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proximal
distal
lateral medial
superior (cranial)
inferior(caudal)
anterior(ventral)
NOT SHOWNposterior(dorsal)
Anatomical/ DirectionalTermsDistal - further from trunkProximal - closer to trunk
Lateral - away from midlineMedial - closer to midline
Anterior - front side (aka ventral)Posterior - back side (aka dorsal)
Superior - closer to head (aka cranial)Inferior - further from head (aka caudal)
Superficial - closer to surfaceDeep - further from surface
Plantar - bottom of footDorsal - top of foot
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PLANE
PLANE -- a two-dimensional surface defined by 3 pointsnot on the same line (i.e. not colinear)
pt 1pt 2
pt 3
MOTION OCCURS “IN A PLANE”
PLANES
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Leg Swing during gait (walking/running)
Plane
Even though leg has considerable thickness - only consider thejoint centers and the lines connecting them; so “thin” segmentsdefine the leg which swings “IN THE PLANE”
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PLANE
AXIS
MOTION OCCURS “ABOUT AN AXIS”
AXIS -- a line passing perpendicularly through a plane
AXES
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Body Planes
• Sagittal -- vertical plane that divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT parts
• Frontal -- vertical plane that divides the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR parts
• Transverse -- horizontal planes that divides the body into TOP and BOTTOM parts
TransversePlane
Sagittal Plane
FrontalPlane
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Cardinal or “Mid” Planes• DEFINITION -- if a
plane passes through the body such that it divides it into equal mass halves
• INTERSECTION -- the point at which the mid-sagittal, mid-frontal, and mid-transverse planes intersect is the CENTER OF MASS
MID-SAGGITALPLANE
SAGITTALPLANE
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Body Planes & Axes
Sagittal Plane = Medial-Lateral Axis (ML)
Frontal Plane = Anterior-Posterior Axis (AP)
Transverse Plane = Longitudinal Axis
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Sagittal Plane Joint Mvmts
flexion = decrease angle between 2 segs
extension = increase angle between 2 segs
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Sagittal Plane Joint Mvmts
dorsiflexion = point toes up (towards shin)
plantar flexion = point toes down
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Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts
elevation = move shoulder girdle superiorly
depression = move shoulder girdle inferiorly
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Frontal Plane Joint Mvmtsinversion = lift medial border of foot
eversion = lift lateral border of foot
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Frontal Plane Joint Mvmtsradial deviation = move toward radial
styloid
ulnar deviation = move toward ulnar styloid
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Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts L/R rotation = anterior
surface movement about longitudinal axis
medial rotation = anterior surface rotates medially
lateral rotation = anterior surface rotates laterally
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Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts
supination = rotate thumb laterally
pronation = rotate thumb medially
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Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts
horizontal adduction = move towards midline in transverse plane
horizontal abduction = move away from midline in transverse plane