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ZXG10 B8018 Hardware Architecture
ZTE University
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Object
Learning this course, you will be able to:
Describe the features of ZXG10 B8018
Outline the hardware structure of ZXG10 B8018
Master the functions and hardware modules of
ZXG10 B8018
Master the typical configuration of ZXG10 B8018
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Contents
Overview
Hardware system
Typical configurations
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Position in Mobile Network
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Technical features
Large system capacity and high performanceCapacity: 18 TRX/rack
Largest site type: O54 or S18/18/18
Support 6 cells Ability of cascades: Support 4-level cascaded
networking
Support 8 E1/T1 interface
Supports functions and channel encoding modes of
GPRS CS1 - CS4
EGPRS MCS1 - MCS9
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Technical features
Supports the following circuit-type voice services:Full-rate voice service
Enhanced full-rate voice service
Half rate voice service AMR voice service
Supports the following circuit-type data service:
9.6 kbps full-rate data service
4.8 kbps full-rate data service
2.4 kbps full-rate data service
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Technical features
Compatible with the following standards:GSM Phase I
GSM Phase II
GSM Phase II +Supports modules of different frequency bands in one
cabinet.
Supports GMSK and 8PSK modulation
Supports automatic bridge circuit protection
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Technical features
Employ Dual Transciever Unit (DTRU) technology.Support combined cabinet capacity expansion with
ZXG10-BTS (V2)
Support 4-way diversity reception
Support Tandem Free Operation (TFO) version 5
Provides common BCCH support, that is, same cell
supports carrier frequency of two frequency bands sharing
one BCCH.
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Technical features
Abis interface supports following networking modes:Star
Chain
TreeRing
Um interface supports A51/A52 encryption algorithm
Support Dual Power Combining Transmission (DPCT)
Support Delay Diversity Transmission (DDT)
Advanced IP based Abis Interface
Safe and agile power management subsystem
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Contents
Overview
Hardware system
Typical configurations
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Logical structure
C on
t r ol l er &
M ai n
t en
an c e Uni t
B a s e b an
d
P r o
c e s s or
R F
Uni t
B S C
A b i s I n
t er f a
c e
DataLink
SystemClock
BasebandSignal
RFSignal
ControlSignal
SystemClock
RFSignal
Power Distribution Module - 48 Vor + 24 VDC
A n
t enn
a F
e e d er
P r o
c
e s s or Um
Interface
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Hardware structure
EnvironmentMonitor
PowerInput
CMB
PDM
FCM
D TR U 0
.
.
.
A E M
UmInterface
Internal communication interface ( including controlsignaling , data flow , clock signal and so on )
ZXG 10 - B 8018 ( V 1 . 0 )
BSC A bis
Interface
MMI
D TR U 1
D TR U 8
EIB / FIB
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Rack structure
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Internal connections
CMB
P o w e rI n p u t
DIDB
E IB/F IB
ID
8 E1/T1
PDM 48 V
D T R
U 1
D T R U 2
A E M 0
A E M 1
A E M 2
DFCM3
C o n t r o l
F r a m e Site ID
ABIS Interface(8 lineE1/T1 or one 100
Mbps Ethernet) 8 MHWOnly applied on FIB
8 E1/T1
Power and interface control (TDM Switching)
8M HW,clockand intellegentpower ON/OFF
Synchronizationclock I/O
Monitor interfaceLMT serial interface, network interfaceFCLK and 13 M Hz test clock
Fan 3
DFCM working power and alarm collection
Tr a n s c e i v e r
f r a m e 3
A n t e n n a
F e e
d e r
A n t e n n a
F e e
d e r
Tr a n s c e i v e r
f r a m e 2
A n t e n n a
F e e
d e r
Tr a n s c e i v e r
f r a m e 1
+12V/-12V AEM0 alarm AEM1 alarm AEM2 alarm
D T R U 0
A E M 0
D T R U 0
D T R U 1
D T R U 2
A E M 1
A E M 2
AEM2 alarm AEM1 alarm AEM0 alarm +12V/-12V
A E M 0
D T R U 0
D T R U 1
D T R U 2
A E M 1
A E M 2
AEM2 alarm AEM1 alarm AEM0 alarm +12V/-12V
DFCM3Fan 3
DFCM working power and alarm collection
DFCM3Fan 3
DFCM working power and alarm collection
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Software structure
dCMM
system power-on initialization
downloads all board software
operation, maintenance andmanagement
dFUC and dCHPservice processing
baseband signal processing
FIU
connection with BSCworking flow control
resource configurationmanagement
dCMM dFUC dCHP
dTRX
FIU
BTS B801 8 Software System
Abis
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Function of CMB
Provides eight E1/T1 interfaces.
