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DRUG:
Definition, Nomenclature,Classification, Sources
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Definition of a Drug:The term "drug" means
(A) articles recognized in the official United StatesPharmacopoeia, official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeiaof the United States, or official National Formulary, orany supplement to any of them; and
(B) articles intended for use in the diagnosis,cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in
man or other animals; and(C) articles (other than food) intended to affect
the structure or any function of the body of man orother animals; and
(D) articles intended for use as a component of
any article specified in clause (A), (B), or (C).[FD&C Act, sec. 201(g)(1)].
http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm
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Definition of a Drug:
Diagnosis used to identify a disease. Example barium sulfate in x-ray of GIT.
Prevention used to prevent the occurrence ofdiseases. Example vaccines against diseases liketuberculosis, whooping cough, typhoid etc.
Cure to cure or get rid of some disease. Example
antibiotics to cure infections caused bymicroorganisms.
Control keep the disease under control although itmay not be fully cured. Example anti-diabetic drugsto control diabetes, antihypertensive drugs to treat
hypertension and control the blood pressure. Mitigate reduce some of sufferings or relief some
symptoms. Example Painkillers in headache, smoothmuscle relaxant in stomachache.
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1
Medicine
OTC
Prescription only
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Nomenclature of Drugs
Generic name : Shortened name of a drug,
usually given by the health authorities andofficially used in the pharmacopoeias like BP andUSP. Sometimes, there may be more than onegeneric name of a particular drug.
For exampleBP name USP name
Paracetamol Acetaminophen
Chemical name : Name based on the chemicalstructure of the drug. The name is applicable onlyfor pure drugs.
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Nomenclature of Drugs
For example
Generic name paracetamol
Chemical name N-acetylpara-aminophenol
or
4-hydroxyacetanilide or
N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide.
Brand name / Trade name : Name of a drugproduct ( medicine ) given by the manufacturer.
For example Napa Tablet ( Beximco ) for Paracetamol tablet
Ace Tablet ( Square ) for Paracetamol tablet
CH3
HN C
O
OH
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Classification of drugs
Drugs can be classified on the basis of various parameters.
On the basis of pharmacological action:
Analgesic and antipyretic drug Paracetamol
Anti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac sodium
Antihypertensive drugs - propranolol
On the basis of target organ:
Gastrointestinal drugs (acting on the gastrointestinal tract) antacids
Cardiovascular drugs (acting on the cardiovascular system )
antihypertensive.CNS Drugs (acting on central nervous system)-Diazepam
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Classification of drugs
On the basis of therapeutic uses :
Antidiarrheal acting against diarrheaAnti-diabetic acting against diabetes
On the basis of target receptors :-blockers blocks the -receptors
H2-blockers - blocks the H2-receptors
stimulants stimulates the receptors
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Classification of drugs
BNF drugs and preparations 1 Gastro-intestinal system
2 Cardiovascular system 3 Respiratory system 4 Central nervous system 5 Infections 6 Endocrine system
7 Obstetrics, gynaecology, and urinary-tract disorders 8 Malignant disease and immunosuppression 9 Nutrition and blood 10 Musculoskeletal and joint diseases 11 Eye
12 Ear, nose, and oropharynx 13 Skin 14 Immunological products and vaccines 15 Anaesthesia
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Practical Classifications/ ATC drug classification
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification
system is by the WHO.
The system provides a global standard for classifying
medical substances and serves as a tool for drug utilisation
research.
The system is divided into 14 general groups according to
the body system on which they act.
Title: The Anatomical, Therapeutic, Chemical (ATC)
classification system with Defined Daily Doses (DDDs),
short: The ATC/DDD system.
