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ECE 8823A
GPU Architectures
Module 4: Memory Model and Locality
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei Hwu, 2007-2012 ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Reading Assignment
• Kirk and Hwu, “Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands on Approach,”, Chapter 5
• CUDA Programming Guide– http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/
#abstract
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Objective
• To understand the different memory spaces in the CUDA programming model
• To learn to efficiently use the important levels of the CUDA memory hierarchy– Registers, shared memory, global memory– Tiled algorithms and barrier synchronization
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
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The Von-Neumann Model
Memory
Control Unit
I/O
ALURegFile
PC IR
Processing UnitConsequences of
limited global memory bandwidth
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
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Going back to the program
• Every instruction needs to be fetched from memory, decoded, then executed.– The decode stage typically accesses register file
• Instructions come in three flavors: Operate, Data transfer, and Program Control Flow.
• An example instruction cycle is the following:
Fetch | Decode | Execute | Memory
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
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Operate Instructions
• Example of an operate instruction:ADD R1, R2, R3
• Instruction cycle for an operate instruction:Fetch | Decode | Execute | Memory
Register Space
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
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Memory Access Instructions
• Examples of memory access instruction:LDR R1, R2, offsetSTR R1, R2, offset
• Instruction cycle for an operate instruction:Fetch | Decode | Execute | Memory
Global Address Space
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
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Registers vs Memory• Registers are “free”
– No additional memory access instruction
– Very fast to use, however, there are very few of them
– More energy efficient• Memory is expensive
(slow), but very large• Additional levels
– Cache/scratch pad
Memory
Control Unit
I/O
ALURegFile
PC IR
Memory
Control Unit
I/O
ALUALURegFileRegFile
PC IR
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Programmer View of CUDA Memories
• Each thread can:– Read/write per-thread
registers (~1 cycle)– Read/write per-block
shared memory (~5 cycles)
– Read/write per-grid global memory (~500 cycles)
– Read/only per-grid constant memory (~5 cycles with caching)
Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Relationship to the Programming Model ?
Automatic Variables
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
Automatic
variables
Automatic array
variables
• Private version created for each thread block
Matrix Multiplication Revisited
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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__global__ void MatrixMulKernel(float* d_M, float* d_N, float* d_P, int Width)
{// Calculate the row index of the d_P element and d_M int Row = blockIdx.y*blockDim.y+threadIdx.y;// Calculate the column idenx of d_P and d_N int Col = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;
if ((Row < Width) && (Col < Width)) {float Pvalue = 0;
// each thread computes one element of the block sub-matrixfor (int k = 0; k < Width; ++k)
Pvalue += d_M[Row*Width+k] * d_N[k*Width+Col];
d_P[Row*Width+Col] = Pvalue; }}
private to each thread
Register File(128 KB)
L1(16 KB)
Shared Memory(48 KB)
Shared Memory
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
Shared by threads in a
block
• Private version of a shared variable created for each thread block
• Parallel access
Shared Memory in CUDA
• A special type of memory whose contents are explicitly declared and used in the source code– Located in the processor– Accessed at much higher speed (in both latency and
throughput)– Still accessed by memory access instructions– Commonly referred to as scratchpad memory in
computer architecture– Shared by threads in a block
• Algorithmic optimizations to use shared memory
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Global Memory
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
• Visible to all threads
• Persistent
Means for a thread to collaborate across thread blocks
• Note: no synchronization between thread blocks
• Availability of atomics and fences (used in some circumstances)
Constant Memory
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
• Visible to all threads
• Persistent
• Declaration of constants across all threads
• Cached for faster access
Use of Constants: 1D Convolution
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1. __global__ void convolution_1D_basic_kernel(float *N, float *M, float *P, int Mask_Width, int Width) {
2. int i = blockIDx.x*blockDim.x + threadIDx;3. float Pvalue = 0;4. int N_start = i – (Mask_Width/2);5. For (int j= 0; j <Width; j++) {6. if (N_start +j >=0 && N_start + j< Width){7. Pvalue += N[N_start +j] * M[j];}8. }9. P[i] = Pvalue; }
N[]
M[] (constant array)
P[]
Unique variable
per thread
Constant across threads
ghost nodes
