
uqu i dt dt u dt
C C C R RC .
, Cu u ,
1u u dt
RC .
- , 6.4.1 - . - - R2 , 1CZ j C .
1 .K j j RC
6.5.2.
. 6.12.
. 6.12.
u, - , u = 0. -
, .Ci C du dt i
, ,R Ci i i , -
R Ru i R RC du dt .
Ru u RC du dt .
-
u
R
u
i=0
i
u=0
7/16/2019 2013
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103
CK j R Z j RC . -, . 6.12, , -- , -
. , - . , , . - - , . 6.13.
. 6.13. -:1 ;2 -;3 -
6.6.
- - - . -
() -, - 105 .
6.6.1.
, . 6 .1 4 . , -
|K|,
lgf1 2 3 4 50
20
40
60
1
2
3
7/16/2019 2013
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104
, .
: 0 exp 1 ,Ti I u U
i, ,I0 ,u ,
TU kT q . ,
1 0 exp 1 ,Ti u R I u U
1 0ln 1 .Tu U u R I -
, 1 0u R I .
1 0ln .Tu U u R I
r1 -
1 0 1 1ln .Tu U u R I u r R ,
..
1 .
0
ln .T
u UI
Ru U U
I
u
R1
uu=0
i=0
i
. 6.14.
7/16/2019 2013
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105
- - . -, ( ,I0 -
). -, , .. . -
, 3 ,. - , - - 7 .
6.7. R-
6.7.1.
RC-, RC-. LC- - -
, . , - . .6.14 RC-, . 6.15 .
. 6.14. RC.
, -
jK j Ke
RC-
U K j U
U
U
7/16/2019 2013
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106
,
1K j j , (6.14)
arg arg 2 .K j j n (6.15)
, . , , (, - ), - . , , , .
. 6.15. RC
, . 6.15, -, =
0 1 6 RC , , , , . (+ K) 2.
0 1 6 RC
0 = 129, ,
4
4
0
log
C C C
C C C
C
C
R R R
R R R
R
R
U
0
0
2
2
129
129
0 1 6 RC
0 6 RC
log
log
1
)
)
)
1
0 1 RC 0
U
U
U
U
U
7/16/2019 2013
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107
. , -
01 29K .
,
. 6.15, - 0 6 RC K> 29.
- , . . , -. , - . , - , , , 0. .
-, . - R- , . 6.15. . 6.16.
1,
1 1
R j TT RC
R j T j T j C
.
,
1.
3 1j T T
(6.16)
-
2
1,
9 1T T
(6.17)
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108
. 6.16. RC- c
1 1arctg .
3T
T
(6.18)
(6.17) (6.18) .6.15.
0 1 T (6.19)
0 = 13, (= 0). , 0 , - K0 > 3. , LC-(. 8) 0- 1/C , 1 C . - .
RC-- , - R- (6.18) c (6.19)
1
1 2 3,
LC- Q= 13. ,
1 2U U
K()
0=1R
R
R
C
C
K0
0
2 1U KU
7/16/2019 2013
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109
RC- c -LC-.
6.7.2. R-
- R-, - (. 6.17).
: , 1 2 1R R R , -
(6.16). , , . , . 6.17, RC- - . 0 = 1 RC - 1/3, - 0 1K , ,
0
1 1
3 K
. (6.20) (6.20) , -
. - - -, -
0 1K
0
1 1
3 K
.
, 0
0 . (
) :
2
1arctg
9 1 3 1 1
T T
K K T T
.
, 02 9K .
7/16/2019 2013
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110
. 6.17. RC-
, K0, , , LC-
Q =K0/9 (. . 9). , , - . , ,
-, , - .
R1, - (, ),
R2, -.
R
R
C
C
R2
R1
2U
2U
K()
0=1R
0
K0
1U 2 1U KU
7/16/2019 2013
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111
. 6.18 - , - , - .
. 6.18. RC-
: 1 3 1 ,j RC RC
() = (R1 + rds)/(R1 + rds +R2),
rds - . , -
, . -
f0 = 1/
(2RC), (+) = 1/3. , :K0((+)()) > 1,
, () < (+)1/K0 () < 1/31/K0.
f0 , -
:(
) < 1/3
R1
+ rds0
7/16/2019 2013
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112
rds0 - .
- , -
, - , . 6.18 . - () VD VT,- rds , .
