The Migration Policy of EU and its Member States Attitude
(Sweden, Germany, New Member States)
April 27th 2016 ID 70779ID 70777
History of the EU
The European Union dates back to after WWII when the European economic
community was formed. This community consisted of six major powers, Belgium,
Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. To date the European Union
consists of 28 countries, with the latest country to join being Croatia in 20131. The
membership of the European Union is open to "any European State which respects the
values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them.”2These values are
respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for
human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities"2. This being said,to
officially join the European Union a country needs to meet economic and political
standards called the Copenhagen criteria. Although there aresome strict criteriaboth to
enter and to maintain a member of the European Union, in the recent years we have
seen difficulties throughout the system. With twenty eight countries consisting of
different economic positions, political backgrounds and cultures has caused it to be
difficult for such a multitude of countries to see eye to eye. With the recent migration
crisis throughout Europe taking place it has been difficult for the European Union to
work as one unit because of different, policies and attitudes towards migration.
Specifically, there tends to be the most contrast between Germany and Sweden, where
Germany has continued to stay true to their open boarder policy and Sweden has
completely closed their boarders to refugees. This report will contain a detailed outline
of migration policies and citizen’s/government’s attitudes towards migration, while taking
a close look at the migration crises in relation to these countries.
1 http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/2http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV%3Al33500
2
History of German Migration
To date Germany is the second most popular migration destination in the world,
next to the United States.3 After World War II, due to changing boarders approximately
12 million refugees of German ethnicity had to migrate from former Germany territory
into post-war German territory.4 In the 1960’s a number of Turkish, Italian, Greek,
Moroccan, Portuguese, Tunisian and Yugoslavians migrated to Germany after bilateral
recruitment agreements were signed to help aid the postwar boom in western
Germany.5 The agreements allowed the migrants to work jobs that required little
qualification but helped Germany gain much needed economic stability. These workers
initially only received the right to reside in Germany but as time proceeded many of
them were able to gain a German citizenship and thus resulted in the acknowledgment
of Germany being a migrant country. The becoming of Germany as amigrant country
came into full effect on January 1st, 2005 when a new immigration law came into effect
where Germany officiallyacknowledged being an immigration country.6
As of 2014 about 16.3 million people with an immigrant background were living in
Germany, with this number increasing every month with Germany’s open boarder
policy.At this time 8.2 million of these immigrants did not have a German citizenship7.
Although over time they were able to obtain a citizenship.
3 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-20/immigration-boom-propels-germany-past-u-k-in-new-oecd-ranking4 http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelgeschichte/d-76574305.html5 http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/08/germans-older-immigrant-communities-dont-like-the-new-kids-in-town-refugees-syrians-iraqis-turks/6 http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destination-countries-global-migrants-over-time7 http://www.fr-online.de/pegida,29337826,29350760.html
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Germany’s Government and Citizens Attitude
With the ongoing conflict in the Middle East, Europe is currently witnessing one
of the largest immigration crisis it has ever seen.Around 91,000 asylum-seekers arrived
in January of this year, and more than 1.1 million entered the country in 2015. The vast
majority of the refugees being from Syria and Iraq.5 The actions of an open boarder
policy were made by Chancellor Angela Merkel. Her actions toward the situation were
initially supported by the general population as German citizens accepted refugees with
open arms. However, before the end of the year the mood of the general population
began to change.
The German citizens seem to have mixed opinions on the matter, with the recent
rise in their right wing communist parties bashing against the current left wing liberal
party. These groups such as Pegida and the Eurosceptic Alternative fur Deutschland
(AfD) partyare extreme right-wing anti-immigration groups have gained at surprising
amount of support5. Many Germans feel that Chancellor Angela Merkel failed to prepare
for the cultural and economic consequences faced by her open-door refugee policy.
Many people who were supportive of Chancellor Angela Merkel are now reconsidering
her open boarder policy. To put things in perspective, currently40 percent of Germans
with an immigrant background said they believed Berlin should take in fewer refugees,
while nearly a quarter said it was time to stop all refugees from entering entirely5.
Moreover, with the surge of refugees from different ethnic backgrounds entering the
country there has been has been not only riots between German citizens with different
political views but as well riots between the refugees themselves. Many citizens are
expressing their concerns of the boarder policy due to the recent assaults that have
4
been carried out on German citizens by refugees. With all the political instability this has
given the extreme right wing parties, leverage over the German citizens.
The Chancellor has now put herself in a very difficult situation. If she leaves the
boarders open, the extreme right wing parties will continually gain support, where if she
chooses to close the boards, like many European countries are choosing to do, she will
be indirectly admitting that she made a mistake.