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Example of ATC code structure (metformin)
Level Code Content Group
1 A Alimentary tract andmetabolism
Anatomical maingroup
2 A10 Drugs used in
diabetes
Therapeutic subgroup
3 A10B Oral blood glucoselowering drugs
Pharmacologicalsubgroup
4 A10BA Biguanides Chemical subgroup
5 A10BA02 Metformin Chemical substance
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Sources of DrugSources of Drug
A) The NaturalA) The Natural
B) Synthetic DrugsB) Synthetic Drugs
C) Semi-Synthetic DrugsC) Semi-Synthetic Drugs
PlantlifePlantlife (flowers, trees, bushes)(flowers, trees, bushes)
Micro-organismsMicro-organisms (bacteria, fungi)(bacteria, fungi)
Animal lifeAnimal life (frogs, snakes, scorpions)(frogs, snakes, scorpions)
BiochemicalsBiochemicals (Neurotransmitters, hormones)(Neurotransmitters, hormones)
Marine chemistryMarine chemistry (corals, bacteria, fish etc)(corals, bacteria, fish etc)
Chemical synthesis (traditional)Chemical synthesis (traditional)
Combinatorial synthesisCombinatorial synthesis
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Sources of DrugSources of Drug
The Natural WorldThe Natural World
Plant drug opium, belladonna, digitalis
Animal drug Cod liver oilMineral drug sodium chloride
Natural drug may be used in the crude form or may be
used after extraction and purification of the activeconstituent.
Crude drug digitalis, opium
Purified constituent digoxin, morphine
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MORPHINEMORPHINE
rug from the Natural Worldrug from the Natural World
PLANT EXTRACTSPLANT EXTRACTS
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rug from the Natural Worldrug from the Natural World
PLANT EXTRACTSPLANT EXTRACTS
CINCHONA BARKCINCHONA BARK- Quinine- Quinine
CINCHONACINCHONA
http://www.desert-tropicals.com/highdef.htmlhttp://www.desert-tropicals.com/highdef.htmlhttp://www.desert-tropicals.com/highdef.html8/14/2019 03 PHR 110 Intro to Pharmacy Drug & Med
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rug from the Natural Worldrug from the Natural World
PLANT EXTRACTSPLANT EXTRACTS
WILLOW TREE - SALICYLIC ACIDWILLOW TREE - SALICYLIC ACID
AspirinAspirin
OH
O OH
Aceticanhydride
O
O OH
CH3
O
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bp0.blogger.com/_oK3p0At4H5g/RtZqJbdT8GI/AAAAAAAAA9w/MPGOfPI53oQ/s320/4%2Bwillow%2Btrunk.jpg&imgrefurl=http://windywillow.blogspot.com/2007/08/willow-trees.html&h=240&w=320&sz=30&hl=en&start=16&um=1&tbnid=hfpVoGCwcEjBoM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwillow%2Btree%2Bsalicylic%2Bacid%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den8/14/2019 03 PHR 110 Intro to Pharmacy Drug & Med
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NCH3
MeO
HO
OH
CH3
NH3C
OMe
O
H3C
HO
H
TubocurarineTubocurarine(from curare)(from curare)
rug from the Natural Worldrug from the Natural World
VENOMS AND TOXINSVENOMS AND TOXINS
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rug from the Natural Worldrug from the Natural World
ENDOGENOUS COMPOUNDSENDOGENOUS COMPOUNDS
NATURAL LIGANDS FOR RECEPTORSNATURAL LIGANDS FOR RECEPTORS
O NH
OH
PROPRANOLOL
AntagonistAntagonistHO
HOADRENALINE
HN
Me
OH
HN
N
Me
S
HN NHMe
CN
CIMETIDINE
HN
N
NH2
HISTAMINEAntagonistAntagonist
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Drugs obtained bybiotechnology
Drugs can also be obtained bybiotechnology.
For example previously insulin was
obtained from animal sources. Now-a-days insulin is obtained frombacteria with the help of
biotechnology.
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S NH2
O
H2N
O
SULFANILAMIDESULFANILAMIDE
rugs from the Synthetic Worldrugs from the Synthetic World
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TNT
ONO2
ONO2ONO2
rugs from the Synthetic Worldrugs from the Synthetic World
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emi-Synthetic Drugsemi-Synthetic Drugs
The drug is obtained by partial synthesis startingfrom a natural constituent.
Example semi-synthetic antibiotics like
amoxicillin, heroin from morphine.