, n- , - . - rds. ,
K0 (+) = 1 R1 + rds =R2/2. -
, , - .
6.8.
1. , ... 4 100% . .
2.
- - (- ) . - .
C
R1 R1
R
u
u
7/16/2019 2013
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113
3.
- (-
) , - .: A0 = 10
4, f1 = 10
4. - , - - -.
5. - - , - .:A0 = 104, f1 = 10 .
6. - - ,
, -. .
u
1 10
u
R1 10k
R1 10k
R3 10k
R3 10k
R2 1M
R2 1M
R4 1k
u
u1 u
R1 16
R3
160
R2 160
11
u u
u
1 1
u
1
7/16/2019 2013
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114
7.
7.1.
, , - , . -.
, , -; , - - , , - , -. (
);
, .
. 7.1 - , npn-. - -. - VT1 VT2 .
- (. 7.2) . . 7.2 - R , . - . ,
. 7.2 .
7/16/2019 2013
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115
. 7.1. .
. 7.2.
:) ;)
7.2.
: -
. -
R, , - , 0 ,R R R R R (7.1)
0 0 0 .R R R R R (7.2)
Q, -
Q
.
=R
S
L
b
c
S
) )
c
VT1
VT2
1 2
L
b
c
U U + +
7/16/2019 2013
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116
Q Q :
1Q Q K , (7.3) K (-
), - ().
0 1 ,Q Q K R R (7.2),
0 01 ,K R R R
0K R R R (7.4)
0
1.
KR R
K
(7.5)
(7.4) R R0, (7.5) RK -R0 -
R0R . . 7.2,
, . , - , R -, . - R= , R R . , R
R , , , -
.R R (7.6)
, , 2
R R n , (7.7)
b cn w w : wb wc -
, b c,
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117
. , . .
,b cn p p ,
;b b b c c cp M L L p M L L - b .
(7.6) (7.7) - :
n R R . (7.8)
, , -
0 2R R , (7.9) .
R - , ,
R R. R , -
: R R . (7.10)
R R , (7.11)
(7.10) - (7.6).
(7.11)
0 2R R , -
(7.4) - - . .
, - , (7.11). R, . , ,
, , R
7/16/2019 2013
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118
R. , , (7.6) -
R RR/2.
K, - R , R R=.
. 7.2
0 0
0 0
.R R R R R
KR R R
(7.4), :
K = K . (7.12), -
, . ., , K = 0,25, 25%
.
7.3.
, - 1. - , - , .
-. . 7.3 - . - . R1, - . , -
R2. . -
.
7/16/2019 2013
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119
. 7.3. ,
-
KK SZ , (7.13)
KZ
, 0( KZ - , ).
-
1 ,b bZ Z j C
bZ b .
- , Zb, . -
bj C Z . (7.14)
KbK j C SZ Z . (7.15)
, R0.
b - 2
bp R ,
L
b
c
2
L
b
c
12
1
U SU
U
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120
a 2p R , b .
2
1
1b bZ p R
j C L
.
2 1 1b bZ p R j C L R ,
2 1 tgb bZ p R j ,
tg 1R L .
2K 1 tgcZ p R j .
bZ KZ (7.15),
2 2 2
np
21 tg 2tg
b cj C Sp p RK
j
.
K - , = 45,
2 2 2 4 2b cK C Sp p R . (7.16)
K 1 . < 0, bZ KZ -
= 45. , . 7.4,
, .
U , , , .
KZ - , - 45.
CI -
90. ,
bZ ,
U , 45. -
7/16/2019 2013
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121
U , -
. , .
. 7.4.
, (7.16) , -,
2 2 2
2b cC Sp p R . (7.17)
0 (< 0), - (7.17) -:
2 2 20 2b cC Sp p R , (7.18)
. , -
0, , SR, pb, -
, , -.
1k K . (7.19)
K , , . , , K= 0, ky= l,
, K= 1, ky = 0.
KI SU
KU
45
45
90
CI
U U
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122
K= 0, , -
. K= 0 .
k 0,8 0,9. , ky= 0,9 - 10%, .
, 10%, ky = 0,9. , , 10% K 10%, ky = 0,9 10%. , ky = 0,1, 10% - .
(7.16) (7.19), :
2 2 20 y2 1b cC Sp p R k , (7.20) .