Dublin Regulation
The Dublin Regulationdetermines which nation isresponsible to process an
application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva
Convention and EU Qualification Directive of the European Union8. The major
importance of this regulation is so that in the future the country of which a migrant or
refugee enters first is required to the one who deals with the asylum claim. This will
hopefully help migrants from being stuck between two countries with conflicting claim
policies. The way this regulation would work in practice, is if a migrant gets checked for
where they were initially registered the authorities of that country canmake a transfer
request to the migrant’s initial entry country. If the claim in accurate, the entry country
would be legally bound to take back the migrant8.
The problem with the Dublin Regulation was that when the migration crisis hit,
the system became overwhelmed because when the regulation was put in place it was
never expecting such large numbers. To make matters worse the attitude towards the
regulation was not forceful as the Italian and Greek authorities had little desire to make
8 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d08dc262-bed1-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html#axzz46qITQm3K
5
migrants register. The fact that migrants knew that registering could restrict them going
to more favorable countries, many did not do so.
The United Kingdom seems most in favour of the of the Dublin regulation. The
guidelines of the regulation have allowed the United Kingdom to deport over 12,000
asylum seekers to other member countries in the European Union8.A step towards
reconfiguring this policy seems that it will benefit the European Union by creating a
federal asylum policy. However, as with every new or changed regulation in the
European Union this will be difficult for all countries to accept and will likely be very
controversial down the road.
The European Union Turkey Deal
In 2014 over 276,00 illegalrefugeesentered the European Union which accounts
for a 138% increase from 2013.9This has proven difficult for Europe but especially
Germany due to the open boarder policy. It has been reported that many of the refugee
camps can no longer cope with the influx of refugees. With this shortage of
accommodation many refugees have to find other ways to live, causing many of them to
turn to the streets. The German police have been cautious of this, however with
numbers rising everyday it has caused many of the aforementioned problems from
crime to political instability.
From the chart to the right, it
shows the most asylum applications
were directed towards Germany, with
9 http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2015-01/europaeische-union-illegale-einwanderung
6
nearly 500,000 applications in 2015.10 The difficulties with this is although such a high
number are seeking asylum, over a million people have been accounted for entering
Germany in 2015. This further shows the importance of controlling the crisis as it
worries the European Union about how many illegal immigrants are taking advantage of
the ongoing crisis.
With the amount of illegal refugees that have taken advantage of this crisis,
recently a deal was struck between the European Union and Turkey, that many are
calling the European Union turkey deal.The idea of the deal is basically to send all
irregular migrants to Turkey.11 This deal will be focusing on primarily the irregular
migrants taking shelter on the Greek islands.Recently German Chancellor Angela
Merkel visited a migrant camp on the Turkish-Syrian border. The goal of the deal was to
deter migrants, mainly Syrians and Iraqis, from making illegal crossings between Turkey
and Greece.12 Others argue that Turkey is not a safe place to return people to and that it
is only a minor deterrent to a major problem. However, according to the European
Commission the deal has already reduced sharply the number of arrivals, from more
than 56,000 in February to around 7,800 over the past 30 days11. As of now, it has been
reported that 376 people have died on the Turkey Greece route. With a surprising
amount of children coming to Greece, with 37% of arrivals in Greece being children12.
The reason for this is because many Syrian and Iraqi families have sent their children,
primarily males who have fled the middle east in hopes to gain sold financial stability
somewhere in the European Union and then work on getting their family to come over.
10 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-3413191111 http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-eu-3584818112 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36121083
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The European Union as a whole
Tensions in the European Union have been rising with countries choosing to take
different actions towards their migration policy. These tensions are especially rising in
areas where countries have begun to take action by closing their boarders. Especially in
areas like Turkey and Greece, where thousands of migrants and refugees continue to
arrive every day. New barriers have begun to take place. The European Union currently
seems split over how to handle the crisis. It is important they make a decision before
more migrants began to arrive with the improvement of weather and the increasing
attacks of terrorism in the Middle East.
Greece and Italy, especially
have been heavily criticized for
allowing people to cross their territory
unregistered.13 Most migrants want to
reach Germany or other countries in
northern Europe, although a surge of
unregistered migrants is proving
difficult for the European Union and
thus have been causing said tensions.
However, the identification process of
migrants has improved. In Greece, the
number whose fingerprints were included in a database rose from 8% in September to
78% in January 2106. In Italy, the corresponding rise was from 36% to 87%13.