Use of Constant Memory
• Consider– Size of M[] is typically small– M[] is constant– All threads access the same elements at the same
time
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
N[]
M[] (constant array)
P[]
ghost nodes
Management
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
• Constant memory must be explicitly managed– Allocation: constants are
treated as global variables– Copying: copied into global
memory and can be cached into a separate, dedicated cache
• Kernel functions access constants as global variables– Cached in the constant cache– Broadcast capability to all
threads in a warp
Modified: 1D Convolution
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1. __global__ void convolution_1D_ba sic_kernel(float *N, float *P, int Mask_Width, int Width) {
2. int i = blockIDx.x*blockDim.x + threadIDx;3. float Pvalue = 0;4. int N_start = i – (Mask_Width/2);5. For (int j= 0; j <Width; j++) {6. if (N_start +j >=0 && N_start + j< Width){7. Pvalue += N[N_start +j] * M[j];}8. }9. P[i] = Pvalue; }
N[]
M[] (constant array)
P[]
ghost nodes
• M[] not passed in as a parameter• Accessed as a global array• Transfer using different API
functioncudaMemcpyToSymbol(dest,src,size)
• __device__ is optional when used with __shared__, or __constant__
• Automatic variables without any qualifier reside in a register– Except per-thread arrays that reside in global memory
• Note programmer controlled placement20
CUDA Variable Type QualifiersVariable declaration Memory Scope Lifetime
int LocalVar; register thread thread__device__ __shared__ int SharedVar; shared block block__device__ int GlobalVar; global grid application__device__ __constant__ int ConstantVar; constant grid application
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Refining the Memory Hierarchy
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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• For best performance, index into constant cache should not be a function of thread ID!
• Separate read-only cache that the compiler uses – distinct from from the constant cache– Accessed with additional
qualifier (__restrict__)
Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
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Where to Declare Variables?
yes noglobalconstant
register (automatic)sharedlocal
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
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__global__ void MatrixMulKernel(float* d_M, float* d_N, float* d_P, int Width)
{
1. __shared__ float ds_M[TILE_WIDTH][TILE_WIDTH];2. __shared__ float ds_N[TILE_WIDTH][TILE_WIDTH];
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A Common Programming Strategy• Global memory resides in device memory (DRAM)
- slow access• So, a profitable way of performing computation on
the device is to tile input data to take advantage of fast shared memory:– Partition data into subsets that fit into shared memory– Handle each data subset with one thread block by:
• Loading the subset from global memory to shared memory, using multiple threads to exploit memory-level parallelism
• Performing the computation on the subset from shared memory; each thread can efficiently multi-pass over any data element
• Copying results from shared memory to global memory© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Matrix-Matrix Multiplication using Shared Memory
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Base Matrix Multiplication Kernel__global__ void MatrixMulKernel(float* d_M, float* d_N, float* d_P, int Width){// Calculate the row index of the Pd element and M
int Row = blockIdx.y*TILE_WIDTH + threadIdx.y;// Calculate the column idenx of Pd and N
int Col = blockIdx.x*TILE_WIDTH + threadIdx.x;
float Pvalue = 0;// each thread computes one element of the block sub-matrixfor (int k = 0; k < Width; ++k) Pvalue += d_M[Row*Width+k]* d_N[k*Width+Col];
d_P[Row*Width+Col] = Pvalue;}
26© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Grid
Global Memory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Host
Constant Memory
How about performance on Fermi?• All threads access global memory
for their input matrix elements– Two memory accesses (8 bytes)
per floating point multiply-add– 4B/s of memory
bandwidth/FLOPS– 4*1,000 = 4,000 GB/s required
to achieve peak FLOP rating– 150 GB/s limits the code at 37.5
GFLOPS• The actual code runs at about 25
GFLOPS• Need to drastically cut down
memory accesses to get closer to the peak 1,000 GFLOPS
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
Shared Memory Blocking Basic Idea
Thread 1
Thread 2
…
in
Global Memory
Thread 1
Thread 2
…
Global Memory
in
On-chip Memory
28© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Basic Concept of Blocking/Tiling
• In a congested traffic system, significant reduction of vehicles can greatly improve the delay seen by all vehicles– Carpooling for commuters– Blocking/Tiling for global
memory accesses• drivers = threads,• cars = data
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Some computations are more challenging to block/tile than others.• Some carpools may
be easier than others– More efficient if
neighbors are also classmates or co-workers
– Some vehicles may be more suitable for carpooling
• Similar variations exist in blocking/tiling
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Carpools need synchronization.