-
. . . -, , , -
2 2 20 y y2 1b cC Sp p R k k . (7.21) (7.21) S,
2
0 0 y y2 1C K k k S ,
-
0max y y 0 2 1K k k S C . (7.22)
.
7/16/2019 2013
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123
7.4.
, - , . 7.5. -
, VT2 - . - . . , .
. 7.5.
- (4.7), -, K = SR. - LCZ (VT2), - 2 2LCK K SZ , K= SR2,
R . VT2, , , R, - -
. , (4.8),R = 2h11 = 2(r1 + r1).
R0 0
u
u
+U1
U2
L
VT1 VT2
7/16/2019 2013
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124
- - . TU U ,
I0. - I0 VT1, VT2. - VT2 1 02 ,I I -, - U1,
0 0
2 2.
I IU R Q
7.5.
1. , , - .
2. 1, - .
3. -. .
+U1
R
u
L
VT1 VT2
U2
L=100 = 200
= 0.4Q0= 100
= 100 R = 1.5 R = 10 h21 = 100
r1 = 100 U1 = U2 = 10
Ru
7/16/2019 2013
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125
4. , , - .
5. , = 5 ,
L = 100 , = 100 , Q= 50 - 0.7.
VT1
L
bc
U+
L=100 , =100
= 0.8,b= 0.3Q0= 100==1
R =R =1.5R =10 h21 = 100
r1 = 100 r =100U = 10
RR
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126
8. LC-
8.1.
-, , - , . -, . - . - ,
. 8.1.
. 8.1. -
. 8.2 , .
. 8.2.
, -
SU
rR
L L
U
U
.
I
U
LC
+U
L
U
R
7/16/2019 2013
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127
, . S - r . , - ,
( ) , L - R, - . ( )
0R Q ,
Q0 , a L C - .
1 1 1UK j S j C
r R LU
(8.1)
,j M L (-L) (L) .
1 1 1
,
SM
K j j j CL r R L
(8.2)
0 1 ,LC ()- ,
0 0arg arg 2 ,K j j n (8.3) n .
0 0
1j K j -
:
1 11.
MS
r RL
(8.4)
0 1,K (8.5)
M L ,
7/16/2019 2013
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128
0
1 1
1
SRK S
r R R r
(8.6)
..
8.2.
0, , -L, , . - L. - . , , -
, , - , . 8.2. . -
, - -
. - .
, - . - , , . -
. - , . , .
Q>1 , ,
7/16/2019 2013
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129
. - , - , , , -. -
, . - , . 8.3, - . .
. 8.3. ,
U
U .
,
U
K U U (8.7)
U . (. 8.4).
U -. (. 8.4)
. , - (. 8.4 ). -
.
U
L C
+U
L
U U
E
7/16/2019 2013
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130
. 8.4. : ) ; ,)
, , -, , -LC- , , . - , . ,
(. (8.7)).1 K U U , (8.8)
- ,
1K -
U. -
, - ,
. - 1K c U . -
, ,= 0 . 8.5 ( 1).
- c S di du (. 8.5), -
( 2).
u(t)
i(t)
0
U
t
t
)
t t
t t
) )
7/16/2019 2013
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131
. 8.5. ) ;)
, , , - - , ( 3). ( 4),
. - - . , - . 8.5, - , .
, - . 8.1,
U U , (8.9)
1 U K U , (8.10)
U U . (8.11)
1K
, (. 8.5). -
-, .
1K
K1(0)
K1max1211
1
U3 U3U 2
U2
U 1
U1U
1
1
2
2
3
3u1=023
i) )
44
4
7/16/2019 2013
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132
U , ,
:
1 1 0K U . (8.12) , ,
0U , (8.12)
1 1K . (8.13)
:
1arg arg 2 ,K n n, (8.14)
1 1K . (8.15)
(8.14) , (8.15) . -
: U . - , . - , ,
, , , . - .
- . -
,
( , ) . , - , , .
-
U ,
(8.15),
. 8.5. 1,U K
7/16/2019 2013
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133
1 1K , .
c , 1K U , -
,
. , 1, U1. -, =2, ( 2), U = U2. -
c U U . , 1 2
1 1K
U 1 1K . , -
, . - . . 8.6a - .
. 8.6. ) )
1 0 1K , -
1K . , ,
, U = 0. - , 11 0K , ,
. - .