13 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35714715
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Greece is overwhelmed by the surge in migrants, and demands that the burden
be shared more equally among its European Union partners13. This is a major contrast
in comparison to Poland, who has said they will not take any refugees after the Brussels
attack. They originally agreed that they would take 7000 refugees, however after this
attack the minister has declared it is no longer prepared to take the agreed amount of
refugees.14 This has caused outrage for many countries such as Greece.
According the European commission the co-operation between Western Balkan
countries has been insufficient as boarder closers or restrictions between countries has
created a domino effect for countries in that region. As seen from the map to the above,
countries such as Bulgaria and Macedonia has either created restrictions or boarders
where fences have been introduced. This is shown by the red marking around the
boarders. Many have blamed Hungary for this domino effect because as of last year
they fenced off their southern boards as inferred in the map. This crisis, along with
countries actions has threatened the European Union’s Schengen area, which allows
for passport free travel for European Union citizens. Many countries outside of the
European Union have turned a blind eye to the crisis. For example, Macedonia has
been letting only very few Syrian and Iraqi refugees through, keeping other migrants
out14.
The Cost of the Crisis
The European Unionhas announced 10.1 billion euros to address the crisis and
help the most affected countries14. Greece has been given the most money with 148
14 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/poland-refuses-accept-refugees-brussels-attack-160323132500564.html
9
million euros donated by the commission to aid the crisis. The majority of this money
(80 million euros) will go towards building reception compactly to house migrants and
refugees. Moreover, Africa and Syria would receive €2.3bn and €1bn would be
allocated to facilities for refugees in Turkey14. The money allocated to Turkey is given to
allow the country to cope with the refugee influx and allow them to welcome more
refugees. Many skeptics at this point believe Turkey is using this situation as bargaining
leverage, hoping to get more money and aid from Europe.
Dangers of Migration Journey
Many underestimate the dangers migrants face taking part of the migration crisis.
In 2015 alone the reported deaths in the Mediterranean was 3,770 in 2015. Although
this cumber is small compared to the millions of migrants currently fleeing, on the less it
is still significant for in the Mediterranean alone. Moreover, around the world, over 5,400
migrants lost their lives in 2015.15 This as well is an underestimation as many deaths
are still not accounted for.
As is shown from the
chart to the right, in the past
three years there has not been
a reduction in migrant deaths.
The deaths occurred mostly
from North Africa to Italy and
more than 800 died from the
15 http://missingmigrants.iom.int/latest-global-figures
10
crossing from Turkey to Greece in the Aegean.10In 2015 the most deaths occurred
during April when a boat full of roughly 800 migrants capsized.10 The capsize occurred
off the sea of Libya and although reports are mixed, most agree that overcrowding of
the boat was contributor. The unfortunate parts of this death toll is that in the coming
summer months, when the migration will be the busiest the deaths of migrants is likely
to increase again.
History of Swedish Migration
As the third-largest country by land area in the European Union and a total
population of over 9.8 million inhabitants, Sweden has historically always had a low
population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometer16. Despite that fact, Sweden
has experienced various periods of immigration influxes largely due to war and refugees
seeking a safe haven.
Sweden first became a major country of immigration when World War II started.
From 1938 to 1948, Jewish immigrants from Nazi Germany looked to Sweden for
asylum. Some were accepted but the majority were rejected because of the anti-
Semitism and discriminatory racial ideologies prevalent in Sweden at the time. One of
the biggest reasons for this rejection of Jewish refugees was that the Swedish
government wanted to avoid conflict with Nazi Germany. In addition to the Jewish
refugees, Sweden was also the destination for those fleeing from Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, Denmark, and Norway. Although there was a lot of concern and reluctance at
16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden
11
first to accept these foreigners, that feeling eventually subsided and these new
immigrants were accepted and welcomed to the Swedish community.17
With labour high in demand, Sweden experienced a huge increase of immigrants
from Germany, Italy, Greece, the former Yugoslavia, Turkey, and other Nordic, Baltic,
and Balkan countries from 1949 to 1971. Many of these immigrants came to Sweden
looking for job opportunities after World War II had ended. Because of this flood of post-
war immigrants, Sweden was faced with a housing shortage in the 1950s.
As a result,
the government of
Sweden developed
and implemented
the Million
Programme
initiative to build
100000 flats every
year between 1965 and 1974.18 In addition to this housing initiative, the Swedish
government also worked closely with the Swedish trade union confederation to allow
foreign workers to enjoy the same wage levels, rights, and benefits as native Swedes
while also officially regulating the process for workers requiring them to show proof of
employment offers, financial support, and housing arrangements18.