Implements switching of thirty-two 2 M HW time slots
with 2 bit switching array.
Provides transparent passage for external environment
alarm.
Provides all kinds of clock needed in BTS; including
clock signal of 13 MHz, 2.048 MHz, 60 ms, 8K_8MW, 8
MHz, 16 MHz and so on.
Detects, controls, and maintains the whole BTS system,
support near-end and far-end management interface.
Monitoring and control of each board running status
Board provides active/standby switching
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Functional structure of CMB
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Panel and indicator of CMB
CMB
PWR RUN SYN CLK MST STA M/S RST FPWR
LED Color Name Meaning Working Mode
1 Green/Red PWR Power LED Green ON: Normal Red ON: Alarm OFF: Power off or other reasons
2 Green RUN Running LED Green flashing at 4 Hz: Boot is running Green flash at 1 Hz: Application is running Others: System is abnormal
3 Green/Red SYN Clock synchronizationmode LED
Green ON: Synchronization clock of the Abis interface network Green flashing at 1 Hz: Synchronization clock of the SDH networkRed flashing at 1 Hz: E1 frame out-of-sync alarmRed ON: E1 line is broken or not connected OFF: Free running
4 Green/Red CLK Clock LED Green ON: Network synchronization is lockedGreen flashing at 1 Hz: Locking the phase Red ON: Clock fault
5 Green MST Active/Standby LED Green ON: Active state Green OFF: Standby state
6 Green/Red STA Status LED
OFF: Running normally Green flashing at 1 Hz: System initialization (Low).Green flashing at 4 Hz: software loading Red flashing at 1 Hz: LAPD link disconnection (High).
Red flashing at 4 Hz: HDLC link disconnection (Low). Red ON: Other alarms (such as temperature, clock and framenumber alarms)
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Function of EIB
Provide line impedance matching of 8 E1/T1
Signal isolation at IC side and line side
Line protection at E1/T1 line interface
Bypass function of E1/T1 line.
Provides type information of interface board to CMU
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Structure and panel of EIB
EIB
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Function of PDM
PDM distributes the -48 V power to CMBs,
DTRUs and FCMs, and provides overload
protection via circuit breakers. In addition toa circuit breaker for each module, a main
switch circuit breaker is placed at the -48 V
input end on the top of the BTS cabinet.
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Functional structure of PDM
PWR
-48VGND
CMM1
CMM2
TRM/ETRM1
TRM/ETRM12
Circuitbreaker Filter
2 CMMs
12TRMs/ETRMs
PWRGND
-48V
.
.
.
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Panel of PDM
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Function of DTRU
Processes 2 carriers at maximum in downlink:
Complete rate adaptation
Channel coding and interleaving
Encryption
Generating TDMA burst pulse
Complement GMSK/8PSK modulationDigital up-conversion of the two carriers
Processes 2 carriers at maximum in uplink:
Implement uplink digital down conversion
Diversity combining of receiver
Digital demodulation (GMSK and 8PSK demodulation, equalization)Decrypting
De-interleaving
Rate adaptation
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Function of DTRU
Implement processing of uplink and downlink RF
signal.
Receive switching signal of CMB to complete power
ON/OFF of module.Support online update and load of software version,
support version update of programmable device.
Detect working state of module, collect alarm signal in
real time and report it to CMB.