(
U UU1
U2
12= 1K1(0) 0 0
a) )
7/16/2019 2013
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134
3 . 8.5), . - 2 1max1 K , , ,
, , -. -
2 1, - . - U, 3U 3U , . - , U = 0.
1 -
, 1
U .
- . 1 , , -
. - , . 2 .
- , . (. 8.6): - 1
1U . -
2 -
2U .
2 1 -
, , - -
. - . -
( 3U 3U . 8.5),
7/16/2019 2013
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135
3U .
3U , - - , -
3U .
8.2.1.
, . 8.7a.
: ,R D.
. 8.7. ) ; ) ; ) ,
U, , S .
11
SR M
R r L
.
. ,
U=UostL CL
U
C
+
t
C C
UC
)
)
)
U
C
D
D
U
+
U
7/16/2019 2013
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136
. ,
, . 8.7, , ,
i, , C r R r R C r , - - r R. ,
R R. 1C R , - (. 8.7). . ( 11),
1C R R r , -:
E U . (8.16)
-. . 8.8 - .
. 8.8. ) ;
)
i
3 2
1
1
U,U() U()
t
u,= 0
23
4
1
21 3 40
1K
) )
i
7/16/2019 2013
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137
(8.16) - : U , -E = U.
. . .8.8 ,
. . - . - .- , -
1K 1. . 8.8, .
-. -. - . - , -
1K 1. -
, - . -, , , - .
R , , , E - .
- . . 2LCT L r Q f ,
Q , f ,
7/16/2019 2013
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138
. , . - E . - , -
, , . E R,. LCC R T , E , - , , - . , , -
. -, . . 8.9.
. 8.9.
8.3.
, -. , - . .
U(t)
(t)
t
t
t
7/16/2019 2013
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139
8.3.1.
. 8.10 .
. 8.10.
Z1, Z2 Z3. U , , , Z2. , Z1, Z2, Z3, - . - , -. , . 1 K U U -, -
, - , - . , 1argK .
-
, r1, r2, r3Z1,Z2, Z3 1,2,3 ,
1 +2 +3 = 0. (8.17)
2 2 2
2 3 2 3 1
U Z X X
U Z Z X X X
. (8.18)
,
U
Z3
Z2
Z1
Z3
Z2
Z1U
U
U
7/16/2019 2013
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140
2 1 2 1arg arg argX X X X . (8.19) -
1 2 1arg arg 2 arg 2K X X n . (8.20)
2 1X X -, (8.20) , - 1 2 . (8.17) , 3 , -12.
, , . 8.10, - :
1 2 3
1) 0, 0, 0X X X , (8.21) 12,3;
1 2 32) 0, 0, 0X X X , (8.22) 12,3.
8.3.2.
.
Z1Z2 , Z3-, (8.21). ( ). . 8.11.
. 8.11 -, L1 L2 - . -
(8.18) 2 2
1 1
X L
X L . (8.23)
, L1 L2 , , .
7/16/2019 2013
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141
. 8.11.
. 8.11 . - (- ). , . -
RK
r R
,
R =R -
- ,r .
R
21 2
0 2
1,
1
r hR R
R0
, u u .
, - .
, - 1 2 2L L L M , ,
L2
L1
)
VD
VT
U+
C
L2
L1
+U
u
u
7/16/2019 2013
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142
1 2
2 2
2L L ML
L M L M
. (8.24)
, , - ,
1 2 1k M L L .
2
1 21 2 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
2.
L LL L L L
L L L L L L
2
i iL w , . -
2
1 2 1 2
2
22 1 2
w w w w
ww w w
. (8.25)
- , - , K< 1.
, . 8.11, -.
, (8.17),
0 1LC
. (8.26)
. 8.11L =L1 +L2.
. -. , - LC- R0.
. 8.11, -, , :
2
R p R , (8.27)
.
1
1 2
Lp
L L
. (8.28)
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2
2
11
Sp R
p R r
. (8.29)
, (8.22), - Z1 Z2 , a
Z3 - (. 8.12), ( ).
, (8.18),
2 1
1 2
X C
X C , (8.30)
, (8.17), , (8.26), 1 2 1 2C C C C C .
. 8.12.
(8.29),
1 2 1 2p C C C C C . (8.31)
, , .
8.4.