• Good – when people have similar schedule
• Bad – when people have very different schedule
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Worker A
Worker B
Time
sleep
sleep work
work
dinner
dinner
Worker A
Worker B
time
sleep
sleep work
work
dinner
party
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Same with Blocking/Tiling
• Good – when threads have similar access timing
• Bad – when threads have very different timing© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Thread 1
Thread 2
Time
Thread 1
Thread 2
time
…
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Outline of Technique
• Identify a block/tile of global memory content that are accessed by multiple threads
• Load the block/tile from global memory into on-chip memory
• Have the multiple threads to access their data from the on-chip memory
• Move on to the next block/tile
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Idea: Use Shared Memory to reuse global memory data
• Each input element is read by WIDTH threads.
• Load each element into Shared Memory and have several threads use the local version to reduce the memory bandwidth– Tiled algorithms
M
N
P
WID
TH
WID
TH
WIDTH WIDTH
ty
tx
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Col = 0 * 2 + threadIdx.xRow = 0 * 2 + threadIdx.y
Col =
0C
ol = 1
Work for Block (0,0)in a TILE_WIDTH = 2 Configuration
P0,1P0,0
P1,0
P0,2 P0,3
P1,1
P2,0 P2,2 P2,3P2,1
P1,3P1,2
P3,0 P3,2 P3,3P3,1
M0,1M0,0
M1,0
M0,2 M0,3
M1,1
M2,0 M2,2 M2,3M2,1
M1,3M1,2
M3,0 M3,2 M3,3M3,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0
N0,2 N0,3
N1,1
N2,0 N2,2 N2,3N2,1
N1,3N1,2
N3,0 N3,2 N3,3N3,1
Row = 0Row = 1
blockIdx.x blockIdx.y
blockDim.x blockDim.y
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Md
Nd
Pd
Pdsub
TILE_WIDTH
WIDTHWIDTH
TILE_WIDTHTILE_WIDTH
bx
tx01 TILE_WIDTH-12
0 1 2
by ty 210
TILE_WIDTH-1
2
1
0
TIL
E_W
IDT
HT
ILE
_WID
TH
TIL
E_W
IDT
HE
WID
TH
WID
TH
Tiled Multiply• Break up the execution of the
kernel into phases so that the data accesses in each phase is focused on one subset (tile) of Md and Nd
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Loading a Tile
• All threads in a block participate– Each thread loads one Md element and one Nd
element in based tiled code
• Assign the loaded element to each thread such that the accesses within each warp is coalesced (more later).
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Work for Block (0,0)
P0,1P0,0
P1,0
P0,2 P0,3
P1,1
P2,0 P2,2 P2,3P2,1
P1,3P1,2
P3,0 P3,2 P3,3P3,1
M0,1M0,0
M1,0
M0,2 M0,3
M1,1
M2,0 M2,2 M2,3M2,1
M1,3M1,2
M3,0 M3,2 M3,3M3,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0
N0,2 N0,3
N1,1
N2,0 N2,2 N2,3N2,1
N1,3N1,2
N3,0 N3,2 N3,3N3,1
M0,1M0,0
M1,0 M1,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0 N1,1
SM
SM
38© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Work for Block (0,0)
SM
SM
M0,1M0,0
M1,0
M0,2 M0,3
M1,1
M2,0 M2,2 M2,3M2,1
M1,3M1,2
M3,0 M3,2 M3,3M3,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0
N0,2 N0,3
N1,1
N2,0 N2,2 N2,3N2,1
N1,3N1,2
N3,0 N3,2 N3,3N3,1
P0,1P0,0
P1,0
P0,2 P0,3
P1,1
P2,0 P2,2 P2,3P2,1
P1,3P1,2
P3,0 P3,2 P3,3P3,1
M0,1M0,0
M1,0 M1,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0 N1,1
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Work for Block (0,0)
SM
SM
M0,1M0,0
M1,0
M0,2 M0,3
M1,1
M2,0 M2,2 M2,3M2,1
M1,3M1,2
M3,0 M3,2 M3,3M3,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0
N0,2 N0,3
N1,1
N2,0 N2,2 N2,3N2,1
N1,3N1,2
N3,0 N3,2 N3,3N3,1
P0,1P0,0
P1,0
P0,2 P0,3
P1,1
P2,0 P2,2 P2,3P2,1
P1,3P1,2
P3,0 P3,2 P3,3P3,1
M0,1M0,0
M1,0 M1,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0 N1,1
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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N1,0
