Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (1)1
Similarities and Differences in Particle Characteristics across Europe
Jean-Philippe Putaud
EC – DG Joint Research CentreInstitute for Environment and Sustainability
TFIAM – TFMM joint workshop on cost-effective control of urban air pollution
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (2)2 fr
om T
NO
FE
L (N
L),
Rob
les-
Gon
zale
z et
al.,
Geo
phys
. R
es.
Let
t.,
955
-958
, 20
00.
London
Dusseldorf
Bruxelles
Krakow
Paris
Wien
Munchen
Budapest
Milano
Beograd
3 5 N
4 0 N
4 5 N
5 0 N
5 5 N
6 0 N
6 5 N
7 0 N
-1 0 W -0 5 W 0 0 W 0 5 W 1 0 W 1 5 W 2 0 W 2 5 W 3 0 W
Aerosol optical depth at 555 nm in August 1997 measured from space
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (3)3
http://air-climate.eionet.eu.int/databases/EuroAirnet/
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (5)5
Doc
kery
et
al.,
N.
Eng
l. J.
Med
. 32
9,
175
3 (1
993
)
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (6)6
Rel
ativ
e R
isk
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
Ath
ens
Bar
celo
na
Bas
el
Birm
ingh
am
Bud
apes
t
Kra
kow
Erf
urt
Gen
eva
Hel
sink
i
Lond
on
Lyon
Mad
rid
Mila
n
Par
is
Pra
gue
Rom
e
Sto
ckho
lm
Tel
Avi
v
Tep
lice
Tur
in
Zur
ich
City-specific estimates (95% CL) of relative risk for mortality per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 levels.
Le T
ertr
e et
al.,
Ris
k A
naly
sis,
25,
711
-718
, 20
05
May such differences be due to different PM characteristics ?
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (7)7
In existing aerosol data bases:
Very few datasets incl. more than just PM mass. e.g. EMEP regard areas with high population density
Other short- or long-term datasets:
• cover various types of sites (from remote to kerbside)
• cannot be easily reached by “users”
A European Aerosol phenomenology:
Synthetising in a single document aerosol datasets from
various sources including PM mass concentrations and
particle size distributions or chemical compositions.
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (10)10
Synthesising physical and chemical aerosol characteristics which may be relevant to:
Aerosols and Health:
Are there differences in particle characteristics which may explain differences in health effects?
Aerosols and Climate:- Particles (and ozone) are two radiative forcing agents- synergies and trade-offs between climate change mitigation and air pollution abatement policies
Aerosol ModellingModels need testing and validation against fundamental data such as aerosol particle size distributions and chemical compositions.
E
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (11)11
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
34 sites
full year data set seasonal data set
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (12)12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Jung
frau
joch
(C
H)
Sev
ettij
arvi
(F
IN)
Skr
eada
len
(N
)
Birk
enes
(N
)
Asp
vret
en (
S)
Cha
umon
t (C
H)
Mon
agre
ga (
E)
Illm
itz (
A)
Har
wel
l (G
B)
Hoh
enpe
isse
nber
g (D
)
Mel
pitz
(D
)
Ispr
a (I
)
Waa
smun
ster
(B
)
Zue
rich
(CH
)
Bas
el (
CH
)
Lond
on-B
(G
B)
Leip
zig
97-9
9 (D
)
Gen
t (B
)
Bol
ogna
(I)
Bar
celo
na (
E)
Ber
n (C
H)
Lond
on-M
(G
B)
Wie
n (A
)
PM
2.5
(µg/
m³)
average
median
USA annual standard
PM
2.5
(µg/
m³)
PM mass concentration annual statistics
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Jung
frau
joch
(C
H)
Sev
ettij
arvi
(F
IN)
Skr
eada
len
(N)
Birk
enes
(N
)
Asp
vret
en (
S)
Cha
umon
t (C
H)
Mon
agre
ga (
E)
Illm
itz (
A)
Har
wel
l (G
B)
Hoh
enpe
isse
nber
g (D
)
Mel
pitz
(D
)
Ispr
a (I
)
Waa
smun
ster
(B
)
Zue
rich
(CH
)
Bas
el (
CH
)
Lond
on-B
(G
B)
Leip
zig
97-9
9 (D
)
Gen
t (B
)
Bol
ogna
(I)
Bar
celo
na (
E)
Ber
n (C
H)
Lond
on-M
(G
B)
Wie
n (A
)
PM
10 (
µg/
m³)
average
median
EU 24-hr limit value
2005 EU annual standard
2010 EU annual standard
PM
10 (
µg/
m³)
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (13)13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
PM 10 (µg/m³)
PM
2.5
(µ
g/m
³)Sevettijarvi (FIN)
Skreadalen (N)
Birkenes (N)
Chaumont (CH)
Waasmunster (B)
Gent (B)
Bologna (I)
Zuerich (CH)
Basel (CH)
Barcelona (E)
Bern (CH)
PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations are correlated (R² = 0.95).