1. 3- LC - n-p-n , -.
C2
C1
L
+U
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2. 3- LC - n-p-n , - .
- K R =. - R, .
, , .
+U
R
2
u
L1
R
L =100 1 = 100 2 = 1000 = 0.1 Q = 50
R = 1 S0= 5 /
I0 = 5 , U = 2
3.
L=100 , = 200 ,Q
0= 100
= 0.4
= 100 R = 1.5 R = 10 h21 = 100
U1 = U2 = 10
+U1
R
u
L
VT1 VT2
U2
Ru
4.
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- KR=. R, - .
L1=100 = 100
2
1
wn
w = 0.2
Q0= 40
R = 10 h21 = 100
U = U = 10
+U1
R
u
L1 L2
VT1 VT2
U2
R
5.
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9.
9.1.
. , , -.
- :
arg 2K n , n , (9.1)
LC- . -, , LC-
1.
LC
, - , ( 0L L L 0C C C ), -
0 0
1
2
L C
L C
. (9.2)
, ( - 1) () (). L C
104
103
. -, , . - , LC-.- -
LC-,
LC- .
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, (9.1), - . argK , , LC(f).
(f ) . - - RC-.
LC-, LC + = 0, . 9.1. -, , -
.
. 9.1. LC-
, LC- .
arg 0K . , - , LC-,
( ) arg( ) arctg 2LC Z Q
. 9.2 - Q (Q2 > Q1)., - ,
LC
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( ) ( ) 0,LC ( ) arctg , - , . -
arctg arctg 2Q
1 2Q
.1
ff
f Q
. 9.2. LC-
./
, ,
,
, .
/ -
.
/ 2 / ,Q
Q2
Q1
f f, M
ff1
f2
LC
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149
,2 .Q (9.3)
, , . Q-
100200, - , , 104103, .
.
9.2.
9.2.1. .
( SiO2), , , (. 9.3). Z ( ), X, -, Z, Y , .
. 9.3.
. - . . - .
X
X
X
Y
Y
Y Z
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150
- , X, . -
- . , - ,- - ... -
Q 104 . , , - . - -
.
. X- Y-. X- - () X, Y- Y. , X- Y-
, : - .
, X- Y- Z. - - . , - , -
, (, ). - - . 50 +100C - 105. - -, -
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151
. - 1011.
+35
Z, h 1,66 , D 14 d 8 ; . -
() 1,66 ()f h 1.
9.2.2.
, . 9.4.
.9.4: ) ;)
L, C, r - , - :
L
C
r
C0
R=ReX=Im
R
X
R
X
f f0 f
)
)
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1.
2f
L C
C0(510 ) , - . 9.4, -
0 0
0 0
11 .
2f f C C
L C
f = 1 :
L 4,6 , C 5,5310 , r 300 .
, -
7
3 10L C ,
5
10Qr
.
C
( 0C C ), 0f - :
0 0 01 1 2 .f f C C f C C
0f f
(104103) f , -
.
0
0
1.
2
Cf f f
C C
. 9.4 .
, 2 ,Q (3 ), LC-.
- , -
.
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153
9.3.
9.3.1.
, . 9.5
. 9.5, . LC- -
. , , - L2, . - L1L2.
, - . 9.5. . 9.5 ( C ), ( -)
,K SR
1/ / TS r I U ,
R Q LC- - ,
R r -
r.
. 9.5. : ) , )
( - 3 R r )
+U
R3
R2
R1
u
L1 L2
+U1
R2R1
u
L1 L2
VT1 VT2
U2
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2
1
,rw
kw r r
w1 w2 L1L2,
1 2k L L
-L1L2. -
1 K :
2
1
11 .
w rk
w S R r
(9.4)
1k ( )
2
1
11 .
w r
w S R r
(9.4)
. 9.5 VT1 VT2, . (R1 =R2 =R)
2
1 2
.
U U
I I I R
, / ,TS I U - ( VT1 VT2):
.2
rK SR
r r
2 1( ),k w w . 9.5 -
2
1
12 .
w rk
w SR r
(9.5)
(9.5) (9.6) r= 0 ( ) . ( ) , , ,
.
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, . 9.5 r, - . . 9.5 r- r -
R2 L2,2
22
1
.w
R R kw
, 2 1( ) 1,k w w -
R ( ) , 2 R r .r r . 9.5 2 .r r
- r
.r r
9.3.2.