17http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sweden-restrictive-immigration-policy-and-multiculturalism18https://sweden.se/migration/
12
From 1972 to 1999, asylum seekers from developing countries and their family
members became the third wave of Swedish immigration. Prior to this, Sweden became
a signatory during the 1951 UN Convention which discussed the status of refugees
escaping from countries under Soviet rule. This resulted in an influx of immigrants from
Hungary and the Czech Republic18. During this period, Sweden was also the destination
of refugees from many war torn countries such as Chile during Augusto Pincohet’s
dictatorship, Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War, and former Yugoslavia during the Ethnic
cleansing wars in the Balkan region17.
The Swedish Current Migration Policies
When Sweden joined the European Union in 1995 and officially became a party
in the Schengen agreement in 2001, Sweden opened the doors for both European
Union citizens and those from countries outside of the European Union. At this point,
Sweden became a key destination and recipient country for immigration. Sweden
allowed those to migrate to their country for reasons such as to be closer to family, to
seek asylum, look for work opportunities, or to study17. Specifically, the age limit for
family reunification was lowered to allow children under the age of 18 to apply for
immigration. In addition, the Act on Swedish Citizenship was introduced in 2001 that
allows someone to keep their old citizenship when applying to become a Swedish
citizen19. In 2004, Sweden was the one of three existing Member States that allowed
citizens from the eight new Eastern European Member States to work without
requesting a permit.
1919http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/Facts-and-statistics-/Facts-on-migration/History.html
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Over time, Sweden slowly began to introduce legislations in order to fully control
the flow of migrants. With acts being introduced in 2005 and 2006, Sweden allowed
those who had been refused entry a chance to have their case reassessed as well as
making the effort to accommodate unaccompanied minors seeking asylum. Now in the
past few years, Sweden is still a key destination for refugees seeking safety. In 2014,
Sweden received over 80000 asylum seekers with the largest groups being Syrians,
Eritreans, and people without a state or country17. This marks the second highest level
number of migrants seeking applications since the 1992 wave of refugees from former
Yugoslavia.
As a
result, Sweden
introduced
temporary
border controls
on November
12th, 2015 to
reduce the
number of asylum seekers. By the end of the year, the total 20number of people applying
for asylum in Sweden had grown to 162,877 people19. Most recently, Sweden
introduced temporary identity checks on January 4th, 2016 to help reduce the number of
asylum seekers coming to Sweden. With this huge increase of migrants from war torn
2020http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=119595
14
countries comes problems with housing these new immigrants and integrating them into
Sweden’s society.
Sweden’s Government and Citizens Attitudes on Migration
Sweden did not have an official policy for incorporating migrants into mainstream
society until 1975. In this year, the Swedish government endorsed a policy to deal with
labour migrants from the south of Europe. Immigrants were able to enjoy the same
rights as Swedish citizens, access to the welfare system, and decide if they wanted to
assimilate or maintain their distinct native culture. However, this program was never a
success. Instead it generated social welfare dependency with refugees because they
were allocated to areas of the country with few available jobs and high rates of
unemployment. As the number of refugees increased, the Swedish government had
difficulties finding municipalities that would accept more than what they had already
taken18. Despite this, Sweden generally remains very generous with their migration
policies as it greatly differs from other Nordic countries. This is due to the fact that
Sweden experienced positive aspects of migration in the past as well as a dominant
Social democratic government that is tolerant of migrants20. However, with the most
recent refugee crisis growing, Sweden again faces an issue of being overwhelmed by
migrants.
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Effects of the Migration Crisis on Sweden
Sweden has always
prided itself on giving a warm
welcome to outsiders but with
the developing refugee crisis,
Sweden and its main political
parties have no idea how to
respond. Current policies are
clearly failing and at the
moment, there is no back-up
plan. Sweden now appears to be a country that is coming apart. In October 2015, an
asylum centre in the town of Munkedal was set alight in a series of arson attacks
against refugees. In response, the Swedish Migration Agency issued a statement
saying that locations of asylum centres will now be classified information22. Looking at
Swedish politics, the Sweden Democrats, a party known by the Swedish media as “neo-
fascist” is leading national opinion polls with their anti-immigration agendas rooted in
21neo-Nazi movements23. These issues stem from Sweden’s generous migration policy
that did not change despite the migration situation changing.