Support RF frequency hopping, DPCT, downlink
transmission diversity, and four diversities reception in
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DTRU panel and indicators
Identifier Full Name Meaning
PWR Power Power LED
RUN Run Running LED
MOD Model BCCH mode LED
ACT1 Active Channel activation LED1
ACT2 Active Channel activation LED2
STA State Status LED
RST Reset Reset button
DTRUG
TX1
TXcomRXM1
RXM2
RXD1
RXD2
TX2
PWR
RUN
MOD
ACT1
ACT2
STA
RST
ETP
Identifier Meaning
RXM1 Receiver 1
RXD1 Receiver 1 (for diversity)
RXM2 Receiver 2
RXD2 Receiver 2 (for diversity)
TX1 Transmitter 1
TX2 Transmitter 2
TXcom Transmitter Combiner
ETP Extend Test Port
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Function of AEM
Combines the transmit signals of multiple carriers.
Provides bidirectional signal channels from the
BTS to the antenna for the transmitting band and
from the antenna to the BTS for the receiving band.
Gives an alarm when the VSWR of the antenna
port deteriorates.
Suppresses the interference out of the workingband and spurious emission.
Flexibly configures carriers.
Implements diversity receiving.
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Panel and indicators of CDU
LEDPosition Color Name Meaning Working Mode
1 Green FPO Forward power outputLED ON: Normal OFF: Abnormal
2 Red SWR1 VSWR level-1 alarmLED ON: There is an alarm OFF: There is no alarm
3 Red SWR2 VSWR level-2 alarmLED ON: There is an alarm OFF: There is no alarm
4 Green PWR LNA power supply LED ON: Normal OFF: Abnormal
5 Red LNA LNA alarm LED ON: There is an alarm
OFF: There is no alarm
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Functional structure of CDU
Identifier Full Name Meaning
ETX Extended TX Extended TX port
RTE Radio Test Equipment Radio test port
TX1 Transmitter 1 Combiner input 1 (PA output signal)
TX2 Transmitter 2 Combiner input 2 (PA output signal) RX1 Receiver 1 Low noise amplifier output port 1
RX2 Receiver 2 Low noise amplifier output port 2
RX3 Receiver 3 Low noise amplifier output port 3
RX4 Receiver 4 Low noise amplifier output port 4
ERX1 Extend Receiver 1 Low noise amplifier extended output port 1
ERX2 Extend Receiver 2 Low noise amplifier extended output port 2
ANT Antenna Antenna feeder port
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Panel and indicators of ECDU
LED Color Name Meaning Working Mode
1 Green FPO Forward poweroutput LED ON: Normal OFF: Abnormal
2 Red SWR1 VSWR level-1alarm LED ON: There is an alarm OFF: There is no alarm
3 Red SWR2 VSWR level-2alarm LED ON: There is an alarm OFF: There is no alarm
4 Green PWR LNA power supplyLED ON: Normal OFF: Abnormal
5 Red LNA1 Channel 1 LNAalarm ON: There is an alarm OFF: There is no alarm
6 Red LNA2 Channel 2 LNAalarm ON: There is an alarm OFF: There is no alarm
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Functional structure of ECDU
IdentificationSymbol Full Name Meaning
RTE Radio Test Equipment Radio test port
RX1 Receiver 1 Low-noise amplifier output port 1
RX2 Receiver 2 Low-noise amplifier output port 2
RXD1 Receiver for Diversity1 Low-noise amplifier output port 1(diversity)
RXD2 Receiver for Diversity2 Low-noise amplifier output port 2(diversity)
ANT Antenna Antenna feeder port
ANTD Antenna for Diversity Antenna feeder port (diversity)
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CEU and CEU/2 panel
CEUG/2
ERX1
RX1
TX1
OTX1
RX2
ERX2
OTX2
TX3
RX3
TX2
RX4
TX4
TX4
ERX2 OTX2
OTX1
TX3
CEUG
CEU CEU/2
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CEU functional structure
Identifier Meaning Description
OTX1 Output TX 1 Combiner TX output port 1