PM2.5/PM10 ratios range from 0.57 to 0.85.
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (14)14
Median number size distribution in summerduring the morning, afternoon and night periods
Near-City
Free Troposphere
X axis particle diameter between 0.001 and 1 micrometerY axis number concentration as dN/dlog(Dp) between 1.E+2 and 1.E+5 cm-3
morning trafficafternoonnight
Fig. 6a: summer
Natural Rural Urban Kerbside
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Melpitz (D)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Aspvreten (S)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
J ungfraujoch (CH)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Leipzig 99-01 (D)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Marylebone (GB)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Harw ell (GB)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Hohenpeissenberg (D)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Bloomsbury (GB)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Ispra (I)
1. E+02
1. E+03
1. E+04
1. E+05
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Bresso (I)
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (15)15
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Jung
frau
joch
(C
H)
Asp
vret
en (
S)
Har
wel
l (G
B)
Hoh
enpe
isse
nber
g(D
)
Mel
pitz
(D
)
Ispr
a (I
)
Lond
on-B
(G
B)
Leip
zig
(D)
Mila
no-B
ress
o (I
)
Lond
on-M
(G
B)
pa
rtic
le n
um
be
r co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
#/c
m³)
morning
afternoon
night
Natural Rural Near-city Urban Kerbside
= = <
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (16)16
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60PM2.5 , µg/m³
Par
ticle
num
ber
(Dp>
10 n
m),
#/c
m³
Any relationship betweenPM mass and particle number concentrations ?
Marseille (F)
Milano (I)
Leipzig (D)
London (GB)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60PM2.5, µg/m³
Par
ticle
num
ber
(Dp>
100
nm),
#/c
m³
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (17)17
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Sev
ettij
arvi
(F
IN)
Skr
eada
len
(N)
Birk
enes
(N
)
Cha
umon
t (C
H)
Mon
agre
ga (
E)
Illm
itz (
A)
Waa
smun
ster
(B
)
Mel
pitz
96-
99 (
D)
Ispr
a (I
)
Zue
rich
(CH
)
Bas
el (
CH
)
Gen
t (B
)
Bol
ogna
(I)
Bar
celo
na (
E)
Ber
n (C
H)
Wie
n (A
)
PM
2.5
com
posi
tion
BC
OM
unacc.
NO3
NH4
nssSO4
sea salt
min. dust
PM2.5 annual average chemical composition
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (18)18
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Sev
ettij
arvi
(F
IN)
Skr
eada
len
(N)
Birk
enes
(N
)
Cha
umon
t (C
H)
Mon
agre
ga (
E)
Illm
itz (
A)
Waa
smun
ster
(B
)
Mel
pitz
96-
99 (
D)
Ispr
a (I
)
Zue
rich
(CH
)
Bas
el (
CH
)
Gen
t (B
)
Bol
ogna
(I)
Bar
celo
na (
E)
Ber
n (C
H)
Wie
n (A
)
PM
10 -
PM
2.5
com
posi
tion
BC
OM
unacc.
NO3
NH4
nssSO4
sea salt
min. dust
PMcoarse annual average chemical composition
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (19)19
PM10 PM2.5 PM10-PM2.5
Na
tura
l &R
ura
l Bck
gr
Ne
ar-
City
&U
rba
n
Bck
gr
Ke
rbsi
de
Na
tura
l &R
ura
l Bck
gr
Ne
ar-
City
&U
rba
n B
ckgr
Ke
rbsi
de
Na
tura
l &R
ura
l Bck
gr
Ne
ar-
City
&U
rba
n B
ckgr
Ke
rbsi
de
Black Carbon 6 6 13 8 8 17 4 3 7
Organic Matter 17 23 22 24 23 29 4 8 10
Nitrate 8 17 10 5 18 11 8 7 8
Ammonium 7 8 4 8 11 7 1 1 0Sulfate 20 15 10 30 18 13 3 5 5
Sea salt 9 5 3 3 3 1 20 9 6
Mineral dust 11 11 19 5 7 8 21 23 37Unknown (*) 30 31 19 21 18 15 40 47 28TOTAL 109 115 100 107 106 100 102 104 100
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (20)20
Some conclusions
• At a given site PM10 and PM2.5 are well correlated
but PM2.5 / PM10 ranges from 0.55 to 0.85
• NO useful correlation between PM mass and particle
number concentrations
• same PM2.5 → particle number twice larger
• same particle number → PM2.5 three times larger
• PM chemical composition quite similar across Europe
More differences between background and kerbside sites
Secondary inorganics and POM vs. POM and dust
(PM10)
POM and EC
(PM2.5)
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (21)21
Some comments
• Lots of relevant data sets are not included in this
compilation
• The lack of harmonisation in sampling and analytical
techniques makes comparisons between sites difficult.