2121http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11960921/Sweden-conceals-refugee-centre-addresses-after-attacks.html22http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11960921/Sweden-conceals-refugee-centre-addresses-after-attacks.html23http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11814498/Anti-immigrant-Sweden-Democrats-now-the-biggest-party-according-to-poll.html24http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11992479/How-Sweden-the-most-open-country-in-the-world-was-overwhelmed-by-migrants.html
16
In contrast, David Cameron’s election victory in Britain was being discussed in
great detail at the time. Ideas such as stopping migrants from claiming benefits for four
years and pulling out of the European Union were being discussed. This came as a
shock to many as Britain had always been known as a globally minded nation. However
the explanation is that Britain is a country that is unsure about immigrant but loves
immigrants while Sweden is a country that is sure about immigrant but does not love
immigrants. In Britain, Britons are concerned about border controls but do not hesitate
to hire immigrants if available where as in Sweden, immigrants are twice as likely to be
unemployed than natives, one of the worst ratios for a developed country. The inability
to integrate immigrants when accepting them at such a high level is a recipe for a
political and national identity crisis24.
Since the end of 2015, the Swedish government has tightened border controls to
make it harder to enter without a valid passport or identification document. Much of
these policy changes are partly due to many of the other European Countries failing to
receive their agreed share of refugees. Sweden’s prime minister, Stefan Lofven stated
that refugees would receive only temporary residence permits from April so that more
people choose to seek asylum in other countries. This increase in refugees have
created a frantic scramble for the government to provide shelter for those arriving into
the country. Many refugees arriving were forced to sleep on the streets because no free
bed could be found. With many conflicting opinions in Sweden’s political landscape,
Sweden was described as “a light in the darkness this autumn…but today the light was
extinguished” with implementation of the new asylum policies. Since the implementation
17
of the border control measures, average number of asylum seekers have fallen from
1507 asylum seekers to 1222 per day25.
Britain’s Debate on Leaving the European Union (Brexit)Amidst the migration crisis, one of the most controversial issues is how David
Cameron is demanding for minor changes in Britain’s relationship with the European
Union. With many opinions on both sides of issue, a Brexit could potentially deal a
major blow to the EU and be a huge turning point along the European Union’s road to
collapse. Those who support the Brexit claim that Europe is heading towards becoming
a federal state where those who oppose the Brexit argue that the strength in the
European Union comes from the co-operation between nations, protection of human
rights, and promotion of free trade. Many believe that it is imperative that Britain is a full
participant in the migrant crisis debate. In the scenario that the European Union
collapses, the UK government that helped add to this problem will be seen as the
scapegoat as opposed to the architect. Britain should not isolate itself from the troubles
of Europe as much of its own power comes from the strength of the European Union26.
Britain is set to hold the UK referendum this summer where it is expected for the EU to
be at the height of the migration crisis. Poland’s former prime minister, Leszek
Balcerowicz describes Britain’s plan for a four-year ban on benefits as going against the
European Union’s fundamental principles. Leszek states that Britain would “set in
motion a destructive spiral” while France’s former Europe minister Noelle Lenoir states
that “it would be the first time in Europe’s history that the free market principles are put
in danger”27. With the state of the European Union in question, this decision could be
the tipping point for the future of the EU project.
18
Conclusions and Overall Problems Moving ForwardAs many people fear, the pressure for Europe to solve the migration crisis could
tear the European Union apart. Berlin and Brussels are pushing for major overhaul of
European asylum policies with bitter battles taking place between national governments.
A European Union ambassador is quoted saying “The system does not work anymore.
It was not designed for what we have right now, hundreds of thousands of refugees”28.
One of the big issues is that other countries in the EU are not taking their fair share of
refugees as 90% of asylum seekers ended up in either Germany, Sweden, or Austria.
Germany and its officials state that this migration crisis it eh biggest issue since the
reunification in 1990; Sweden, a country that has historically been the most generous in
Europe on asylum has introduced stringent border controls; and Austria stated in
January 2016 that it is suspending the Schengen agreement28.
At the moment, current developments do not paint a positive picture for the
European Union. Eastern Europeans are rejecting all notions of importing Western
European multiculturalism to their societies; Slovenia has rejected German and Austria
police support that shows a resistance for cooperation between countries; and the pact
with Turkey and Greece has not delivered results while the EU governments are still
trying to find a way to fund the 3 billion euro bill. With no clear solution in sight and
other issues ongoing in addition to the migrant crisis, there is no guarantee for what
happens next for the European Union.22
2226http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8ba35856-c8d1-11e5-be0b-b7ece4e953a0.html#axzz470gttbUy27http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/25/holding-eu-vote-during-migration-crisis-terrible-uk-told-enrico-letta28http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/20/pressure-to-resolve-migration-crisis-could-tear-eu-apart
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