OTX2 Output TX 2 Combiner TX output port 2
TX1 Transmitter 1 Combiner input 1 (PA output signal)
TX2 Transmitter 2 Combiner input 2 (PA output signal)
TX3 Transmitter 3 Combiner input 3 (PA output signal)
TX4 Transmitter 4 Combiner input 4 (PA output signal)
RX1 Receiver 1 Splitter output port 1
RX2 Receiver 2 Splitter output port 2
RX3 Receiver 3 Splitter output port 3
RX4 Receiver 4 Splitter output port 4
ERX1 Extend Receiver 1 Splitter input port 1 (low noise amplifier extended
output)
ERX2 Extend Receiver 2 Splitter input port 2 (low noise amplifier extendedoutput)
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CENU and CENU/3 panel
TX6
TX5
TX4
OTX2
RX8
RX7
ERX2
RX6
RX5
TX3
TX2RX4
RX3
TX1ERX1
RX2
OTX1RX1
CENUG CENUG/3
RX1
RX2
ERX1
RX3
RX4
RX5
RX6
ERX2
RX7
RX8
OTX1
TX1
TX2
TX3
OTX2
TX4
TX5
TX6
CENU CENU/3
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Structure of CENU and CENU/3
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Structure of CENU/2 and CENU/4
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Cabinet top
1: PE 9: E1 PORT 17: HYCOM62: PWRTA_L1 10: RELAY_ALM 18: HYCOM3: PWRTA_L2 11: ID PORT 19: HYCOM84: PWRTA_L3 12: HYCOM1 20: HYCOM5: 13 MHz Clock 13: HYCOM2 21: HYCOM6: FCLK 14: HYCOM3 22: HYCOM7: RJ45 15: HYCOM4 23: HYCOM18: E1 PORT 16: HYCOM5
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The ID switch
14 13 345678910111215 012
BTS_TYPE BTS_NO SLAVE1_ PORT
SLAVE2_ PORT
SATE ABIS_PORT ABIS_TS
BTS_TYPE
1100: B8018
1101: B8112
1110: M8202
1111: M8204
BTS_NO
No. of the cabinet of the
same site
00: Basic cabinet
01: Extended cabinet 1
10: Extended cabinet 2
SLAVE1_PORT
The E1 port of the basic cabinet to
connect extended cabinet 100: Port E of the basic cabinet
01: Port F of the basic cabinet
10: Port G of the basic cabinet
11: Port H of the basic cabinet
SLAVE2_PORT
The E1 port of the basic cabinet to
connect extended cabinet 200: Port E of the basic cabinet
01: Port F of the basic cabinet
10: Port G of the basic cabinet
11: Port H of the basic cabinet
SATE
Whether to use the satellite Abis link or not
0: Common Abis
1: Satellite Abis
ABIS_PORT
O&M port number
00: Port A
01: Port B10: Port C
11: Port D
ABIS_TS
The O&M LAPD timeslot on
the Abis interface
000: TS16
001: TS31
010: TS30
011: TS29
100: TS28
101: TS27
110: TS26
111: TS25
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Contents
Overview
Hardware system
Typical configurations
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Star mode
B
S
C
SITE0
SITE1
SITEn
.
.
.
Since the signal transmission is through fewer intermediate links
Along the path, the reliability of transmissions is higher.
Deployed in densely populated areas
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Chain mode
SITE 0BSC SITE 1 SITE 2
Applicable to one site multi BTS situations
Since the signals goes through more links, the line reliability is
relatively poor than star networking
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Tree mode
BS
C
SITE 0
SITE 1
SITE 2
SITE n
Line reliability is relatively low,the fault from the upper levelsite can Affect the proper running of the lower level site
Mostly deployed in large areas with less population
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Ring mode
SITE 1SITE 0
SITE 2 SITE 3
BSC
Each line denotes a bidirectional E1 connection. The DIP switchesSettings of BTS should be according to the background configurations
All the nodes are connected in closed loop, it can span larger distancesthen other types of networks. The reliability is higher; as it strays connectwith the BSC through the other end, if the link is broken from one place.