, . 9.6, (. 9.6) -
(. 9.6) .
. 9.6. : ) , )
- , . LC-
. ,
+U
R3
R2
R1
u
L1L
+U
R3
R2
R1
1 u
L
2
) )
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156
(9.1) , -, , .
.
. 9.6 ( ) ,K SR
1
,rw
w r r
( 1),k
w w1 L L1. ( 1 )K
1
11 .
w r
w SR r
(9.6)
. 9.6 , . 9.6, -
1
1 2
.r
r r
1
1 2
11 .
C r
C C SR r
. 9.5, -
,r r .
9.3.3.
. 9.7 , -
. f,
, -, . -
, L, , 0,1,2,:
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11 1 ,
22
C Cf f f
C CC CL
C C
(9.7)
1 2 1 2 0( )C C C C C C . ,C C - f.
. 9.7.
. 9.7
2 1 .C C (9.8)
, ( -), :
2
,K S Q p
S ,2( )p C C
- ,
( )C C C C C -
. ,C C C C
2p C C .,2
2
.C
K S QC
(9.9)
- 1 .K
. 9.8
.
1
21
2
L0
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.
. 9.8. , : ) ,
)
. 9.8 , . R2 :
1 2 21
.( 1)
U UI
R R h
, (9.9) -
, .TS I U . 9.8 . 9.8, - pn-. - S - , .
, , 1 ,K K (9.8) (9.9) .
. 9.8 C3. - - . (9.7):
2
.2
f C C
f C
11 2 3(1 1 1 ) ,C C C C
2 23 3C C C C
+U
R2R1
1
u
)
2
3
+U
R2
R1
3
u
)
12
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3
2
3
.2
f C C
f C
(9.10)
, 3 31000 500 C C , -
1 f
3
6 10 C
- 6
1,5 10 .f f
-
1,5 .f
C1 C2. - C1 C2 ,
2 1 ,C C -.
9.3.4.
, . 9.9, , C1, C2, C3 :
1 1 ,
2
C Cf f f
C C
(9.11)
11 2 3 0(1 1 1 ) .C C C C C
- VT1. - 2 1 ,C C ( , R2 )
2
2
1.
2
CK S Q
C
(9.12)
VT1 VT2 - 0 (2 ),TS I U I0
2 0 1 2
2
.U U
I I IR
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. 9.9.
VT2, ,- , - VT1; VT2 - .
1 ,U I R I1 VT2,
R Q LC-. , -
VT1 1 ,TU U
0I . -
1 02
,I I
,
1U U ,
0
2.U I Q
VT2 - , ,
LC- 3f 5f, . , -
3 0
2.
3
U I Q
+U1
R2
R1
u
L
VT1 VT2
2
3
1 R3
U2
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161
9.4.
1.
:L =0.5 , r =200 , = 510
3, 0=15 .
f,f0, Q ff0.
2.
. 9.1 K R =. - R, .
3.
3- LC n-p-n , .
L1 =100 = 100
2
1
wnw
= 0.1
Q0= 50
R1 =R2= 10 h21 = 100
f=1.6 Q= 10
5
r=300 U1 = U2 = 10
+U1
R2R1
u
L1 L2
VT1 VT2
U2
R
. 9.1
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4.
. 9.2 - K R=. -
, - R, .
5.
, - . 9.2, 2Q -, -
2r?
+U
R
2
u
L1
R
L =100 , 1 =110 , 2 =1000 =1.6 , Q=10
5, r=300
R = 500
S0= 5 /I0 = 5 , U = 2
. 9.2
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10.
-
( , - ). , . - .
, - . , -
, - (), (, )- () . .
, - - .
, , - , .
- , u(t) u(t) u(t) =f(u(t)).
10.1. .
, 0cosu t U t ,
: U, - 0 . - 0t t .
,
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, () -. uM(t), . -
-
0 0
0 0 0
cos
= 1 cos .
M
M
u t U u t t
U u t U t
(10.1)
() (). - , uM(t), , 0 Mt t au t . -
0 0cos Mu t U t au t .
- uM(t):
0 Mt d dt bu t . -
00
t
Mt t b u d . ,
0 00
cost
Mu t U t b u d
.
10.1.1. -
, cosMu t U t . 0-
. - , = 0.