Work for Block (0,0)
41© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
M0,1M0,0
M1,0
M0,2 M0,3
M1,1
M2,0 M2,2 M2,3M2,1
M1,3M1,2
M3,0 M3,2 M3,3M3,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0
N0,2 N0,3
N1,1
N2,0 N2,2 N2,3N2,1
N1,3N1,2
N3,0 N3,2 N3,3N3,1
P0,1P0,0
P1,0
P0,2 P0,3
P1,1
P2,0 P2,2 P2,3P2,1
P1,3P1,2
P3,0 P3,2 P3,3P3,1
M0,1M0,0
M1,0 M1,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,1
SM
Work for Block (0,0)
SM
42© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
M0,1M0,0
M1,0
M0,2 M0,3
M1,1
M2,0 M2,2 M2,3M2,1
M1,3M1,2
M3,0 M3,2 M3,3M3,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0
N0,2 N0,3
N1,1
N2,0 N2,2 N2,3N2,1
N1,3N1,2
N3,0 N3,2 N3,3N3,1
P0,1P0,0
P1,0
P0,2 P0,3
P1,1
P2,0 P2,2 P2,3P2,1
P1,3P1,2
P3,0 P3,2 P3,3P3,1
M0,1M0,0
M1,0 M1,1
N0,1N0,0
N1,0 N1,1
SM
Barrier Synchronization
• An API function call in CUDA– __syncthreads()
• All threads in the same block must reach the __syncthreads() before any can move on
• Best used to coordinate tiled algorithms– To ensure that all elements of a tile are loaded– To ensure that all elements of a tile are consumed
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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…
Thread 0
Thread 1
Thread 2
Thread 3
Thread 4
…Thread N-3
Thread N-2
Thread N-1
Time
Barriers and Thread Behaviors
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Md
Nd
Pd
Pdsub
TILE_WIDTH
WIDTHWIDTH
TILE_WIDTHTILE_WIDTH
bx
tx01 TILE_WIDTH-12
0 1 2
by ty 210
TILE_WIDTH-1
2
1
0
TIL
E_W
IDT
HT
ILE
_WID
TH
TIL
E_W
IDT
HE
WID
TH
WID
TH
Loading an Input Tile
m
kbx
by
k
m
©Wen-mei W. Hwu and David Kirk/NVIDIA, Urbana, August 13-17, 2012
Row = by * TILE_WIDTH +ty
Accessing tile 0 2D indexing:M[Row][tx]N[ty][Col]
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Md
Nd
Pd
Pdsub
TILE_WIDTH
WIDTHWIDTH
TILE_WIDTHTILE_WIDTH
bx
tx01 TILE_WIDTH-12
0 1 2
by ty 210
TILE_WIDTH-1
2
1
0
TIL
E_W
IDT
HT
ILE
_WID
TH
TIL
E_W
IDT
HE
WID
TH
WID
TH
Loading an Input Tile
m
kbx
by
k
m
©Wen-mei W. Hwu and David Kirk/NVIDIA, Urbana, August 13-17, 2012
Row = by * TILE_WIDTH +ty
Accessing tile 1 in 2D indexing:M[Row][1*TILE_WIDTH+tx]N[1*TILE_WIDTH+ty][Col]
d_M
d_N
d_P
Pdsub
TILE_WIDTH
WIDTHWIDTH
TILE_WIDTHTILE_WIDTH
TIL
E_W
IDT
HT
ILE
_WID
TH
TIL
E_W
IDT
HE
WID
TH
WID
TH
m*TILE_W
IDTH
m*TILE_WIDTH
Col
Row
…
…
However, M and N are dynamically allocated and can only use 1D indexing:
M[Row][m*TILE_WIDTH+tx]M[Row*Width + m*TILE_WIDTH + tx]
N[m*TILE_WIDTH+ty][Col]N[(m*TILE_WIDTH+ty) * Width + Col]
Loading Input Tile m
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Tiled Matrix Multiplication Kernel__global__ void MatrixMulKernel(float* d_M, float* d_N, float* d_P, int Width){1. __shared__ float ds_M[TILE_WIDTH][TILE_WIDTH];2. __shared__ float ds_N[TILE_WIDTH][TILE_WIDTH];
3. int bx = blockIdx.x; int by = blockIdx.y;4. int tx = threadIdx.x; int ty = threadIdx.y;
// Identify the row and column of the Pd element to work on5. int Row = by * TILE_WIDTH + ty;6. int Col = bx * TILE_WIDTH + tx;7. float Pvalue = 0;// Loop over the Md and Nd tiles required to compute the Pd element8. for (int m = 0; m < Width/TILE_WIDTH; ++m) {// Collaborative loading of Md and Nd tiles into shared memory9. ds_M[ty][tx] = d_M[Row*Width + m*TILE_WIDTH+tx];10. ds_N[ty][tx] = d_N[Col+(m*TILE_WIDTH+ty)*Width];11. __syncthreads();12. for (int k = 0; k < TILE_WIDTH; ++k)13. Pvalue += ds_M[ty][k] * ds_N[k][tx];14. __synchthreads();15.}16. d_P[Row*Width+Col] = Pvalue;}
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu ECE408/CS483/ECE498al University of Illinois, 2007-2011
Compare with the Base Kernel