It can deployed in suburb and rural places
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Modules for Different frequecies
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AEM position
The marked positions for
CEU/2
CENU/3
CENU/4
A
E
M
A
E
M
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
A
E
M
A
E
M
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
A
E
M
A
E
M
A
E
M
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
D
T
R
U
A
E
M
PDM
EIBCMB
CMBFCM
FCM
FCM
A
E
M
D
T
R
U
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O1 configuration
Four-way diversity
Using ECDUs
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O1 configuration
Two-way diversityUsing CDUs
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O2 configuration
Through combiner
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1ERX2TX2 ETX
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1ERX2TX2 ETX
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
TX/RX TX/RX
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
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O2 configuration
Not through combiner
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1ERX2TX2 ETX
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1ERX2TX2 ETX
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
TX/RX
TMA
TX/RX
TMACDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
T MA
T MA
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O4 configuration
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1ERX2TX2 ETX
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1ERX2TX2 ETX
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
TX/RX TX/RX
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
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O6 configuration
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1 ERX2TX2 ETX
TX/RX
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1 ERX2TX2 ETX
TX/RX
T X1 T X 2 T X3 T X4 R X1 R X 2 R X 3 R X4
OTX1 OTX2 ERX1 ERX2CEU/2
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
OTX1
TX1
TX2
OTX2
TX3
TX4
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
ERX2
TX2
TX-COM
C EU/2
Using CEU/2
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O6 configuration
Using CENU/4
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1 ERX2TX2 ETX
TX/RX
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1 ERX2TX2 ETX
TX/RX
T X1 T X2 T X3 T X4 R X1 R X2 R X3 R X4
OTX1 OTX2 ERX1 ERX2CENU/4
DTRU
T X1 T X2 TXC OM R XM1 RX D1 R XD2RXM2
DTRU
TX1 TX 2 T XCO M RXM 1 R XD1 RX D2RXM2
DTRU
T X1 T X2 TXC OM R XM1 RX D1 R XD2RXM2
TX5 TX6
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX- COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX- COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
OTX1
TX1
TX2
OTX2
TX4
TX5
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
ERX2
TX2
TX- COM
CENU/4
TX3
TX6
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O8 configuration
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
CDU
ETX1
TX1
TX2
ANT
ERX2
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
RX1
RTE
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
TX2
TX-COM
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
OTX1
TX1
TX2
OTX2
TX4
TX5
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
ERX2
TX2
TX-COM
CEU/2
DTRU
RXM1
TX1
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
OTX1
TX1
TX2
OTX2
TX4
TX5
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
ERX2
TX2
TX-COM
CEU
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1 ERX2TX2 ETX
TX/RX
CDU
TX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
ANT
ERX1 ERX2TX2 ETX
TX/RX
TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
OTX1 OTX2 ERX1 ERX2CEU
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
OTX1 OTX2 ERX1 ERX2CEU
DTRU
TX1 TX2 TXCOM RXM1 RXD1 RXD2RXM2
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Voltage and Power ConsumptionTable: ZXG10 B8018 (V1.00) voltage and power consumption.
Characteristics Parameters Values
Voltage Required workingvoltage
48 V DC
Range 40 V DC (Minimum)
57 V DC (Maximum)
PowerConsumption(fully configured:3400 W for 40W)
TRM ( 18) 160 W per TRM
ETRM 175 W per ETRM
CMM ( 2) 16 W per CMM
AEM (
9) 5 W per AEM Fan ( 3) 60 W per Fan
Power consumption 3750 W (60W)
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Heat Dissipation
Characteristics Parameters Values
Heat dissipation (fullconfiguration of eachcarrier shelf: 600 W)
TRM ( 18) 120 W per TRM
ETRM 135 W per ETRM
AEM (
9) 45 W per AEM
CMM ( 2) 20 W per CMM
Fan ( 3) 30 W per Fan
Heat dissipation in full configuration is as below: Without ETRM, heat dissipation of integrated equipment is less than 2200 W With ETRM, heat dissipation of integrated equipment is less than 2350 W
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The product successfully passed the CE certification. It complies with international standardsrelated to personal safety, electromagnetic security (EMC) and wireless frequency spectrum.
Table 12 explains the specifications.
Characteristics Values
Mean Time Between Failures(MTBF)
6.3 10000 hours(7 Yrs)
Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) 34 min. 12 sec.
Availability Ratio (A) 99.9991 %
Average Interruption time per
year 4 min. 48 sec.
Reliability
Table ZXG10 B8018 (V1.00) Reliability Specifications
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Physical characteristics
Grounding resistance-The case rack should be grounded well, withgrounding resistance 5 ohm at most
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RF Indices
Output power-ZXG10 8018 supports 40W power for 8PSK
and 60W for GMSK
Static sensitivity-the static receiving sensitivity of ZXG108018 reaches upto -112 dbm. The high sensitivity
gurarantees the uplink channel performance and is one of
the prerequisites for a wide coverage
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