COST633 WG1 Task
2
COST633 WG1 Task
1
633
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (22)22
• Make use of the COST633 action structure to
- more systematically compile the existing aerosol data
- assess comparability of various analytical methods
• Make the existing aerosol data available to a larger
community through the WDCA
Perspective:
A European aerosol phenomenology – stage 2
633
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (23)23
Among 18 + 2 parties
1. metadata have been provided by:
• GR, SI, AT, FI, ES, PT and HU (7) : comprehensive• UK, DE, CZ, IT, FR and IS (5) : partial information
2. data have been reported by:
• AU, HU, GR, UK, DK, ES, FI, NL, NO, SI, and JRC (9+1)
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (24)24
• Avoid wasting money for decreasing PM mass
without effects on health impact
• Integrated assessment exercises are generally limited
by data availability
• A consistent (temporal and spatial) monitoring effort
is needed
• There is already a huge amount of data available
across Europe but a lack of reporting to accessible
data banks
• Attempts (COST Action 633 + TFMM PM assessment
report) going on
Final statements:
THANKS !
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (26)26
EMEP particulate matter data: T
ransb
ou
nd
ary Particu
late Matter in
Eu
rop
e: Statu
s Rep
ort 2005
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (27)27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PM10 PM10-((NH4)2SO4+NH4NO3)(NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PM10 PM10-((NH4)2SO4+NH4NO3)(NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3
Variations in PM10 and PM10 components (µg/m³)over 20 years at IT04 (Ispra):
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (28)28
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.05-0.09 0.09-0.16 0.16-0.30 0.30-0.60 0.60-1.0 1.0-1.8 1.8-3.1 3.1-6.2 6.2-9.9
aerodynamic diameter (µm)
dM
/dL
og
Dp
(µ
g/m
³)
BC
OM
unacc.
NH4
nssSO4
sea salt
min. dust
Gent, Belgium
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.06-0.13 0.13-0.25 0.25-0.50 0.50-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-4.0 4.0-8.0 8.0-16
aerodynamic diameter (µm)
dM
/dL
og
Dp
(µ
g/m
³)
BC
OM
unk
NO3
NH4
nssSO4
sea salt
min dust
Marseille, France
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.05-0.14 0.14-0.42 0.42-1.2 1.2-3.5 3.5-10
aerodynamic diameter (µm)
dM
/dL
og
Dp
(µ
g/m
³)
BC
OM
unacc.
NO3
NH4
nssSO4
sea salt
min. dust
Bologna, Italy
Laxenburg, 16 Nov. 2006TFIAM-TFMM joint workshop (29)29
natural and ruralbackground
PM10 near-city and urban grd average
NH47%
NO313%
unacc.30%
OM19%
BC5%
nssSO412%
sea salt4%
min. dust10%
PM10 natural & rural grd average
nssSO419%
NH46%NO3
7%
OM16%
unacc.28%
BC6%
min. dust10%
sea salt8%
PM10 kerbside grd average
NH44%
NO310%unacc.
19%
OM22%
BC13%
nssSO410%
sea salt3%
min. dust19%
PM
10near-city and urban
backgroundkerbside
PM2.5 near-city and urban grd average
NH410%
NO317%
unacc.17%
OM23%
BC7%
nssSO417%
sea salt3%
min. dust6%
PM2.5 kerbside grd average
NH47%
NO311%
unacc.15%
OM28%
BC17%
nssSO413%
sea salt1%
min. dust8%
PM2.5 natural & rural grd average
nssSO427%
NH48%NO3
5%
OM22%
unacc.20%
BC8%
min. dust5% sea salt
5%
PM
2.5