__global__ void MatrixMulKernel(float* d_M, float* d_N, float* d_P, int Width){// Calculate the row index of the Pd element and M
int Row = blockIdx.y*TILE_WIDTH + threadIdx.y;// Calculate the column idenx of Pd and N
int Col = blockIdx.x*TILE_WIDTH + threadIdx.x;
float Pvalue = 0;// each thread computes one element of the block sub-matrixfor (int k = 0; k < Width; ++k) Pvalue += d_M[Row*Width+k]* d_N[k*Width+Col];
d_P[Row*Width+Col] = Pvalue;}
49© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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First-order Size Considerations• Each thread block should have many threads
– TILE_WIDTH of 16 gives 16*16 = 256 threads– TILE_WIDTH of 32 gives 32*32 = 1024 threads
• For 16, each block performs 2*256 = 512 float loads from global memory for 256 * (2*16) = 8,192 mul/add operations.
• For 32, each block performs 2*1024 = 2048 float loads from global memory for 1024 * (2*32) = 65,536 mul/add operations
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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Shared Memory and Threading• Each SM in Fermi has 16KB or 48KB shared memory*
– SM size is implementation dependent!– For TILE_WIDTH = 16, each thread block uses 2*256*4B = 2KB
of shared memory. – Can potentially have up to 8 Thread Blocks actively executing
• This allows up to 8*512 = 4,096 pending loads. (2 per thread, 256 threads per block)
– The next TILE_WIDTH 32 would lead to 2*32*32*4B= 8KB shared memory usage per thread block, allowing 2 or 6 thread blocks active at the same time
• Using 16x16 tiling, we reduce the accesses to the global memory by a factor of 16– The 86.4GB/s bandwidth can now support (86.4/4)*16 = 347.6
GFLOPS!
*Configurable vs L1, total 64KB© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
Resource Constraints
• Number of available registers also limit the number of thread blocks that can concurrently execute– Reduction is in size of a thread block– Impact on utilization can be significant
• Auto-tune based on querying of device properties– E,g., fix tile size based on available shared memory
size– Need to change the preceding tiled MM code
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Device Query• Number of devices in the system
int dev_count;cudaGetDeviceCount( &dev_count);
• Capability of devicescudaDeviceProp dev_prop;for (i = 0; i < dev_count; i++) {
cudaGetDeviceProperties( &dev_prop, i);
// decide if device has sufficient resources and capabilities }
• cudaDeviceProp is a built-in C structure type – dev_prop.dev_prop.maxThreadsPerBlock – Dev_prop.sharedMemoryPerBlock– …
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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• Global variables declaration– __host__– __device__... __global__, __constant__, __texture__
• Function prototypes– __global__ void kernelOne(…)– float handyFunction(…)
• Main ()– allocate memory space on the device – cudaMalloc(&d_GlblVarPtr, bytes
)– transfer data from host to device – cudaMemCpy(d_GlblVarPtr, h_Gl…)– execution configuration setup– kernel call – kernelOne<<<execution configuration>>>( args… );– transfer results from device to host – cudaMemCpy(h_GlblVarPtr,…)– optional: compare against golden (host computed) solution
• Kernel – void kernelOne(type args,…)– variables declaration - auto, __shared__
• automatic variables transparently assigned to registers – syncthreads()…
• Other functions– float handyFunction(int inVar…);
Summary- Typical Structure of a CUDA Program
repeatas needed
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
ANY MORE QUESTIONS?READ CHAPTER 5!
© David Kirk/NVIDIA and Wen-mei W. Hwu, ECE408/CS483/ECE498al, 2007-2012
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